State v. Camper

[Cite as State v. Camper, 

.]


                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                  TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


State of Ohio,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :              No. 21AP-685
                                                                 (C.P.C. No. 21CR-389)
v.                                                  :
                                                               (REGULAR CALENDAR)
William C. Camper,                                  :

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :



                                             D E C I S I O N

                                  Rendered on December 21, 2023


                 On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and
                 Taylor M. Mick, for appellee. Argued: Taylor M. Mick.

                 On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Franklin County Public
                 Defender, and Timothy E. Pierce, for appellant. Argued:
                 Timothy E. Pierce.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
JAMISON, J.
        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, William C. Camper, appeals from a judgment of
conviction and sentence entered by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas pursuant
to his plea of no contest, following the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence.
For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
I.      Facts & Procedural History
        {¶ 2} By indictment filed January 28, 2021, plaintiff-appellee, State of Ohio,
charged appellant with one count of improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle, in
violation of R.C. 2923.16, a felony of the fourth degree, and one count of carrying a
concealed weapon, in violation of R.C. 2923.12, a felony of the fourth degree. On June 16,
No. 21AP-685                                                                               2


2021, appellant filed a motion to suppress all evidence resulting from a warrantless search.
The state opposed appellant’s motion to suppress.
       {¶ 3} On August 3, 2021, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion.
Officer Patrick Nance of the Columbus Police Department (“CPD”) was the sole witness to
testify at the hearing and provided the following testimony. In the early morning hours of
August 22, 2020, Officer Nance and several other officers were dispatched to 136 Dakota
Avenue in the Franklinton neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. The call involved a report of
someone discharging a firearm into a house. When officers arrived, the suspected shooter
barricaded himself inside a house. Several people had gathered on the street to watch the
police activity surrounding the barricade situation. A grassy boulevard separates the east
and west sides of Dakota Avenue.
       {¶ 4} At approximately 2:00 a.m., Officer Nance was sitting in his patrol car on the
east side of the street when he heard a “crash on the west side of the street directly across
from” him. (Aug. 3, 2021 Tr. at 7-8.) Officer Nance looked toward the noise and saw a
vehicle, being operated by appellant, “backing up” with the “bumper * * * hanging off.” (Tr.
at 8.) Officer Nance determined that appellant had just hit another parked car. Officer
Nance then observed appellant hand a “book bag out the window” of the vehicle to an
individual subsequently identified as Dusty Owens. (Tr. at 11.) Owens placed the backpack
on his back without opening it. Officer Nance’s body worn camera recorded Officer Nance
telling another officer, “[g]et that book bag. Dude just took that book bag from him.” (Tr.
at 11.) Officer Nance drove his patrol car across the street while keeping “constant eye
contact on Mr. Owens.” (Tr. at 8.) Officers present at 136 Dakota Avenue began walking
across the street toward the vehicle accident.
       {¶ 5} The approaching officers told appellant “to stop,” but appellant exited his
vehicle and “fled inside the house” at 133 Dakota Avenue. (Tr. at 31.) Owens began walking
toward the residence next door to the residence appellant entered. Officer Nance exited his
vehicle and approached Owens. “As soon as” Officer Nance walked up to Owens, he “could
smell immediately a strong odor of raw marijuana coming from the book bag that [Owens]
was wearing.” (Tr. at 8, 12.) Officer Nance testified that he was trained to recognize the
smell of marijuana and that he had made hundreds of drug-related arrests during his ten-
year career in law enforcement.
No. 21AP-685                                                                                3


       {¶ 6} When Officer Nance approached Owens he told him, “[g]ive me that book
bag.” (Tr. at 12.) Owens responded stating “[w]hat,” and Officer Nance told him, “[t]ake it
off now, take it off. Just take the book bag off. He just handed it to you.” (Tr. at 12.) When
Owens resisted giving up the backpack, Officer Nance and another officer grabbed Owens
and Owens fell to the ground. Officer Nance then took a hold of the backpack and the other
officer placed Owens in handcuffs.
       {¶ 7} While the backpack remained closed and in Officer Nance’s possession,
Officer Nance told Owens he “[could] smell there is weed coming off of this bag.” (Tr. at
14.) The following exchange then occurred between Officer Nance and Owens:
               Excerpt of video was played as follows:

               OFFICER NANCE: Why would you take a bag from somebody
               you don’t even -- do you know that guy?

               MR. OWENS: He’s my friend. I didn’t know what -- he just
               asked me to hold the bag. What do you think is in it?

               (Unintelligible).

               OFFICER NANCE: You see somebody running from the police,
               they hand you a bag --

               MR. OWENS: I didn’t know he was going to run from you all.
               You got to understand that.

(Tr. at 16.)

       {¶ 8} Officer Nance then stepped away from Owens and unzipped the backpack.
Officer Nance discovered two baggies containing marijuana and a loaded pistol inside.
Officer Nance did not ask Owens or appellant for consent to search the backpack and Officer
Nance did not have a warrant authorizing him to search the backpack.
       {¶ 9} During Officer Nance’s interaction with Owens, other officers were at 133
Dakota Avenue “yelling for [appellant] to come out.” (Tr. at 9.) Appellant exited the house
and was taken into custody. Appellant asked Officer Nance why he was being arrested, and
Officer Nance replied, “[b]ecause you got in an accident and then you handed the bag to
this guy and I saw you do it.” (Tr. at 17.)
No. 21AP-685                                                                                                     4


        {¶ 10} Officers then transported appellant to the police station, where CPD
Detective Christopher Journey interrogated him. Detective Journey informed appellant he
would be charged with a felony resulting from the firearm discovered in the backpack. In
response, appellant told Detective Journey that he “didn’t have those,” he “didn’t give
nobody no book bag,” “there wasn’t no book bag,” and that the officers “should have seen
that [appellant] handed a bottle of liquor” to Owens. (Tr. at 36-38.)1
        {¶ 11} The trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress on the record at the
conclusion of the suppression hearing.                 The court determined that appellant lacked
standing to challenge the search because he “abandoned possession of the backpack.” (Tr.
at 52.) Following appellant’s request for findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court
issued an entry denying the motion to suppress on November 16, 2021. In the entry, the
court expressly found Officer Nance’s testimony credible and concluded that appellant
abandoned the backpack when he “gave it to Mr. Owens, fled the scene of the vehicle
accident, * * * entered 133 Dakota Ave,” and “denied ever having the black backpack later
during a custodial interview.” (Nov. 16, 2021 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law at 5-
6.) The court further determined that Officer Nance had probable cause to search the
backpack once he “positively smelled the odor of raw marijuana emanating from the bag.”
(Findings of Fact and Conclustions of Law at 9.) The court also concluded that, even if
Officer Nance’s warrantless search violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, the evidence discovered during the search should not be suppressed.

1 The state admitted the video footage from Officer Nance’s body worn camera as State’s Exhibit “A” and

admitted the audio recording of appellant’s interview with Detective Journey as State’s Exhibit “B”. However,
the record does not include a transcript of either State’s Exhibit “A” or “B.” See App.R. 9(B)(1) and (3)
(providing, in relevant part, that “it is the obligation of the appellant to ensure that the proceedings the
appellant considers necessary for inclusion in the record, however those proceedings were recorded, are
transcribed in a form that meets the specifications of App.R. 9(B)(6),” and that the “appellant shall order
the transcript in writing and shall file a copy of the transcript order with the clerk of the trial court”). “ ‘The
transcription of any necessary proceedings is, therefore, required, and an appellant may not rely solely on an
audio-recording for purposes of his or her appeal.’ ” A.R.C. v. D.J.S., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-807, 2020-Ohio-
5403, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Tinley, 9th Dist. No. 17CA0062-M, 

. See also Staff Notes
App.R. 9. When a party admits an audiotape as an exhibit, the audio recording must be transcribed before it
may be considered by a court of appeals. See State v. Baker, 4th Dist. No. 94CA1644 (Nov. 2, 1995), quoting
In re Grand Jury, 4th Dist. No. 93CA09 (June 1, 1995) (holding that, pursuant to App.R. 9, “ ‘audiotapes’
which are introduced into evidence during a proceeding” must be “ ‘transcribed if they [are] to be considered
by us on appeal’ ”); State v. Brown, 

 (8th Dist.1994); State v. Aekins, 10th Dist. No.
21AP-630, 

. In the present case, however, the state played relevant portions of
State’s Exhibit “A” and “B” at the suppression hearing and those portions of the recordings were transcribed
in the suppression hearing transcript. We will consider the portions of these exhibits which were transcribed
during the suppression hearing in conducting our review.
No. 21AP-685                                                                              5


       {¶ 12} On November 18, 2021, appellant pled no contest to the charges in the
indictment. The court accepted appellant’s no contest plea and proceeded immediately to
sentencing. The court sentenced appellant to a two-year term of community control. On
November 23, 2021, the trial court issued a judgment entry finding appellant guilty of the
charges and memorializing appellant’s convictions and sentence.
II.    Assignments of Error
       {¶ 13} Appellant appeals, assigning the following two assignments of error for our
review:
              [1.] Because the warrantless search of Appellant’s backpack
              violated his right of privacy the lower court should have
              granted his motion to suppress. All evidence obtained as a
              result should have been excluded pursuant to the Fourth and
              Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution,
              Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution, R.C. 2933.21, R.C.
              2933.22, Crim. R. 41, and Franklin County Loc. R. 4.12.

              [2.] The lower court erred when it issued its verdict of guilty
              outside Appellant’s physical presence in violation of his Right
              to Due Process of Law under the Fifth and Fourteenth
              Amendments of the United States Constitution, the Due Course
              of Law provisions of Article I, Sections 1 and 16 of the Ohio
              Constitution, and Crim. R. 43(A).

III.   First Assignment of Error – Motion to Suppress
       {¶ 14} Appellant’s first assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by denying
his motion to suppress evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the
United States Constitution and Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution. Appellant
contends that he had standing to challenge the search of the backpack and that Officer
Nance’s warrantless search of the backpack was unconstitutional.
       {¶ 15} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed
question of law and fact. State v. Banks-Harvey, 

, 

,
citing State v. Burnside, 

, 

, ¶ 8. Therefore, an appellate
court’s standard of review of a trial court’s decision denying a motion to suppress is two-
fold. State v. Pilgrim, 

, 

, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.), citing State
v. Reedy, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-501, 

.
No. 21AP-685                                                                               6


       {¶ 16} When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of
trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate
the credibility of the witnesses. Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. Mills, 

 (1992). Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact
if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Burnside at ¶ 8.
       {¶ 17} With respect to the trial court’s conclusions of law, however, our standard of
review is de novo. State v. Oliver, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-449, 

.
Accordingly, accepting the trial court’s findings of fact as true, an appellate court must
independently determine, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether the
facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. McNamara, 

 (4th Dist.1997).
       {¶ 18} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the
states through the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides as
follows:
              The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
              papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
              seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but
              upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
              particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
              persons or things to be seized.

In felony cases, Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution provides the same protection
as the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 

, citing
State v. Jones, 

, 

, ¶ 12.
       {¶ 19} Thus, “[f]or a search or seizure to be reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, it must be based upon probable cause and executed pursuant to a warrant.”
State v. Moore, 

 (2000), citing Katz v. United States, 

(1967). “This requires a two-step analysis. First, there must be probable cause. If probable
cause exists, then a search warrant must be obtained unless an exception to the warrant
requirement applies.” 

. “[S]earches conducted outside the judicial process,
without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment -- subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated
exceptions.” (Footnotes omitted and emphasis sic.) 

. “When a defendant moves
to suppress evidence recovered during a warrantless search, the state has the burden of
No. 21AP-685                                                                              7


showing that the search fits within one of the defined exceptions to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement.” 

, citing Athens v. Wolf, 

 (1974). Accord Oliver at ¶ 37; Xenia v. Wallace, 

(1988), citing State v. Kessler, 

 (1978).
       {¶ 20} The Fourth Amendment says nothing about suppressing evidence obtained
in violation of its command. Davis v. United States, 

 (2011). However,
the United States Supreme Court created the exclusionary rule to “ ‘compel respect for the
constitutional guaranty.’ ” 

 quoting Elkins v. United States, 

 (1960).
The exclusionary rule prohibits the use in a criminal proceeding of evidence obtained in
violation of the Fourth Amendment.         

, citing Mapp v. Ohio, 

(1961); AL Post 763 v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm., 

 (1998).
“Evidence obtained as a result of an unconstitutional stop, arrest, and/or search must be
excluded at trial as ‘fruit of the poisonous tree.’ ” Oliver at ¶ 40, quoting Wong Sun v.
United States, 

 (1963).
       {¶ 21} As noted, the Fourth Amendment protects the right of people to be secure in
their “effects” against unreasonable search and seizure. “Effects are defined as ‘[m]ovable
property; goods.’ ” State v. Mobley, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-205, 

,
quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 628 (10th Ed.2014). Among other things, “ ‘effects’ include
luggage,” and “a backpack [is] a type of luggage.” Mobley at ¶ 10, citing United States v.
Place, 

 (1983). Accordingly, the government generally may not search
a person’s private effects, including a backpack, “without the safeguards a judicial warrant
provides.” United States v. Chadwick, 

 (1977), overruled on other grounds
by California v. Acevedo, 

 (1991). See also Arkansas v. Sanders, 

 (1979), overruled on other grounds by Acevedo (holding that “luggage is a common
repository for one’s personal effects, and therefore is inevitably associated with the
expectation of privacy”).
       A.     Abandonment
       {¶ 22} The trial court held that appellant did not have standing to challenge the
search in the present case because he abandoned the backpack. Fourth Amendment
standing is distinct from the concept of jurisdictional standing. State v. Wintermeyer, 

, 

. “[T]he word ‘standing’ in the Fourth Amendment
No. 21AP-685                                                                              8


context is merely ‘shorthand for capturing the idea that a person must have a cognizable
Fourth Amendment interest in the place searched.’ ” 

 quoting Byrd v. United States,
__U.S. __, 

 (2018).
       {¶ 23} “ ‘Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which, like some other
constitutional rights, may not be vicariously asserted.’ ” Rakas v. Illinois, 

 (1978), quoting Alderman v. United States, 

 (1969). Accordingly,
“[a] person who is aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the introduction
of damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person’s premises or property has not
had any of his Fourth Amendment rights infringed.” 

. The state argued that
appellant lacked Fourth Amendment standing at the suppression hearing and in the state’s
memorandum contra appellant’s motion to suppress. See Wintermeyer at ¶ 21 (stating
that, once a defendant asserts the government violated their Fourth Amendment rights, the
government must challenge the defendant’s generalized standing claim in the trial court).
       {¶ 24} “[T]o have standing to challenge a search or seizure, the defendant must have
a reasonable expectation of privacy in the evidence seized.” State v. Jackson, 

, 

, ¶ 8, citing 

. Accord 

, quoting

 (stating that the person “claiming the constitutional violation” must have a
“ ‘legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises’ searched”).      See also Florida v.
Jardines, 

 (2013). A person has a legitimate expectation of privacy in
property protected by the Fourth Amendment if they have a “subjective expectation of
privacy that, viewed objectively, is reasonable under the circumstances.” State v. Gould,

, 

, syllabus, following Smith v. Maryland, 

(1979). A person’s subjective expectation of privacy is considered objectively reasonable if
“society is prepared to recognize that expectation as legitimate.”        United States v.
Sangineto-Miranda, 

 (6th Cir.1988), citing California v. Ciraolo, 

 (1986). Accord United States v. Eden, 

 (6th
Cir.2006).
       {¶ 25} A defendant does not have standing under the Fourth Amendment to object
to a search and seizure of property the defendant has voluntarily abandoned. State v.
Freeman, 

 (1980), paragraph two of the syllabus. A defendant lacks
standing to challenge a search of abandoned property because “society does not recognize
No. 21AP-685                                                                              9


an expectation of privacy in abandoned property as being objectively reasonable.” 

. Accord United States v. Jones, 

 (10th Cir.1983) (stating that
“[w]hen individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy
in it that they might have had”).
       {¶ 26} “The question of abandonment is a mixed question of law and fact.” United
States v. Dillard, 

 (6th Cir.2003), citing United States v. Oswald,

 (6th Cir.1986). To demonstrate abandonment “the government must
establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant’s voluntary words or
conduct would lead a reasonable person in the searching officer’s position to believe that
the defendant relinquished his property interests in the item searched or seized.” United
States v. Basinski, 

 (7th Cir.2000), citing United States v. Stephens, 

 (9th Cir.2000). Accord State v. Dailey, 3d Dist. No. 8-10-01, 2010-Ohio-
4816, ¶ 15. “Whether property has been abandoned ‘is determined on the basis of the
objective facts available to the investigating officers, not on the basis of the owner’s
subjective intent.’ ” United States v. Nowak, 

 (8th Cir.2016), quoting
United States v. James, 

 (8th Cir.2008). Accord Eden, 

.
       {¶ 27} In Freeman the court explained:
              “Abandonment is primarily a question of intent, and intent
              may be inferred from words spoken, acts done, and other
              objective facts. All relevant circumstances existing at the time
              of the alleged abandonment should be considered. Police
              pursuit or the existence of a police investigation does not of
              itself render abandonment involuntary. The issue is not
              abandonment in the strict property-right sense, but whether
              the person prejudiced by the search had voluntarily discarded,
              left behind, or otherwise relinquished his interest in the
              property in question so that he could no longer retain a
              reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to it at the time
              of the search.”

(Citations omitted.) 

, quoting United States v. Colbert, 

(5th Cir.1973).
       {¶ 28} The state contends that appellant failed to establish a legitimate expectation
of privacy in the backpack because he did not demonstrate that he owned the backpack.
However, abandonment for Fourth Amendment purposes differs from abandonment in
No. 21AP-685                                                                                10


terms of property law. “In the context of search and seizure law, abandonment refers to a
manifestation or appearance that the person has no interest in the property, rather than a
full divestment of legal interest in the property.” State v. Dubose, 

,

 (7th Dist.) “While property ownership is clearly a factor to be
considered in determining whether an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights have been
violated, property rights are neither the beginning nor the end of this Court’s inquiry.”
(Internal citation omitted.) United States v. Salvucci, 

 (1980).            See
Shamaeizadeh v. Cunigan, 

 (6th Cir.2003) (noting that “ownership alone
does not justify a reasonable expectation of privacy”); 

.
       {¶ 29} Numerous abandonment cases concern the situation where a defendant
discards an object by leaving it unattended in a public place. See 

 (noting
the long line of cases “establishing the principle that police may freely seize and search
abandoned items, such as items thrown from vehicles during a police chase, items placed
in trash containers, or items dropped by a pedestrian while fleeing from the police”);

; State v. Moody, 10th Dist. No. 92AP-699 (Mar. 9, 1993); 

;
United States v. Landry, 

 (8th Cir.1998); United States v. Morgan, 

 (10th Cir.1991); State v. Milan-Wade, 8th Dist. No. 98347, 

. In these cases, the defendant’s actions manifest an intent to abandon the object
because the defendant’s “ability to recover the [item] depend[s] entirely upon fate and the
absence of inquisitive (and acquisitive) passers-by.” Jones, 

. Accordingly,
if a defendant leaves an item in a place where it is “available for anyone to find and peruse,”
the defendant has abandoned the item for Fourth Amendment purposes. 

.
See Dillard, 

 (noting that “[o]ne of the most crucial facts of an
abandonment case is the location of the object in question”).
       {¶ 30} A defendant’s “spontaneous denial of ownership, unaffected by police
provocation, demonstrates sufficient intent of disassociation to prove abandonment.”
United States v. Brady, 

 (D.C.Cir.1988). See United States v. Tolbert,

 (6th Cir.1982) (holding that the defendant abandoned luggage
when she “insisted that she was traveling without luggage and specifically disclaimed
ownership of the bag in issue” before officers searched the luggage at issue); United States
v. McDonald, 

 (7th Cir.1996); United States v. Iraheta, 764
No. 21AP-685                                                                                

 (5th Cir.2014). However, if a defendant disclaims property only after “the
agents’ unlawful conduct in detaining the bag,” the defendant’s disclaimer is “an
involuntary act.” United States v. Labat, 

 (Kan.1988). Accord

 (stating that if an “unconstitutional seizure or arrest * * * prompts a
disclaimer of property,” the unconstitutional seizure “vitiates” the disclaimer); Katsaris v.
United States, 

 (11th Cir.1982); United States v. Gwinn, 

(8th Cir.1999). If a defendant “drop[s] items while complying with police instruction,” the
defendant has not voluntarily abandoned the item. 

. Accord Smith v. Ohio,

 (1990); State v. Belcher, 2d Dist. No. 24385, 

.
       {¶ 31} The trial court determined that appellant voluntarily abandoned the
backpack when he handed it to Owens. Generally, “ ‘a person does not abandon his
property merely because he gives it to someone else to store’ or keep watch over.” Nowak,

, quoting United States v. James, 

 (8th Cir.2003).
Whether a defendant left their property in the “care or responsibility of another,” is a
relevant consideration in the abandonment analysis. Morgan, 

.
       {¶ 32} For instance, in Basinski, 

 the defendant “entrusted [a] locked
briefcase to a life long friend so that [the friend] might hide it on private property owned by
[the friend], in a locked barn.” (Emphasis omitted.) 

. The reviewing court
determined that the defendant did not abandon the briefcase by giving it to his friend,
because the defendant “never explicitly disclaimed a privacy interest in the briefcase and
never placed the briefcase in an area readily accessible to the public, such as an area usually
reserved for abandoned items like trash.” 

. The defendant’s conduct “exhibited a
continued privacy interest in the briefcase” because he “specifically ask[ed] [the friend] to
keep the case hidden in a private place.” 

 See also United States v. Blaze, 

 (10th Cir.1998) (concluding that the defendant did not abandon a locked briefcase
when he “entrusted it to his associates”); State v. Wise, 6th Dist. No. H-06-038, 2007-Ohio-
3113, ¶ 16 (holding that it was “reasonable for [the defendant] to have an expectation of
privacy in his closed backpack left inside [his companion’s] home”).
       {¶ 33} In United States v. Most, 

 (D.C.Cir.1989) the defendant entered
a grocery store carrying a bag and asked one of the grocery store clerks to “watch his bag.”

. The defendant completed his shopping, asked the store clerk if she would
No. 21AP-685                                                                                 12


continue to watch his bag, and exited the store carrying his groceries. 

 Officers, who had
been following the defendant, then entered the store and searched the bag. 

 The
reviewing court concluded that the defendant did not abandon the bag he left in the store
because he “did not place his bag within the reach of the world generally. Instead, he
entrusted his belongings to the professional supervision of the cashiers with the clear
understanding that they would protect the property from intrusion by the public.” 

. Although the defendant “had departed the store when the search occurred,” the court
held that “his brief absence -- preceded by a renewed request that the clerks continue to
watch his bag -- hardly constituted an act of abandonment.” 

       {¶ 34} In Dubose, 

, officers watched the defendant reach out of his
car window and hand his girlfriend some papers “with a can sandwiched between the
papers.” Id. at ¶ 5. Officers searched the can and discovered heroin. The reviewing court
concluded that the defendant did not abandon the can by handing it to his girlfriend,
because he “did not deny ownership of the * * * can, or throw it from his vehicle, or deposit
it into a trash container, or drop it to the sidewalk and kick it out of view.” Id. at ¶ 44. The
court also noted that the defendant handed the can to his girlfriend, “not a stranger who
had merely wandered by.” Id. at ¶ 44. Compare United States v. Austin, 

(10th Cir.1995), fn.2 (finding that the defendant abandoned his bag when he left it in the
care of “a stranger” at the airport, “without any conditions or agreement,” because by
leaving his bag “in the possession and control of [a stranger], defendant assumed the risk
that [the stranger] would allow authorities access to the bag”).
       {¶ 35} The state relies on Nowak, 

 to support its contention that
appellant abandoned the backpack when he handed it to Owens. In Nowak, the defendant
was a passenger in a friend’s car when police initiated a traffic stop of the vehicle. During
the traffic stop, the defendant suddenly exited the vehicle and ran, leaving his backpack in
the friend’s car. 

. The reviewing court concluded that the defendant abandoned
the backpack because he did not ask the driver “to store or safeguard the backpack for him.
Indeed, he said nothing at all to [the driver] when he ran from the car, leaving the backpack
behind and leaving [the driver] ‘amazed’ at [the defendant’s] flight.” 

. The court
determined that, by saying nothing, the defendant failed to ensure the driver would “take
No. 21AP-685                                                                              13


care or possession of the backpack in his absence such that his personal belongings would
remain private.” 

       {¶ 36} Appellant contends that he did not forfeit his reasonable expectation of
privacy in the backpack simply because he handed the backpack to his friend, Owens.
(Appellant’s Brief at 33.) Before Officer Nance searched the backpack, he asked Owens
whether he knew appellant. Owens responded stating “[h]e’s my friend * * * he just asked
me to hold the bag.” (Tr. at 16.) Officer Nance’s body worn camera recorded Owens’
statement and the state played the footage during the suppression hearing. Officer Nance
also affirmed on cross-examination that Owens told him he was friends with appellant.
       {¶ 37} However, the trial court did not expressly address the fact that appellant and
Owens were friends or the fact that appellant asked Owens to hold the backpack. The trial
court concluded, without identifying the relationship between appellant and Owens, that
appellant abandoned the backpack by handing it to Owens, fleeing the scene of the vehicle
accident, and by subsequently denying ownership of the backpack during his custodial
interview.
       {¶ 38} Our review of the case demonstrates that the facts regarding the relationship
and understanding between appellant and Owens at the time the backpack transferred
possession were necessary to the abandonment analysis. Appellant did not leave the
backpack on the sidewalk or in some other public place where any member of the public
would have been free to rummage through its contents. Appellant also did not hand the
bag to a stranger or leave the backpack with Owens without his permission. Compare
Austin; Nowak. Instead, appellant handed the backpack to his friend and asked him to
hold it. Appellant’s request to Owens demonstrated appellant’s intent that Owens would
take care and possession of the backpack in appellant’s absence. Owens accepted the terms
of the impromptu bailment when he took the backpack and placed it on his back without
opening it. See Black’s at 169 (10th Ed.2014) (defining a bailment as “[a] delivery of
personal property by one person (the bailor) or another (the bailee) who holds the property
for a certain purpose, usu. under an express or implied-in-fact contract,” and stating that a
“bailment involves a change in possession but not in title”); United States v. Benitez-
Arreguin, 

 (10th Cir.1992) (holding that “a person transporting
luggage as a bailee * * * has a reasonable expectation of privacy” in the luggage).
No. 21AP-685                                                                                   14


       {¶ 39} While an appellate court must accept a trial court’s factual findings if they are
supported by competent, credible evidence, “ ‘a trial court’s findings of fact are deemed
incomplete when they fail to include pertinent facts that were presented during the hearing
and which are necessary to conduct the legal analysis.’ ” State v. Nichols, 10th Dist. No.
19AP-612, 

, quoting State v. Soto, 9th Dist. No. 16CA011024, 2017-
Ohio-4348, ¶ 10. See also State v. Trivett, 9th Dist. No. 15CA0041-M, 

 (stating that if a trial court omits fact which are “necessary to a determination” of a
pertinent legal question, “the trial court’s findings of fact as a whole are not supported by
competent, credible evidence”). When a trial court fails to make necessary factual findings,
“a reviewing court must reverse a trial court’s suppression ruling and remand the matter
for the trial court to make factual findings in the first instance.” Nichols at ¶ 45, citing State
v. Martucci, 9th Dist. No. 28888, 

. Accordingly, we must reverse the
trial court’s suppression ruling. We note, however, that the state did not present any
evidence to contradict Owens’ statements to Officer Nance.
       {¶ 40} The trial court also relied on the fact that appellant was fleeing the scene of
the vehicle accident to conclude that appellant abandoned the backpack. However, a fleeing
defendant may still relinquish property under circumstances demonstrating that they have
not forfeited their legitimate expectation of privacy in the property. See Commonwealth v.
Straw, 

 (1996) (holding that the defendant did not abandon a briefcase he
tossed from the window of his house into his fenced backyard as police approached his
home because, by “throwing [the briefcase] into the fenced-in curtilage of his family’s home,
an area enjoying full Fourth Amendment protection,” the defendant retained a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the briefcase). Thus, a defendant’s flight will not, on its own,
establish voluntary abandonment.
       {¶ 41} The trial court lastly relied on appellant’s statements to Detective Journey to
find that appellant abandoned the backpack. “In determining whether property has been
abandoned, the Court analyzes whether the individual challenging the seizure retained a
legitimate expectation of privacy in the property at the time it was seized.” Eden, 

, citing Rakas, 

. Accord United States v. Jacobsen, 

 (1984). See Robles v. State, Sup.Ct.Ind. 285 S. 42, 

(July 28, 1987) (noting that, when a defendant denies ownership of an item following a
No. 21AP-685                                                                              15


warrantless search, the officer could not have “known at the time [of the search] that [the
defendant] later would disclaim ownership”). Officer Nance acknowledged that, at the time
he seized the backpack, appellant had not “denied that it was his backpack.” (Tr. at 40.)
Indeed, the record demonstrates that appellant never disclaimed ownership of the
backpack prior to Officer Nance’s search. Because appellant’s statements at the police
station occurred in response to Detective Journey’s questions about the firearm discovered
during the unlawful search, these statements did not amount to a voluntary act of
abandonment and should have been suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. See Tolbert,

; Gwinn, 

; Wong Sun, 

.
          {¶ 42} Based on the record evidence, we conclude that appellant did not forfeit his
legitimate expectation of privacy in the backpack simply by entrusting the backpack to
Owens. 

. As such, appellant had standing to assert his personal Fourth
Amendment rights.
          B.    Warrantless Search
          {¶ 43} Although the trial court concluded that appellant lacked Fourth Amendment
standing, the court also held that Officer Nance lawfully conducted a “probable cause search
of the backpack.” (Nov. 16, 2021 Findings of Fact & Conclusions of Law at 8.) Appellant
notes that, even assuming Officer Nance had a reasonable, articulable suspicion sufficient
to detain Owens and seize the backpack, “that did not supply [officers with] authority to
search the backpack without a warrant.” (Appellant’s Brief at 49-50.) See Terry v. Ohio,

 (1968); State v. Jones, 

, 

, ¶ 16-17 (10th
Dist.).
          {¶ 44} Police may lawfully seize an item of personal property “[w]hen there is
probable cause to believe that the closed container holds evidence of criminal activity.”
State v. Burroughs, 

, 

. Once an officer lawfully
seizes a container, the risk that “the contents may disappear or be put to their intended use
before a warrant may be obtained.” 

 Therefore, once an item is seized “[t]here is no
justification for allowing the officer to forego a warrant before opening the closed
container.” 

 See United States v. Doe, 

 (1st Cir.1995) (explaining that,
while a warrantless seizure “temporarily deprives the defendant of a possessory interest
only,” a warrantless search entails an “intrusion upon privacy interests as well”) (emphasis
No. 21AP-685                                                                                                 16


omitted); Chadwick, 

 (stating that once government agents seized a footlocker
and transported the footlocker to a secure location, “there was not the slightest danger that
the footlocker or its contents could have been removed before a valid search warrant could
be obtained,” and, therefore, “it was unreasonable to undertake the additional and greater
intrusion of a search without a warrant”).
        {¶ 45} The trial court concluded that Officer Nance had probable cause to search the
backpack once he smelled the odor of raw marijuana emanating from the backpack. In
Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d at syllabus, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that the “smell of
marijuana, alone, by a person qualified to recognize the odor, is sufficient to establish
probable cause to conduct a search.” 

 (known as the plain smell doctrine). However,
Moore did not hold that the odor of marijuana, on its own, constituted an exception to the
warrant requirement. See State v. Archer, 

, 

 (7th
Dist.), citing Alliance v. Barbee, 5th Dist. No. 2000CA00218 (Mar. 5, 2001) (noting that
Moore did not extend the “plain smell” doctrine so far as to hold that it could support both
a finding of probable cause and an exception to the warrant requirement); Wise, 2007-
Ohio-3113, at ¶ 15.
        {¶ 46} The trial court did not address whether any exceptions to the warrant
requirement justified Officer Nance’s warrantless search. Instead, the court determined
the search was justified based on probable cause alone. “Searches conducted without
warrants,” or an applicable exception to the warrant requirement, “have been held unlawful
‘notwithstanding facts unquestionably showing probable cause.’ ” Katz, 

,
quoting Agnello v. United States, 

 (1925).                       See 

.
Therefore, even if we assume the odor of marijuana provided Officer Nance with probable
cause to search the backpack,2 Officer Nance’s warrantless search was constitutionally
unreasonable absent an applicable exception to the warrant requirement.


2 Appellant challenges the continued validity of the plain smell doctrine under Ohio’s current legislative

framework, which permits the possession of marijuana for medical usage. Effective September 8, 2016,
medical marijuana became legal in Ohio. See 2016 Sub.H.B. No. 523; R.C. 3796.06 (providing that medical
marijuana may be dispensed as plant material); Ohio Adm.Code 3796:7-2-05 (regulating the possession of
medical marijuana). See also State v. Bell, 2d Dist. No. 2022-CA-11, 

. Notably, on
November 7, 2023, a majority of the voters of this state voted in favor of State Issue 2, a ballot initiative to
legalize the possession and use of marijuana by adults at least 21 years of age. Regardless, because Officer
Nance’s search was not authorized by a warrant or an applicable exception to the warrant requirement, we
need not resolve the continued validity of the Moore plain smell doctrine in the present case.
No. 21AP-685                                                                                   17


       {¶ 47} The state contends that Officer Nance’s warrantless search was justified
under either the exigent circumstances exception or the search incident to arrest exception
to the warrant requirement. See State v. Penn, 

 (1991) (listing
the judicially recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement).             In his motion to
suppress, appellant argued that Officer Nance lacked probable cause and that “no exigent
circumstances existed that qualif[ied] for an exception to the warrant requirement.”
(June 16, 2021 Mot. to Suppress at 8.) See Wintermeyer, 

, citing
Xenia, 

. In its memorandum contra, the state asserted that Officer
Nance had probable cause and that he could have searched the backpack incident to
appellant’s arrest “for leaving the scene of an accident without completing the required
action per [R.C.] 4549.02.” (June 30, 2021 Memo Contra at 12.) At the suppression
hearing, the state did not argue that any exception to the warrant requirement applied to
the search.
       {¶ 48} The state now asserts that exigent circumstances justified the search because
of the barricade situation across the street and because “evidence of drug crimes can be
easily concealed or destroyed.” (Appellee’s Brief at 38.) The state also asserts that Officer
Nance could have searched the backpack incident to the arrest of either appellant or Owens
for “illegal drug activity.” (Appellee’s Brief at 41.) Because the state did not raise these
arguments in the trial court, it has waived them for purposes of the present appeal. “A first
principle of appellate jurisdiction is that a party ordinarily may not present an argument on
appeal that it failed to raise below.” Wintermeyer at ¶ 10. Therefore, “a litigant’s failure to
raise an issue before the trial court generally waives the litigant’s right to raise that issue on
appeal.” Oliver, 

. Accord State v. Atchley, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-
412, 

, citing Stores Realty Co. v. Cleveland, 

 (1975).
“This waiver rule applies to arguments not asserted either in a written motion to suppress
or at a suppression hearing.” State v. Geiger, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-1120, 

, citing State v. Johnson, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-637, 

.
       {¶ 49} Moreover, even if we were to address the state’s present contentions, we
would find neither exception applicable. Exigent circumstances exist when an officer
believes a person is “ ‘in need of immediate aid to prevent a threat to life or limb,’ ” or where
the officer believes “ ‘the imminent loss, removal, or destruction of evidence or
No. 21AP-685                                                                                18


contraband’ ” is about to occur. State v. Enyart, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-184, 

,
¶ 20, quoting State v. Karle, 

 (1st Dist.2001). Officer Nance
testified that he was “standing by waiting to see if detectives were going to respond” to the
barricade situation when the incident with appellant occurred, and that the incident
involving appellant was “completely unrelated” to the barricade/shooting situation. (Tr. at
7, 19.) Officer Nance also admitted that, once he had possession of the backpack, there was
no risk that he would “lose the backpack in the time that it would have taken [him] to obtain
a search warrant.” (Tr. at 28.) Accordingly, there is no indication that the unrelated
barricade situation created an exigent circumstance in the present case, or that any
exigency related to the loss or destruction of evidence existed after Officer Nance seized the
backpack.
       {¶ 50} Following a lawful arrest, police may search any evidence on the arrestee’s
person as well as the area into which an arrestee might reach to grab a weapon or
evidentiary item. See, e.g., Chimel v. California, 

 (1969). The right to
search incident to an arrest includes the right to search an item which is no longer accessible
to the arrestee, “[a]s long as the arrestee has the item within his immediate control near the
time of the arrest.” State v. Adams, 

, 

. It is
“ ‘axiomatic that an incident search may not precede an arrest and serve as part of its
justification.’ ” Smith, 

, quoting Sibron v. New York, 

 (1968).
       {¶ 51} Because Owens had possession of the backpack and had separated from
appellant, officers could not have searched the backpack incident to an arrest of appellant.
Although the state contends generally that Owens could have been arrested for illegal drug
activity, the record demonstrates only that Officer Nance smelled the odor of raw marijuana
emanating from the backpack. Currently, possession of less than 100 grams of marijuana
is a minor misdemeanor offense. R.C. 2925.11(C)(3). R.C. 2935.26(A) prohibits an officer
from arresting someone who has committed a minor misdemeanor offense, unless one of
the exceptions listed in the statute applies. See State v. Campbell, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-713,

 (acknowledging that “possession of a small amount of marijuana is a
minor misdemeanor in Ohio and, therefore, not an arrestable offense”); State v. Robinson,

 (1st Dist.1995). The state fails to demonstrate that officers could
have searched the backpack incident to the arrest of Owens.
No. 21AP-685                                                                             19


        {¶ 52} Because no exception to the warrant requirement justified Officer Nance’s
warrantless search of the backpack, the search violated the Fourth Amendment to the
United States Constitution. Therefore, the evidence discovered during the search of the
backpack, including the firearm, should have been suppressed pursuant to the exclusionary
rule.
        {¶ 53} The trial court determined that, even if Officer Nance’s search violated the
Fourth Amendment, the exclusionary rule need not apply because Officer Nance did not
exhibit “deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct.” (Findings of Fact & Conclusion
of Law at 10.) The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter future constitutional
violations. Davis, 

. “When an officer acts with an objectively reasonable,
good-faith belief that his or her conduct is lawful, the deterrence rationale for the
exclusionary rule loses force.” Banks-Harvey, 

, citing 

.
The United States Supreme Court has applied the good-faith exception to searches
conducted in objectively reasonable, good-faith reliance on “an invalid search warrant
issued by a detached and neutral magistrate, to searches conducted in reasonable reliance
on subsequently invalidated statutes, to searches conducted in reasonable reliance on
erroneous information in a warrant database, and to searches conducted in reasonable
reliance on binding judicial precedent.” (Citations omitted.) 

.
        {¶ 54} However, when police exhibit “ ‘ “deliberate,” “reckless,” or “grossly
negligent” disregard for Fourth Amendment rights, the deterrent value of exclusion is
strong and tends to outweigh the resulting costs.’ ” State v. Johnson, 

,

, ¶ 42, quoting Davis at 2427, quoting Herring v. United States, 

 (2009). Ohio courts, including this court, have declined to apply the good-faith
exception in cases in which “officers, conducting warrantless searches, relied on their own
belief that they were acting in a reasonable manner, as opposed to relying upon another’s
representations.” State v. Thomas, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-185, 

, ¶ 46. Accord
United States v. Herrera, 

 (10th Cir.2006).
        {¶ 55} Officer Nance did not rely on a mistake made by some third person to justify
his search of the backpack. Rather, Officer Nance testified that he searched the backpack
because the odor of marijuana provided him with “the [probable cause] for the search.” (Tr.
at 9.) Officer Nance’s belief that he could search the backpack based solely on probable
No. 21AP-685                                                                              20


cause, without a warrant or applicable exception to the warrant requirement, was
objectively unreasonable. See United States v. Leon, 

 (1984) fn. 23. As
such, the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule does not apply to the facts of the
present case.
       {¶ 56} Based on the foregoing, we sustain appellant’s first assignment of error.
IV.    Second Assignment of Error – Guilty Verdict
       {¶ 57} Appellant’s second assignment of error asserts the trial court erred when it
accepted his no contest plea but failed to enter its verdict of guilty in his presence. See
Crim.R. 43(A)(1) (stating that the “defendant must be physically present at every stage of
the criminal proceeding” including “the return of the verdict”).        Our resolution of
appellant’s first assignment of error renders his second assignment of error moot, and we
need not address it. See App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
V.     Conclusion
       {¶ 58} Having sustained appellant’s first assignment of error, thereby rendering
appellant’s second assignment of error moot, we reverse the judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas and remand the case to that court for proceedings
consistent with law and this decision.
                                                                       Judgment reversed.

                     BEATTY BLUNT, P.J., and LELAND, J., concur.
                                    _____________