State v. Parkerson

716                     December 21, 2023                      No. 37

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE
                    STATE OF OREGON

                   STATE OF OREGON,
                   Respondent on Review,
                              v.
               WILLIAM JACK PARKERSON,
                    Petitioner on Review.
          (CC 16CR67985) (CA A166232) (SC S069918)

    En Banc
    On review from the Court of Appeals.*
    Argued and submitted September 19, 2023.
   Stephanie Hortsch, Deputy Public Defender, Office of
Public Defense Services, Salem, argued the cause and filed
the briefs for petitioner on review. Also on the briefs was
Ernest G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate
Section.
   Philip Thoennes, Assistant Attorney General, Salem,
argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent on
review. Also on the brief were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney
General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.
    BUSHONG, J.
   The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed in part
and reversed in part. The judgment of the circuit court is
reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the circuit
court for resentencing.
  James, J., concurred and filed an opinion, in which
Masih, J., joined.




­­_ _____________
    * Appeal from Klamath County Circuit Court, Andrea M. Janney, Judge.

, 

 (2022).
Cite as 

 (2023)   717
718                                                     State v. Parkerson

           BUSHONG, J.
         Defendant was convicted of assault in the first degree
and sentenced to a term of imprisonment under Oregon’s
dangerous offender statutes. He challenges that sentence,
contending that (1) the trial court violated ORS 161.735 when
it sentenced him as a dangerous offender without reviewing
new presentence investigation (PSI) and psychological eval-
uation reports that had been prepared specifically for this
case; and (2) the determinate part of his sentence—that
is, the part that he must serve before he can be released to
post-prison supervision1—exceeds the maximum sentence
allowed by ORS 161.605 and OAR 213-008-0003(2).
         The Court of Appeals rejected both arguments,
State v. Parkerson, 

, 

 (2022), and
we allowed review to address these important issues of stat-
utory interpretation. We agree with the Court of Appeals
that the determinate part of defendant’s sentence did not
exceed the statutory maximum. But we conclude that the
trial court erred in sentencing defendant as a dangerous
offender using old PSI and psychological evaluation reports,
because the statute required the court to consider new
reports prepared for this case. Accordingly, we reverse and
remand for resentencing.
                           I. BACKGROUND
A. Historical Facts
         There are two separate criminal proceedings rele-
vant to this case. First, defendant was convicted of attempted
aggravated murder and first-degree assault with a firearm
for shooting a sheriff’s deputy (“the shooting case”). State v.
Parkerson, 

, 

 (2021), rev den,

 (2022) (affirming those convictions). The state
sought a dangerous offender sentence in that case, and
the trial court ordered a psychological evaluation and PSI

    1
       See State v. Davis, 

, 

 (1993) (stating that the
“determinate” part of a dangerous offender sentence is “the part that the offender
must serve[,]” and that the “indeterminate” part is “the part that the offender
may serve, but from which the offender may be released to post-prison supervi-
sion.” (Emphases in original.)).
Cite as 

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pursuant to ORS 161.735. Defendant participated in the
psychological evaluation but not the PSI. Ultimately, the
court concluded that defendant was a dangerous offender
and sentenced him accordingly. Defendant’s convictions in
the shooting case were affirmed on appeal, and that danger-
ous offender sentence is not before us.
         Second, several months after his conviction in the
shooting case, defendant was indicted on a charge of first-
degree assault based on an earlier incident in which he
attacked the victim with a knife. A jury convicted defendant
of that charge. The state again requested, and the court
again imposed, a dangerous offender sentence. That sen-
tence is before us on review.
B.   Sentencing Proceedings
         After the state requested a dangerous offender sen-
tence in the present case, the trial court ordered a PSI and
a psychological evaluation. Defendant declined to partici-
pate in either process. The PSI and psychological evaluation
ordered by the court were never done, and, consequently, the
court did not receive or consider PSI and psychological eval-
uation reports prepared for this case. The court proceeded
with sentencing, considering testimony offered at the hear-
ing and redacted versions of the psychological evaluation
and PSI reports prepared for defendant’s sentencing in the
shooting case. The redactions removed defendant’s express
statements in an attempt to comply with ORS 161.735(4),
which precludes using the defendant’s statements made in
connection with a dangerous offender PSI and psychological
evaluation “in any other criminal proceeding.”
         Dr. Phillips, the psychologist who had prepared the
previous evaluation, testified that, despite defendant’s lack
of participation in a second psychological evaluation, she
could make a diagnosis “ ‘solely based upon the records if the
records are comprehensive enough.’ ” Parkerson, 

. She stated that her initial evaluation of defendant
had included his self-report, but she removed that material
and based her subsequent evaluation solely upon the discov-
ery, the Department of Corrections (DOC) records, and her
rescoring of the psychological tests—without defendant’s
720                                           State v. Parkerson

self-report. She also considered the information about defen-
dant’s prior attempted murder and assault convictions in
the shooting case, and the information about his conviction
in the current case. Based on that material, Phillips stated
in a short cover letter and testified at the hearing that it was
her opinion that defendant met “ ‘the diagnostic criteria for
antisocial personality disorder’ ”—one of the requirements
for dangerous offender sentencing under ORS 161.725—but
she did not submit a full written report explaining her eval-
uation. 

          The state also offered the earlier PSI report from
the shooting case and the testimony of Edson, who had pre-
pared it. Edson testified that, although he did not prepare
a new PSI for this case, he could have drafted a new PSI
without defendant’s participation by using “proxy data”—a
reference to the offender’s age at the time of the charged
offense, his number of prior arrests, and his age at the time
of his first arrest. 

         Defendant objected to the procedures employed
in his dangerous offender sentencing, arguing that ORS
161.735 required the court to consider a new psychological
evaluation and a new PSI. Defendant further argued that
the state’s attempt to comply with ORS 161.735(4) by redact-
ing his statements from the previous reports was insufficient
because the court was prohibited from using a psychological
evaluation drawn, in part, from defendant’s previous inter-
views and other self-reported information, even if the state-
ments themselves were redacted. The state responded that
its experts should be able to offer opinions based on informa-
tion that was properly admissible, excluding any statements
or self-reported information by defendant in the shooting
case.
        The trial court overruled defendant’s objections.
With respect to the psychological evaluation, the court rea-
soned as follows:
   “[A]lthough a new psychological evaluation was ordered,
   the Defendant refused to participate in one. The psycholog-
   ical evaluation that was done before not as to [defendant’s]
   statements but the other 1,800 pages of discovery that
   [the state] talked about is identical to the information that
Cite as 

 (2023)                                                       721

    would essentially be used for the new evaluation, there’s no
    substantive changes. It is the very exact same information
    that would be used to make the new report, minus [defen-
    dant’s] statements. The Court does find that because this is
    a new evaluation and [defendant] chose not to participate,
    those statements cannot be used and will not be used in
    this new evaluation and cannot be considered by the Court
    or in the doctor’s opinion should she testify as to one.”
The court applied the same reasoning to the PSI report and
sentenced defendant as a dangerous offender. The court
made the findings required by ORS 161.725 (not challenged
here) and sentenced defendant to a 30-year indeterminate
sentence—the maximum indeterminate sentence allowed
by ORS 161.725—with a 260-month determinate term that
defendant must serve before release to post-prison supervi-
sion. Defendant appealed.
C. Court of Appeals Decision
         The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of con-
viction and sentence, rejecting defendant’s challenge to the
trial court’s use of the PSI report and psychological evalua-
tion from the shooting case to sentence defendant as a dan-
gerous offender in this case. Relying on State v. Odoms, 

, 

 (1992), rev den, 

 (1993),2
the court concluded that, “in the absence of defendant’s
willingness to cooperate with a new evaluation, there was
nothing in ORS 161.735(1) that prohibited the court from
receiving the redacted psychological evaluation and the pre-
vious PSI that had been prepared less than one year before.”
Parkerson, 

. The Court of Appeals also
rejected defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s decision to
impose a 260-month determinate part of the 30-year dan-
gerous offender sentence, concluding that the sentence “was
    2
      In Odoms, the defendant argued on appeal that the trial court’s dangerous
offender findings “were not supported by the record, because the state’s expert
had not evaluated him personally since 1980.” 

. The defendant did
not contend that the trial court failed to follow the dangerous offender sentencing
procedures in ORS 161.735, and it appears from the Court of Appeals’ opinion
that the state’s expert may have submitted a report based on police reports and
other records even though the expert had not conducted a new evaluation. See 

(describing the basis for the expert’s opinion, stating that the trial court “must
consider the report,” and concluding that, “[e]ven if all the report discloses is that
the defendant was uncooperative and that a psychiatric analysis could not be
made, that does not render the report insufficient for purposes of ORS 161.735”).
722                                                     State v. Parkerson

within the court’s discretion under the applicable statutes.”
Id. at 479. Defendant sought review, which we allowed, in
part.3
                            II. DISCUSSION
         We review a defendant’s challenge to a trial court’s
interpretation of the applicable statutes in sentencing the
defendant as a dangerous offender for errors of law. See
State v. Thompson, 

, 

 (1999)
(trial court’s interpretation of a statute is reviewed for legal
error). When interpreting a statute, we attempt to discern
the intent of the legislature that enacted it. ORS 174.020;
see also State v. McDowell, 

, 

 (2012)
(noting that “[o]ur task is to discern what the legislature con-
templated” in enacting the statute at issue). To determine
that intent, we give primary weight to the statutory text in
context, with appropriate additional weight accorded to any
relevant legislative history. City of Portland v. Bartlett, 

, 

 (2022); State v. Gaines, 

, 

 (2009).
A. Dangerous Offender Sentencing Procedure
         ORS 161.725 sets the standards for dangerous
offender sentencing. ORS 161.735 lays out the procedures for
sentencing a defendant as a dangerous offender. Defendant
does not dispute that he may qualify as a dangerous offender
under ORS 161.725; rather, defendant contends that the
trial court did not comply with the sentencing procedures
required by ORS 161.735. Specifically, defendant contends
that the trial court erred when it sentenced him as a dan-
gerous offender without reviewing PSI and psychological
evaluation reports that had been prepared for this case.

    3
      Defendant had raised several assignments of error at the Court of Appeals,
which affirmed the trial court’s judgment in all respects. He raised seven ques-
tions in his petition for review. We allowed review to consider only three of those
questions: (1) whether a trial court errs in imposing a dangerous offender sentence
when it relies on PSI and psychological evaluation reports from a previous case;
(2) whether a trial court is limited by the maximum felony sentences provided
in ORS 161.605 when imposing the determinate part of a dangerous offender
sentence; and (3) whether a trial court errs in admitting redacted reports from
a previous dangerous offender sentencing proceeding in light of the prohibition
under ORS 161.735(4). As explained more fully below, we found it unnecessary to
reach the third question.
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         ORS 161.735 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
      “(1) Upon motion of the district attorney, and if, in
   the opinion of the court, there is reason to believe that the
   defendant falls within ORS 161.725, the court shall order a
   presentence investigation and an examination by a psychi-
   atrist or psychologist. The court may appoint one or more
   qualified psychiatrists or psychologists to examine the
   defendant in the local correctional facility.
      “* * * * *
       “(3) The examination performed pursuant to this sec-
   tion shall be completed within 30 days, subject to additional
   extensions not exceeding 30 days on order of the court.
   Each psychiatrist and psychologist appointed to examine
   a defendant under this section shall file with the court a
   written report of findings and conclusions, including an
   evaluation of whether the defendant is suffering from a
   severe personality disorder indicating a propensity toward
   criminal activity.
       “(4) No statement made by a defendant under this sec-
   tion * * * shall be used against the defendant in any civil
   proceeding or in any other criminal proceeding.
      “(5) Upon receipt of the examination and presentence
   reports the court shall set a time for a presentence hearing,
   unless the district attorney and the defendant waive the
   hearing. At the presentence hearing the district attorney
   and the defendant may question any psychiatrist or psy-
   chologist who examined the defendant pursuant to this
   section.
       “(6) * * * [A]fter considering the evidence in the case or
   in the presentence hearing, * * * the court may sentence the
   defendant as a dangerous offender.”
         The first issue presented in this case is whether the
legislature intended for the trial court to order and consider
PSI and psychological evaluation reports that were specif-
ically prepared for the case before the court for sentenc-
ing, as defendant contends, or whether the trial court may
instead use only PSI and psychological evaluation reports
that had been prepared earlier for a different case, as the
state contends. We begin with the text and context of ORS
161.735.
724                                                       State v. Parkerson

           1. Statutory text and context
          The text of ORS 161.735, quoted above, reveals that
dangerous offender sentencing follows a carefully structured
process that includes a specific time frame. Under subsec-
tion (1), the process starts with a “motion” by the district
attorney requesting a dangerous offender sentence. If, in the
opinion of the court, based on the evidence at trial and the
district attorney’s request, “there is reason to believe” that
defendant might qualify for dangerous offender sentencing
under ORS 161.725, then the court “shall order” a PSI and
psychological evaluation. ORS 161.735(1).
         Subsection (3) of ORS 161.735 provides that the
psychological examination “performed pursuant to this sec-
tion shall be completed within 30 days”—subject to possible
extensions not exceeding 30 days. The examination “per-
formed pursuant to this section” can only mean the examina-
tion ordered by the court under subsection (1) of the statute.
ORS 161.735(3). As noted, that examination must be com-
pleted “within 30 days” (unless extended by the court). Id.
After completing the examination, the evaluator is required
by subsection (3) to “file with the court a written report of
findings and conclusions[.]” That report must include an
evaluation of whether the defendant “is suffering” from a
severe personality disorder indicating a propensity toward
criminal activity.4 Id.
         The statute does not specify a precise time for filing
the psychological examination report, nor does it specify a
precise time for completing the PSI and filing that report—
also referred to as the presentence report. However, sub-
section (5) of ORS 161.735 requires the court to schedule a
presentence hearing “[u]pon receipt of the examination and
presentence reports.” That text suggests that the presen-
tence report and the psychological examination report will

    4
       The requirement in ORS 161.735(3) that the written report must include
“an evaluation of whether the defendant is suffering from a severe personality
disorder indicating a propensity toward criminal activity” is designed to help the
trial court decide whether the defendant qualifies to be sentenced as a danger-
ous offender under the standards set out in ORS 161.725. One of the grounds for
sentencing a defendant as a dangerous offender is whether “the defendant is suf-
fering from a severe personality disorder indicating a propensity toward crimes
that seriously endanger the life and safety of another.” ORS 161.725(1)(a), (b), (c).
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 (2023)                                   725

be submitted to and received by the court soon after the
reports are completed. The court is then required to sched-
ule a hearing “[u]pon receipt” of those reports. 

 Although
not expressly stated, implicit in the process described in
subsections (5) and (6) is a requirement that, in deciding
whether to sentence a defendant as a dangerous offender,
the court must consider the examination and presentence
reports prepared pursuant to its order under subsection (1).
         Thus, the text of ORS 161.735(1), (3), (5), and (6)
describes a process with both explicit and implicit time con-
straints that guide the trial court’s assessment of whether a
defendant should be sentenced as a dangerous offender. That
assessment includes determining whether the defendant “is
suffering”—present tense—from a severe personality disor-
der indicating a propensity toward criminal activity at the
time of sentencing. See ORS 161.725(1)(a), (b), (c) (so stating).
Nothing in the text of the statute suggests that a court can
sentence a defendant as a dangerous offender without con-
sidering PSI and psychological evaluation reports prepared
for the case in which the court is imposing a sentence.
         That reading of the statutory text is supported
by subsection (4) of ORS 161.735, which provides that
“[n]o statement made by a defendant under this section”—
that is, when being evaluated for dangerous offender sen-
tencing—“shall be used against the defendant in any civil
proceeding or in any other criminal proceeding.” (Emphasis
added.) The “other criminal proceeding” referred to in sub-
section (4) can only mean a criminal proceeding other than
the criminal proceeding for which the evaluation was con-
ducted. The apparent purpose of that provision is to encour-
age defendants to cooperate with the evaluation by assuring
them that any statements they make can only be used in
the sentencing proceeding for which they are being evalu-
ated. Prohibiting the use of a defendant’s statements from
old psychological evaluation and PSI reports in subsequent
criminal proceedings is consistent with that purpose.
        As part of the text and context, “we also consider case
law interpreting the statute at issue and related statutes,
including earlier versions of those statutes.” SAIF v. Walker,

, 

 (2000). In State v. Huntley, 302
726                                                   State v. Parkerson

Or 418, 

 (1986), the trial court sentenced the
defendant as a dangerous offender even though the psycho-
logical evaluation prepared in that case concluded that the
defendant “ ‘[did] not suffer from a severe personality disor-
der with a propensity towards criminal activity.’ ” Id. at 421.
We allowed review “to interpret the dangerous offender stat-
utes” and to decide whether the trial court erred in sentenc-
ing the defendant as a dangerous offender notwithstanding
the psychologist’s conclusion. Id. at 422.
          After reviewing the text, context, and legislative
history of the dangerous offender statutes, we summa-
rized how those statutes were intended to function.5 As we
explained, applying the statutes “requires careful and com-
plete findings by a judge.” Id. at 437. The sentencing judge
“must first declare” that there is reason to believe that an
extended period of confinement is required to protect the
public. Id. Next, the judge must “make appropriate find-
ings on the record to justify that belief.” Id. “After making
[those] findings, the judge must order a presentence report
and psychiatric examination of the defendant.” Id. Then,
“[a]fter receiving these reports, the judge must * * * conduct
a presentence hearing unless waived by the defendant.” Id.
At that hearing, the judge “must consider the presentence
report, the psychiatric report, and the evidence in the case
or evidence presented at the presentence hearing.” Id. The
court “then must make findings” on (1) whether the defen-
dant is dangerous; (2) whether an extended period of con-
finement is required to protect the public; and (3) whether
the defendant is suffering from a severe personality disor-
der indicating a propensity toward criminal activity. Id. at
437-38.
        Our description in Huntley of the dangerous offender
sentencing statutes confirms that those statutes describe a
carefully structured process. We observed in Huntley that
the legislative purpose served by that process is “to pro-
vide procedural safeguards for the defendant, while at the
same time furnishing the court with as much information
    5
      On the specific sentencing issue presented in Huntley, we concluded that
the trial court did not err in sentencing the defendant as a dangerous offender
because the court “is not bound by the conclusions of any psychotherapist but is
required by statute to make his or her own findings on that issue.” Id. at 435.
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as can be obtained on which to base an intelligent decision.”

 at 424 (quoting Commentary to Criminal Law Revision
Commission Proposed Oregon Criminal Code, Final Draft
and Report § 86, 83 (July 1970) (emphasis from Huntley
omitted)). Nothing from the text of the statute, in context,
indicates that the legislature intended to allow a court, in
deciding whether to sentence a defendant as a dangerous
offender, to shortcut the process and make a dangerous
offender sentencing decision without the benefit of PSI and
psychological evaluation reports that have been prepared
for that case, as ordered by the court.6
           2. Application to this case
         In Huntley, we noted that the “principal purpose”
of the statutes “is to focus special attention on the danger-
ous offender.” 

. The procedures set out in ORS
161.735 were designed to provide that focus, thereby allow-
ing the sentencing judge to make the “careful and complete
findings” the statutes require. Id. at 437. Our review of the
text of ORS 161.735—which is “the best evidence of the leg-
islature’s intent[,]” PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries,

, 

 (1993)—leads us to conclude
that a court sentencing a defendant as a dangerous offender
must follow the procedures that were carefully designed
by the legislature. Nothing in the context or the legislative
history of ORS 161.735 supports a contrary conclusion. The
     6
       The legislative history of Oregon’s dangerous offender statutes provides
little assistance in determining the legislature’s intent when it required trial
courts to order PSI and psychological evaluation reports as part of the dangerous
offender sentencing procedure. The statutes were proposed by Senate Bill (SB)
40 (1971) and enacted as part of the legislature’s comprehensive overhaul of the
Criminal Code. Or Laws 1971, ch 743, §§ 85, 86. Those sections were based on
section 5 of the Model Sentencing Act (1963) and designed to replace the existing
patchwork of enhanced sentencing frameworks (i.e., habitual criminal activity,
firearm felonies, and certain sex offenses) with a unified approach for dangerous
offenders. Tape Recording, Senate Committee on Criminal Law and Procedure,
SB 40, Feb 17, 1971, Tape 4, Side 2 (statement of Donald Paillette). Section 86 of
the 1971 Act (codified as ORS 161.735) established the process for determining
whether a defendant should be sentenced as a dangerous offender. Commentary
§ 86 at 83. The purpose of that section was to provide procedural safeguards for a
defendant who is subject to dangerous offender sentencing, while giving the court
as much information as possible to make a well-informed decision. Id. The legis-
lature amended ORS 161.735 several times after Oregon adopted the felony sen-
tencing guidelines in 1989. None of those amendments provides any additional
evidence of what the legislature intended by requiring a PSI and psychological
evaluation as part of the dangerous offending sentencing procedure.
728                                                    State v. Parkerson

procedures specified in the statute require the trial court to
both order and consider PSI and psychological evaluation
reports that have been prepared in the case for which dan-
gerous offender sentencing is being considered.
         It is undisputed that the trial court in this case
ordered a PSI and psychological evaluation, but it sen-
tenced defendant as a dangerous offender without receiv-
ing the PSI and psychological evaluation reports that it had
ordered. The state’s argument implies that the statutory
requirements can be disregarded where, as here, a defen-
dant refuses to cooperate with the PSI and psychological
evaluation. That suggestion misses the point: Compliance
with the statutory requirements is mandatory, not discre-
tionary, and a defendant’s refusal to participate does not
allow the court to ignore those requirements. As noted
above, the witnesses at the presentence hearing in this case
both testified that they could have prepared PSI and psy-
chological evaluation reports based on the information that
was available to them without defendant’s cooperation, but
they did not do so. The state’s argument that redacted ver-
sions of the PSI report and psychological evaluation report
prepared for the earlier case were “admissible” as other evi-
dence at the presentence hearing also misses the point. The
issue is whether the court complied with the statutory pro-
cedures in sentencing defendant as a dangerous offender,
not whether the evidence that was presented at the hearing
was admissible.7
         We conclude that the court did not comply with
the sentencing procedures required by ORS 161.735. That
error requires reversal and a remand for resentencing that
complies with the statute. Accordingly, we need not decide
whether the admission of the redacted versions of the ear-
lier reports violated the prohibition against using a defen-
dant’s statements “in any other criminal proceeding.” ORS
161.735(4).

    7
      Defendant concedes in his reply brief that some of that evidence might have
been admissible to supplement the PSI and psychological evaluation that should
have been prepared for this case. But defendant maintains that the sentencing
process requires compliance with the statutory procedures: to prepare and file
PSI and psychological evaluation reports in the case for which the court is con-
sidering a dangerous offender sentence.
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B.    Maximum Determinate Sentence for Dangerous Offenders
          Defendant also asked us to determine review the
second issue—whether the 260-month determinate sentence
exceeds the statutory maximum—and did not request that
we defer ruling on that issue if we ruled in his favor on the
first issue. Based on defendant’s request, and the fact that
the parties have fully briefed and argued that issue, and
because the issue may arise on remand, we believe that it is
appropriate to address the issue now. See State v. Weaver, 

, 

 (2020) (“[W]e believe that it is appro-
priate to address two issues that may arise on remand.”);
State v. Sperou, 

, 

 (2019) (deciding
disputed evidentiary issue “because that issue [was] likely to
arise again on remand”). We begin with the text and context
of the relevant statutory and regulatory provisions.
         ORS 161.737(2) provides that the determinate part
of a dangerous offender sentence “shall be * * * no more than
twice the maximum presumptive incarceration term” under
the sentencing guidelines. It is undisputed that “twice
the maximum presumptive incarceration term” under the
sentencing guidelines in this case was 260 months.8 

Defendant contends, however, that the 260-month determi-
nate part of the sentence imposed by the court was unlaw-
ful because it exceeded the 20-year (240 month) maximum
stated in ORS 161.605 and OAR 213-008-0003(2).
           ORS 161.605 provides, in pertinent part:
        “The maximum term of an indeterminate sentence of
     imprisonment for a felony is as follows:
        “(1)   For a Class A felony, 20 years.”
(Emphasis added.) OAR 213-008-0003(2) provides:
         “A durational departure from a presumptive prison
     term shall not total more than double the maximum dura-
     tion of the presumptive prison term. In no case may the sen-
     tence exceed the statutory maximum indeterminate sentence
     described in ORS 161.605.”

    8
      Based on his criminal history, defendant would have been sentenced under
grid block 10A for assault in the first degree under the sentencing guidelines. The
maximum presumptive sentence under that grid block was 130 months.
730                                                    State v. Parkerson

(Emphasis added.) Defendant contends that, although those
provisions expressly limit the indeterminate part of the sen-
tence, when read together with ORS 161.737, they also limit
the maximum determinate part of the sentence.9 Subsection
(1) of ORS 161.737 provides that a dangerous offender sen-
tence “shall constitute a departure from the sentencing
guidelines,” and the last sentence of subsection (2) of ORS
161.737 provides for an exception to the guideline rules that
only applies to indeterminate sentences.10
         Defendant reasons as follows: (1) Under ORS
161.737(1), a dangerous offender sentence is a departure sen-
tence that is generally subject to the sentencing guidelines
limitations on departure sentences; (2) the legislature only
exempted the indeterminate part of a dangerous offender
sentence from the sentencing guidelines’ limits on depar-
ture sentences under ORS 161.737(2); and (3) the omission
of the determinate part of the sentence from that exemp-
tion means that the legislature intended for the guideline
limits on departure sentences to apply to the determinate
part of a dangerous offender sentence. The Court of Appeals
disagreed, concluding that the limitation on indeterminate
sentences in ORS 161.605 and OAR 213-008-0003(2) does
not apply to the determinate part of a dangerous offender
sentence. We agree with that conclusion.
    9
       As noted above, the “indeterminate” part of a sentence is the term of
imprisonment that a defendant may serve, and the “determinate” part of a sen-
tence is the term that a defendant must serve before his release to post-prison
supervision. See Davis, 

.
    10
       ORS 161.737(2) provides:
       “When the sentence is imposed, the sentencing judge shall indicate on
   the record the reasons for the departure and shall impose, in addition to the
   indeterminate sentence imposed under ORS 161.725, a required incarcera-
   tion term that the offender must serve before release to post-prison supervi-
   sion. If the presumptive sentence that would have been imposed if the court
   had not imposed the sentence under ORS 161.725 and 161.735 as a depar-
   ture is a prison sentence, the required incarceration term shall be no less
   than the presumptive incarceration term and no more than twice the max-
   imum presumptive incarceration term. If the presumptive sentence for the
   offense is probation, the required incarceration term shall be no less than the
   maximum incarceration term provided by the rule of the Oregon Criminal
   Justice Commission that establishes incarceration terms for dispositional
   departures and no more than twice that amount. However, the indeterminate
   sentence imposed under this section and ORS 161.725 is not subject to any
   guideline rule establishing limitations on the duration of departures.”
(Emphasis added.)
Cite as 

 (2023)                                                    731

         Starting with the text of the relevant statutes, we
first note that ORS 161.725(1) provides that “the maximum
term of an indeterminate sentence of imprisonment for a
dangerous offender is 30 years.” (Emphasis added.)11 That
statute does not specify a maximum term of the determinate
part of a dangerous offender sentence. But it does say that
dangerous offender sentencing is “[s]ubject to the provisions
of ORS 161.737[.]” 

        Subsection (1) of ORS 161.737 provides that a dan-
gerous offender sentence “shall constitute a departure from
the sentencing guidelines created by rules of the Oregon
Criminal Justice Commission.”12 Subsection (2) of ORS
161.737 provides that, in addition to imposing the indeter-
minate sentence under ORS 161.725, the trial court “shall
impose * * * a required incarceration term that the offender
must serve before release to post-prison supervision.” This
“required incarceration term” is commonly referred to as the
“determinate” part of the sentence, as noted above. 

 ORS
161.737(2) also provides, in part, that, “[i]f the presumptive
sentence that would have been imposed if the court had

   11
        ORS 161.725(1) provides:
       “Subject to the provisions of ORS 161.737, the maximum term of an inde-
   terminate sentence of imprisonment for a dangerous offender is 30 years, if
   because of the dangerousness of the defendant an extended period of confined
   correctional treatment or custody is required for the protection of the public
   and one or more of the following grounds exist:
      “(a) The defendant is being sentenced for a Class A felony and the defen-
   dant is suffering from a severe personality disorder indicating a propensity
   toward crimes that seriously endanger the life or safety of another.
       “(b) The defendant is being sentenced for a felony that seriously endan-
   gered the life or safety of another, the defendant has been previously con-
   victed of a felony not related to the instant crime as a single criminal episode
   and the defendant is suffering from a severe personality disorder indicat-
   ing a propensity toward crimes that seriously endanger the life or safety of
   another.
        “(c) The defendant is being sentenced for a felony that seriously endan-
    gered the life or safety of another, the defendant has previously engaged in
    unlawful conduct not related to the instant crime as a single criminal epi-
    sode that seriously endangered the life or safety of another and the defen-
    dant is suffering from a severe personality disorder indicating a propensity
    toward crimes that seriously endanger the life or safety of another.”
    12
       We interpreted that language in Davis to mean that a specific dangerous
offender sentence is a “departure sentence within the guidelines,” not that dan-
gerous offender sentencing as a whole is separate and apart from the guidelines.

 (emphases in original).
732                                        State v. Parkerson

not imposed the sentence under ORS 161.725 and 161.735
as a departure is a prison sentence, the required incarcera-
tion term shall be no less than the presumptive incarcera-
tion term and no more than twice the maximum presumptive
incarceration term.” (Emphasis added.)
         Defendant contends that, in addition to that lim-
itation on the determinate part of a dangerous offender
sentence, the last sentence of ORS 161.737(2) reveals the
legislature’s intent to further limit the determinate part of
a dangerous offender sentence with the 20-year maximum
for Class A felonies under ORS 161.605(1). Defendant rea-
sons that the logical implication of the last sentence of ORS
161.737(2)—which expressly excludes the indeterminate sen-
tence from the guideline rules—means that the determinate
part of a sentence is subject to guideline rules establishing
limitations on departure sentences. We are unpersuaded by
that argument in this context.
        Defendant’s interpretation is contrary to the pro-
vision in ORS 161.737(2), quoted above, which expressly
addresses the maximum determinate part of the sentence,
stating that “the required incarceration term shall be * * *
no more than twice the maximum presumptive incarcera-
tion term.” If the legislature wanted to make the 20-year
maximum for a Class A felony an additional limitation on
the maximum determinate part of a dangerous offender
sentence, it would not have expressly provided for a different
maximum.
          Defendant also contends that, aside from the stat-
ute, the guidelines rule itself limits the length of the deter-
minate part of the sentence. OAR 213-008-0003(2) states
that “[i]n no case may the sentence exceed the statutory max-
imum indeterminate sentence described in ORS 161.605.”
(Emphases added.) Subsection (3) of that rule states, “The
limit on durational departures established by section (2)
of this rule does not apply to the indeterminate sentence
imposed on a dangerous offender [under] ORS 161.725 and
161.737.” OAR 213-008-0003(3). Defendant reasons that,
because subsection (2) provides that “the sentence” may
not exceed the maximum indeterminate sentence in ORS
161.605, and subsection (3) only excludes “the indeterminate
Cite as 

 (2023)                                                    733

sentence” imposed on a dangerous offender, the “determi-
nate” part of “the sentence” is subject to the limitation in
ORS 161.605.
         That reasoning, again by negative implication, is
contrary to the plain terms of ORS 161.737(2), which, as
noted above, provides that the maximum determinate part
of the sentence shall be “no more than twice the maximum
presumptive incarceration term.” If the legislature had
intended for the maximum determinate part of the sentence
to be “no more than twice the maximum presumptive incar-
ceration term, or the maximum indeterminate sentence in
ORS 161.605, whichever is shorter,” we think that it would
have said so directly.13 Thus, nothing in the text of the dan-
gerous offender statutes or the sentencing guidelines rules
show that the legislature intended for the 20-year maxi-
mum indeterminate sentence in ORS 161.605(1) to apply to
the determinate part of a dangerous offender sentence.
         The enactment history of ORS 161.737 confirms our
understanding.14 When that statute was originally enacted
in 1989, it required the sentencing judge to “indicate on the
record * * * the presumptive sentence that would have been
imposed if the court had not imposed” a dangerous offender
sentence. Or Laws 1989, ch 790, § 77(2). The “required incar-
ceration term”—the “determinate part” of the sentence—
under the statute as originally enacted provided that a
person sentenced to prison as a dangerous offender may be
released to post-prison supervision “after having served the
presumptive sentence established under section 77” of the
1989 Act. Or Laws 1989, ch 790, § 80(1) (codified as ORS
144.232).
        Thus, under the statute as it was enacted in 1989, the
required duration of the determinate part of the sentence was
the presumptive sentence under the sentencing guidelines.
    13
       To the extent the negative implication of the general sentencing limita-
tions in ORS 161.605(1) and OAR 213-008-0003(2) can be read to conflict with
the provision in ORS 161.737(2) that specifically addresses the maximum deter-
minate part of a dangerous offender sentence, as defendant contends, the more
specific statute controls. ORS 174.020(2); see Powers v. Quigley, 

,

 (2008) (so stating).
    14
       The enactment history of a statute is part of its context. State ex rel Penn
v. Norblad, 

, 

 (1996).
734                                       State v. Parkerson

We acknowledged that fact in State v. Davis, 

, 

 (1993). See 

 (noting that ORS 161.737(2)
requires the judge to “indicate on the record” the presumptive
sentence under the sentencing guidelines and that, under
ORS 144.232(1), that presumptive sentence “serves as the
determinate part of the dangerous offender sentence—i.e.,
the part that must be served” (emphasis in original)).
          The legislature amended ORS 161.737(2) and ORS
144.232(1) in 1993 to change the determinate part of the
sentence from the presumptive sentence under the guide-
lines to no more than twice the maximum presumptive sen-
tence. Or Laws 1993, ch 334, § 4 (amending ORS 144.232(1));
id. § 6 (amending ORS 161.737(2)). Section 6 of the 1993 act
amended ORS 161.737(2) to require the trial court to “impose
* * * a required incarceration term that the offender must
serve before release to post-prison supervision” and that
the “required incarceration term” shall be “no more than
twice the maximum presumptive incarceration term.” Or
Laws 1993, ch 334, § 6. Section 4 of the 1993 Act amended
ORS 144.232(1) to provide that a dangerous offender may
be released to post-prison supervision after having served
“the required incarceration term” specified in section 6 of
the 1993 Act (ORS 161.737(2)). Or Laws 1993, ch 334, § 4.
That is how both statutes are currently worded.
         Thus, the “required incarceration term” that a dan-
gerous offender must serve before the offender is released
to post-prison supervision was changed in 1993 from being
the presumptive sentence under the sentencing guidelines
to no more than twice the maximum presumptive sentence
under the guidelines. Or Laws 1993, ch 334, § 6. As noted
above, in this case, twice the maximum presumptive sen-
tence under the sentencing guidelines for defendant is 260
months, which is the determinate portion of the sentence
imposed by the trial court. As such, the sentence imposed by
the trial court did not exceed the maximum allowed by the
statute.
        Defendant contends that the legislative history of
the 1993 act shows that the legislature intended for the
limits on departure sentences to apply to determinate sen-
tences that exceeded the presumptive sentence. But, as we
Cite as 

 (2023)                                735

explained above, ORS 161.737 expressly provides that the
maximum determinate part of a dangerous offender sen-
tence is twice the maximum presumptive sentence under
the guidelines, not the maximum indeterminate sentence
provided in ORS 161.605. And where the text of a statute
“is truly capable of having only one meaning, no weight
can be given to legislative history that suggests—or even
confirms—that legislators intended something different.”
Gaines, 

.
         In any event, we see nothing in the legislative his-
tory of the 1993 Act showing any clear intent to have ORS
161.605 set a maximum determinate part of a dangerous
offender sentence. A proponent of the bill—introduced as
HB 2483 (1993)—testified that the legislation was designed
to make the dangerous offender sentencing “compatible with
the guidelines,” because, without the amendment, a danger-
ous offender could be considered for release to post-prison
supervision in half the time that an ordinary offender with
a maximum departure sentence would become eligible. Tape
Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, Subcommittee
on Crime and Corrections, HB 2483, Feb 9, 1993, Tape 17,
Side A (statement of Susan Tripp). Thus, the legislation
amended ORS 144.232(1) and ORS 161.737 to change the
required determinate part of the sentence to no more than
twice the maximum presumptive sentence provided by the
guidelines, as discussed above.
         Another goal of the 1993 legislation was to over-
turn our interpretation of the dangerous offender statutes
in Davis. In that case, we had held that indeterminate
dangerous offender sentences were subject to the guide-
lines’ consecutive sentencing rules. According to the same
proponent, that holding had crippled the efficacy of the
dangerous offender sentencing scheme. Tape Recording,
House Committee on Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime
and Corrections, HB 2483, Feb 2, 1993, Tape 12, Side B
(statement of Susan Tripp). Thus, the bill amended ORS
161.737(2) to provide that the indeterminate part of a dan-
gerous offender sentence “is not subject to any guideline rule
establishing limitations on the duration of departures.” Or
Laws 1993, ch 334, § 6.
736                                                     State v. Parkerson

         Defendant argues, again by negative implication,
that because the 1993 amendment expressly applies only
to the indeterminate part of a dangerous offender sentence,
the legislature must have intended for the guideline rules—
specifically, OAR 213-008-0003(2), which references ORS
161.605—to apply to the determinate part of a dangerous
offender sentence. But as explained above, that reasoning
is contrary to the express terms of ORS 161.737—which
specifies the maximum determinate part of a dangerous
offender sentence without reference to ORS 161.605—and
the express terms of OAR 213-008-0003(2) and (3). In light
of the text of ORS 161.737, defendant’s attempt to find legis-
lative intent by negative implication fails in this context.15
         In sum, we conclude that the maximum determinate
part of a dangerous offender sentence that may be imposed
is twice the presumptive sentence under the sentencing
guidelines, that is, 260 months in this case. We express no
opinion on what sentence the court should impose when it
resentences defendant on remand.
                           III.   CONCLUSION
         The trial court erred in sentencing defendant as
a dangerous offender without PSI and psychological eval-
uation reports prepared for this case, as required by ORS
161.735. Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the trial
court for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
           JAMES, J., concurring in part.
        I agree with the majority that the trial court erred
in imposing a dangerous offender sentence on defendant
without relying on a psychological report that complied with

    15
       The Court of Appeals has noted that, after the 1993 amendments to ORS
161.737(2), “the determinate portion of a dangerous offender sentence can now
exceed the presumptive term to the same extent as an ordinary departure sen-
tence[.]” State v. Worth, 

, 

 (2015), rev den, 

(2016). Consequently, the court explained, guidelines’ limitations on departures
may still apply to the determinate part of consecutive sentences, in part because,
under the 1993 amendments to ORS 161.737(2) and the concurrently enacted
amendment to OAR 213-0008-007(3), “the preclusion of the application of ‘any
guidelines rule establishing limitations on the duration of departures’ pertains
only to the ‘indeterminate’ component of a dangerous offender sentence.” Id. at
33. Because this case does not involve consecutive sentences, our holding does not
address the limitations that were at issue in Worth.
Cite as 

 (2023)                                 737

the timing requirements of ORS 161.735. As the majority
explains, and I agree, “[n]othing in the text of the statute
suggests that a court can sentence a defendant as a dan-
gerous offender without considering PSI and psychological
evaluation reports prepared for the case in which the court
is imposing a sentence.” 371 Or at 725.
          However, because I agree with the majority on that
point, I decline to join the majority when it then proceeds to
consider the lawfulness of the 260-month determinate sen-
tence imposed here, concluding that the issue “may arise on
remand.” 371 Or at 729. Our cases have been inconsistent
in setting forth the criteria for when we will reach issues
that are likely to arise on remand. In some cases, we have
reached an issue because we concluded that it may arise on
remand. See State v. Weaver, 

, 

 (2020)
(“we believe it is appropriate to address two issues that may
arise on remand.”) In other cases, we have reached an issue
because we determined it was likely to arise on remand. See,
e.g., State v. Sperou, 

, 

 (2019) (so
holding). Under either standard, however, reaching an issue
is clearly discretionary. The majority is perfectly within its
discretion to reach the issue here. I merely exercise my dis-
cretion in the opposite direction.
         For me, if the absence of a psychological report
complying with the timing of ORS 161.735 is reversible
error—meaning it is not harmless for purposes of Article
VII (Amended), section 3, of the Oregon Constitution—it is
because we have concluded that the absence of that report
had some likelihood of affecting the outcome of sentenc-
ing. See State v. Davis, 

, 

 (2003)
(“Oregon’s constitutional test for affirmance despite error
consists of a single inquiry: Is there little likelihood that
the particular error affected the verdict?”). If the absence
of a current psychological report could affect the sentenc-
ing decision, I decline to presume that a sentencing based
upon a current report will likely result in the same sentence
on remand—one that raises the 260-month determinate
sentence issue. That is, of course, the very essence of the
statute. The legislature enacted the timing requirements of
ORS 161.735 because it concluded that recent psychological
738                                        State v. Parkerson

information was critical to court decisions about the imposi-
tion of a dangerous offender sentence. Implicit in the statu-
tory structure is the legislative conclusion that recent, accu-
rate, psychological information could, and in fact should,
affect judicial decision making in this area. Respecting that
policy choice, my discretion counsels me to decline to prog-
nosticate on the outcome of a new sentencing.
        I respectfully concur as to the ORS 161.735 issue,
and therefore express no opinion as to the lawfulness of the
determinate sentence.
        Masih, J., joins in this concurring opinion.