State v. Workman

[Cite as State v. Workman, 

.]




                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              AUGLAIZE COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                             CASE NO. 2-15-05

        v.

TIMOTHY SCOTT WORKMAN,                                  OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                Appeal from Auglaize County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2014-CR-75

                                    Judgment Affirmed

                          Date of Decision: December 7, 2015




APPEARANCES:

        Stephen A. Goldmeier for Appellant

        R. Andrew Augsburger for Appellee
Case No. 2-15-05


PRESTON, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Timothy Scott Workman (“Workman”), appeals

the February 5, 2015 judgment entry of sentence of the Auglaize County Court of

Common Pleas. He argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

suppress evidence and that his tampering-with-evidence conviction is based on

insufficient evidence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       {¶2} This case stems from an investigation of Workman for taking nude

photos of juvenile girls and intending to conduct another photo and a video shoot

in 2013.    Workman was arrested after two juvenile girls reported to law

enforcement officers that Workman took nude photos of them in March and July

2013 at the Knights Inn in Wapakoneta, Ohio, and Workman arranged with law

enforcement officers posing as one of the juvenile girls to conduct another photo

and video shoot on September 30, 2013 at the Americas Best Value Inn & Suites.

(Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 2014 Tr. at 182-185). Workman was arrested on September 30,

2013 after he rented a room at the Americas Best Value Inn & Suites in St. Marys,

Ohio. (Id. at 185-186).

       {¶3} On April 30, 2014, the Auglaize County Grand Jury indicted

Workman on 79 counts: Counts 1 through 39 of illegal use of a minor in nudity-

oriented material in violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), second-degree felonies;

Counts 40 through 78 of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material in


                                        -2-
Case No. 2-15-05


violation of R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), fifth-degree felonies; and Count 79 of tampering

with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a third-degree felony. (Doc.

No. 1).

       {¶4} On May 14, 2014, Workman appeared for arraignment and entered

pleas of not guilty. (Doc. No. 15).

       {¶5} On July 10, 2014, Workman filed a motion to suppress evidence

“seized as a result of the search of [Workman’s] van” and “any and all evidence

found on a memory chip which was searched by law enforcement without a search

warrant.” (Doc. No. 38). In particular, Workman argued that the impounding and

inventory search of his vehicle was unlawful and that the State impermissibly

searched a second “32 GB Sandisk micro SD card inside of the SD adapter”

because it was not covered by the October 22, 2013 search warrant. (Id.). On

August 1, 2014, the State filed a memorandum in opposition to Workman’s

motion to suppress. (Doc. No. 83). On August 5, 2014, Workman filed a reply to

the State’s memorandum in opposition to his motion to suppress. (Doc. No. 87).

On August 8, 2014, the State filed a response to Workman’s reply to its

memorandum in opposition to his motion to suppress. (Doc. No. 102).

       {¶6} After a hearing on July 29, 2014, the trial court denied Workman’s

motion to suppress on August 8, 2014. (Doc. No. 103).




                                       -3-
Case No. 2-15-05


      {¶7} A jury trial was held on September 29 through October 3, 2014.

(Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 2014 Tr. at 1). The jury found Workman guilty of all 79 counts

of the indictment. (Doc. Nos. 202-280). On February 4, 2015, the trial court

sentenced Workman to six years in prison as to Counts 1 through 30 each, eight

years in prison as to Counts 31 through 38 each, seven years in prison as to Count

39, twelve months in prison as to Counts 40 through 78 each, and thirty-six

months in prison as to Count 79. (Doc. No. 368). The trial court ordered that

Workman serve the terms as follows:

      Group A: Counts One, Three, Seven, Eight, Eleven, and Thirty Nine

      shall be served consecutively to each other;

      Group B: Counts Two, Four, Five, Six, Nine and Thirty-Six shall be

      served consecutively to each other, but concurrent to Group A;

      Group C: Counts Ten, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, and

      Thirty-Seven shall be served consecutively to each other, but

      concurrent to Group A;

      Group D: Counts Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen, Twenty-

      One, and Thirty-Eight shall be served consecutively to each other,

      but concurrent to Group A;




                                       -4-
Case No. 2-15-05


       Group E: Counts Twenty-Four, Twenty-Five, Twenty-Six, Twenty-

       Seven,    Twenty-Eight,     and    Twenty-Nine      shall   be   served

       consecutively to each other, but concurrent to Group A;

       Group F:     Counts Thirty-One, Thirty-Two, Thirty-Three, Thirty-

       Four, and Thirty-Five shall be served consecutively to each other,

       but concurrent to Group A;

       Group G:     Counts Forty through Seventy-Eight shall be served

       consecutively to each other, but concurrent to Group A;

       Count Seventy-Nine shall be served consecutively to Group A[,] for

       an aggregate sentence of 40 years.

(Id.). The trial court filed its sentencing entry on February 5, 2015. (Id.).

       {¶8} Workman filed his notice of appeal on March 9, 2015. (Doc. No.

381). He raises two assignments of error for our review.

                            Assignment of Error No. I

       Because the inventory search of Mr. Workman’s utility truck
       was unreasonable, and because the search of the second SD card
       was unwarranted, the trial court erred in denying Mr.
       Workman’s motion to suppress evidence against him. (Sup.T. at
       20, 22, 25, 35, 47, 61, 62-70, 85; T.T. at 424, 425).

       {¶9} In his first assignment of error, Workman argues that the trial court

erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence. He presents two arguments:

(1) the impounding and inventory search of his vehicle was unreasonable because


                                         -5-
Case No. 2-15-05


neither aided in public safety and protection; and (2) the search of the second SD

card was unreasonable because the search warrant covered only one SD card.

       {¶10} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact.” State v. Burnside, 

, 

, ¶ 8. At

a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and, as such,

is in the best position to evaluate the evidence and the credibility of witnesses. 

See also State v. Carter, 

 (1995). When reviewing a ruling

on a motion to suppress, deference is given to the trial court’s findings of fact so

long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Burnside at ¶ 8,

citing State v. Fanning, 

 (1982). With respect to the trial court’s

conclusions of law, however, our standard of review is de novo; therefore, we

must decide whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. 

 citing

State v. McNamara, 

 (4th Dist.1997).

       {¶11} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article

I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution generally prohibit warrantless searches and

seizures, and any evidence that is obtained during an unlawful search or seizure

will be excluded from being used against the defendant. State v. Steinbrunner, 3d

Dist. Auglaize No. 2-11-27, 

, citing Mapp v. Ohio, 

, 

 (1961). “‘Neither the Fourth Amendment to the United

States Constitution nor Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution explicitly


                                         -6-
Case No. 2-15-05


provides that violations of its provisions against unlawful searches and seizures

will result in the suppression of evidence obtained as a result of such violation, but

the United States Supreme Court has held that the exclusion of evidence is an

essential part of the Fourth Amendment.’” State v. Gartrell, 3d Dist. Marion No.

9-14-02, 

, quoting State v. Jenkins, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-

10-10, 

, citing Mapp at 649 and Weeks v. United States, 

, 

 (1914).

       {¶12} “At a suppression hearing, the State bears the burden of establishing

that a warrantless search and seizure falls within one of the exceptions to the

warrant requirement, and that it meets Fourth Amendment standards of

reasonableness.” Steinbrunner at ¶ 12, citing Xenia v. Wallace, 

(1988), at paragraph two of the syllabus, State v. Kessler, 

(1978), and Maumee v. Weisner, 

 (1999).

       {¶13} First, Workman argues that the warrantless impounding and the

inventory search of his vehicle were unreasonable because no exception to the

warrant requirement applied—that is, Workman argues that his vehicle was

unlawfully impounded because the “community-caretaking” exception did not

apply. (Appellant’s Brief at 8, citing Blue Ash v. Kavanagh, 

,

, ¶ 10-16).




                                         -7-
Case No. 2-15-05


       {¶14} The United States Supreme Court “recognized the inventory search

exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment in S. Dakota v.

Opperman, 

, 

 (1976).” State v. Wotring, 11th Dist.

Lake No. 2010-L-1009, 

, ¶ 10. “The United States Supreme

Court concluded that a routine inventory search of a lawfully impounded vehicle is

not unreasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment when performed

pursuant to standard police practice and when the evidence does not demonstrate

that the procedure involved is merely a pretext for an evidentiary search of the

impounded vehicle.” Blue Ash at ¶ 11, citing Opperman at syllabus. “The court

held that ‘[i]n the interests of public safety and as part of what the Court has called

“community caretaking functions,” * * * automobiles are frequently taken into

police custody. * * * The authority of police to seize and remove from the streets

vehicles impeding traffic or threatening public safety and convenience is beyond

challenge.’” Id., quoting 

, quoting Cady v. Dombrowski,

, 

 (1973).

       {¶15} Therefore, “[t]o satisfy the requirements of the Fourth Amendment to

the United States Constitution, an inventory search of a lawfully impounded

vehicle must be conducted in good faith and in accordance with reasonable

standardized procedure(s) or established routine.” State v. Hathman, 

 (1992), paragraph one of the syllabus, citing Opperman, Colorado v.


                                         -8-
Case No. 2-15-05


Bertine, 

, 

 (1987), and Florida v. Wells, 

, 

 (1990).       “The [United States] Supreme Court noted inventory

procedures serve (1) to protect an owner’s property while it is in the custody of the

police, (2) to ensure against claims of lost, stolen, or vandalized property, and (3)

to guard the police from danger.” State v. Peagler, 

 (1996),

citing 

.

        {¶16} “Although the inventory exception and impoundment of a vehicle are

often intermingled, they involve different considerations.” Wotring at ¶ 16. As

such,

        we must first determine whether [Workman’s] vehicle was lawfully

        impounded thereby setting the stage for the officers’ subsequent

        inventory search, or whether the impoundment was merely a pretext

        for an evidentiary search of the impounded vehicle. If we determine

        that [Workman’s] vehicle was lawfully impounded, we then

        determine whether the inventory search of the lawfully impounded

        vehicle was conducted in good faith and in accordance with

        reasonable standardized practices or routines.

Id. at ¶ 15. See also Blue Ash at ¶ 12.

        {¶17} Workman heavily relies on Blue Ash to argue that “the established

public-caretaking exceptions do not apply to the seizure of [his] vehicle.”


                                          -9-
Case No. 2-15-05


(Appellant’s Brief at 7). The Supreme Court of Ohio in Blue Ash looked only to

whether law enforcement officers were authorized to use their discretion to

impound Kavanagh’s vehicle under the Revised Code and the Blue Ash Code of

Ordinances.

       {¶18} The Revised Code provides, in relevant part

       (A) The sheriff of a county or chief of police * * * or a state

       highway patrol trooper * * * may order into storage any motor

       vehicle * * * that:

       (1) Has come into possession of the sheriff, chief of police, or state

       highway patrol trooper as a result of the performance of the

       [officer’s] duties; or

       (2) Has been left on a public street or other property open to the

       public for purposes of vehicular travel[.]

R.C. 4513.61(A)(1), (2).

       {¶19} Because Workman’s vehicle was impounded in St. Marys, Ohio, we

look to the St. Marys Codified Ordinances. St. Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08

provides, in relevant part:

       (a) Police officers are authorized to provide for the removal of a

       vehicle under the following circumstances:

       ***


                                        -10-
Case No. 2-15-05


      (5) When any vehicle has been used in or connected with the

      commission of a felony and is located upon either public or private

      property.

      ***

      (7) When any vehicle is left unattended either on public or private

      property due to the removal of an * * * arrested operator[.]

St. Marys Codified Ordinances 303.08(a)(5), (7).

      {¶20} In Blue Ash, the Supreme Court of Ohio concluded that because the

Revised Code and the Blue Ash Code of Ordinances expressly authorized the law

enforcement officer to use his discretion in impounding the vehicle, the

impounding of the defendant’s vehicle was lawful. Blue Ash at ¶ 16. Here,

Investigator Kim Reiher (“Investigator Reiher”) of the St. Marys Police

Department testified at the July 29, 2014 suppression hearing that Workman’s

vehicle was impounded because law enforcement thought that it “may be

considered evidence or involved in a crime or a felony” and because Workman

was arrested. (July 29, 2014 Tr. at 41). However, on re-cross examination,

Investigator Reiher testified that he could not answer questions regarding

Workman’s arrest because he was not the arresting officer. (Id. at 42). Because it

was a joint investigation, Wapakoneta Police Department Detective Patrick Green

(“Detective Green”) also testified at the suppression hearing.       (Id. at 55).


                                       -11-
Case No. 2-15-05


Detective Green testified that he arrested Workman on September 30, 2013 for a

felony offense. (Id. at 61-62).

       {¶21} The same provision of the Revised Code applies to Workman as

applied to the defendant in Blue Ash, and St. Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08

similarly authorizes a law enforcement officer to use his or her discretion in

impounding a vehicle—namely, law enforcement officers were authorized to

impound Workman’s vehicle because Workman was arrested and because law

enforcement had reason to believe that it was used in connection with a felony.

Under St. Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08, that Workman’s vehicle was

lawfully parked on private property at the time it was impounded is irrelevant.

       {¶22} Nonetheless, Workman argues that impounding a vehicle that is

legally and safely parked “violates the Fourth Amendment” and that “[i]f an

impoundment is not supported by probable cause, it must be consistent with the

community-caretaking role of the police and not in furtherance of a criminal

investigation.” (Appellant’s Brief at 8, citing Opperman, 

,

Benavides v. State, 

, and Commonwealth v. Brinson, 

). Workman appears to be challenging the constitutionality of St.

Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08.               Workman failed to challenge the

constitutionality of St. Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08 at the trial-court level.




                                        -12-
Case No. 2-15-05


       {¶23} “The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that, ‘“[f]ailure to raise at the

trial court level the issue of the constitutionality of a statute or its application,

which issue is apparent at the time of trial, constitutes a waiver of such issue and a

deviation from this state’s orderly procedure, and therefore need not be heard for

the first time on appeal.”’” State v. Heft, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-09-08, 2009-Ohio-

5908, ¶ 29, quoting State v. Rice, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-02-15, 1-02-29, and 1-02-

30, 

, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Awan, 

 (1986),

syllabus. “However, the waiver doctrine set forth by Awan is discretionary; thus,

‘even where waiver is clear, a reviewing court may consider constitutional

challenges to the application of statutes in specific cases of plain error or where

the rights and interests involved may warrant it.’” 

 quoting Rice at ¶ 7, citing

In re M.D., 

 (1988), syllabus. Nevertheless, “‘“discretion will

not ordinarily be exercised to review such claims, where the right sought to be

vindicated was in existence prior to or at the time of trial.”’” 

 quoting Rice at ¶

7, quoting State v. 1981 Dodge Ram Van, 

 (1988),

quoting State v. Woodards, 

 (1966).

       {¶24} The constitutional issue Workman raises on appeal was available to

him at the trial-court level. Therefore, Workman waived the issue on appeal, and

we decline to address it. See Worting, 

, at ¶ 39 (declining to

address the reasonableness of the police-department policy requiring law


                                         -13-
Case No. 2-15-05


enforcement to impound a vehicle). Instead, we conclude that R.C. 4513.61 and

St. Marys Codified Ordinance 303.08 expressly authorized law enforcement to

impound Workman’s vehicle. Accord State v. Robinson, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 23175, 

, ¶ 53; 

.

       {¶25} Next, we must determine whether the impoundment was merely a

pretext for an evidentiary search of Workman’s impounded vehicle. Blue Ash, 

, 

, at ¶ 17. To determine whether an impoundment

is merely a pretext for an evidentiary search, the Supreme Court of Ohio in Blue

Ash, relying on the United States Supreme Court’s conclusion in Bertine,

concluded that the impoundment was not merely a pretext for an evidentiary

search of the impounded vehicle. Id. at ¶ 17-20.       In upholding the search and

seizure in Bertine, the United States Supreme Court reasoned that “there was no

showing that the police, who were following standardized procedures, acted in bad

faith or for the sole purpose of investigation.” Bertine, 

.

       {¶26} Here, there is no evidence that the impoundment of Workman’s

vehicle was merely a pretext for an evidentiary search. Instead, the testimony of

the law enforcement officers indicates that Workman’s vehicle was not being

impounded as a fishing expedition for incriminating evidence. In fact, contrary to

Workman’s assertion that “[t]he materials gleaned from this search, along with the




                                        -14-
Case No. 2-15-05


seized cellular phone, were used as the basis for the later searches,”1 the testimony

of the law enforcement officers indicates that no information gathered from the

impoundment and inventory search of Workman’s vehicle was used to obtain a

search warrant. (Appellant’s Brief at 8).

         {¶27} Investigator Reiher testified that Workman’s vehicle was not

searched until a search warrant was obtained.                      (July 29, 2014 Tr. at 20-21).

According to Investigator Reiher, Workman’s vehicle was impounded because law

enforcement officers were seeking a search warrant to search the vehicle and it

was impounded and inventoried in anticipation of receiving that warrant. (Id. at

41-42). Investigator Reiher further testified that the photos taken as inventory of

Workman’s vehicle were not used to obtain the search warrant.                                (Id. at 22).

Detective Green also testified that Workman’s vehicle was impounded in

anticipation of receiving a search warrant. (Id. at 61). Aside from a photo of

Workman’s truck that he attached to his search-warrant affidavit for identification

purposes, Detective Green testified that he did not use any information gathered

from the inventory of Workman’s vehicle to obtain the October 7, 2013 search

warrant. (Id. at 71-72). (See also July 29, 2014 Tr., State’s Ex. 37). Therefore,

there is competent, credible evidence that the impoundment of Workman’s vehicle

1
  Workman concedes in his motion to suppress, “Law enforcement conducted an inventory search of the
Workman vehicle, which found no objects of evidential value.” Workman further states in his motion to
suppress, “It is apparent upon its face that the initial inventory search was fishing [sic] expedition by the
State to attempt to locate incriminating evidence against Mr. Workman, even though the State was unable
to do so when they searched the van.” (Doc. No. 38).

                                                   -15-
Case No. 2-15-05


was not a pretext for an evidentiary search.                       As such, the impoundment of

Workman’s vehicle was lawful.

         {¶28} After concluding that the impoundment of Workman’s vehicle was

lawful, we next determine whether the inventory search was conducted in good

faith and in accordance with reasonable standardized practices or routines.

Worting, 

, at ¶ 36. Investigator Reiher testified that the St. Marys

Police Department has a standardized policy and procedure for inventorying

vehicles that are impounded. (July 29, 2014 Tr. at 20). Specifically, Investigator

Reiher testified that Workman’s “vehicle was photographed in order to protect the

interest of [Workman] to document all of the items that were present in the

vehicle, and then it was secured in the building” in accordance with the St. Marys

Police Department policies and procedures for inventorying impounded vehicles.

(Id. at 21-22). (See also July 29, 2014 Tr., State’s Exs. 1-35).2 Furthermore, as


2
   Sergeant Shawn Vondrell (“Sergeant Vondrell”) of the St. Marys Police Department inventoried
Workman’s vehicle on September 30, 2013. (July 29, 2014 Tr. at 14). Sergeant Vondrell was unavailable
to testify at the July 29, 2014 suppression hearing. (Id.). Nonetheless, in support of his assignment of error
challenging the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress, Workman cites Sergeant Vondrell’s trial
testimony. At the time the trial court ruled on Workman’s motion to suppress, the trial court had before it
only the evidence presented at the suppression hearing—namely, the testimony of Investigator Reiher.
Gartrell, 

, citing State v. Croom, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25094, 2013-
Ohio-3377, ¶ 18. “‘[I]n reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate court may
consider only evidence that was presented during the suppression hearing and may not consider evidence
presented at trial.’” 

 quoting State v. Monford, 

, 

, ¶ 45 (10th Dist.).
“As the Tenth District Court of Appeals observed in Monford, ‘numerous Ohio appellate courts have * * *
based their review only upon evidence presented at the suppression hearing.’” 

 quoting Monford at ¶
46, citing State v. Wright, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 03 MA 112, 

; State v. Weese, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 20769, 

; State v. Tapke, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-060494, 

;
State v. VanNoy, 

, 

, (2d Dist.). See also Monford at ¶ 46, citing State v.
Kinley, 

 (1995), fn. 1. “Moreover, while the trial testimony may have become
relevant had [Workman] renewed his motion to suppress following the relevant evidence at trial,

                                                    -16-
Case No. 2-15-05


we highlighted above, Investigator Reiher and Detective Green testified that

Workman’s vehicle was not searched until a search warrant was secured and the

information gathered as part of the inventory search was not used to obtain that

warrant. The trial court was in the best position to evaluate the veracity of the law

enforcement officer’s testimony. Burnside, 

, 

,

at ¶ 8. Thus, there is competent, credible evidence that the inventory search was

conducted in good faith and in accordance with reasonable standardized practices

or routines.       Accordingly the trial court did not err in concluding that law

enforcement officers lawfully impounded and inventoried Workman’s vehicle.

        {¶29} Workman also argues in this assignment of error that the

photographs discovered on the second SD card should be suppressed because the

search warrant did not cover two SD cards, only one. On October 18, 2013, law

enforcement officers executing a search warrant discovered inside a “HVAC

service parts box”: (1) a black iPhone, (2) a plastic case with a 32 GB micro

SanDisk SD card and a SanDisk adapter, and (3) 11 Trojan Magnum condoms.

(July 29, 2014 Tr., State’s Ex. 38). Also as part of that search, law enforcement

officers discovered an “empty paper case for [a] SanDisk 32 GB micro card

adapter.” (Id.). That evidence was placed in “temporary evidence locker #5.”

(July 29, 2014 Tr., State’s Ex. 39). To search the contents of the iPhone and the

[Workman] has not directed our attention to anywhere in the record where this was done, nor have we
found any.” Gartrell at ¶ 68, fn. 2, citing Croom at ¶ 18; State v. Nixon, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-020428,

, ¶ 15.

                                                  -17-
Case No. 2-15-05


SD card, law enforcement officers sought, and were granted, another search

warrant on October 22, 2013.        (Id.).   The October 22, 2013 search warrant

described the property to be searched as a black iPhone and a micro SD card.

(Id.).

         {¶30} At the July 29, 2014 suppression hearing, the law enforcement

officer that seized that evidence, Detective Green, the law enforcement officer that

transported that evidence to the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit to be

translated into readable form, Investigator Reiher, and the law enforcement officer

that translated that evidence into readable form, Detective Scott Leland

(“Detective Leland”) of the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit, testified.

         {¶31} First, Investigator Reiher testified that he transported the items in

temporary evidence locker #5 to be searched to Detective Leland. (July 29, 2014

Tr. at 26). He testified that he was initially unaware that there was a second SD

card in the adapter that he took to Detective Leland. (Id. at 27-28). However,

after Detective Leland discovered the second SD card inside the adapter,

Investigator Reiher testified that he thought that it could be searched. (Id.). On

cross-examination, Investigator Reiher testified that he did not read the October

22, 2013 search warrant, but simply took the evidence “signed over” to him by

Detective Green to the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit. (Id. at 35). He

said, while the search warrant did not mention the adaptor, he took the adaptor to


                                         -18-
Case No. 2-15-05


the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit because it was in the bag that

Detective Green provided to him. (Id. at 36). According to Investigator Reiher,

he did not “realize that there may be a problem with the adapter” until after he

reported the findings to Detective Green. (Id. at 38). Investigator Reiher testified

that nothing of evidentiary value was discovered on the “visible” SD card, but

images of the nude juveniles were discovered on a second SD card that was

discovered inside the adapter, and additional images were discovered on the black

iPhone. (Id. at 38-39). Investigator Reiher did not examine the contents of the

bag that Detective Green entrusted with him to transport to the Northwest Ohio

Technical Crimes Unit. (Id. at 40).

       {¶32} Second, Detective Leland testified that he searched the SD cards that

Investigator Reiher brought to the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit. (Id. at

44-45). Detective Leland testified that he did not read the October 22, 2013 search

warrant. (Id. at 45). Instead, according to Detective Leland, he was under the

understanding that he was to search SD cards and another law enforcement

investigator was to search the iPhone. (Id.). Detective Leland identified State’s

Exhibit 34 as a photograph of “a single micro SD card as well as a micro SD card

adapter that’s used to plug the micro SD card into a full size SD slot” and on

“closer examination, there is also a micro SD card in the adapter, so there is

actually in this [photograph] two (2) micro SD cards” that were contained in a


                                       -19-
Case No. 2-15-05


plastic case that Investigator Reiher provided to him to convert into a readable

format. (Id. at 47). Detective Leland testified that he discovered the second SD

card when he took the visible SD card and the adapter out of the plastic case. (Id.

at 47-48). According to Detective Leland, he was not surprised to find the second

SD card inside the adapter. (Id. at 48).

       {¶33} On redirect examination, Detective Leland further testified that he

believed that he was searching both SD cards under the October 22, 2013 search

warrant. (Id. at 54). According to Detective Leland, a SD-card adapter does not

have the ability to store information. (Id. at 54).

       {¶34} On re-cross examination, Detective Leland testified that he did not

have the “occasion” to read the search warrant; rather he testified that the

Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit’s procedure is to search whatever items

are brought to the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit to be searched. (Id. at

54).

       {¶35} Third, Detective Green testified that he conducted the search of the

HVAC box, which produced the SD cards. (Id. at 69). He testified that he

discovered the plastic case, which contained the SD cards, in the HVAC box and

thought that the plastic case contained only one SD card just by looking at it,

without removing its contents. (Id.). According to Detective Green, he would




                                           -20-
Case No. 2-15-05


have sought a search warrant to search the contents of the second SD card if he

would have known it existed. (Id. at 70).

       {¶36} On cross-examination, Detective Green testified that he did not

include the adapter in his October 22, 2013 search-warrant affidavit because it did

not have any evidentiary value. (Id. at 86). However, according to Detective

Green, he sent the adapter with the iPhone and the visible SD card to the

Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit to be searched because he “didn’t want to

disturb evidence and remove an item * * * [he] kept it intact as [he] packaged it

and sent it all up as one.” (Id. at 87).

       {¶37} On the court’s examination, Detective Green testified that he wrote

on the “Inventory of Property Take” form in State’s Exhibit 38, “Plastic case with

32 GB Micro SanDisk SD card and SanDisk adapter.” (Id. at 93-94); (State’s Ex.

38). Detective Green testified that he authored the October 22, 2013 search-

warrant affidavit and inventory-of-property-taken form and listed on the

inventory-of-property-taken form, “iPhone and SanDisk 32 GB micro SD card.”

(July 29, 2014 Tr. at 95). (See also State’s Ex. 39). He testified that he described

in the search-warrant affidavit the SD card that was visible in the plastic case, but

did not include the adapter in his search-warrant affidavit because he did not know

that there was a second SD card inside of it. (July 29, 2014 Tr. at 95-96).

According to Detective Green, he assumed there was only one SD card because he


                                           -21-
Case No. 2-15-05


did not open the plastic case it and the adapter were in to examine the adapter. (Id.

at 96).

          {¶38} Workman argues that the search of the second SD card was an

unconstitutional warrantless search and that the evidence discovered on the second

SD card should be suppressed—namely images that led to 66 of the 79 counts of

which Workman was indicted. In support of his argument, Workman relies on

Riley v. California, which requires law enforcement officers to “secure a warrant

before searching data stored on digital devices.” (Appellant’s Brief at 10, citing

___ U.S. ___, 

 (2014)).              While Riley requires law

enforcement officers to seek a warrant to search data stored on digital devices,

Riley was decided in the context of a search incident to a lawful arrest. See Riley

at 2482 (“The two cases before us concern the reasonableness of a warrantless

search incident to a lawful arrest.”). A search incident to a lawful arrest is not the

scenario presented by this case. Indeed, the United States Supreme Court went on

to hold in Riley that “even though the search incident to arrest exception does not

apply to cell phones, other case-specific exceptions may still justify a warrantless

search of a particular phone.” 

.

          {¶39} The search of the second SD card appears to fall outside of the scope

of the October 22, 2013 search warrant because Detective Green testified that he

did not include the second SD card in his search-warrant affidavit, and the search


                                          -22-
Case No. 2-15-05


warrant itself describes the black iPhone and the “visible” SD card. Therefore, we

must determine if the search of the second SD card was reasonable in that it falls

within a specific exception to the warrant requirement or if it is subject to the

exclusionary rule. See Riley at 2482; State v. Perkins, 

(1985).

       {¶40} We hold that the inevitable discovery doctrine permits the evidence

found on the second SD card to be introduced at trial because the second SD card

would have been ultimately or inevitably discovered during the course of the

lawful investigation. See Perkins at syllabus, citing Nix v. Williams, 

,

 (1984).

       {¶41} Under the inevitable-discovery doctrine, “illegally obtained evidence

is properly admitted in a trial court proceeding once it is established that the

evidence would have been ultimately or inevitably discovered during the course of

a lawful investigation.” Id. at 196. See also State v. Rollins, 3d Dist. Paulding No.

11-05-08, 

, citing Perkins. “The prosecution [has] the

burden to show within a reasonable probability that police officials would have

discovered the derivative evidence apart from the unlawful conduct.” 

. “The circumstances justifying application of this rule are most likely to be

present if investigative procedures were already in place prior to the unlawful

discovery of the evidence.” State v. Pearson, 

 (3d


                                        -23-
Case No. 2-15-05


Dist.1996), citing State v. Masten, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-88-7, 

, *8 (Sept. 29, 1989).

       {¶42} The photos obtained from the search of the second SD card were

admissible at trial because the State showed by a reasonable probability that those

photos would have been discovered during the course of a lawful investigation.

That law enforcement officers were following investigative procedures already in

place when they discovered the photos on the second SD card is supported by

competent, credible evidence.

       {¶43} Detective Green testified that he lawfully seized the plastic case

containing the SD cards and the adapter under the October 18, 2013 search

warrant. However, Detective Green testified that he did not open the plastic case

containing the visible SD card and the adapter when he discovered it. Rather, he

testified that he visually inspected it before placing it into evidence and thought,

based on that inspection, that there was only one SD card. He testified that he did

not want to open the plastic case and remove the visible SD card to transport to

Detective Leland at the Northwest Ohio Technical Crimes Unit because he did not

want to disturb the evidence. Indeed, Detective Leland testified that any empty

adapter cannot store any information, and Detective Green testified that he did not

include the adapter in the October 22, 2013 search warrant because it did not have

any evidentiary value.


                                       -24-
Case No. 2-15-05


      {¶44} Most pertinent, Detective Green testified that he would have sought a

warrant to search the second SD card had he known it existed, and there is no

evidence that such warrant would not have been granted. That is, the affidavit for

the October 22, 2013 search warrant demonstrated the probable cause to search the

black iPhone and the visible SD card, which was based on law enforcement’s

reason to believe that Workman photographed nude juveniles. The same facts

would have been used to establish the requisite probable cause to secure a search

warrant to search the second SD card.          Moreover, Detective Leland and

Investigator Reiher testified that they believed that the search warrant covered

searching both SD cards. Detective Leland’s and Investigator Reiher’s beliefs

were reasonable considering the underlying purpose of the October 22, 2013

search warrant—that law enforcement officers articulated probable cause that

Workman took photos of nude juveniles and those photos could be concealed in

the electronic devices that were seized under the authorized searches of

Workman’s vehicle.

      {¶45} This is not a case where law enforcement could have obtained a

warrant, yet chose not to. See State v. Alihassan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-

578, 

, ¶ 30. “While the Exclusionary Rule is used to deny the

admission of evidence unlawfully gained, and thereby to put the state in the same

position it would have been absent the evidence seized, the rule should not be used


                                       -25-
Case No. 2-15-05


to put the state in a worse position by refusing evidence that would have been

subsequently discovered by lawful means.” State v. Cundiff, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 12AP-483, 

, ¶ 22, quoting Perkins, 

.

Applying the inevitable-discovery doctrine to this case prevents the State from

being put in a worse position as a result of the wrongful search because the

evidence would have been inevitably discovered by lawful means. See 

      {¶46} Therefore, there is competent, credible evidence that the State proved

by a reasonable probability that the photos on the second SD card would have

been inevitably discovered in the course of a lawful investigation. Thus, those

photos are admissible under the inevitable-discovery doctrine.

      {¶47} Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Workman’s motion

to suppress. For these reasons, Workman’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                          Assignment of Error No. II

      Mr. Workman’s conviction for tampering with evidence, which
      was based on his discarding a hotel room key in a police station
      trash bin, was not supported by sufficient evidence. (February
      5, 2015 Journal Entry on Sentence; T.T. at 413, 417, 419, 447,
      778, 831, 960).

      {¶48} In his second assignment of error, Workman argues that his

tampering-with-evidence conviction is based on insufficient evidence.           In

particular, he argues that “the State did not present enough evidence to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Workman’s placing a hotel room key into an


                                       -26-
Case No. 2-15-05


empty police-station trash bin was intended to deprive law enforcement of that

key” and that the evidence does not support that he “knew or had reason to know

that the key was relevant to an investigation that was in progress or was likely to

be instituted.” (Appellant’s Brief at 11).

       {¶49} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at

trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average

mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 

 (1981), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional

amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 

 (1997).

Accordingly, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

 “In

deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts

nor assess the credibility of witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier

of fact.”   State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571,

, citing State v. Williams, 

,

 (1st Dist.). See also State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance No.

4-12-03, 

 (“Sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy




                                        -27-
Case No. 2-15-05


rather than credibility or weight of the evidence.”), citing State v. Thompkins, 

 (1997).

      {¶50} R.C. 2921.12 sets forth the offense of tampering with evidence and

provides:

      (A) No person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation

      is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall do any

      of the following:

      (1) Alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or

      thing, with purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in

      such proceeding or investigation[.]

R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). To establish that Workman tampered with evidence, the

State had to show

      “(1) the knowledge of an official proceeding or investigation in

      progress or likely to be instituted; (2) the alteration, destruction,

      concealment, or removal of the potential evidence; and (3) the

      purpose of impairing the potential evidence’s availability or value in

      such proceeding or investigation.”

State v. Straley, 

, 

.

      {¶51} “Knowledge that a criminal investigation is under way or is

imminent is based upon a reasonable person standard.” State v. Hicks, 3d Dist.


                                        -28-
Case No. 2-15-05


Union Nos. 14-07-26 and 14-07-31, 

, citing State v. Mann,

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2006-05-035, 

. “The focus is on

the intent of the defendant rather than the purpose of the criminal investigation.”

Id. at ¶ 54, citing Mann at ¶ 11.

       {¶52} R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) has a ‘purposely’ culpability standard.           “A

person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result, or,

when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature,

regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific

intention to engage in conduct of that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A). See also State v.

Holtvogt, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24748, 

. To determine

whether a defendant acted purposely, his or her intent may be inferred from the

surrounding facts and circumstances. See State v. Elliot, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-

12-43, 

, citing State v. Huffman, 

 (1936).

       {¶53} Therefore the relevant inquiries in this case are whether the evidence,

when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, is such that any rational

trier of fact could have found that: (1) a reasonable person in Workman’s position

would have known that an official investigation was in progress or was about to be

or likely to be instituted; (2) Workman altered, destroyed, concealed, or removed

the hotel-room keycard by throwing it away; and (3) Workman threw the hotel-




                                        -29-
Case No. 2-15-05


room keycard away with the specific intention of impairing its availability as

potential evidence in the investigation. See 

; Hicks at ¶ 54.

       {¶54} At trial, Detective Green testified that on September 30, 2013 he

interviewed Workman at the St. Marys Police Department. (Sept. 29-Oct 3, 2014

Tr. at 786). Detective Green identified State’s Exhibit 110, a video recording of

his interview of Workman, which was subsequently played for the jury. (Id.). The

video depicts Detective Green informing Workman that he is under arrest for

pandering obscene material and reading Workman his Miranda warnings. (See

State’s Ex. 110). The video further depicts Detective Green, as Investigator Justin

Chisholm (“Investigator Chisholm”) looks on in the interview room, questioning

Workman about the hotel room he rented in St. Marys and whether his purpose in

renting the room was to take a video of juvenile girls for $250. (Id.). Specifically,

Detective Green inquired whether Workman’s cell phone will show that he was

text messaging juvenile girls to meet at the hotel. (Id.).     Detective Green also

questions Workman in the video about nude photos he took of those juvenile girls

earlier in the year at a hotel in Wapakoneta and whether he was planning to take

future nude photos of those girls for $800. (Id.). Shortly after Detective Green

and Investigator Chisolm ended Workman’s interview and exited the interview

room, Workman is depicted removing the hotel-room keycard from his pocket and

placing it in the trash bin positioned next to him. (Id.).


                                         -30-
Case No. 2-15-05


       {¶55} Also at trial, St. Marys Police Department Patrolman Lucas Turpin

(“Patrolman Turpin”) testified that on September 30, 2013, he assisted in arresting

Workman, drove Workman to the St. Marys Police Department, and took

Workman to the interview room. (Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 2014 Tr. at 400, 408). He

testified that while he was not in the interview room, he observed Workman in the

interview room from a television inside the police department. (Id. at 409). The

portion of State’s Exhibit 110 was played for the jury depicting Workman

removing the hotel-room keycard from his pocket and placing it in a trash bin.

(See State’s Ex. 110). Patrolman Turpin testified that after he saw Workman put

the hotel-room keycard in the trash bin, he entered the interview room and

retrieved the hotel-room keycard from the trash bin. (Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 2014 Tr. at

413). According to Patrolman Turpin, there were no other items in the trash bin.

(Id. at 413-414). Patrolman Turpin identified State’s Exhibit 86A as the hotel-

room keycard that he retrieved from the trash bin. (Id. at 414).

       {¶56} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we

conclude that Workman’s tampering-with-evidence conviction is supported by

sufficient evidence.   First, a rational trier of fact could have found that a

reasonable person in Workman’s position would have known that an investigation

was in progress. To support a tampering charge, the evidence tampered with must

have some relevance to an ongoing or likely investigation—namely, the evidence


                                        -31-
Case No. 2-15-05


must relate to the specific investigation, not any investigation. Straley, 

, 

. The video recording of Workman’s interview

clearly depicts Detective Green informing Workman that he was under arrest for

pandering obscene material after taking nude photographs of juvenile girls earlier

that year and questioning Workman regarding whether he rented the hotel room to

video those juvenile girls. The hotel-room keycard related to law enforcement’s

ongoing investigation of Workman for illegally using minors in nudity-oriented

material. Thus, Workman had actual knowledge that an investigation was in

progress and that the hotel-room keycard related to that investigation when he

placed it in the trash bin—that is, a reasonable person in Workman’s position

would know that a criminal investigation of him for illegally using minors in

nudity-oriented material was underway at the time he disposed of the hotel-room

keycard, and that the hotel-room keycard related to that investigation.       R.C.

2921.12(A); R.C. 2901.22(B) (“A person has knowledge of circumstances when

the person is aware that such circumstances probably exist.”). See also State v.

Barker, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0044, 

, ¶ 58-61 (after

Barker was arrested in connection with an assault, video evidence depicts him

wiping blood off his shoe in the booking room after noticing the evidence).

      {¶57} A rational trier of fact could have also found that Workman removed

the hotel-room keycard from his person, and concealed it by putting it in a trash


                                       -32-
Case No. 2-15-05


bin, with the specific intention of impairing its availability as evidence in the

investigation. Nevertheless, while Workman concedes that he placed the hotel-

room keycard in the trash bin, he argues that the evidence presented at trial is

insufficient to establish that he concealed or removed the hotel-room keycard

because “[t]he act of putting the key in the empty trash bin is not an act of

concealment.” (Appellant’s Brief at 12). In addition, Workman argues that the

evidence presented at trial is insufficient to establish that he put the hotel-room

keycard in the trash bin “to deprive law enforcement of the card and to hinder the

investigation into his conduct.” (Id.).

       {¶58} For purposes of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), “[a] defendant’s act of

removing contraband from his or her person can constitute concealment or

removal if done to avoid discovery.” State v. Straley, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-

CA-34, 

, citing State v. Colquitt, 2d Dist. Clark No. 98-CA-71,

, *5 (Sept. 24, 1999). The trier of fact could reasonably infer

that placing the hotel-room keycard in a trash bin constituted concealment or

removal.    Black’s Law Dictionary defines “concealment” as “[t]he act of

preventing disclosure [or] [t]he act of removing from sight or notice; hiding.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 349 (10th Ed.2014). And Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary defines “conceal” as “to prevent disclosure or recognition of” or “to

place out of sight.”       Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 257 (11th


                                          -33-
Case No. 2-15-05


Ed.2009).     While “remove” is not defined by Black’s Law Dictionary, it is

defined by Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, in relevant part, as “to get

rid of.” Id. at 1053. We hold that disposing of an item in a trash bin is an act of

concealment or removal—that is, disposing of an item in a trash bin is to prevent

disclosure or recognition of that item, to place that item out of sight, or to get rid

of that item. See State v. Cameron, 11th Dist. Lake No. 207-L-004, 2007-Ohio-

6935, ¶ 42 (“Finally, the act of placing the knife in the dumpster was evidence of

attempting to conceal the knife and eliminate its evidentiary value.”); State v.

Formica, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-094, 

, *2 (“It is not

disputed that, by throwing the items in a dumpster, Formica attempted to destroy

or conceal them.”).

       {¶59} Finally, disposing of an item in a trash bin demonstrates the requisite

intent—“with purpose”—of impairing an item’s availability as evidence in an

investigation. See State v. Watson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-08-110, 2015-

Ohio-2321, ¶ 27-28 (“A rational trier of fact could find that [Watson] disposed of

his bloody clothes [by placing them in a trash bag at a gas station] to impair the

investigation relevant to the violent attack on [the victim].”).       The fact that

Workman’s concealment or removal of the hotel-room keycard was ultimately

unsuccessful does not demonstrate a failure of proof on that element. See Colquitt

at *5, citing State v. Blanchard, 2d Dist. Clark No. 95-CA-0032, 1996 WL


                                        -34-
Case No. 2-15-05


144199, *3 (Mar. 29, 1996); State v. Jackson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140178,

 (“Moreover, a defendant’s failure to pursue a more

successful form of concealment has no effect on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence

analysis.”), citing State v. Rock, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-38, 

. Instead, the trier of fact could reasonably infer that by placing an item in a

trash bin, Workman specifically intended to impair its availability as potential

evidence in the investigation. Watson at ¶ 28; Colquitt at *5; Jackson at ¶ 17.

       {¶60} After viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, a review of the record shows that a rational trier of fact could

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the State proved the elements of the

tampering-with-evidence offense under R.C. 2921(A)(1). Therefore, Workman’s

tampering-with-evidence conviction is supported by sufficient evidence.

       {¶61} The State also proposes that there was sufficient evidence to convict

Workman of tampering with evidence based on an alternative theory—that is, that

he “tore up the receipt to his hotel room.” (Appellee’s Brief at 14). Workman

does not argue that theory, and we need not address it since we conclude that there

is sufficient evidence to support Workman’s tampering-with-evidence conviction

for disposing of the hotel-room keycard in the trash bin.

       {¶62} Workman’s second assignment of error is overruled.




                                        -35-
Case No. 2-15-05


       {¶63} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                               Judgment Affirmed

ROGERS, P.J. and WILLAMOWSKI, J., concur.

/jlr




                                        -36-