Full Opinion (html_with_citations)

                                       16

    Submitted September 27; supplemental judgment reversed and remanded,
       remanded for resentencing, otherwise affirmed December 7, 2022


                      STATE OF OREGON,
                       Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                 v.
                 JACOB ALLEN MOTHERSHED,
                      Defendant-Appellant.
                 Washington County Circuit Court
                      20CR43898; A175764
522 P3d 921

    Defendant was convicted of unauthorized use of a vehicle, ORS 164.135,
based on his purchase of a stolen motorcycle that he had reason to believe was
stolen. As part of his sentence, defendant was ordered to pay restitution to the
motorcycle owner for damage to the motorcycle. On appeal, defendant argues
that the evidence was legally insufficient to establish that he caused the damage
and therefore insufficient to support the restitution award. Held: The trial court
erred in ordering defendant to pay restitution for the damage to the motorcycle,
because the evidence did not permit a reasonable inference that defendant caused
the damage.
    Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded; remanded for resentencing;
otherwise affirmed.



    Oscar Garcia, Judge.
   Ernest G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate
Section, and Emily P. Seltzer, Deputy Public Defender, Office
of Public Defense Services, filed the briefs for appellant.
   Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General, and Shannon T. Reel, Assistant Attorney
General, filed the brief for respondent.
   Before James, Presiding Judge, and Aoyagi, Judge, and
Joyce, Judge.
    AOYAGI, J.
   Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded; remanded
for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.
Cite as
323 Or App 16
 (2022)                               17

        AOYAGI, J.
         Defendant was convicted of unauthorized use of a
vehicle (UUV), ORS 164.135, and, as part of his sentence,
ordered to pay $1,854.74 in restitution. In his sole assign-
ment of error on appeal, defendant challenges the portion
of the restitution order requiring him to pay $1,085.54 for
damage to the vehicle. Defendant contends that, on this
record, the state failed to prove that he (rather than the
original thief) caused the damage. We agree and, accord-
ingly, reverse that portion of the restitution order.
                           FACTS
        We review a restitution order for errors of law. State
v. Thorpe,
217 Or App 301, 303
,
175 P3d 993
 (2007). We are
bound by the trial court’s factual findings if there is any
evidence in the record to support them. State v. Pumphrey,
266 Or App 729, 730
,
338 P3d 819
 (2014), rev den,
357 Or 112
 (2015). Otherwise, in assessing the legal sufficiency of
the evidence to support a restitution award, we view the evi-
dence in the light most favorable to the state, including rea-
sonable inferences. State v. Aguirre-Rodriguez,
367 Or 614, 620
,
482 P3d 62
 (2021). We state the facts accordingly.
         On or about July 2, 2020, someone stole the victim’s
motorcycle, a 2009 Yamaha R6. On July 9, 2020, defen-
dant purchased the motorcycle from B for $2,000. In the
process, defendant obtained information that suggested
that the motorcycle could be stolen. Among other things,
defendant was aware that the ignition was damaged, which
information he tried to use to get the price down; defendant
arranged the transaction on Facebook Messenger, and there
were numerous messages on B’s Facebook page to the effect
that B was a notorious vehicle thief; when defendant asked
B for the title in a Facebook message, shortly after picking
up the motorcycle, B replied, “Eat a dick punk”; and, when
defendant went to see B the following day, because B had
said his girlfriend had the title, B came after defendant with
a knife, which defendant reported to the police.
        On July 31, 2020, a police officer stopped defendant
after observing him doing a “wheelie” on the motorcycle,
which we understand to mean driving on the back wheel
18                                      State v. Mothershed

with the front wheel in the air. The police determined that
the motorcycle was stolen and confiscated it. The victim
subsequently identified several types of damage done to
the motorcycle after it was stolen: (1) the ignition had been
removed by force and the motorcycle hot-wired to start with
a paper clip; (2) the brakes were completely worn down to
the metal, and there was damage to the front fairing, which
was consistent with someone using excessive braking force
of the sort that would cause the motorcycle to come up on its
front wheel; (3) the handlebar grips had been replaced; and
(4) there was right-side damage consistent with the motor-
cycle having fallen on its side.
        Defendant pleaded guilty and was convicted of mis-
demeanor UUV for his use of the stolen motorcycle. The fac-
tual basis for the conviction, as stated in his plea petition,
was that defendant “unlawfully and knowingly took and
exercised control over a motorcycle without consent of the
owner [E] while being aware of and consciously disregard-
ing a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the owner did
not consent.”
         As part of his sentence, defendant was ordered to
pay restitution, and the court held a hearing to determine
the amount. As relevant here, the victim testified regard-
ing the damage to the motorcycle and the costs to repair it,
and defendant testified to the condition of the motorcycle
when he purchased it and denied causing any damage him-
self. The state then argued that the victim was entitled “to
economic damages to get him back into the place he was
before the crime occurred,” even if it was “impossible to say”
when exactly the damage occurred, and that having “made
the reckless decision to take ownership of and purchase
this stolen vehicle,” defendant should be held responsible for
any damage. The state also pointed out that defendant had
the motorcycle for 21 of the 28 days that it was out of the
victim’s possession and that he had been observed doing a
wheelie, which the state characterized as “extremely reck-
less and dangerous” driving. Defendant countered that the
state was required to prove that his criminal activities
caused the damage to the motorcycle, cited cases on the but-
for causation requirement, and asserted that the state had
failed to prove causation.
Cite as
323 Or App 16
 (2022)                                                19

          Ultimately, the trial court ordered defendant to pay
$1,854.74 in restitution, which consisted of $1,085.54 for
damage to the motorcycle—specifically the ignition and the
brakes—and $769.20 for the victim’s lost wages. The court
explained that it was ordering defendant to pay restitution
for the damage to the motorcycle because defendant “did
plead guilty to the charge itself,” that defendant “had pos-
session and control of this vehicle,” and that it was a “reason-
able inference” that “there was some damage done while in
his possession.” The court noted defendant’s testimony that
he did not cause any damage but stated, “I mean, he pled
guilty.” The court acknowledged the possibility of making a
credibility determination but declined to make one, instead
stating, “[T]he problem is that he pled guilty to this crime of
possession of the vehicle. And there’s a reasonable inference
that can be made that he was responsible—or that there
was damage done, or that he’s responsible for it. You know,
based on the crime itself, taking possession of this vehicle.”
The court continued, “So I do find that, based on the charge
itself, based on his possession of this vehicle, controlling it,
apparently doing wheelies on it, there’s a reasonable infer-
ence that can be made that he is responsible for and should
be held liable for some of this damage, based on the restitu-
tion statute.” The court entered a supplemental judgment
reflecting its restitution award.
         On appeal of the supplemental judgment, defendant
assigns error to the restitution order, challenging only the
portion awarding $1,085.54 for damage to the motorcycle’s
ignition and brakes. He does not challenge the lost-wages
portion.
                                ANALYSIS
         A trial court may order restitution upon proof of
“(1) criminal activities, (2) economic damages, and (3) a causal
relationship between the two.” State v. Smith,
291 Or App 785, 788
,
420 P3d 644
 (2018); ORS 137.106(1)(a).1 “ ‘Criminal
activities’ means any offense with respect to which the defen-
dant is convicted or any other criminal conduct admitted by
    1
      All references herein are to the current statutes. After 2020, one statute
discussed herein was renumbered, and some statutes discussed herein were
amended in ways immaterial to this appeal.
20                                                  State v. Mothershed

the defendant.” ORS 137.103(1); see also State v. Howett,
184 Or App 352, 356
,
56 P3d 459
 (2002) (“[W]hen a person is
convicted of a crime, the trial court may impose restitution
for damages recoverable in a civil action arising out of the
facts or events constituting that crime or any other criminal
conduct admitted by the defendant.”). “Economic damages”
includes “reasonable costs incurred for repair or for replace-
ment of damaged property.” ORS 31.705(2)(a).
          This case turns on the third element—the causal
relationship between defendant’s criminal activities (unlaw-
ful use of the motorcycle from July 9 to July 312) and the
victim’s economic damages (the cost to repair the motorcy-
cle’s ignition and brakes). A defendant cannot be ordered to
pay restitution for economic damages “arising out of crimi-
nal activity for which he was not convicted or which he did
not admit having committed.” State v. Kirkland,
268 Or App 420, 425
,
342 P3d 163
 (2015). Rather, ORS 137.106(1)(a)
permits an award of restitution only if “a trial court can
determine, from the record and the defendant’s conviction,
that the defendant committed the act that resulted in the
victim’s damages.” State v. Andrews,
366 Or 65, 76
,
456 P3d 261
 (2020). “A defendant’s criminal activities must be a ‘but-
for’ cause of the victim’s damages.” State v. Lobue,
304 Or App 13, 15
,
466 P3d 83
, rev den,
367 Or 257
 (2020).
         In State v. Lefthandbull,
306 Or 330, 332
,
758 P2d 343
 (1988), the defendant pleaded guilty to attempting to
manufacture methamphetamine, and the trial court ordered
him to pay restitution to the owner of a house in which
methamphetamine was manufactured, for damage to the
house. The Supreme Court reversed the restitution order,
because the state had failed to show “that the pecuniary
harm to the owners of the house resulted from defendant’s
attempt to manufacture methamphetamine or from other
criminal conduct that he may have admitted.”
Id.
 In State
v. Potter,
103 Or App 463, 465-66
,
798 P2d 690
 (1990), the
defendant was convicted of UUV based on his use of a stolen
car that someone else gave him, the trial court ordered him
    2
      The factual basis for defendant’s guilty plea was that he unlawfully used
the motorcycle “on July 31, 2020,” which was consistent with the charge in the
indictment and the judgment of conviction. However, at the restitution hearing,
defendant admitted to using the motorcycle from July 9 to July 31.
Cite as
323 Or App 16
 (2022)                                21

to pay restitution for the cost to repair a dent present on the
car when it was recovered, and we reversed the restitution
order because the state had not established that the damage
“occurred during or after the time that defendant” used the
car or that it “resulted from” his criminal activity. In State
v. Riekens,
301 Or App 447, 449
,
457 P3d 347
 (2019), rev’d on
other grounds,
366 Or 492
,
464 P3d 429
 (2020), the defen-
dant was convicted of second-degree theft for taking a stolen
bicycle that he found damaged and leaning against some
shrubs. The trial court determined that the victim suffered
$1,700 in economic damages and “split” that amount between
the original thief and the defendant, ordering the defen-
dant to pay $850 to the victim (partially as restitution and
partially as a compensatory fine). Id. at 452. We reversed,
concluding that the evidence was insufficient to estab-
lish that the defendant caused the damage to the bicycle.
Id. at 457.

         By contrast, in Lobue, the defendant pleaded guilty
to UUV based on his unlawful use of a truck several weeks
after it was stolen.
304 Or App at 15, 19
. When police recov-
ered the truck from the defendant, it had a “hasty, unpro-
fessional” paint job and a bed full of junk, and it was in poor
condition.
Id. at 16
. Damage to the truck’s paint, bed, wheel
alignment, clutch, and windshield exceeded the truck’s fair
market value.
Id. at 17
. The trial court ordered the defen-
dant to pay restitution in an amount equal to the fair mar-
ket value.
Id. at 18
. We affirmed, because the record allowed
a reasonable inference that the defendant had caused the
damage to the truck himself, including by spray painting it
to disguise that it was stolen and by using the truck for “off-
road” driving.
Id. at 18-19
.

         In this case, defendant was convicted of UUV based
on his purchasing a stolen motorcycle approximately one
week after it was stolen, with a reckless state of mind
as to whether it was stolen, and then using it for three
weeks before it was recovered by police during a traf-
fic stop. It is undisputed that defendant was not the orig-
inal thief. On appeal, defendant argues, as he did in the
trial court, that the state failed to show that he personally
caused any damage to the motorcycle after purchasing
22                                                  State v. Mothershed

it.3 We agree. Because restitution was ordered only for dam-
age to the ignition and the brakes, we limit our discussion
to that damage.
          As a preliminary matter, we note that some of the
trial court’s comments seem to put undue emphasis on the
fact of the UUV conviction itself and perhaps suggest that
being in the post-theft chain of possession is enough to give
rise to responsibility for post-theft damage. Although the
state does not pick up those threads on appeal, two observa-
tions are merited to avoid any confusion. One is that caus-
ing damage to a vehicle is not an element of UUV. See ORS
164.135. A person who commits UUV may be ordered to
pay restitution for damage to the vehicle but, as previously
described, only when that person’s criminal activities are
a but-for cause of the damage. Circumstances beyond the
mere fact of the person having committed UUV are there-
fore necessary. As for being in the chain of post-theft pos-
session, we have previously explained that a person who
commits UUV may sometimes be liable for damage that
occurs after the vehicle leaves their possession. For exam-
ple, in State v. Stephens,
183 Or App 392, 394-97
,
52 P3d 1086
 (2002), we affirmed a restitution order attendant to a
UUV conviction where, after committing UUV, the defen-
dant left the vehicle in a friend’s yard, where someone stole
its tires and wheels. The “defendant’s acts of possession and
his exercise of control over the [vehicle], which included leav-
ing it unprotected in his friend’s yard, facilitated the theft.”
Id. at 397
. However, to extend that example, it does not fol-
low that someone who steals the tires off a stolen vehicle
after finding it abandoned would be liable for ignition dam-
age caused by the original thief.
         We turn now to the state’s arguments. As it did
below, the state argues that the fact that defendant had the
motorcycle for three weeks, whereas the original thief (or
    3
      We reject the state’s contention that defendant did not adequately pre-
serve his claim of error for appeal. Whether defendant caused the damage to
the motorcycle was a significant issue at the restitution hearing. Defendant
argued and cited cases for the proposition that the state had to prove that his
criminal activities caused the damage to the motorcycle, and he asserted that
“they haven’t been able to do that.” The issue was adequately preserved for
appeal.
Cite as
323 Or App 16
 (2022)                                                23

others) had it for only one week, allows an inference that
the damage was caused during the period that defendant
possessed it. We disagree. A week is long enough that the
mere fact that defendant had the motorcycle longer—three
weeks—does not give rise to a reasonable inference that the
damage occurred while defendant had the motorcycle.
         We next consider evidence regarding the specific
damage for which restitution was ordered. Regarding the
ignition, the only evidence the court heard was that the igni-
tion was already damaged when defendant purchased the
motorcycle. The state as much as admits that there is no evi-
dence that defendant damaged the ignition. That leaves the
brakes. The only fact potentially linking defendant to the
brake damage is the single wheelie that he was seen doing
on July 31. In his testimony, defendant admitted to doing
a wheelie that day, but denied that it was something that
would damage the motorcycle. It is not obvious how driving
briefly on the back wheel of a motorcycle would cause severe
brake damage, and the state offered no evidence to estab-
lish a causal connection.4 Rather, as we understand it, the
state’s theory was (and is) that, because defendant admitted
to doing a wheelie on July 31, it is reasonable to infer that
he is generally a reckless and dangerous motorcycle driver,
and therefore reasonable to infer that he did other things
that damaged the brakes. That theory requires too much
stacking of inferences to constitute a reasonable inference.
See State v. Bivins,
191 Or App 460, 468
,
83 P3d 379
 (2004)
(evidence is legally insufficient to support an inference
when it “requires the stacking of inferences to the point of
speculation”).
         In sum, the evidence was legally insufficient to
establish that defendant’s criminal activities (unlawful use
of the motorcycle from July 9 to July 31) caused the vic-
tim’s economic damages (the cost to repair the motorcycle’s
ignition and brakes). It follows that the trial court erred
in ordering defendant to pay $1,085.54 for damage to the

    4
      There was evidence that excessive braking could have caused the motor-
cycle to come up on its front wheel, damaging the brakes and the front faring.
However, there was no evidence as to how doing a wheelie, which involves driving
on the back wheel, could have damaged the brakes.
24                                                   State v. Mothershed

motorcycle’s ignition and brakes. We reverse that portion of
the restitution order.5
       Supplemental judgment reversed and remanded;
remanded for resentencing; otherwise affirmed.




    5
       Given our disposition, we need not address defendant’s alternative argu-
ment that the state failed to prove that the victim’s repair costs were “reason-
able.” See ORS 31.705(2)(a) (defining “economic damages” to include only “reason-
able costs incurred for repair or for replacement of damaged property” (emphasis
added)).