Staten v. Steel

Defendant Falbo appeals from a judgment based on a jury verdict for a total of $110,000 on plaintiffs claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and invasion of privacy. Plaintiff dismissed his claims against other defendants during the trial. Those other defendants appeal from the trial court’s refusal to award them sanctions or attorney fees against plaintiff and his attorney. We conclude that the trial court’s actions that are the basis for Falbo’s primary assignments of error are not reviewable on appeal and that none of the assignments of error that are reviewable support a reversal of the judgment against him. However, we also conclude that the trial court’s failure to make findings of fact in disposing of the other defendants’ motion for attorney fees and sanctions requires that we vacate its order denying that motion, as well as its order denying defendants’ subsequent motion for leave to file an amended motion for attorney fees and their separate motion for sanctions, and that we remand those matters for further proceedings.

Many of the facts are undisputed; we state those that are disputed in the light most favorable to plaintiff because of the verdict in his favor. On March 16, 2005, plaintiff, his wife, and some friends went to Club 71, a bar located next to 1-5 in Sunny Valley that featured nude dancing. Because he was on call for his employer, plaintiff was the designated driver and drank only soft drinks. As his group left around midnight, they encountered a number of people, including Falbo, who were opposed to nude dancing and were protesting Club 71 in the hope of shutting it down. Among other things, the protesters took pictures of the club’s patrons and of the license plates of their vehicles; Falbo maintained a website on which he posted some of those pictures. Because of the protestors’ location and the flashes from their cameras, which impeded plaintiffs ability to see, it was difficult for plaintiff to back his large truck down the narrow lane from the club to a place where he could turn it around. The flash from one picture that Falbo took of plaintiff while he was in the driver’s seat of his truck significantly impaired plaintiffs vision, making it dangerous for him to back his truck. After that picture was taken, plaintiff got out of the truck, grabbed *21Falbo’s camera, threw it to the ground, and got back in the truck. A protester gave Falbo another camera, and he took another picture, again impairing plaintiffs vision. When plaintiff got out of his truck a second time some protesters grabbed him. After plaintiffs friends came to his assistance, he returned to his truck, managed to back it down the narrow road, and left. Because plaintiffs truck had a large diesel engine that was not warmed up, he could drive only at a low speed.

Falbo subsequently posted two pictures of plaintiff in the driver’s seat of his truck and a picture of the truck’s license plate on his website and added the following commentary:1

“Now when Guys get sexualy frustrated and drunk they get prone to violence which bring us to this guy who alledgedly attacked one of the protesters who took this picture after he alledgedly threaten the crowd. We don’t know if he was drunk or not but he alledgedly back up more than 50 feet at a high speed. He alledgedly almost hit a man in the middle of the road who later got into the back of his alledged truck. They also got photos of the front of his alledged truck. It appeared to one witness that he didn’t reconize his buddy and thought it was a protester in his path . And this lead to his alledged verbal threat to the protesters.

“SO Please be carefull.

“also check out igotyournumber and seewhosthere.com”

The posting on Falbo’s website quickly became known in plaintiffs community, with the commentary being the focus of attention. Both plaintiffs wife and one of his Mends who had been in the party that went to Club 71 that night pointed the posting out to plaintiff. Plaintiff believed that the posting was inaccurate and that it impugned his reputation. He therefore filed this action against Falbo and a number of other people who were involved in the protests, asserting claims for invasion of privacy by false light, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and civil conspiracy. Thereafter, Falbo posted additional commentary on his website:

*22“THIS JUST IN.

I Just got word from chuck. Greg Staten alleges that, he is the guy in the truck. Greg Staten is upset, he feels that we implied that he was sexually frustrated. We thought we broke the link when we stated that ‘we didn’t know if he was drunk or not’. I can understand why Greg Staten would be upset with everyone at the Glendale mill thinking that Greg Staten is sexually frustrated!. So to set the record straight Greg Staten is allegedly not sexually frustrated. Chuck says that he has a strong right arm and that a sure sign of someone ‘who is not allegedly sexually frustrated.’ OH OK I know what you think he was implying but I’m sure he meant that woman are attracted to guys with strong right arms, (or men, we don’t want to wrongfully imply that Greg Staten is a hetro-sexual) For more on Greg Staten see part of his lawsuit, lawsuit”

The link at the end of the paragraph led to a short excerpt from plaintiffs complaint with additional commentary:2

“The Name of the club was removed because we don’t advertise for Dick Lacey in any form.

“Well Greg, That not the way I heard it told. But I have to ask. How do you ask your wife to go with you to a nudity bar? Isn’t the Grey Hound bus station entertaining enough for her? Maybe she enjoys looking at NUDE WOMAN DANCERS ? I don’t know. You know when the news of the suit hits the Grants Pass papers a lot more people will see the web page seewhosthere.com and then will find the link to my page.

“Let me guess, Dick (AKA Larry) told you it won’t cost you a thing. His lawyer would work on a contingency. Did they tell you that when you lose you will have to pay for the cost of the defendents?. I think you might want to check with a second lawyer. Or you might want to check http://www.lectlaw.com/defycl03.htm

“and http://www.lib .niu.edu/ipo/ip951121 .html”

*23Falbo subsequently explained that “Chuck” was a fictitious name and that Falbo was the source for all of the information in the commentary.

After learning about this additional commentary and its effect in his community, plaintiff amended his complaint to add new counts of invasion of privacy by false light and intentional infliction of emotional distress arising from that commentary. All defendants thereafter joined in a special motion to strike under ORS 31.150, asserting that the website posting constituted protected speech in connection with a matter of public interest. The trial court denied that motion. Each defendant thereafter filed a motion for summary judgment. The defendants other than Falbo asserted that they had no involvement in Falbo’s Internet postings. Falbo asserted that his actions were speech that was protected under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The trial court denied all of the summary judgment motions. During trial, the court indicated that it would dismiss the claims against the defendants other than Falbo unless plaintiff produced evidence that those defendants had aided and abetted Falbo’s Internet postings. Plaintiff was unable to do so and, therefore, voluntarily dismissed his claims against those defendants. The case continued against Falbo alone, resulting in the verdict in plaintiffs favor. Falbo did not move for a directed verdict at any time, nor did he otherwise seek dismissal of any of plaintiff’s claims during the trial.

In his first assignment of error, Falbo asserts that the trial court erred in denying his special motion to strike under ORS 31.150. In his second assignment of error, he asserts that the court erred in denying his motion for summary judgment. In support of both assignments, he argues that the statements on the website were speech that is protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. However, as we now explain, neither assignment is reviewable on appeal. We first discuss the motion for summary judgment, because the reasons why that motion is not reviewable are the foundation for the reasons why the special motion to strike is not reviewable.

“Reviewability generally involves the consideration of a variety of rulings and orders made by the court, usually *24before judgment.” State v. Montgomery, 294 Or 417, 420, 657 P2d 668 (1983) (emphasis in original). In many instances, the legislature has enacted statutes that govern the reviewability of such orders. See, e.g., Mastriano v. Board of Parole, 342 Or 684, 159 P3d 1151 (2007) (analyzing ORS 144.335(1), which governs the reviewability of parole board rulings). However, in other circumstances, the reviewability of trial court or administrative agency rulings is governed by judicially developed principles. See, e.g., State v. Dominguez-Coronado, 215 Or App 7, 12, 168 P3d 291 (2007) (unpreserved assignment of error is not reviewable by this court unless it constitutes plain error). The legislature has not addressed the reviewability of orders denying summary judgment motions; however, the appellate courts have developed principles that govern that issue.

In Mt. Fir Lumber Co. v. Temple Dist. Co., 70 Or App 192, 688 P2d 1378 (1984), a property damage case, the plaintiff assigned error on appeal to the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment on the defendant’s affirmative defense of comparative negligence. The plaintiff had not moved against that affirmative defense at trial. We held that the trial court’s action was not reviewable. In explaining our decision, we first considered the situation where a court denies a motion for summary judgment on the ground that there are disputed issues of material fact, and the nonmoving party subsequently wins a verdict after a trial. In that case, we held, it is fundamentally unfair to deprive the party that prevailed after a full trial of its verdict on the ground that the court should have ruled for the other side on a record that was less complete. We concluded that refusing to review the denial of the earlier motion would not be unfair to the moving party, because that party retained its right to establish its case at the trial. Id. at 196-97.

We next considered the situation where the facts are undisputed, and the trial court denies the motion on the ground that the moving party is wrong as a matter of law. Even then, we held, there are persuasive reasons for refusing to review that decision after a trial on the merits. After the court denies a motion for summary judgment, the moving party still has the same right as before to establish the merits of its position at a trial of the case. The purpose of summary *25judgment is to eliminate unnecessary trials when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. However,

“[i]t is not the purpose of the summary judgment procedure to provide an unsuccessful movant with an alternative to a plenary trial, or with an alternative record on which to rely on appeal. After a motion for summary judgment has been denied, rightly or wrongly, a trial is necessary and no systematic benefit would be gained by allowing a party to rest on his denied motion rather than requiring that it participate and make its legal and factual case in that trial.”

Id. at 198 (emphases in original). For those reasons, we refused to review the trial court’s denial of the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the comparative negligence defense.

After Mt. Fir Lumber Co., the Supreme Court modified our conclusion that a denial of a motion for summary judgment is nonreviewable in one limited respect. In Payless Drug Stores v. Brown, 73 Or App 90, 698 P2d 45, rev’d and rem’d, 300 Or 243, 708 P2d 1143 (1985), the plaintiff sought to recover a statutory penalty from the parents of a teenage shoplifter. The parents moved for summary judgment on the ground that the statute authorizing the penalty was unconstitutional. The trial court denied the motion, and the parents did not raise the constitutional issue again at the trial. On appeal from an unfavorable verdict, they assigned error to the denial of the motion for summary judgment. In our opinion, we relied on Mt. Fir Lumber Co. and declined to consider that assignment. On review, the Supreme Court reversed our decision because the motion related to the facial constitutionality of a statute and did not involve any aspect of the facts of the case. It remanded the case for us to decide the issue on the merits. Payless Drug Stores v. Brown, 300 Or 243, 708 P2d 1143 (1985).

The Supreme Court first stated that our opinion in Mt. Fir Lumber Co. made sense “when the decision of a case hinges on facts that are presented for determination in a trial after denial of summaiy judgment.” Payless Drug Stores, 300 Or at 246. It then suggested that our position was weaker when the party moving for summary judgment argues that it *26must win under the law no matter what the facts may show. The court quoted the portion of Mt. Fir Lumber Co. that we quoted above and then asked whether there is anything to be gained by denying the right to rest “on a purely legal contention once it has been squarely presented and rejected.” Id. Nevertheless, the court did not dispute our holding denying reviewability when adjudicative facts were relevant to the motion for summary judgment. The issue in Payless Drug Stores was the facial constitutionality of a statute, not the constitutionality of applying that statute to the facts in the case or in any other case. The facial constitutionality of a statute does not depend on adjudicative facts, and, thus, evidence at trial would neither aid nor defeat the parents’ contention. For that reason, the court held that the parents’ motion was reviewable on appeal. Payless Drug Stores, 300 Or at 247-48.

Since Payless Drug Stores was decided, we have continued to apply Mt. Fir Lumber Co. to most denials of motions for summary judgment and, thereby, to treat those denials as not reviewable on appeal. However, we have also recognized the exception that the Supreme Court established for motions that rest on a purely legal contention that does not require the establishment of predicate facts. In order to distinguish motions that are reviewable from those that are not, we have explained that “[p]urely legal contentions are those as to which the facts are not merely undisputed but immaterial, such as a facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute.” Seidel v. Time Ins. Co., 157 Or App 556, 560, 970 P2d 255 (1998) (emphasis added). “In other words, the legal theory underlying the motion must be that the moving party has a right to prevail on any set of facts and that the facts, in effect, do not matter.” York v. Bailey, 159 Or App 341, 345-46, 976 P2d 1181, rev den, 329 Or 287 (1999) (emphasis added). Our understanding of Payless Drug Stores, thus, is that the denial of a motion for summary judgment that is based on facts, even undisputed facts, is not reviewable. York, 159 Or App at 346; see also American Fed. Teachers v. Oregon Taxpayers United, 208 Or App 350, 372, 145 P3d 1111, adh’d to on recons, 209 Or App 518, 149 P3d 159 (2006), aff'd, 345 Or 1, 189 P3d 9 (2008); Freeman v. Stuart, 203 Or App 191, 194, 125 P3d 786 (2005).

*27In his motion for summary judgment, Falbo conceded that he posted the photographs and the commentary that are the basis for plaintiffs claims against him. He argued that he did so for three reasons: (1) to discourage people from patronizing Club 71; (2) to alert other community members so that they could also discourage people from patronizing Club 71 in the future; and (3) because the matters were newsworthy in and of themselves. He then argued that all of his actions were constitutionally protected expressive activities. It is apparent that the facts of what occurred and Falbo’s reasons for doing what he did are fundamental to his arguments that his actions were constitutionally protected. This is not a situation in which the facts do not matter; rather, they are at the heart of Falbo’s motion. For purposes of reviewability it does not matter whether the facts are, as Falbo contends, undisputed; what matters is that the facts are material. After the denial of his motion, Falbo had the opportunity by appropriate motions during trial to raise the contentions that he now makes on appeal. He did not do so. He now seeks to have us review his constitutional contentions based on the less complete summary judgment record rather than on the full record from the trial. Under our decisions in Mt. Fir Lumber Co., Seidel, and York, we cannot do so. In short, the denial of Falbo’s motion for summary judgment does not present a reviewable claim of error.

Falbo also challenges the trial court’s denial of his special motion to strike, which was based on ORS 31.150. The legislature enacted that statute in 2001 to permit a defendant who is sued over certain actions taken in the public arena to have a questionable case dismissed at an early stage. We set the statute out in full:

“(1) A defendant may make a special motion to strike against a claim in a civil action described in subsection (2) of this section. The court shall grant the motion unless the plaintiff establishes in the manner provided by subsection (3) of this section that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim. The special motion to strike shall be treated as a motion to dismiss under ORCP 21 A but shall not be subject to ORCP 21 F. Upon granting the special motion to strike, the court shall enter a judgment of dismissal without prejudice.

*28“(2) A special motion to strike may be made under this section against any claim in a civil action that arises out of:

“(a) Any oral statement made, or written statement or other document submitted, in a legislative, executive or judicial proceeding or other proceeding authorized by law;

“(b) Any oral statement made, or written statement or other document submitted, in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive or judicial body or other proceeding authorized by law;

“(c) Any oral statement made, or written statement or other document presented, in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; or

“(d) Any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.

“(3) A defendant making a special motion to strike under the provisions of this section has the initial burden of making a prima facie showing that the claim against which the motion is made arises out of a statement, document or conduct described in subsection (2) of this section. If the defendant meets this burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff in the action to establish that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim by presenting substantial evidence to support a prima facie case. If the plaintiff meets this burden, the court shall deny the motion.

“(4) In making a determination under subsection (1) of this section, the court shall consider pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the liability or defense is based.

“(5) If the court determines that the plaintiff has established a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim:

“(a) The fact that the determination has been made and the substance of the determination may not be admitted in evidence at any later stage of the case; and

“(b) The determination does not affect the burden of proof or standard of proof that is applied in the proceeding.”

*29A defendant must file a special motion to strike within 60 days of the service of the complaint unless the trial court permits a later filing. ORS 31.152(1). The court shall award reasonable attorney fees and costs to a defendant who prevails on a special motion to strike. ORS 31.152(3).

During their consideration of this statute, legislators explained that its purpose is to provide for the dismissal of claims against persons participating in public issues, when those claims would be privileged under case law, before the defendant is subject to substantial expenses in defending against them. Audio Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, HB 2460, Apr 16,2001, at 2:10.38 (comments of Rep Lane Shetterly and Rep Robert Ackerman), http: //www.leg.state.or.us/hstn/archive/archive.2001s/HJUD200104161625.ram. ORS 31.150 attempts to achieve that purpose by creating a special motion to strike against a claim that arises out of the exercise of the right of petition or free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest. ORS 31.150(2)(d).3 A special motion to strike has benefits for the defendant that other pleading motions do not. Unlike most other pleading motions, it is not subject to the requirement of ORCP 21 F that the defendant consolidate it with other available motions against the complaint. ORS 31.150(1). Thus, a defendant may make a special motion to strike at the very beginning of the litigation without foreclosing subsequent motions if the special motion fails. When a defendant makes a prima facie showing that the plaintiffs claim arises out of a covered action, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that there is a probability that it will prevail on its claim. In doing so, the plaintiff must present substantial evidence to support a prima facie case. ORS 31.150(3). In making its decision on the motion, the trial court examines not only the pleadings but also any supporting and opposing affidavits. ORS 31.150(4). The special motion, thus, may require the plaintiff to present the factual basis for its claim at the beginning of the litigation.

*30To date, we have discussed the statute in only one case. In Horton v. Western Protector Ins. Co., 217 Or App 443, 176 P3d 419 (2008), we addressed whether the legislature intended the language in ORS 31.150 that a “special motion to strike shall be treated as a motion to dismiss under ORCP 21 A” to incorporate by reference the requirement of ORCP 21 A that a motion to dismiss be filed before a responsive pleading is filed. We concluded that the legislature so intended and that, as a consequence, the trial court had erred in failing to deny the defendant’s motion to strike as untimely. In Horton, we quoted extensively from the legislative history of the pertinent statutory framework, including the following statement by Senator Kurt Schrader:

“ ‘This bill is about nothing less than guaranteeing our basic first amendment rights for our citizens without their being afraid of intimidation by powerful interests that sometimes seem to hold sway here in the state of Oregon and in this country at this point in time. * * * It is important that we encourage citizens — that is what this is about — this is encouraging citizens to engage in their state government. * * * These Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation poison the mind of the average citizen and make them afraid of their own government. * * * What this bill does do is give the judge judicial discretion to decide whether or not a plaintiffs claim has merit or not. It provides for what we want, which is the speedy disposition of these frivolous threatening lawsuits that attempt to disenfranchise citizens so that we can get on with the public process. * * * The goal is to find a good solid way to protect the citizens’ rights, preserve the integrity of the process, and allow our citizens to feel comfortable participating in our government.’

“Tape Recording, House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Civil Law, HB 2460, Apr 19, 2001, Tape 41, Side A (statement of Kurt Schrader).”

Horton, 217 Or App at 451-52.

Because it goes beyond the pleadings to examine the evidence in support of the plaintiffs claims, a special motion to strike bears many of the characteristics of a motion for summary judgment. The primary differences are that, in the *31case of a motion to strike, the moving party may not need to present any evidence of its own, and the nonmoving party may need to meet a heavier burden in order to avoid dismissal. In a motion for summary judgment, the court does not weigh the evidence but must deny the motion if there is any disputed issue of material fact. The moving party, thus, must usually present some factual support for the motion. ORCP 47 C. In contrast, in a special motion to strike, the moving party must show only that the nonmoving party’s claim arises out of one of the actions that ORS 31.150(2) describes. If the moving party makes that showing, which it may be able to do based on the pleadings alone, the nonmoving party then has the burden of establishing a prima facie case that is sufficient to show that there is a probability that it will prevail. That burden is potentially much heavier than merely establishing the existence of a disputed issue of fact. In deciding whether the plaintiff has met its burden, the trial court may need to weigh the evidence, something that it cannot do on a motion for summary judgment. See McPhail v. Milwaukie Lumber Co., 165 Or App 596, 607-08, 999 P2d 1144 (2000) (“The court’s role on summary judgment is not to decide whether its credulity has been strained but to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact.”). Finally, a judgment granting summary judgment as to all parties and all claims is a final judgment on the merits, whereas a judgment of dismissal following the grant of a special motion to strike is without prejudice to the filing of a new action. ORS 31.150(1).

The foregoing distinctions, if anything, make appellate review of the denial of a special motion to strike more problematic than review of the denial of a motion for summary judgment. When we held in Mt. Fir Lumber Co. that the denial of a motion for summary judgment ordinarily is unreviewable, we explained that, although it might be unfair to deny a party a summary judgment to which it was entitled, it would be a greater injustice to deprive the opposing party of a jury verdict based on a more complete record. 70 Or App at 196-97. We also stated that it would be a systemic perversion to make the nonmoving party’s inability to show an issue of material fact at the summary judgment stage a basis for depriving it of a judgment after it had established at a trial *32not only that there actually was a genuine issue of material fact but also that it was entitled to prevail on the facts. Id. at 197-98. And, we stated that, “[a]fter a motion for summary judgment has been denied, rightly or wrongly, a trial is necessary and no systematic benefit would be gained by allowing a party to rest on his denied motion rather than requiring that it participate and make its legal and factual case in that trial.” Id. at 198 (emphasis in original).

Those points apply as strongly to appellate review of a special motion to strike. It would be at least as great a systemic perversion to make the nonmoving party’s inability to establish a probability of success at the very outset of the litigation a basis for depriving it of a judgment after a trial at which it had not only established a probability of success but had actually succeeded. That is especially true where, as here, Falbo made no motion at trial to test the sufficiency of plaintiffs evidence. See, e.g., Payless Drug Stores, 300 Or at 246 (“If the trial court is in doubt [as to whether there is a disputed issue of material fact] before the trial, there are new occasions for persuading the court when the evidence is in.”).

The purpose of the special motion to strike procedure, as amplified in the pertinent legislative history, is to expeditiously terminate unfounded claims that threaten constitutional free speech rights, not to deprive litigants of the benefit of a jury determination that a claim is meritorious. If anything, the fact that a dismissal under ORS 31.150, unlike a judgment dismissing a claim on summary judgment, is without prejudice, reinforces that conclusion. After a jury has spoken, there is no systemic benefit in requiring a new action to try the same claim to a different finder of fact on the ground that, on a different record early in the course of the first action, a motion to strike should have been granted. The erection of such a legal maze would undermine the systemic values of judicial economy and efficiency, with the only benefit being to give the defendant another bite at the proverbial apple. Nothing in the statutory text or underlying legislative history suggests that the legislature countenanced such a result. In short, we conclude that, after a trial, appellate review of the denial of a special motion to strike is available only when the motion is limited to purely legal issues and the facts, disputed or undisputed, are immaterial.

*33In this case, the facts are essential to Falbo’s arguments. In asserting that his Internet postings concerning plaintiff were protected activities, he argues that his statements were mere hyperbole that must be understood in context and that they do not imply assertions of objective fact. They were, he asserts, “designed and intended to inform the readers about illegal, immoral, or harmful activities at Club 71,” and were “not intended as even-handed and unbiased.” He also asserts that persons like plaintiff, “who voluntarily choose to patronize a highly controversial business, and support it through monetary expenditure, invite public criticism.” Those arguments are themselves characterizations of the facts; evaluating them necessarily requires evaluating what Falbo did and the context in which he did it. That is a different proposition from evaluating the facial constitutionality of a statute. The trial court’s denial of Falbo’s special motion to strike is not subject to review on this appeal.

The concurrence disagrees, asserting that the legislature intended that the denial of a special motion to strike be reviewable. However, the concurrence’s effort to discern such an intent is unpersuasive. The provision in ORS 31.150 that “[t]he special motion to strike shall be treated as a motion to dismiss under ORCP 21 A but shall not be subject to ORCP 21 F” tells us nothing about whether the denial of such a motion is reviewable. Instead, it merely indicates which provisions of ORCP 21 A govern the procedure for special motions to strike. There is nothing in the text of ORCP 21A that speaks to the reviewability of the denial of a motion under any subsection of that rule.

Where the denial of an ORCP 21A motion is reviewable, it is due to the nature of the judicial decision involved, not because the particular category of motion is included under ORCP 21 A. For example, the denial of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under ORCP 21 A(8) is reviewable because, like orders denying a summary judgment motion or a special motion to strike that involve purely legal issues — which also are reviewable — there is nothing to be gained by denying the right to rest “on a purely legal contention once it has been squarely presented and rejected.” Payless Drug Stores, 300 Or at 246. Similarly, the denial of a motion to dismiss for insufficiency of service of process, *34ORCP 21 A(5); lack of subject matter jurisdiction, ORCP 21 A(1); or lack of personal jurisdiction, ORCP 21 A(2), are reviewable based on ordinary judicial principles, not because the legislature has addressed the issue. Even where the disposition of such motions requires factfinding, see ORCP 21 A, there is nothing about the types of deficiencies underlying those grounds for dismissal that a trial on the merits could remedy or justify. For the reasons that we have explained, the same is not true of a motion that tests the sufficiency of the evidence on the merits, where the decision of a case hinges on facts that are presented for determination in a trial after denial of the motion. See Pay less Drug Stores, 300 Or at 246; In short, it is the nature of the decision — not the statutory pigeonhole into which a category of motion is inserted— that determines whether it is reviewable in the absence of an expression of legislative intent.

Next, the concurrence observes that there are differences between the nature of a trial court’s role in deciding a special motion to strike and its task in deciding a summary judgment motion. Although it is true that the former involves “weighing” the evidence, whereas the latter does not, that difference is inconsequential for present purposes. Once a jury has determined the weight of the evidence at a trial on the merits, the trial court’s previous determination on a paper record that substantial evidence “to support a” prima facie case exists is functionally indistinguishable from a judge’s determination, in denying summary judgment, that the case presents triable issues of fact. In each instance, the question of the sufficiency of the evidence is properly reviewable through the denial of a motion based on the evidentiary record at trial.

The point is confirmed by comparing federal summary judgment principles with Oregon’s summary judgment procedure. In the federal system, the trial judge’s role in assessing evidence adduced in a summary judgment proceeding is more “evaluative” than the function of his or her counterpart in Oregon’s courts: “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiffs position will be insufficient [to defeat a motion for summary judgment]; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 US 242, *35252, 106 S Ct 2505, 91 L Ed 2d 202 (1986). However, as in Oregon, in the federal system, the denial of a summary judgment motion generally is not reviewable from a final judgment entered after a full trial on the merits. Haberman v. The Hartford Insurance Group, 443 F3d 1257, 1264 (10th Cir 2006); Price v. Kramer, 200 F3d 1237, 1243 (9th Cir), cert den, 531 US 816 (2000). In short, regardless of the precise nature of the trial court’s role in assessing the evidence, the denial of a motion that tests the sufficiency of the evidence on the merits is not reviewable where the decision of a case hinges on facts that are presented for determination in a trial after denial of the motion. In our view, the concurrence has identified no evidence of a contrary legislative intent.

Finally, the concurrence makes two points that, frankly, support our conclusion that the denial of a special motion to strike is not reviewable. The concurrence notes that ORS 19.415(1) provides that “[u]pon an appeal from a judgment in an action at law, the scope of review shall be as provided in section 3, Article VII (Amended) of the Oregon Constitution.” The first sentence of that provision, in turn, provides:

“In actions at law, where the value in controversy shall exceed $750, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of this state, unless the court can affirmatively say there is no evidence to support the verdict.”

(Emphasis added.) At the same time, the concurrence contends that the denial of a special motion to strike is unique— and therefore reviewable — because ORS 31.150 contemplates “that the trial court engage in an evaluation of the weight of all the evidence in the record — that is, the court must evaluate the evidence against a proposed finding as well as the evidence supporting it to determine whether substantial evidence establishes a prima facie case.” 222 Or App at 49 (Edmonds, P. J., concurring). The problem that the concurrence does not address is how, in the case of the denial of a special motion to strike, an appellate court can review the trial court’s “evaluation of the weight of all the evidence in the record” without reexamining facts that have already been tried by the jury. The related question, of course, is why the *36legislature would have intended a result that runs afoul of the Oregon Constitution. We simply are not persuaded that the legislature’s silence regarding the reviewability of the denial of a special motion to strike should somehow be construed as expressing the intent espoused by the concurrence, particularly in light of the constitutional prohibition on post-verdict review of the weight of the evidence.

In summary, the concurrence posits that, when faced with no indication of legislative intent, “it should be assumed” that the legislature intends for trial court rulings to be reviewable. 222 Or App at 46 (Edmonds, P. J., concurring). Proceeding from that premise, the concurrence concludes that the legislature intended the denial of special motions to strike to be reviewable. We proceed from a different premise: We presume that, when the legislature has not addressed the reviewability of trial court rulings, we should apply settled appellate principles to determine whether the ruling is reviewable. Having done so, we — as discussed— conclude that the denial of a special motion to strike is not subject to appellate review.

We turn to Falbo’s assignments of error that are reviewable. In his third assignment of error, Falbo challenges the trial court’s failure to give several of his requested jury instructions.4 In order for the failure to give a proposed instruction to be erroneous, the instruction must first be correct in all respects. Beglau v. Albertus, 272 Or 170, 179, 536 P2d 1251-52 (1975). Even if the proposed instruction is correct, there is no error in failing to give it if the trial court’s other instructions fully covered the substance of the requested instructions or if the instruction is not necessary in order to explain the particular issue or point of law to the jury. Roop v. Parker Northwest Paving Co., 194 Or App 219, 251-52, 94 P3d 885 (2004), rev den, 338 Or 374 (2005). And, even if the failure to give a correct instruction was erroneous, that failure does not require reversal unless the instructions, considered as a whole, prejudiced the party that requested *37the instruction by creating an erroneous impression of the law in the minds of the jury that affected the outcome of the case. Hernandez v. Barbo Machinery Co., 327 Or 99, 106-07, 957 P2d 147 (1998).

For reasons of structural logic, we discuss Falbo’s challenges in an order different from his briefs on appeal. We first address Falbo’s challenge to the court’s failure to give Instructions 22, 23, and 24, which relate to his argument that his statements amounted to constitutionally protected reports on public issues. Instruction 22 describes the role of a representative of the news media and the constitutional protection for freedom of the press. It would have instructed the jury that it

“must decide whether [defendant] gathered information about Club 71 and its patrons with the intent to disseminate it to the public for the purpose of providing a segment of the public with information or ideas. If this was his purpose, you must find, for defendants.”

(Emphasis added.) One obvious difficulty with Instruction 22 is that it would have required a defense verdict based solely on Falbo’s purpose, without regard to whether he acted with actual malice in making false statements of fact. Even assuming that plaintiff is somehow a public figure, that proposition is inconsistent with the rule of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254, 84 S Ct 710, 11 L Ed 2d 686 (1964). Where the plaintiff is a public figure and the matter involves a question of public interest, for defamation liability to attach, constitutional protections of expression require a showing of “actual malice,” meaning that the defendant knew of the falsity of the statement or acted in reckless disregard of whether it was true or false. Id. at 279-80. Falbo cites no authority for the proposition that, where actual malice is shown in such circumstances, a purpose to inform the public nonetheless is sufficient to insulate the defendant from liability. However, the correctness of his proposed instruction depends on the soundness of that unsupported proposition. It is true that Falbo argues that his statements were hyperbole that did not imply false facts about plaintiff and thus are not within the scope of New York Times Co. However, in order to give that instruction, the court would have had to determine *38that Falbo’s characterization of his actions was correct as a matter of law. Falbo does not assign error to any ruling in which the trial court refused to determine the meaning of his statements. In short, the trial court did not err in refusing to give Instruction 22.

Instructions 23 and 24 discuss the federal constitutional distinctions between imposing liability for statements concerning a private figure and statements concerning a public figure. Falbo argues that, although plaintiff may have been a private figure at the time of the first postings, he became a limited public figure when he filed this civil action. Instruction 23 describes the requirements for imposing liability on a defendant for reporting about a private figure when the speech relates to a matter of public concern. • Instruction 24 describes the requirements for imposing liability on a public figure in those circumstances and would have instructed the jury that, after plaintiff filed this action, he became a public figure as to statements made by Falbo concerning the action or its subject matter. It would then have instructed the jury that it could find for plaintiff only if he proved that the statements made by Falbo after the filing of the action implied objective facts and that Falbo knew that those facts were false or acted in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity.

On appeal, Falbo argues that the “trial court erred by not instructing the jury on the private/public distinction. The jury award did not distinguish between the pre- and post lawsuit postings, thereby prejudicing Falbo.” The difficulty with this argument is that the verdict form did not make the distinction that Falbo describes, and he did not except to that omission or raise any issue related to it on appeal. The first question on the verdict form asked the jury whether Falbo intentionally inflicted severe emotional distress on plaintiff, causing damage to plaintiff; the second question asked whether Falbo invaded plaintiffs privacy by placing him in a false light, causing damage to plaintiff. Both questions referred to Falbo’s actions in their entirety without distinguishing between his actions before and after plaintiff filed his lawsuit. On appeal, Falbo does not assert that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that plaintiff was a public figure at all relevant times, nor did he request an *39instruction telling the jury how to use the information in Instructions 23 and 24 when answering the questions in the verdict form. As a result, those instructions would not have assisted the jury in deciding the questions that the trial court submitted to it. If anything, the final portion of Instruction 24 could have led the jury to believe, incorrectly, that it was required to apply the rules that apply to actions by a public figure to all of plaintiffs claims, including those claims based on statements made before plaintiff filed the action. The trial court did not err in failing to give defendant’s proposed instructions.5

Falbo also argues that the trial court erred in failing to give his requested Instruction 21, which would have informed the jury that the Oregon and United States constitutions protect speech directed at matters of public concern and that “the nude dancing offered by Club 71 was a matter of public concern.” On appeal, Falbo notes that the jury expressly found that his speech was not a matter of public interest. Falbo does not challenge the court’s instruction that “[m]atters of public interest or political expression that are embarrassing, insulting, or outrageous are protected by both the Constitution of the United States and Oregon,”6 nor does he assign error to its instruction on “rhetorical hyperbole.” Rather, he argues, if the trial court had instructed the jury that nude dancing is a matter of public concern, a defense verdict would have been required on all counts.

The difficulty with Falbo’s argument is that Instruction 21 was both incomplete and misleading if requested Instructions 22, 23, and 24 were not given; in the absence of those instructions — which, for the reasons discussed above, should not have been given — Instruction 21 would have led the jury to believe, incorrectly, that Falbo’s speech was protected and that he was therefore entitled to a defense verdict for statements about nude dancing, even if he acted with *40actual malice. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to give Instruction 21.

Finally, Falbo argues that the trial court should have given his proposed Instruction 14 on intentional infliction of emotional distress. The instruction stated:

“The plaintiff seeks to recover damages based upon a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.

“The essential elements of this claim are:

“1. Defendants intended to cause plaintiff severe emotional distress or knew with substantial certainty that their conduct would cause such distress; and

“2. Defendants engaged in outrageous conduct — i.e., conduct extraordinarily beyond the bounds of socially tolerable behavior; and

“3. Defendants’ conduct in fact caused plaintiff severe emotional distress.

“Facts to be considered include whether a special relationship existed between the parties; the conduct was undertaken for an ulterior purpose; whether the claimant was an unusually vulnerable individual; and the place in which the conduct occurred, whether public or private.”

The statement of the elements of the tort in defendant’s proposed instruction is not identical to that in McGanty v. Staudenraus, 321 Or 532, 543, 901 P2d 841 (1995), and other cases, but we will assume for present purposes that it is consistent with those cases. Falbo relied on our opinion in Delaney v. Clifton, 180 Or App 119, 130, 41 P3d 1099, rev den, 334 Or 631 (2002), for the list of facts that the jury should consider. In Delaney, we noted that whether conduct is sufficiently extreme or outrageous to be actionable “is a fact-specific inquiry, one to be made on a case-by-case basis considering the totality of the circumstances.” We then quoted the description in Rosenthal v. Erven, 172 Or App 20, 23-24, 17 P3d 558 (2001), of some of the facts that are potentially relevant to whether conduct is sufficiently extreme or outrageous to be actionable. Those are the facts that Falbo included in the last paragraph of his proposed Instruction 14.

*41On appeal, Falbo notes that, as we stated in Delaney, most successful intentional infliction of emotional distress claims have involved a special relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant. Delaney, 180 Or App at 131 n 7.7 He then points out that there is no evidence of a special relationship in this case and argues that the jury might have reached a different verdict if the trial court had given the proposed instruction. The difficulty with Falbo’s argument is that, as we also stated in Delaney, evaluating the defendant’s conduct in an intentional infliction of emotional distress case is a fact-specific inquiry. It is thus not one that is subject to any particular formula or exclusive list of facts. In Delaney, we discussed the existence of a special relationship and other possible facts as part of determining whether the plaintiff had stated a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, not for the purpose of guiding a jury’s decision once the plaintiff had crossed that hurdle. We also made it clear that other facts could be relevant in other cases. Neither plaintiff nor Falbo raised any issue concerning a special relationship in this case, and the record makes clear that no such relationship existed. Instruction 14 could not have helped the jury and might have confused it; the trial court did not err in refusing to give it.8

In sum, the trial court did not err in any of the asserted respects. We therefore affirm the judgment in plaintiffs favor against Falbo.

We turn to the dismissed defendants’ requests for attorney fees under ORS 20.105(1) and sanctions under ORCP 17 D. ORS 20.105(1) requires an award of attorney fees in favor of a prevailing party when the other party has, among other things, asserted a claim for which there was no *42objectively reasonable basis. ORCP 17 D authorizes an award of sanctions against an attorney who falsely certifies that, among other things, the claims in a pleading that the attorney signs are both supported by evidence and warranted by law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension of existing law. ORCP 17 C(3), (4); ORCP 17 D(1). On July 11, 2006, the dismissed defendants filed a consolidated motion in which they sought attorney fees and sanctions against plaintiff. On July 24, plaintiff filed objections to that motion, asserting, among other things, that some of the items that defendants had sought were not properly included in a request for attorney fees and that a motion for sanctions under ORCP 17 D needed to be separate from other motions. In response, on August 2, defendants moved for leave to file an amended motion for attorney fees, and they filed a separate motion for sanctions under ORCP 17 D. On the same day, but after defendants filed the latter motions, the trial court entered an order denying defendants’ original motion for attorney fees and for sanctions. The court made no findings in the order, nor did it give any explanation of its actions. Although plaintiff did not file a response to defendants’ motion for leave to file an amended motion for attorney fees, on September 6, the court entered an order denying that motion and defendants’ separate motion for sanctions under ORCP 17 D. Again, the court made no findings in that order, nor did it give any other explanation of its actions.

In their fourth and fifth assignments of error, the dismissed defendants assert that the trial court erred in denying their original motion for attorney fees and sanctions under ORCP 17 D. Both assignments of error are well taken. Irrespective of whether a party expressly requests findings, a trial court must enter findings when it either grants or denies a motion for attorney fees under ORS 20.105(1) or a request for sanctions under ORCP 17 D. That requirement facilitates adequate appellate review. Mattiza v. Foster, 311 Or 1, 10, 803 P2d 723 (1990) (findings required under ORS 20.105); Small v. Umatilla County, 148 Or App 443, 444, 939 P2d 1190 (1997) (findings required under former ORCP 17 C, renumbered as ORCP 17 D (2007)). In this case, defendants’ motion relied heavily on their understanding of the procedural history of the case. Based on that history, they argued *43that plaintiff should have known, either before he filed this action or at some point well before he dismissed his claims against these defendants, that those claims had no objective basis in fact or in law. We cannot review the trial court’s action on defendants’ motion without knowing the basis for its decision, including its understanding of that procedural history. We therefore vacate the challenged order and remand for the trial court to enter appropriate findings and a new order deciding the motion based on those findings.

In their sixth and final assignment of error, the dismissed defendants assert that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their motion for leave to file an amended motion for attorney fees and their separate motion for sanctions. We consider those issues independently, beginning with the motion for leave to amend.

ORCP 68 C(4)(b) provides that “[statements and objections may be amended in accordance with Rule 23.” Under ORCP 23 A, “leave [to amend] shall be freely given when justice so requires.” However, “[t]he trial court has broad discretion in determining when justice requires amendment to a complaint, and its decision will not be disturbed unless it is shown that the court exceeded the bounds of its discretion.” Contractors, Inc. v. Form-Eze Systems, Inc., 68 Or App 124, 129, 681 P2d 148, rev den, 297 Or 824 (1984). Even so, that discretion is not unlimited. In evaluating whether a trial court has acted within the bounds of its discretion, we have identified four relevant factors: (1) the proposed amendment’s nature and its relationship to the existing pleadings; (2) the prejudice, if any, to the opposing party; (3) the timing of the proposed amendment; and (4) the color-able merit of the proposed amendment. Safeport, Inc. v. Equipment Roundup & Mfg., 184 Or App 690, 699, 60 P3d 1076 (2002), rev den, 335 Or 255 (2003).

We ordinarily would turn to an evaluation of defendants’ assignment of error in light of those factors. The difficulty with doing so in this case is that, as previously explained, we cannot ascertain the grounds on which the trial court denied defendants’ original motion for attorney fees and sanctions. If, in accordance with certain of plaintiffs objections, the trial court denied that motion on its merits, *44the proposed amendment would not have availed defendants. If, on the other hand, the court denied that motion merely because it improperly joined requests for attorney fees and sanctions, in ruling on defendants’ motion for leave to file an amended motion for attorney fees the court would have been required to exercise its discretion based on the factors identified above. Because we cannot discern the basis for the trial court’s ruling, and in light of our disposition of defendants’ fourth and fifth assignments of errors, we vacate the trial court’s order denying defendants’ motion for leave to amend their motion for attorney fees.

The court’s denial of defendants’ separate motion for sanctions must be vacated for the same reason explained in our resolution of defendants’ fifth assignment of error. Any order disposing of a request for sanctions under ORCP 17 must comply with ORCP 17 D. Small, 148 Or App at 444. The trial court’s order of September 6, like its earlier order, did not comply with that requirement. Accordingly, it must be vacated.

Judgment against Falbo affirmed; order of August 2, 2006, denying other defendants’ original motion for attorney fees and sanctions, and order of September 6, 2006, denying other defendants’ motion for leave to file amended motion for attorney fees and separate motion for sanctions, vacated and remanded; otherwise affirmed.