State v. Hutton

[Cite as State v. Hutton, 

.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                     :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,               :

                                                            No. 111432

                 v.                                :

PERCY HUTTON,                                      :

                 Defendant-Appellant.              :



                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 15, 2022


            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                               Case No. CR-85-203416-B


                                             Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Katherine Mullin, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 The Law Office of Michael J. Benza, Inc., and Michael J.
                 Benza, for appellant.
CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J.:

              Defendant-appellant Percy Hutton appeals the trial court’s denial of his

petition for postconviction relief and his motion for leave to file a motion for new

trial. After a thorough review of the law and the facts, we affirm.

              Briefly and procedurally, in 1986, a jury convicted appellant of two

counts of aggravated murder with gun, mass murder, and felony murder

specifications; two counts of kidnapping with gun specifications; and one count of

attempted murder with gun and violence specifications. The jury subsequently

recommended appellant receive the death penalty and the trial court imposed a

sentence of death.1

              Appellant appealed his conviction, and this court reversed and

remanded the case for a new trial; however, the Ohio Supreme Court reversed this

court’s decision and remanded the case. State v. Hutton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

51704, 

 (Apr. 28, 1988), and 

, 

.

              Appellant also sought relief in federal court. He filed a habeas petition,

which the district court denied. Hutton v. Mitchell, N.D.Ohio No. 1:05CV2391, 

 (June 7, 2013). On appeal, the Sixth Circuit granted a

conditional writ of habeas corpus, but the United States Supreme Court reversed.




       1 For a full recitation of the facts of this case, see State v. Hutton, 

, 

 (1990).
Hutton v. Mitchell, 

 (6th Cir.2016), and Jenkins v. Hutton, 582

U.S.__, 

, 198 L.Ed.2d. 415 (2017).

             In 1996, appellant filed his first postconviction petition. The trial court

dismissed the petition, and appellant appealed the dismissal. This court affirmed

the trial court’s denial of appellant’s postconviction petition. State v. Hutton, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 76348, 

 (“Hutton I”).

             On January 23, 2020, appellant filed a second petition for

postconviction relief and a motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial. In

his petition, appellant attached the affidavit of Ronald Harris, the jury foreman from

his 1986 trial. Harris had been contacted by the Office of the Federal Public

Defender. In an affidavit prepared after meeting with attorneys in the office, Harris

averred that he would not have voted to impose the death sentence and believed that

his fellow jurors also would not have voted to impose the death sentence had they

been aware of appellant’s history as set forth in records from the Beech Brook

juvenile care facility, which dated back to 1963. The affiant further averred that a

juror brought her Bible into the jury room, the jurors discussed the Bible during the

sentencing phase of the trial, and that he and others swayed the unnamed Bible-

toting juror’s vote.

             In an opinion and order dated March 16, 2022, the trial court denied

appellant’s petition. The trial court found that the petition was untimely filed and

appellant was unable to show that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering

the facts relied upon in his petition or that but for a constitutional error, no
reasonable factfinder would have found him guilty. The trial court further found

that appellant’s claims were barred by res judicata and Evid.R. 606(B).

              The trial court also denied appellant’s motion for leave to file a motion

for new trial, finding that appellant failed to provide evidence that the Beech Brook

records were recently discovered or that he was unavoidably prevented from

discovering them and failed to provide clear and convincing evidence of juror

misconduct.

              Appellant filed a notice of appeal and raises the following assignments

of error:

      I. The trial court erred in dismissing Mr. Hutton’s postconviction
      petition as a second or successor petition.

      II. The trial court abused its discretion by denying Mr. Hutton’s leave
      to file a delayed motion for a new trial.

Postconviction Petition

               A trial court’s decision granting or denying a postconviction petition

filed pursuant to R.C. 2953.21 should be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. State

v. Maxwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107758, 

.                 Under

R.C. 2953.21, a prisoner may obtain postconviction relief “only if the court can find

that there was such a denial or infringement of the rights of the prisoner as to render

the judgment void or voidable under the Ohio Constitution or the United States

Constitution.” State v. Perry, 

, 

 (1967), paragraph

four of the syllabus. A postconviction petition does not provide a petitioner a second

opportunity to litigate his or her conviction. State v. Steffen, 

,


 (1994); State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93534, 2010-Ohio-

1869, ¶ 11. Rather, it is a means to reach constitutional issues that would otherwise

be impossible to reach because the evidence supporting those issues is not contained

in the record. Id. at ¶ 12.

               In Perry, the Ohio Supreme Court stated:

      Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment of conviction bars
      the convicted defendant from raising and litigating in any proceeding,
      except an appeal from that judgment, any defense or any claimed lack
      of due process that was raised or could have been raised by the
      defendant at the trial which resulted in that judgment of conviction or
      on an appeal from that judgment.

Id. at 180. A petition for postconviction relief may be denied based on res judicata if

the trial court “finds that the petitioner could have raised the issues in the petition

at trial or on direct appeal without resorting to evidence beyond the scope of the

record.” State v. Abdussatar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92439, 

, ¶ 16,

citing State v. Scudder, 

, 

 (10th Dist.1998).

               Pursuant to R.C. 2953.23(A)(1), the trial court lacks jurisdiction to

consider either a petition filed after the deadline set forth in R.C. 2953.21(A) or a

successive petition, unless:

      (1) Both of the following apply:

      (a) Either the petitioner shows that the petitioner was unavoidably
      prevented from discovery of the facts upon which the petitioner must
      rely to present the claim for relief, or, subsequent to the period
      prescribed in division (A)(2) of section 2953.21 of the Revised Code or
      to the filing of an earlier petition, the United States Supreme Court
      recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively to
      persons in the petitioner’s situation, and the petition asserts a claim
      based on that right.
      (b) The petitioner shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but for
      constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found
      the petitioner guilty of the offense of which the petitioner was convicted
      or, if the claim challenges a sentence of death that, but for
      constitutional error at the sentencing hearing, no reasonable factfinder
      would have found the petitioner eligible for the death sentence.

A Successive “First” Postconviction Petition

               Appellant’s initial argument is that R.C. 2953.21 does not apply to him

because, even though this is his second postconviction petition, this court should

construe it to be his “valid second-in-time, first petition.” In part, appellant points

to Hutton I’s finding that he was not entitled to discovery pursuant to statute.

Hutton I at ¶ 22, citing State v. Dean, 

, 

, 

 (5th Dist.). At the time Hutton I was decided, R.C. 2953.21 did not

provide capital defendants with discovery. In 2017, the statute was amended to

authorize trial courts to grant discovery to postconviction petitioners in capital

cases, for good cause shown. State v. Obermiller, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101456,

.

               Appellant argues that because he was not entitled to discovery on his

first postconviction petition, his current petition is a “valid second-in-time, first

petition,” not a successive postconviction petition.       We disagree.     Appellant’s

postconviction petition is a successive petition because it was filed later in time. The

statute does not allow for the situation appellant proposes. See State v. Hartman,

9th Dist. Summit No. 25055, 

, ¶ 9.
               In Hartman, the appellant argued that he would be unable to present

a later-arising claim if the court did not allow him to file a successive postconviction

petition. The Hartman Court noted:

      The Ohio General Assembly enacted a postconviction relief statute with
      clear language and directives. It could have, but did not, make an
      allowance for the situation Hartman describes. It is not this Court’s
      place to rewrite the statute to allow him to proceed with a successive
      petition. Where the language of a statute is clear, this Court cannot
      interpret it, but must apply it as written.

               Appellant argues that the Ohio Supreme Court has already recognized

that a successive petition can be treated as a first petition. In State v. Lott, 

, 

, 

, the Ohio Supreme Court noted that

the appellant’s petition was more “akin” to a first petition than a successive petition.

The Lott Court reached that conclusion because the appellant in that case presented

a claim based upon Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S 304, 

, 

(2002), a then-recent United States Supreme Court case that gave rise to a new claim

that met the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(b) in which the court recognized a

new federal right applying retroactively to convicted defendants facing the death

penalty. See Lott at ¶ 15-17. Because the appellant met the requirement to present

his otherwise barred claim, the Ohio Supreme Court analogized his petition to a first

petition. Lott at id. The Lott Court did not, however, “establish a new category of

successive petitions that must be treated as first petitions,” Hartman at ¶ 10, nor
has appellant in this case presented this court with a claim like that presented in

Lott.

               Appellant discusses at length the incredible burden it places on a

petitioner to receive a hearing on his or her postconviction petition when such a

hearing is determined by the evidence and affidavits he or she submits in support of

his or her claim, but the petitioner cannot conduct discovery to develop the evidence.

The proper forum for appellant’s policy argument is not this court, but the state

legislature, which enacted the postconviction statute with “clear language and

directives.” See Hartman at ¶ 9.

Postconviction Petition Requirements

               The trial court properly found that appellant filed a successive

postconviction petition; therefore, in order for the trial court to consider appellant’s

petition, he must meet the requirements as stated in R.C. 2953.23(A). Since

appellant does not assert that a new federal or state right provides him with the

claim he presents in the subject petition, he is first required to show, under

R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(a), that he “was unavoidably prevented from discovery of the

facts upon which the petitioner must rely to present the claim for relief.” See State

v. Bethel, 

, 

, 

               For the trial court to have jurisdiction to entertain the ineffective

assistance of trial counsel claim alleged in the postconviction petition, Ayers first

had to establish that she was “unavoidably prevented from discovery of the facts” on

which she relies. R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(a). To meet this standard, Ohio courts have
previously held that a petitioner ordinarily must show that he or she was unaware

of the evidence on which he or she is relying and that the petitioner could not have

discovered the evidence by exercising reasonable diligence.                  

, citing State v. Harrison, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105909, 

.

               Appellant argues that “[e]ven if the Court considers this petition to be

a second petition, it is clear that because of the active obstruction of discovery by the

State, and the trial court’s denial of discovery and fact development that [appellant]

was unavoidably prevented from discovering the factual basis of this claim.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 10).

               Despite appellant’s arguments, appellant himself should have been

aware that he spent approximately one year at Beech Brook between the ages of nine

and ten. There is no evidence presented by appellant that his attorney did not in fact

obtain and evaluate these records and decide not to use them. There is evidence that

these records were sent to the juvenile court in 1969 and became part of appellant’s

juvenile delinquency record. Moreover, defense exhibits show that defense counsel

had the records at least as early as 2015; the expert retained by habeas counsel

indicated she had reviewed them as part of her 2015 evaluation of appellant’s case.

               Furthermore, appellant has also not shown he was unavoidably

prevented from obtaining the affidavit of juror Harris.          Appellant could have

obtained an affidavit from the juror at any time and has made no showing that he

was unavoidably prevented from doing so.
               Thus, because appellant’s arguments do not satisfy the “unavoidably

prevented” standard of the R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(a) exception, we hold that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in reaching its conclusion.

               A petitioner must also show by clear and convincing evidence that,

but for the constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found

him or her guilty of the offense or, in capital cases, eligible for the death penalty.

R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(b). Clear and convincing evidence is ‘“the amount of proof that

will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

facts sought to be established.”’ State v. Martin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110549,

, citing State v. Metcalf, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26101,

.

               Appellant points to juror Harris’s affidavit, in which Harris states that

he would not have voted for the death penalty had he been aware of appellant’s time

at Beech Brook and he would have advocated for fellow jurors to vote for a life

sentence as well.

               “The presentation of mitigating evidence is a matter of trial strategy.”

Maxwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107758, 

, citing State

v. Lang, 

, 

, 

, ¶ 74. Nothing in the

record indicates that counsel failed to investigate the existence of appellant’s records

from Beech Brook. As the Ohio Supreme Court found in his direct appeal when

addressing appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel and lack of mitigation

claims, “the record does not show what investigations trial counsel did or did not
make. Since it is Hutton’s burden to show that his counsel’s performance was

deficient, his claim lacks merit.” Hutton I at 48-49. Appellant has failed to show

prejudice or that there was a reasonable likelihood of a different outcome had

defense counsel presented the records from Beech Brook in mitigation of sentence.

               Appellant also attempts to establish prejudice by providing an

affidavit from a trial juror that the records would have made a difference during

mitigation. The affidavit is purely based on speculation about how juror Harris, 33

years post-trial, now says he would have changed his vote and encouraged others

to change their votes based on the information that was in appellant’s records from

Beech Brook.     An affidavit based on speculation such as the one supporting

appellant’s petition is insufficient to grant relief under R.C. 2953.21. See Maxwell

at ¶ 66 (holding that an affidavit based purely on speculation is insufficient to grant

relief under R.C. 2953.21).

               Moreover, as the trial court noted, because Evid.R. 606(B) would

prohibit appellant from using the juror’s statement to impeach a verdict, juror

Harris’s testimony would have been inadmissible. 

 See also State v. Morgan,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA03-382, 

, 3 (Nov. 21,

1995) (concluding that although it was necessary for appellant to submit affidavits

in order for the trial court to determine whether he was entitled to a hearing, once

the trial court granted that hearing, it became necessary for him to produce

admissible evidence under the rules of evidence).
Alleged Juror Bias or Influence

               Woven throughout appellant’s arguments is his claim that a juror was

biased or improperly influenced when the juror brought a Bible into the jury room

and the jurors discussed scripture from the Bible. Again, appellant relies solely on

the Harris affidavit.

               Jury rooms are often filled with extensive reading material, whether

it be the newspaper, a Reader’s Digest, or a sports or lifestyle magazine. There is

simply no evidence a Bible, allegedly brought into the jury room by one juror, was

improperly used by that juror or that other jurors used the Bible to improperly

influence the Bible-carrying juror. The only allegation is that discussion of the Bible

was improperly used by the affiant to influence the juror who carried the Bible.

There is no indication that the Bible contained any specific material that would lead

to a finding of guilty or the imposition of a certain penalty.

               In State v. Arnett, 

, 

 (2000),

the trial judge, who was also the trier of fact, referred to a specific Bible passage

when determining the weight she would give a statutory sentencing factor. The

Supreme Court of Ohio found that, by referencing a specific Bible passage,

      the judge did not add an impermissible factor to her analysis; rather,
      she acknowledged an influence upon her consideration of an explicitly
      permitted factor. Much like the judge’s background, education, and
      moral values, the judge’s insight from the Bible guided the judge in
      weighing the statutorily permissible age factor during her deliberations
      and aided her in justifying, in her mind, the lawful sentence she
      imposed.

(Emphasis deleted.) 

.
                 In this case, we do not know exactly which Bible passage or passages

were referenced.2       Nevertheless, even if a juror referred to the Bible while

deliberating, we agree with the trial court that the moral responsibility that may be

drawn from biblical language is not inconsistent with a juror’s duty to apply the law

to the facts and render a just verdict. In fact, the affiant’s own admonition to the

alleged reluctant juror was that “God allows organizations and government to have

certain structures set up” and to follow “that structure of the law.” Harris affidavit,

¶ 21.




        2
         Affiant Harris alleges that during the sentencing phase, he and other jurors
referred a reluctant juror, who admitted having a Bible with her, to the phrase “an eye for
an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” This idea or law of retributive justice first appeared in writing
in the Code of Hammurabi (1755-1750 B.C.E.), long before the revelation of the Bible. See
Code of Hammurabi, Sections 195-200. It was also promulgated by the Romans in the
Laws of the Twelve Tables in 449 B.C.E. Affiant does not mention the specific Bible
reference, whether it was one of the three times the reference appears in the
Old Testament or any of the several discussions about the topic in the New Testament,
such as:

        You have heard that it was said, “Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.” But I tell
        you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn
        to them the other cheek also. And if anyone wants to sue you and take your
        shirt, hand over your coat as well. If anyone forces you to go one mile, go with
        them two miles. Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the
        one who wants to borrow from you.

New International Version Bible (2011), Matthew 5:38 -42.

       After referencing “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,” affiant Harris then gave
the reluctant juror the following admonition: “God allows organizations and government
to have certain structures set up and we have to follow that structure of the law.” Harris
affidavit, ¶ 21.
Constitutionality of Postconviction Statute

               Finally, appellant argues that Ohio’s postconviction statute is

unconstitutional.

               “Ohio’s postconviction procedures repeatedly have been upheld as

constitutional.” Maxwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107758, 

, citing Hutton I. In Hutton I, this court rejected appellant’s argument that

Ohio’s postconviction statute was unconstitutional under the same arguments he

makes in his current petition. As before, we reject his claims.

               Appellant’s postconviction petition and his supporting affidavit as

well as the court record do not demonstrate that appellant has set forth sufficient

operative facts to establish substantive grounds for relief; therefore, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in dismissing his petition without further discovery or

an evidentiary hearing. The first assignment of error is overruled.

Motion for New Trial

               In the second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial

court erred in denying his motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial.

“This court reviews the denial of leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial for an

abuse of discretion.” Martin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110549, 

, citing State v. Sutton, 

, 

 (8th Dist.).

               As it applies to this case, Crim.R. 33 provides:

      (A) Grounds. A new trial may be granted on motion of the defendant
      for any of the following causes affecting materially the defendant’s
      substantial rights:
      ***

      (2) Misconduct of the jury, prosecuting attorney, or the witnesses for
      the state; * * *

      (6) When new evidence material to the defense is discovered which the
      defendant could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and
      produced at the trial.

(Emphasis sic.) Crim.R. 33(A)(2), (6).

              In Bethel, 

, 

, 

, the

Ohio Supreme Court stated that Crim.R. 33 “does not give a deadline by which a

defendant must seek leave to file a motion for a new trial based on the discovery of

new evidence.” Id. at ¶ 108. Rather, Crim.R. 33 provides that a defendant must

show that he or she was “unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the evidence

upon which he [or she] must rely.” Id. The Bethel Court also explained that “‘[t]he

“unavoidably prevented” requirement in Crim.R. 33(B) mirrors the “unavoidably

prevented” requirement in the postconviction relief statute, R.C. 2953.23 (A)(1).’”

Id. at ¶ 59, quoting State v. Barnes, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2017-0092, 2018-

Ohio-1585, ¶ 28. To obtain leave, appellant must demonstrate “‘by clear and

convincing evidence that he [or she] was unavoidably prevented from discovering

the new evidence within the 120-day time period.”’ Martin at ¶ 25, quoting State v.

Dues, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105388, 

.

              Appellant contends that his motion was based on newly discovered

evidence, which were the Beech Brook records and alleged juror misconduct. As

discussed under the first assignment of error, appellant has not shown by clear and

convincing evidence that he was unavoidably prevented from obtaining his Beech
Brook records or the affidavit from juror Harris. See State v. Fortson, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 82545, 

 (holding that “[t]he phrases

‘unavoidably prevented’ and ‘clear and convincing proof’ do not allow one to claim

that evidence was undiscoverable simply because affidavits were not obtained

sooner”). Therefore, appellant “could have been aware of” both claims so as to

timely file a motion for new trial.

               Appellant has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that he was

unavoidably prevented from timely filing his motion for new trial; therefore, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion.

               The second assignment of error is overruled.

               Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR