State v. Glover
Citation2019 Ohio 5211
Date Filed2019-12-18
DocketC-180572
JudgeZayas
Cited20 times
StatusPublished
Syllabus
APPELLATE REVIEW/CRIMINAL – ASSAULT – EVIDENCE – SELF-DEFENSE – R.C. 2901.05 – CRIM.R. 29 – SUFFICIENCY – MANIFEST WEIGHT: Placing the burden of proving self-defense on defendant, consistent with the version of R.C. 2901.05 in effect at the time of the assault offense, was not unconstitutional. Defendant did not waive her argument on appeal that her conviction for assault was not based on sufficient evidence by failing to renew her Crim.R. 29 motion for an acquittal, because her not-guilty plea preserved her right to object to the sufficiency of the evidence. An argument that defendant established the affirmative defense of self-defense is reviewed under a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard.
Full Opinion (html_with_citations)
[Cite as State v. Glover,2019-Ohio-5211
.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-180572
TRIAL NO. 18CRB-13913
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N.
SHAWNAY GLOVER, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 18, 2019
Paula Boggs Muething, City Solicitor, Natalia Harris, City Prosecutor, and Jon
Vogt, Assistant City Prosecutor, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
James Anzelmo, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
ZAYAS, Judge.
{¶1} Shawnay Glover appeals her conviction, after a jury trial, for assault.
In three assignments of error, Glover contends that the trial court improperly
required her to prove self-defense, that her conviction is based on insufficient
evidence, and that her conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Finding her assignments of error without merit, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Factual Background
{¶2} Shawnay Glover was charged with one count of assault for an
altercation with Erica Jackson, the mother of Glover’s boyfriend’s son. Glover, her
daughter, and her boyfriend Joshua Nettles were at the home of his parents, Patricia
Collier and Albert Beecher. They were awaiting the arrival of Nettles’s son Josh for
his weekend visit. When Josh still had not arrived by approximately 9:30 p.m.,
Glover and Nettles went to a drive-thru to get dinner. Jackson arrived at the home
while the two were gone.
1. Erica Jackson’s Testimony
{¶3} Jackson testified that when she arrived, Collier and Glover’s daughter
were sitting on the porch. As she approached Collier, she smelled alcohol. Jackson
testified that she was upset that Glover’s daughter was there because she does not
like Glover and does not want her son around her. Jackson decided to take her son
and leave. As Jackson turned to go down the steps, Collier rushed her and punched
her in the face. Jackson hit her back, and the two began to fight. Collier demanded
that Jackson give her back the shoes Josh was wearing, so she removed the shoes
and threw them in the grass.
{¶4} Jackson left with her son, but after walking almost two blocks, he
started crying because his feet hurt. Jackson went back to Collier’s home to retrieve
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the shoes. Collier approached her again and punched her in the face twice. As she
was putting the shoes on her son, she heard a car pull up behind her. When she
turned around, Nettles was holding her by the throat.
{¶5} According to Jackson, Nettles accused her of hitting his mother, which
she promptly denied. Jackson grabbed his throat, and he slammed her to the
ground. He pinned her down from the back of her neck, and repeatedly kicked her in
her face. Then Glover entered the fray, sat on Jackson’s shoulder, and began to
punch her in the face. Nettles continued to stomp on her face, while Glover
continued to punch her in the face. Glover punched her over 20 times. Nettles
finally let her up, and she grabbed her son and left. She walked to a friend’s house
and called the police.
{¶6} Officer Aubrey Pitts responded, and took photographs of her wounds.
Jackson was arrested and charged with assaulting Collier. Pitts took her to the
hospital where she was treated for her wounds. After her release, Jackson was taken
to jail, charged, and released. Four or five days later, Officer Blackwell came to her
home and took additional pictures.
2. Officer Aubrey Pitts’s Testimony
{¶7} Officer Pitts testified that she responded to Collier’s home to
investigate an alleged assault on Collier. While Pitts was investigating Collier’s
assault, a second call came in from Jackson. Pitts responded to that call because of
Collier’s complaint against Jackson. When Pitts arrived, she observed severe
bruising and swelling on Jackson’s face, knots on her forehead, and swollen eyes.
Pitts took photographs of the injuries and transported Jackson to the hospital.
{¶8} Pitts made an offense report about the assault against Jackson because
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Jackson could only identify her assailant as “Wink.” Pitts forwarded the report to
Detective Carl Blackwell, a police investigator, to determine the identity of “Wink.”
3. Detective Carl Blackwell’s Testimony
{¶9} Blackwell testified that he contacted Jackson and interviewed her one
week later. He was surprised that she had two black eyes, and took photographs of
her injuries. Jackson informed him that “Wink” had a Facebook page, and Blackwell
found her page and identified the assailant as Shawnay Glover. Blackwell called
Glover, and she agreed to meet him at the police station for an interview.
{¶10} Glover told Blackwell that Jackson started the fight, and she hit back
in self-defense. She further explained that she had blacked-out during the fight and
could not remember everything that happened. Blackwell did not observe any
injuries to Glover except a small scratch on her hand that did not appear to be fresh,
so he charged her with assault.
{¶11} After Blackwell testified, the state rested. The trial court denied
Glover’s Crim.R. 29 motion for an acquittal.
4. Patricia Collier’s Testimony
{¶12} Collier testified on behalf of Glover, and stated that after Jackson
assaulted her, Beecher came outside and told her to leave. As Jackson turned to
leave, Glover and Nettles were walking toward the home. When Jackson saw Glover,
she hollered, “You’re the bitch I’ve been looking for.” Jackson then pushed Glover
and started swinging at her. Glover stepped back, and Jackson swung at her again.
Then the two began to fight. They fell onto the ground and were rolling around.
Beecher, Nettles, and a neighbor broke up the fight. Glover went to her daughter,
and Jackson grabbed her son and said, “This is not over, I’ll be back, I’m going to
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
bring my family, I’m going to bring my uncles and my sister.” Both Jackson and
Glover left after the fight.
5. Albert Beecher’s Testimony
{¶13} Beecher also testified that Jackson called Glover a bitch and started
the fight. Initially both were standing, but at one point, they both fell to the ground.
While they were fighting in the front yard, Nettles gathered the children from the
bottom of the steps and took them to the porch. Then, Nettles, a neighbor, and
Beecher intervened in the fight. Beecher grabbed Jackson, and Nettles grabbed
Glover, and they pulled the women apart. Jackson broke free, and the two fought
briefly before the men were able to separate the two. Jackson continued to taunt
Glover and told her that she would return and would get her. Jackson left moments
later. Beecher did not observe any injuries to either woman.
6. Shawnay Glover’s Testimony
{¶14} Shawnay Glover testified on her own behalf. She arrived at the home
at 1 p.m. Nettles and she were awaiting the arrival of Nettles’s son to take the
children to the park and to get ice cream. At approximately 9:30 p.m., she left with
Nettles and went to a drive-thru to get food for Collier and Glover’s daughter. They
were gone for approximately 15 minutes. When they returned, they heard yelling.
{¶15} Nettles parked the car, and she observed Beecher holding Collier up on
the porch steps and Jackson standing in the grass. Nettles was in front of her and
asked his parents what had happened. Glover testified that Jackson immediately
approached her and said, “This is the bitch I’m looking for.” Jackson chest bumped
her, pushed her, and attempted to punch her. Glover stepped back and was not hit,
but Jackson swung at her again. Jackson was angry, and was yelling and spitting at
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her.
{¶16} Glover grabbed her hand, and Jackson tried to hit her with her other
hand. They began to wrestle and punch each other. They fell to the ground, and
initially Jackson was on top of her hitting her. Glover managed to roll over and was
on top of Jackson when the men intervened.
{¶17} Glover testified that she was scared and defended herself by punching
Jackson in the face as hard as she could. Glover admitted that she became
uncontrollable during the fight and could not remember the entire fight. She further
testified that she was wearing rings on her fingers during the altercation. After the
fight, she had a few scratches on her face and chest, a gash on her pinky, and a sore
wrist. She did not seek medical treatment.
{¶18} Glover rested, but did not renew her motion for an acquittal after all
the evidence was submitted. The matter was submitted to the jury for deliberation
and the jury instructions included an instruction on self-defense. The jury ultimately
found Glover guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced her to 180 days in jail.
The Accused’s Burden to Prove Self-defense
{¶19} In her first assignment of error, Glover contends that the trial court
violated her Second, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights by requiring her to
prove self-defense. We first note that this case did not involve a firearm, and
therefore, does not implicate Glover’s right to bear arms.
{¶20} We review Glover’s argument under a plain-error standard because
she did not raise the issue of the constitutionality of the self-defense statute to the
trial court. “Under the plain-error standard, we will not reverse a conviction unless,
but for the error, the outcome clearly would have been different.” State v. Smith,
2017-Ohio-8558,99 N.E.3d 1230, ¶ 46
(1st Dist.).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶21} The version of R.C. 2901.05 in effect at the time of the offense states,
in relevant part, “The burden of going forward with the evidence of an affirmative
defense, and the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, for an
affirmative defense, is upon the accused.” R.C. 2901.05(A).
{¶22} As Glover acknowledges, the United States Supreme Court has
previously upheld the constitutionality of Ohio’s practice of requiring an accused to
prove self-defense as an affirmative defense in Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228, 233- 234,107 S.Ct. 1098
,94 L.Ed.2d 67
(1987). However, Glover argues that the United States Supreme Court’s more recent decision in Dist. of Columbia v. Heller,554 U.S. 570
,128 S.Ct. 2783
,1 L.Ed.2d 637
(2008), requires a different result. Specifically,
Glover contends that the right to self-defense is paramount and requiring an accused
to prove self-defense is now unconstitutional.
{¶23} However, Glover has misconstrued the significance of Heller. In
Heller, the Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to
possess a firearm. Id. at 635. Although the Court recognized the right of self-
defense, nothing in Heller purports to alter the burden of proof regarding self-
defense. See State v. Lechner, 4th Dist. Highland No. 19CA3, 2019-Ohio-4071, ¶ 37
(finding that the “reliance upon Heller for an argument that the applicable version of
Ohio’s self-defense statute was unconstitutional [is] misplaced.”).
{¶24} Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error.
The Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶25} In her second assignment of error, Glover argues that the conviction is
based on insufficient evidence. In response, the state claims that Glover waived this
argument because she failed to renew her Crim.R. 29 motion after all the evidence
had been presented at trial.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶26} The Ohio Supreme Court has concluded that the failure to make a
Crim.R. 29(A) motion during a trial does not waive an appellate argument
concerning the sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. Jones, 91 Ohio St.3d 335,
346,744 N.E.2d 1163
(2001). An accused’s “not guilty” plea preserves the right to object to the alleged insufficiency of the evidence because the state must prove each element by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Carter,64 Ohio St.3d 218, 223
,594 N.E.2d 595
(1992); State v. Sims,169 Ohio App.3d 579
,2006-Ohio-6285
,863 N.E.2d 1110, ¶ 22
(1st Dist.).
{¶27} However, the sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard does not apply to
an argument that an affirmative defense, such as self-defense, was rejected because it
does not challenge the sufficiency of the state’s evidence. See State v. Dykas, 185
Ohio App.3d 763,2010-Ohio-359
,925 N.E.2d 685, ¶ 18
(8th Dist.) (explaining that “when reviewing a claim by a defendant that evidence supports his claim of self- defense, the manifest-weight standard is the proper standard of review because a defendant claiming self-defense does not seek to negate an element of the offense charged but rather seeks to relieve himself from culpability); State v. Bundy, 2012- Ohio-3934,974 N.E.2d 139
, ¶ 30 (4th Dist.) (concluding that “[w]hether a defendant
established an affirmative defense does not relate to whether the state presented
sufficient evidence to support the essential elements of the crime charged, but
instead, it seeks to relieve the defendant of criminal responsibility.”).
{¶28} Because the assignment of error does not challenge the sufficiency of
the state’s evidence, we will address the assignment of error under a manifest-
weight-of-the-evidence standard. See Dykas at ¶ 18; Bundy at ¶ 31.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶29} When considering a challenge to the weight of the evidence, an
appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,678 N.E.2d 541
(1997). Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence should be reserved for only the most “ ‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’ ”Id.,
quoting State v. Martin,20 Ohio App.3d 172
,485 N.E.2d 717
(1st Dist.1983), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶30} Generally, credibility is an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. See
State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67,752 N.E.2d 904
(2001). “Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide ‘whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses,’ we must afford substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.” Barberton v. Jenney,126 Ohio St.3d 5
,2010-Ohio-2420
,929 N.E.2d 1047,¶ 20
, citing State v. Konya, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21434,2006-Ohio-6312
, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288,1997 WL 476684
, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997).
{¶31} To establish self-defense in a nondeadly-force case, a defendant must
prove, by a preponderance of the evidence that: “(1) [s]he was not at fault in creating
the situation giving rise to the altercation; (2) that [s]he had reasonable grounds to
believe and an honest belief, even if mistaken, that she needed to use some force to
defend herself against the imminent use of unlawful force; and (3) that the force used
was not likely to cause death or great bodily harm.” State v. Salaam, 2015-Ohio-
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
4552, 47 N.E.3d 495, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.), quoting State v. Browner, 1st Dist. Hamilton
No. C-100247, ¶ 8 (Dec. 15, 2010).
{¶32} Here, although several witnesses testified that Jackson initiated the
fight by pushing and swinging at Glover, Jackson testified that Glover and Nettles
attacked her. The jury was in the best position to determine the credibility of the
witnesses and rationally could have believed Jackson’s version of the altercation and
conclude that Glover was at fault in creating the situation. We cannot conclude that
the jury, in resolving the conflicting evidence, clearly lost its way when it determined
that appellant did not establish self-defense.
{¶33} Therefore, we conclude that Glover’s assault conviction was not
against the manifest weight of the evidence, and we overrule her second and third
assignments of error.
Conclusion
{¶34} Having considered and overruled all of Glover’s assignments of error,
we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
MOCK, P.J., and WINKLER, JJ., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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