S. Euclid v. Njoku

[Cite as S. Euclid v. Njoku, 

.]


                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF SOUTH EUCLID,                             :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,             :
                                                             No. 111363
                 v.                               :

INNOCENT NJOKU, JR.,                              :

                 Defendant-Appellee.              :


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 8, 2022


                  Criminal Appeal from the South Euclid Municipal Court
                                 Case No. CRB 2000621


                                            Appearances:

                 Michael Lograsso, South Euclid Law Director, and Brian
                 M. Fallon, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant.

                 Russell S. Bensing, David L. Grant, and James M. Kersey,
                 for appellee.


FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, P.J.:

                Plaintiff-appellant city of South Euclid (“the city”), appeals from the

South Euclid Municipal Court’s order dismissing defendant-appellee Innocent

Njoku, Jr.’s (“Njoku”) case for violation of Njoku’s constitutionally and statutorily
protected speedy-trial right. After a thorough review of the record and law, we

reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                       I. Factual and Procedural History

             On November 8, 2020, Njoku was charged with domestic violence in

violation of R.C. 2919.25(A). Two days later, an ex-parte hearing was held with the

victim, and the trial court issued a temporary protection order. Njoku was arrested

on November 19, 2020. That same day, Njoku was arraigned and posted bond.

             On December 2, 2020, Njoku moved the court to amend his protection

order. In his motion, Njoku asked that the protection order be modified to allow

him to remove his furniture from the location in which he previously lived with the

victim. He alleged that the victim did not live at the location anymore, so “removal

[would] not result in any direct or indirect contact between the parties.” The record

before us does not indicate that any action was taken on this motion by the court,

but Njoku’s counsel later indicated that this motion became moot.

             On October 16, 2020, before Njoku was even charged, Njoku’s counsel

requested discovery from the city. The city provided Njoku with discovery responses

on December 4, 2020.

             On February 9, 2021, a virtual pretrial was held. The transcript of this

event was not made part of the record before us, but the city indicates that at this

hearing, Njoku stated that he would file a demand for a jury trial.

             On February 11, 2021, Njoku filed a demand for a trial by jury, noting

that he did not waive his speedy-trial rights. The docket indicates that the trial court
set the matter for a virtual bench trial on March 9, 2021, but for reasons not supplied

by either party, on March 24, 2021, the matter was reset for a jury trial on

December 3, 2021.

              On March 31, 2021, Njoku notified the court that he served his

reciprocal discovery responses to the city.

              On August 25, 2021, Njoku filed a motion to dismiss, alleging a

violation of his speedy-trial right.

              On October 13, 2021, the court issued an order noting that

      [o]n the courts on [sic] motion, all jury trial’s [sic] scheduled for the
      months of October, November and December, will be rescheduled until
      the court can accommodate jury trial’s [sic] consistent with CDC
      pandemic guidelines. The clerks office will send new dates to attorney’s
      and defendant’s [sic], who have successfully demanded a trial by jury.

               The jury trial was reset that same day for February 11, 2022.

              The trial court held a hearing on Njoku’s motion to dismiss for speedy-

trial violation on January 11, 2022. At this hearing, the following pertinent exchange

took place:

      [NJOKU’S COUNSEL]: * * * Cases are being tried throughout the
      County and surrounding areas. And they’re being able to do it with
      appropriate safe guards. And Judge’s [sic] are not precluded from
      doing that during this period of time.

      Our client — and it’s our belief that South Euclid ought to be able to do
      that. Again, with all due respect, your Honor.

      THE COURT: * * * I’m gonna take judicial notice of your comment,
      but also point that from the time of the Governor’s first issuance of the
      stay at home order till today’s day, this Court still does not have any
      plexi glass barriers in place which I do find to be consistent with not
      only the CDC protocols, but also consistent with those that the Chief
      Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court indicated were necessary to reopen
      the Ohio Supreme Court for in-person hearings and/or arguments at
      the building.

      I’ll also note that as we sit here today, right now, this Court actually has
      no chairs, no benches, no way to accommodate a jury box because the
      entire Court or the Courtroom area is currently under construction
      with challenging supply chain issues.

      So, I do appreciate your position of what you believe the South Euclid
      — City of South Euclid and the South Euclid Municipal Court ought to
      be able to do, but I will note and I’ll take judicial notice that there are
      some considerable impediments that do not readily allow us to
      accommodate those right now. And we would love to be able to do so,
      so that we can respond accordingly. But, please continue.

(Tr. 19-21.)

               On February 10, 2022, the day before trial was to commence, the trial

court granted Njoku’s motion to dismiss in a journal entry, which read:

      This matter came before the Court on January 11, 2021 [sic], on the
      Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. Prosecutor for the City of South Euclid
      and Counsel for the Defendant presented argument. After due
      consideration, the Court finds the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is
      well taken. The case is hereby dismissed with prejudice.

               The city filed a request for findings of fact and then a motion to

reconsider. The court did not rule on the motion to reconsider, but instead issued a

nunc pro tunc order reaffirming the dismissal, which read:

      On a prior date, this matter came before this court on the Defendant’s
      motion to dismiss the charge of domestic violence, a misdemeanor of
      the first degree, in the above captioned case, alleging the City violated
      the Defendant’s right to speedy trial by not bring [sic] the case to trial
      within the statutory time.

      The court granted the Defendant’s motion to dismiss on or about
      February 10, 2022 and hereby issues a NUNC PRO TUNC opinion.
      After reviewing the information presented by the City in their response
      to the Defendant’s motion to dismiss and the argument presented by
      the City at the oral hearing on the matter, in which the City largely
       reiterated the argument from its brief, this court finds that the City
       presented not only a speedy trial calculation full of inaccuracies and
       miscalculations, but in fact presented nothing upon which this court
       could rely. The City’s position was so inaccurate and void of valid,
       salient argument, that the court must rule in favor of the Defendant and
       grant the motion to dismiss. Further, and in light of the complete lack
       of any reliable argument by the City, after reviewing the pleadings
       submitted by the Defendant, the court finds that the Defendant’s
       motion to dismiss is well taken and dismisses the City’s complaint in
       the within matter, with prejudice.

               Nearly a week later, the trial court denied the city’s motion to

reconsider. The city appealed from the trial court’s order granting Njoku’s motion

to dismiss, assigning two errors for our review.

       1. The trial court erred when it failed to make findings of fact on a
       speedy trial motion which is a mixed question of law and fact.

       2. The trial court erred when it granted the defendant’s motion for a
       speedy trial violation as the tolling events due to defendant’s actions,
       COVID protocols, and the trial court’s own administrative orders were
       ignored by the trial court.

                                II. Law and Analysis

               For ease of discussion, we address the city’s second assignment of

error first.

               In its second assignment of error, the city argues (1) that certain filings

and discovery requests by Njoku tolled his speedy-trial clock, thus, the dismissal for

a speedy-trial violation was improper under R.C. 2945.72(E), and (2) that the

COVID-19 pandemic was a valid reason to delay jury trials and also served as a

tolling event under R.C. 2945.72(H).

               A defendant is guaranteed the constitutional right to a speedy trial

pursuant to the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. See, e.g., State v.

Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100898, 

, citing State v.

Taylor, 

, 

, 

. R.C. 2945.71 was

implemented “to incorporate the constitutional protection of the right to a speedy

trial provided for in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and in

Section 10, Article I, of the Ohio Constitution.” Brecksville v. Cook, 

, 

 (1996), citing State v. Broughton, 

,

 (1991).

              Ohio’s statutory speedy-trial right imposes a duty on the prosecution

to bring to trial a defendant who has not waived his speedy-trial right. R.C. 2945.71

et seq. applies to defendants, is mandatory, and must be strictly complied with by

the trial court. Cleveland v. Sheldon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82319, 2003-Ohio-

6331, ¶ 16, citing State v. Smith, 

, 

 (3d

Dist.2000). Nonetheless, the prescribed times for trial set forth in R.C. 2945.71 are

not absolute, and R.C. 2945.72 contains an exhaustive list of circumstances and

events that extend the time within which a defendant must be brought to trial. Cook

at 55-56, citing State v. Wentworth, 

, 

 (1978).

Pertinent to this case are R.C. 2945.72 subsections (E) and (H), which read:

      (E) Any period of delay necessitated by reason of a plea in bar or
      abatement, motion, proceeding, or action made or instituted by the
      accused;

      ***
      (H) The period of any continuance granted on the accused’s own
      motion, and the period of any reasonable continuance granted other
      than upon the accused’s own motion.

              Finally, ‘“[a]lthough the right of the defendant to a speedy trial is one

of constitutional proportions, there is an important countervailing interest that

must be given weight in the balance of competing interests. It is the right of the

people to require criminal defendants to stand trial for their alleged offenses.’”

Cleveland v. Gross, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110669, 

, quoting

Cook at 59.

              “Appellate review of a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss for

a speedy trial violation raises a mixed question of law and fact.” State v. Burks, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106639, 

, citing State v. Loder, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 93242 and 93865, 

, ¶ 9, citing State v. Easley, 4th

Dist. Scioto No. 03CA2910, 

. The legal issues are reviewed under

a de novo standard but great deference is given to the trial court’s factual findings if

the findings are supported by competent, credible evidence. Burks at 

 citing

Loder at 

 This court has previously described the procedure for establishing that

a defendant’s speedy-trial right has been violated:

      Once the statutory limit has expired, the defendant has established a
      prima facie case for dismissal. State v. Howard (1992), 

, 

. At that point, the burden shifts to the state to
      demonstrate that sufficient time was tolled pursuant to R.C. 2945.72.

Rocky River v. Glodick, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89302, 

, citing

State v. Geraldo, 

, 

 (6th Dist.1983).
              Njoku   was   charged with      domestic    violence,   a   first-degree

misdemeanor. Pursuant to R.C. 2945.71(B)(2), the city had 90 days to bring Njoku

to trial.

              Njoku argues that he was required to be brought to trial by March 4,

2021, starting from the date of his arrest on November 19, 2019. Njoku suggests

that his request for discovery was the only tolling event, and that once the city

responded to the discovery request on December 4, 2020, his speedy-trial clock was

tolled until December 4, 2020. Since 90 days from December 4, 2020, is March 4,

2021, Njoku asserts that his speedy-trial right was violated because he was not

brought to trial by this time. Njoku therefore established a prima facie case for

dismissal. The city thus must establish that sufficient time was tolled pursuant to

any of the tolling events enumerated in R.C. 2945.72.

              In response, the city asserts that Njoku’s discovery request was not the

only event that tolled the speedy-trial clock, citing Njoku’s reciprocal discovery,

Njoku’s request to amend the protection order, the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on

the South Euclid Municipal Court, and Njoku’s motion to dismiss for violation of his

speedy-trial right.

              Both the city and Njoku agree that Njoku’s speedy-trial clock began

on November 19, 2020, the date that he was arrested, arraigned, and posted bail.

However, Njoku requested discovery before he was even charged, on October 16,

2020. ‘“[T]he most sensible interpretation of R.C. 2945.72(E) is that when a

defendant requests discovery, the request operates as a tolling event.’” State v.
Belville, Slip Opinion No. 

, quoting State v. Brown, 

, 

, 

. Neither party disputes that the

city timely responded to the discovery request on December 4, 2020, and that from

November 19, 2020, through December 4, 2020, Njoku’s speedy-trial time was

tolled for a total of 15 days.

               The city contends that another tolling event occurred on December 2,

2020, when Njoku moved the court to amend the protection order. Njoku responds

that R.C. 2945.72(E) extends the speedy-trial clock only when the motion causes

delay in the proceedings. Neither party has provided any authority or caselaw upon

which we can rely. Nonetheless, we are required to construe any ambiguities in favor

of the accused. State v. Virostek, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110592, 

, citing State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 78097, 78098, and 78099,

, 6 (Mar. 8, 2001).            ‘“R.C. 2945.72(E) implicitly

recognizes that when a motion is filed by a defendant, there is a ‘period of delay

necessitated’ — at the very least, for a reasonable time until the motion is responded

to and ruled upon.’” Belville at ¶ 20, quoting State v. Sanchez, 

,

, 

, ¶ 26. However, whether a motion causes a delay

requires an analysis of cause and effect. In re D.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97757,

, citing State v. Owens, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 13054, 

, 6 (June 26, 1992). Because there is no evidence in the record

indicating that the motion to amend the protection order caused any delay to either

party in bringing Njoku to trial, we are constrained to accept Njoku’s argument that
this was not the type of motion that tolled the speedy-trial clock. The substance of

Njoku’s motion to amend the protection order dealt solely with the issue of

retrieving his furniture and did not have any effect on his or the city’s ability to timely

prepare for trial. Accordingly, this motion did not toll Njoku’s speedy-trial clock.

               The next tolling event that the city points to is the fact that Njoku

failed to serve reciprocal discovery responses on the city until March 31, 2021. The

city argues that the clock was tolled from the time that both parties agreed that

Njoku’s speedy-trial clock began, on November 19, 2020, through March 31, 2021,

when Njoku served reciprocal responses. Njoku does not offer an argument in

rebuttal.

               Under Crim.R. 16(H), “[i]f the defendant serves a written demand for

discovery or any other pleading seeking disclosure of evidence on the prosecuting

attorney, a reciprocal duty of disclosure arises without further demand from the

state.” This “automatic” reciprocal duty was added to the statute in 2016. Prior to

the amendment, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “a defendant’s failure to respond

within a reasonable time to a prosecution request for reciprocal discovery

constitutes neglect that tolls the running of speedy-trial time pursuant to

R.C. 2945.72(D).” State v. Palmer, 

, 

, 

. We find that Palmer is still applicable despite the fact that the statute no

longer requires the prosecution to serve a written request.

               The parties agree that Njoku’s speedy-trial right first arose on

November 19, 2020, despite requesting discovery before he was charged. Njoku did
not address the automatic, reciprocal discovery request until March 31, 2021, which

means that 132 days elapsed before Njoku responded to discovery after his speedy-

trial right arose. This court has repeatedly determined that in most circumstances,

30 days is typically a “reasonable” time to respond to discovery. State v. Geraci, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 101946 and 101947, 

, ¶ 26, citing State v. Byrd,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91433, 

, ¶ 9; State v. Barb, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 90768, 

; State v. Shabazz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 95021, 

. Finding no argument explaining or justifying the

132 days, we find that only 30 days of Njoku’s response time was reasonable.

Therefore, Njoku’s speedy-trial clock was tolled for an additional 102 days (132

minus 30).

              The city also asserts that the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on the South

Euclid Municipal Court was a valid tolling event. In support of this, the city cites (1)

the Ohio Attorney General Opinion No. 2020-002; (2) the fact that South Euclid

City Hall was closed to the public from March 20, 2020 onward; and (3) the South

Euclid Municipal Court’s administrative order from September 2020. 1 Njoku only

responds that “House Bill 197,” signed by Governor DeWine, expired on July 30,

2020, four months before Njoku was even arrested. House Bill 197 does not appear

to be cited by the city on appeal, but Njoku claims that this was the only valid




      1  The order itself is dated September 21, 2020. The bottom of the order indicates
that it was journalized on September 18, 2020. For these reasons, we will refer to this
order throughout as the “September 2020 order.”
COVID-19 related tolling event, and that it expired prior to the commencement of

this case. We disagree.

               The Ohio Supreme Court has found that COVID-19 related orders and

continuances tolling trials are permissible pursuant to R.C. 2945.72(H), which

provides that speedy-trial time may be extended by “the period of any reasonable

continuance granted other than upon the accused’s own motion” and that pandemic

related continuances are “reasonable.”2 State v. Lynum (In re Disqualification of

Fleegle), 

, 

, 

. “In Fleegle,

the Ohio Supreme Court held that trial judges have the authority to continue trials

for defendants on a case-by-case basis without violating speedy-trial requirements

and continuing a trial because of a pandemic state of emergency is reasonable under

R.C. 2945.72(H).” State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110081, 

,

¶ 12, citing Fleegle at 

 Nearly a year after Fleegle was decided, the Ohio Supreme

Court reiterated Fleegle’s holding, stating that “we are at a different stage of the

pandemic than when Fleegle was decided” but “we are not yet out of the woods,

judges should continue to ensure that scrupulous safety practices are followed for

all in-person hearings.” In re Bickerton, 

, 

, 

, ¶ 7. Even now, in 2022, the Ohio Supreme Court maintains that Fleegle



      2  The Supreme Court adopted this holding pursuant to Attorney General Opinion
2020-002, in which the Attorney General advised that R.C. 2941.71(H) “permits
prosecutors to seek, and courts to grant, reasonable continuances” and that the pandemic
emergency provides a “reasonable” basis for continuance without violating a defendant’s
speedy-trial right. The city cited this opinion as a basis for the reasonableness of COVID-
19 related speedy-trial tolling.
remains applicable, noting that “the chief justice has stated that trial judges have the

authority to grant continuances ‘on a case-by-case basis without violating speedy-

trial requirements.’” State v. Drain, Slip Opinion No. 

,

quoting Fleegle at ¶ 7.

              In addition to the Ohio Supreme Court, this court has repeatedly

upheld numerous continuances by trial courts for COVID-19 related reasons and

determined that COVID-19 related continuances toll a defendant’s speedy-trial

clock.

              In State v. Tuttle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110508, 

, we

reversed and remanded the trial court’s dismissal on speedy-trial grounds, finding

that the COVID-19 pandemic presented a reasonable circumstance under which a

defendant’s speedy-trial time could be tolled. In Tuttle, the trial court issued

numerous administrative orders suspending jury trials until about September 2020

when jury trials began to proceed in a “triage” fashion, prioritizing defendants who

were incarcerated.    Id. at ¶ 30.    This court determined that the trial court’s

suspension of jury trials to prevent the spread of COVID-19 was reasonable and that

the time would not be counted against the state. Id. at ¶ 31.

              In Virostek, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110592, 

, this

court held that a trial court’s sua sponte suspension of all jury trials between

January 14, 2021, and May 2, 2021, was reasonable pursuant to R.C. 2945.72(H) due

to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. Id. at ¶ 92.
               In State v. Quinn, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110692, 

,

defendant Quinn was arrested in May 2019 and his trial did not begin until May

2021. While this court noted several continuances and delays by the defendant

himself, including Quinn’s own waiver of speedy trial from September 2020 through

January 2021, this court ultimately noted that the trial court’s multiple continuances

occurring after January 2021 due to COVID-19 concerns were reasonable. Id. at ¶ 36

(“We acknowledge that a two-year delay between arrest and trial is lengthy.

However, we cannot say that it is excessive in light of the Covid-19 pandemic that

has affected and essentially delayed everyone’s life starting in the spring of 2020.”).

              In In re C.C., 

, 

 (8th Dist.), the

Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court, in March 2021, issued an order continuing a

juvenile’s matter “indefinitely” until more guidance was received from the Cuyahoga

County General Division. Id. at ¶ 11. Ultimately, the trial court dismissed C.C.’s case

for violating C.C.’s speedy-trial right, refusing to take into account the tolling orders

pertaining to COVID-19. In rejecting the trial court’s refusal to toll speedy-trial on

COVID-19 grounds, this court reasoned “[w]hile this court understands that the

visiting judge took exception to the juvenile court’s previous failures to expedite the

SYO proceedings, we find the county-wide suspension of jury trials was necessary

and applicable to the speedy-trial time implicated in this matter.” Id. at ¶ 37. This

court further noted that “[a]lthough the continuance prompted further inaction by

the state * * * we find no basis to ignore the application of clear tolling provisions.”

Id.
              The South Euclid Municipal Court’s September 2020 administrative

order, which was attached to the city’s response to Njoku’s motion to dismiss

pertinently noted that:

      6. Jury Trials: Jury Trials not subject to Speedy Trial violations shall
      be rescheduled to [sic] further notice by the Court.

Despite this clear exception of instances where speedy-trial rights are at issue,

the remainder of paragraph 6 reads:

      Until such time that the South Euclid Municipal Court is assured that
      the South Euclid Municipal Complex has become a suitable
      environment to protect the health and safety of the public, jurors,
      litigants, attorneys and court staff during this pandemic. Whereas,
      currently, the South Euclid Municipal Complex fails to provide any six
      feet markings to promote proper social distancing, hand sanitizing
      stations at all entrances into the building, temperature checks for
      entrants or in the alternative a thermometer for entering parties to
      conduct said checks personally, emergency disposable face masks for
      the public and a consistently enforced mask policy for City employees
      while in the Municipal building. For these reasons, this Court finds the
      Municipal Complex to be at increased risk of COVID-19 virus
      transmission and ill-suited for public visitation.

              While the initial text of paragraph 6 indicates that the order was not

intended to toll the speedy-trial clock, a complete reading of the order indicates

otherwise. The order also notes that:

      The Ohio Supreme Court’s Guidance to Courts throughout Ohio
      regarding COVID-19 issued on May 18, 2020 remains largely valid with
      the noted modifications as adopted in this Order. Consistent with said
      guidance, this court finds it necessary to exercise caution as it relates to
      those who are required to participate in in-person court appearances.
      The Ohio Supreme Court has instructed Ohio courts to only require
      personal court appearances in cases of immediate need. To facilitate
      this goal, ensure litigant accountability, provide a safe courthouse
      environment and decrease incidences where litigants have failed to
      appear as required, this court shall utilize technology and conduct
      virtual hearings for all proceedings except otherwise specified and until
      such time where this Order is terminated.

                Further, the trial court’s own comments during the January 2022

hearing indicate that a jury trial was not possible due to circumstances caused by

the COVID-19 pandemic that were out of the trial court’s control. Among the

reasons cited in the September 2020 order, the trial court cited ongoing

construction in the courtroom which was delayed due to COVID-19 related supply

chain delays.

                “The record of the trial court must in some manner affirmatively

demonstrate that a sua sponte continuance by the court was reasonable in light of

its necessity or purpose.” State v. Lee, 

, 

(1976). Pursuant to the Supreme Court and this court’s precedent, we find that the

trial court’s inability to hold a trial due to safety and supply chain concerns related

to COVID-19 was reasonable. The record demonstrates that from the time Njoku

was charged until the motion to dismiss hearing was held in January 2022, the

South Euclid Municipal Court was unable to conduct jury trials.                   These

complications arising from the COVID-19 pandemic clearly constituted a tolling

event. It is unclear from the trial court’s nunc pro tunc entry whether this was

considered in its calculation, but its own administrative order and admissions

during the January 2022 hearing overwhelmingly relay the difficulties and

tribulations that the South Euclid Municipal Court faced in holding jury trials.
              In addition to the trial court’s clear inability to hold a trial due to

COVID-19 concerns that began in September 2020 and were still ongoing by

January 2022, the city points out that Njoku’s motion to dismiss constituted an

additional tolling event. “A motion to dismiss tolls the time in which a defendant

must be tried.” Sheldon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82319, 

,

citing State v. Bickerstaff, 

, 

 (1984). Njoku’s

motion to dismiss was filed on August 25, 2021, while the September 2020

administrative order was in effect, and the court did not rule on it until February 10,

2022. Accordingly, Njoku’s case was tolled for another 169 days.

              We also find that several of the days were tolled by Njoku’s doing, and

the city did not engage in any practices or request any continuances that delayed the

case at all. Pursuant to Fleegle, the trial court is, and was, in the best position to

determine whether or not a jury trial could safely and effectively be held, and the

record plainly reflects that the trial court felt that it was unable to proceed with a

jury trial.

              We are further persuaded by the fact that the speedy-trial right is

designed ‘““to minimize the possibility of lengthy incarceration prior to trial, to

reduce the lesser, but nevertheless substantial, impairment of liberty imposed on an

accused while released on bail, and to shorten the disruption of life caused by arrest

and the presence of unresolved criminal charges.””’ (Emphasis deleted.) State v.

Azbell, 

, 

, 

, ¶ 18, quoting State v.
Triplett, 

, 

 (1997), quoting United States v.

MacDonald, 

, 

, 

 (1982).

              On appeal, Njoku did not make any showing that this delay, primarily

caused by an unprecedented pandemic that was out of the city’s control, infringed

on his liberties or caused any prejudice. During the January 2022 proceeding,

Njoku’s attorney noted that “Mr. Njoku has been unable to move on with his job.

He’s a doctor at the Clinic. He can’t move on with other opportunities. He very

much wants the opportunity to vindicate himself in this particular case.” (Tr. 22.)

However, this was the only time any prejudice to Njoku was introduced; this point

was not argued in Njoku’s motion to dismiss nor on appeal; and this comment

standing alone does not allow us to properly discern the exact, material prejudices

that Njoku has suffered.

              Our review of this matter reveals that the trial court’s September 2020

administrative order constituted a reasonable tolling event. Further, we agree that

several of Njoku’s own actions discussed herein were valid tolling events. The trial

court’s nunc pro tunc entry does not contain competent, credible evidence indicating

to us whether or not any of these tolling events were considered in the trial court’s

decision to dismiss this matter. Our review indicates that all of the tolling events

discussed herein were reasonable and the trial court erred in not considering them

before dismissing the case. We find that Njoku still had time on his speedy-trial

clock at the time this matter was dismissed. We therefore sustain the city’s second

assignment of error.
               Because of our resolution of the city’s second assignment of error, we

will only briefly address the city’s first. In its first assignment of error, the city

contends that it was reversible error for the trial court to fail to issue findings of fact

in dismissing this matter on speedy-trial grounds.

               The city directs us to Crim.R. 12(C) and (F), arguing that the trial court

was required to state its factual findings in granting Njoku’s motion to dismiss. We

do not find any persuasive authority in Crim.R. 12(C), but note that Crim.R. 12(F)

states that “[w]here factual issues are involved in determining a motion, the court

shall state its essential findings on the record.”

               Despite the statute’s use of the word “shall,” this court has found that

“a trial court’s failure to provide its ‘essential findings’ on the record in a case may

not be fatal to a review of the trial court’s ruling on the motion when the record

provides a sufficient basis to review appellant’s assignments of error.” Bedford v.

Clarke, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95594, 

, ¶ 8, citing State v. Bennett,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86962, 

. In the instant matter, the

record allowed us to effectively determine why the trial court was unable to hold a

jury trial. It was clear from the administrative orders and the trial court’s own words

during the January 2022 hearing that the COVID-19 pandemic was the reason for

delaying Njoku’s jury trial. The record also enabled us to determine which “events”

acted as tolling events in Njoku’s case.        We therefore overrule the city’s first

assignment of error.
                                   III. Conclusion

               The trial court erred in dismissing Njoku’s case by failing to consider

valid tolling events in its calculations, including its own administrative order

detailing that no in-person hearings or trials could occur due to complications posed

by the COVID-19 pandemic.

               The trial court’s dismissal is reversed, and this matter remanded for

further proceedings.

      It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

municipal court to carry this judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


________________________________________
FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, PRESIDING JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS;
CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE OPINION


CORNELIUS J. O’SULLIVAN, JR., J., DISSENTING:

               I respectfully dissent and would affirm the trial court’s judgment

granting defendant-appellee’s motion to dismiss due to the fact that he was denied

his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
              The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to

the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.

Ohio’s speedy-trial statute, R.C. 2945.71, “was implemented to incorporate the

constitutional protection of the right to a speedy trial.” Cook, 75 Ohio St.3d at 55,

. Accordingly, the speedy-trial statutes must be strictly construed

against the government. 

              Upon my review, appellee’s speedy-trial time was tolled, at the latest,

until March 31, 2021, when appellee provided his discovery to appellant, the city of

South Euclid. I do not believe that any other tolling events occurred after March

2021. Given speedy-trial mandates, appellee should have been brought to trial in

the summer of 2021.

              I am wholly unpersuaded by the trial court’s initial purported

explanation, which the majority now adopts, of the COVID-19 pandemic and lack of

space in the courthouse as reasons for the delay. The Ohio Governor’s pandemic-

related orders expired in June 2020. The Ohio Supreme Court awarded funds and

services to multiple courts who advised them that the pandemic presented

hardships. There were challenges in holding trials and hearings, but they were not

insurmountable. By June 2020, trials and hearings were routinely held across the

nation using various software programs such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Free

training and software were widely available. Ohio’s Civil and Criminal Rules of

Procedure were adapted so that courts could avail themselves of various video and

audio capabilities.
               The Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas reopened in the

summer of 2020. This court never ceased its operations, even during the initial

stages of the pandemic; rather, it expeditiously transferred to remote operations.

Indeed, just a few miles away from the South Euclid Municipal Court, in Lake

County, in-person trials and hearings went forward throughout the entirety of 2020-

2021.

               Appellee’s claim of prejudice is well founded. He is a medical doctor,

and the charges against him would interfere with his ability to secure employment,

maintain his licensing, and obtain professional liability insurance. The alleged

victim is also prejudiced by not having this matter settled in a timely manner. These

were very serious allegations against the appellee. Both the alleged victim and the

alleged perpetrator deserved to have their day in court. While federal and state

courts across the nation adapted to the challenges of the global pandemic, and

limited shutdowns ended in May of 2020, there is no evidence that the South Euclid

Municipal Court took any measures to ensure justice to the community is it sworn

to serve. In spite of significant resources allocated to the justice system by the

federal and state government, and our own Ohio Supreme Court, the municipal

court here was apparently closed for more than a year.

               Appellee found himself facing significant criminal allegations. The

prosecutor and appellee’s defense counsel appear to have worked together to

attempt to bring this matter to the attention of the trial court. I believe the trial court

acted with gross incompetence by allowing the COVID-19 pandemic to evidently
close the court for more than a year. The only thing the trial court did correctly was

dismiss the charges due to its own speedy-trial violation. I would affirm the

judgment granting appellee’s motion to dismiss. I therefore dissent.