In re C.S.
Citation2019 Ohio 5109
Date Filed2019-11-20
Docket19CA899
JudgeHess
Cited12 times
StatusPublished
Syllabus
permanent custody best interest of the child manifest weight of the evidence legally secure placement R.C. 2151.353(A)(4) R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)
Full Opinion (html_with_citations)
[Cite as In re C.S.,2019-Ohio-5109
.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PIKE COUNTY
IN THE MATTER OF: : Case No. 19CA899
C.S. :
H.S.
:
ADJUDICATED ABUSED, NEGLECTED DECISION AND
AND DEPENDENT CHILDREN. : JUDGMENT ENTRY
RELEASED 11/20/2019
APPEARANCES:
Matthew F. Loesch, Portsmouth, Ohio for appellant.
Elisabeth M. Howard, Waverly, Ohio, for appellee.
Hess, J.
{¶1} After the Pike County Juvenile Court granted permanent custody of her two
children to the Pike County Children’s Services Board (“agency”), the mother appealed.1
The mother’s sole assignment of error is that the trial court’s determination that
permanent custody was in the best interest of the children was against the manifest
weight of the evidence. However, after weighing the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, considering the credibility of the witnesses after according the requisite
deference to the trial court’s determinations, we conclude that in resolving evidentiary
conflicts, the trial court did not clearly lose its way or create a manifest miscarriage of
justice so that we must reverse its judgment awarding permanent custody of the children
to the agency. We overrule the mother’s sole assignment of error and affirm the judgment
of the trial court.
1The father never appeared for any hearings, was not part of the case plan for reunification, and had no
contact with the minor children during the pendency of the case.
Pike App. No. 19CA899 2
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND FACTS
{¶2} The agency became involved following a domestic violence incident
involving the mother and her abusive boyfriend, Joshua Barnett. The agency filed a
dependency action and was awarded temporary custody of C.S. and H.S. in September
2017. In October 2017, the trial court adjudicated the children abused, neglected and
dependent. From September 2017 through February 2018, the mother had two hours
per week of supervised parenting time. In February 2018, the mother’s parenting time
increased to eight hours per week of unsupervised parenting time on Saturdays in her
home, as long as the mother’s abusive boyfriend, Barnett, was not living there. However,
in late March the agency suspected that Barnett was living with the mother after observing
bruises on the mother, learning of statements the children made at school about Barnett’s
presence in the home, and observing Barnett’s personal belongings in the home. The
agency sought to terminate unsupervised parenting time. However, the trial court
declined to do so and instead ordered Barnett’s things to be removed from the mother’s
home, reduced the unsupervised parenting time from eight to five hours, and moved it to
Thursdays to allow the agency to perform random checks during parenting time.
{¶3} In August 2018, the trial court expanded the mother’s parenting time to
every weekend from Friday afternoon to Sunday evening and prohibited Barnett from
being in the mother’s home at any time. When the mother came to pick up the children
for the first weekend visit in August 2018, she tested positive for methamphetamines and
amphetamines. The trial court terminated all unsupervised visitation and returned her to
two hours per week supervised visits. In September 2018, the mother stopped visiting the
Pike App. No. 19CA899 3
children and the agency could not locate her. The mother’s whereabouts were unknown
and she had no contact with the children from September 2018 until January 2019.
{¶4} The agency filed a request for permanent custody in December 2018 and a
hearing on the matter was held June 27, 2019.
{¶5} Agency caseworker Christine Myers testified that C.S. and H.S. had been
in the continuous custody of the agency since September 20, 2017. The agency became
involved in September 2017 because of a prolonged, two-day domestic violence incident
involving the mother’s boyfriend, Barnett. The mother and Barnett had an ongoing
relationship that dated back several years. Immediately after the two-day domestic
violence incident, the mother moved into a domestic violence shelter but was soon evicted
because she had prohibited contact with Barnett. The mother then moved to a homeless
shelter for a little over a month and then moved into an apartment with a man she met at
the homeless shelter. However, this man assaulted her, choking her and knocking out a
dental implant in mid-December, 2017.
{¶6} In January 2018, the mother moved back into the home she had previously
shared with Barnett and the agency suspected that Barnett was around or had access to
the mother while she resided there. Though she made some progress during the first
year of her case plan, the mother relapsed in August 2018, reconnected with Barnett,
tested positive for methamphetamines, and stopped visiting the children. The mother’s
whereabouts were unknown and she had no contact with the children from September
21, 2018 until January 7, 2019 -- a period of 108 days.
{¶7} Myers testified that the mother entered inpatient psychological and
substance abuse treatment at Safe Haven in Chillicothe, Ohio on January 4, 2019 and
Pike App. No. 19CA899 4
was still residing at Safe Haven, engaged in substance abuse counseling at the time of
the hearing. The mother did not have independent housing at the time of the hearing.
The mother was never able to secure independent, stable housing throughout the
pendency of the case and had previously lived either in domestic violence shelters,
homeless shelters, or with violent boyfriends.
{¶8} Myers testified that in January 2019, the mother admitted that Barnett had
been present in the home during 2018, but the mother stated that Barnett was not present
during the children’s visits. Thus, almost the entire year of 2018, the mother had
maintained her relationship with Barnett and lied to Myers and the trial court about it.
Myers testified that the mother had contact again with Barnett in March 2019 while
residing at Safe Haven.
{¶9} Myers testified that at the time of the hearing C.S. was eight and H.S. was
seven. Both children were emotionally and educationally impacted by their exposure to
domestic violence, but were in counseling and had made significant progress.
{¶10} Julie Lundy, a caseworker with the agency, testified that she was involved
with the mother in a different case in 2007 in Jackson County, during which time the
mother received domestic violence services and counseling following the removal of
several of her other children from her custody.
{¶11} Julie Johnson, the mother’s substance abuse counselor at Safe Haven,
testified that she was providing the mother substance abuse and domestic violence
counseling while the mother resided at Safe Haven. Johnson believed the mother had
made progress at Safe Haven in the last few months. However, Johnson conceded that
Pike App. No. 19CA899 5
the mother’s treatment plan target completion date was not until October 2019 and, as of
the time of the hearing, the mother was not ready to obtain housing.
{¶12} Kelly Padgett testified that she is the stepmother of one of the mother’s
other children and has had close contact with the mother over the past several years.
Padgett said that C.S. and H.S. miss their other siblings and family members. Padgett
stated that she would be a suitable family for custody placement for C.S. and H.S. if the
trial court terminated the mother’s custody.
{¶13} The children’s maternal grandmother, Maria M., testified that she believed
her daughter had broken through the domestic abuse cycle, had significantly changed
during her time at Safe Haven, and should be given custody of C.S. and H.S. However,
Maria M. also admitted that in January 2019, she and her daughter had smoked marijuana
together during one of her daughter’s day passes from Safe Haven. Maria M. also
conceded that she is not fully knowledgeable about her daughter’s relationships with men
and was not aware that her daughter’s current boyfriend was on probation for a felony
burglary conviction. Maria M. testified that while her daughter’s whereabouts were
unknown from September 2018 to January 2019, her daughter made no attempts to reach
out to Maria M. or her children.
{¶14} The mother testified about Barnett and the domestic violence she had
experienced. Barnett had felony warrants and was incarcerated at the time of the hearing.
The mother said that she had two failed suicide attempts during the time she was missing
and with Barnett. The mother testified about the progress she had made through
substance abuse and mental health counseling. She stated that she had been
unemployed during 2017 and 2018, but at the time of the hearing, she had been employed
Pike App. No. 19CA899 6
part-time at a local ice-cream shop for approximately one month. Prior to that job, she
worked at a pizza restaurant but quit after about a month.
{¶15} On cross-examination, the mother admitted to having a long history of
violent relationships. Four different boyfriends, including Barnett, had inflicted domestic
violence which occurred in her home during the period she had custody of all seven of
her children. The mother admitted that she had reinitiated her relationship with Barnett in
July 2018 and fled with him when he failed to report to jail to serve his sentence for his
domestic violence conviction involving her. However, she contended that she was being
held against her will in the woods during the months she was missing. At the time of the
permanent custody hearing, Barnett was incarcerated and the mother was involved with
a fifth boyfriend who had a felony domestic violence conviction.
{¶16} The guardian ad litem submitted a report and recommended that the agency
be granted permanent custody of both children.
{¶17} The trial court entered judgment granting permanent custody of the two
children to the agency and terminating parental rights. The trial court found by clear and
convincing evidence that it was in the best interest of the children to grant the agency’s
motion for permanent custody. The trial court found that C.S. and H.S. had been in the
agency’s temporary custody for 12 or more of a 22-month period. The mother has seven
minor children and, at the time of the permanent custody hearing, did not have custody
of any of her children. The mother admitted that she has had open children services cases
in Jackson, Franklin, and Pike counties since 2007. The trial court found that both parents
Pike App. No. 19CA899 7
had statutorily abandoned the children as defined in R.C. 2151.011(C)2 because the
mother has not seen the children since September 21, 2018 and the father has not had
any contact with the children throughout the pendency of the case. The children have
expressed a desire to see their mother, but the guardian ad litem recommended a
termination of parental rights.
{¶18} The trial court found that the mother does not have suitable housing, does
not have the means to sustain housing, and continues to be involved in relationships with
violent men that have resulted in serious harm to her and have exposed her children to
multiple acts of domestic violence. The mother’s actions through the case show “an
unwillingness to change her behaviors in order to provide an adequate permanent home
for the minor children.” Though the mother has made progress addressing her substance
abuse issues, the trial court found that her “continuous short[-]term relationships with
violent abusers” was more concerning, as was her current relationship with a man who
has a felony for domestic violence. The trial court found that the children cannot and
should not be reunified with the father or mother within a reasonable time. It found that
because both parents had abandoned the children, reasonable efforts by the agency to
eliminate the continued removal of the children from the home and make it possible for
the children to return safely home under R.C. 2151.419 were not required.
{¶19} The trial court granted the agency permanent custody of the children. The
mother appealed.
2 R.C. 2151.011(C) states, “For the purposes of this chapter, a child shall be presumed abandoned when
the parents of the child have failed to visit or maintain contact with the child for more than ninety days,
regardless of whether the parents resume contact with the child after that period of ninety days.”
Pike App. No. 19CA899 8
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶20} Mother assigns the following error for our review:
THE TRIAL COURT’S AWARD OF PERMANENT CUSTODY OF
C.S. AND H.M. [SIC] TO THE PIKE COUNTY CHILDREN
SERVICES WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE.
III. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
{¶21} A reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s judgment in a permanent
custody case unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. See In re T.J., 4th
Dist. Highland Nos. 15CA15 and 15CA16, 2016-Ohio-163, ¶ 25. “To determine whether a permanent custody decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court must weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in resolving evidentiary conflicts, the trial court clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Id. at ¶ 25, citing Eastley v. Volkman,132 Ohio St.3d 328
,2012-Ohio-2179
,972 N.E.2d 517
, ¶ 20. In reviewing evidence under this standard, we defer to the trial court’s determinations of matters of credibility, which are crucial in these cases, where demeanor and attitude are not reflected well by the written record. Eastley at ¶ 21; Davis v. Flickinger,77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419
,674 N.E.2d 1159
(1997).
{¶22} In a permanent custody case the dispositive issue on appeal is “whether the
trial court’s findings * * * were supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In re K.H.,
119 Ohio St.3d 538,2008-Ohio-4825
,895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 43
; R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). “Clear Pike App. No. 19CA899 9 and convincing evidence” is “that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford,161 Ohio St. 469
,120 N.E.2d 118
(1954), paragraph three of the syllabus; State ex rel. Pietrangelo v. Avon Lake,149 Ohio St.3d 273
,2016-Ohio-5725
,74 N.E.3d 419, ¶ 14
. “[I]f the children services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent custody is warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.” In re R.M.,2013-Ohio-3588
,997 N.E.2d 169
, ¶ 55 (4th Dist.).
{¶23} “The essential question we must resolve when reviewing a permanent
custody decision under the manifest weight of the evidence standard is whether the
amount of competent, credible evidence presented at trial produced in the court’s mind a
firm belief or conviction that permanent custody was warranted.” In re T.J. at ¶ 26.
B. Permanent Custody Principles and Framework
{¶24} “The United States Supreme Court has stated that parents' interest in the
care, custody, and control of their children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty
interests recognized by this Court.’ ” In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55,2014-Ohio-4558
,21 N.E.3d 308, ¶ 19
, quoting Troxel v. Granville,530 U.S. 57, 65
,120 S.Ct. 2054
,147 L.Ed.2d 49
(2000). “It is irrefutable that parents have fundamental constitutional rights free from government intervention in their decisions on the custody and caretaking of their children.” In re Mullen,129 Ohio St.3d 217
,2011-Ohio-3361
,953 N.E.2d 302
, ¶ 26, citing In re Hockstok,98 Ohio St.3d 238
,2002-Ohio-7208
,781 N.E.2d 971
, ¶ 16. “It is also Pike App. No. 19CA899 10 irrefutable that those rights are not absolute.” Mullen at ¶ 26; In re D.A.,113 Ohio St.3d 88
2007-Ohio-1105
,862 N.E.2d 829
, ¶ 11. Instead, “ ‘it is plain that the natural rights of a parent * * * are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child, which is the pole star or controlling principle to be observed.’ ” In re Cunningham,59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106
,391 N.E.2d 1034
(1979), quoting In re R.J.C.,200 So.2d 54, 58
(Fla.App.1974). Thus, the
state may terminate parental rights when the child’s best interest requires it. D.A. at ¶ 11.
{¶25} R.C. 2151.353(A)(4) permits a trial court to grant permanent custody of a
child that is adjudicated an abused, neglected, or dependent child to a children services
agency if the court determines: (1) that the child cannot be placed with one of the child's
parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent as provided
in R.C. 2151.414(E) and (2) that the permanent commitment is in the best interest of the
child as provided in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e). The mother contests the second prong,
the best interest finding. More specifically, she argues that under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d),
a legally secure placement could have been achieved with her without granting
permanent custody to the agency because she has maintained sobriety for a significant
period while in inpatient treatment, has gainful employment, received domestic violence
counseling, and has separated from Barnett, her abusive boyfriend.
C. Trial Court’s Best Interest Finding
{¶26} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) requires the trial court “to consider ‘all relevant factors,’
including five enumerated statutory factors * * *. No one element is given greater weight
or heightened significance.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007–Ohio–1104,862 N.E.2d 816
, ¶ 57, citing In re Schaefer,111 Ohio St.3d 498
, 2006–Ohio–5513, 857 N .E.2d 532,
¶ 6. The five enumerated factors include: (1) the child's interaction and interrelationship
Pike App. No. 19CA899 11
with the child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and out-of-home providers, and
any other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the child's wishes, as
expressed directly by the child or through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard
for the child's maturity; (3) the child's custodial history; (4) the child's need for a legally
secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved
without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any factors listed
under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.
{¶27} The mother contends that she has the ability to provide a legally secure
permanent placement. She contends that because she has had a significant period of
sobriety, has had domestic violence counseling and separated from Barnett, and has
employment, she “was on a tremendous path towards a new and better life” at the time
of the permanent custody hearing. The trial court acknowledged that the mother had
made progress in these areas, but the court’s main concern and a key reason her children
were removed from her custody in September 2017 was her involvement with violent
men.
{¶28} The record shows that the mother has been involved in no less than five
violent relationships and when she is not living with violent men she lives in homeless or
women’s shelters or inpatient drug treatment facilities. At the time of the hearing, she had
lived for six months in an inpatient drug facility. She had extended periods of
unemployment and at the time of the hearing worked as a part-time employee in an ice-
cream shop. Although the mother claimed to have voluntarily and permanently separated
from Barnett, he was incarcerated at the time of the hearing. And, despite having
counseling for domestic violence, at the time of the hearing the mother was in another
Pike App. No. 19CA899 12
relationship with a man who had a felony for domestic violence and was on probation for
burglary. The mother also admitted to caseworker Myers that she had lied to the court
about her contact with Barnett and about the bruises she received from him during the
course of the case.
{¶29} The mother has made progress on her substance abuse problems and, at
the time of the hearing, had maintained approximately five months of sobriety. However,
her children were temporarily removed from her care primarily because of domestic
violence – an ongoing problem the mother has experienced for over twelve years and
which has resulted in the removal of all seven of her children from her custody. The record
shows that the mother continues to seek out, cultivate, and maintain relationships with
violent men. The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the mother’s actions show
an unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for the children.
{¶30} After weighing the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considering the
credibility of the witnesses after according the requisite deference to the trial court’s
determinations, we conclude that in resolving evidentiary conflicts, the trial court did not
clearly lose its way or create a manifest miscarriage of justice so that we must reverse its
judgment awarding permanent custody of the children to the agency. We overrule the
mother’s sole assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court awarding
permanent custody to the agency.
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶31} The trial court’s determinations that the permanent commitment is in the
best interest of the children are not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Having
Pike App. No. 19CA899 13
overruled the assignment of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court awarding
permanent custody of the children to the agency.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Pike App. No. 19CA899 14
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the
costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Pike County
Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division to carry this judgment into execution.
Any stay previously granted by this Court is hereby terminated as of the date of
this entry.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Abele, J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ________________________________
Michael D. Hess, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing
with the clerk.