Exotics Hawaii-Kona, Inc. v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co.

Opinion of the Court by

The instant action arises from product liability cases initiated by the plaintiffs-appellants/eross-appellees Albert Isa dba Albert Isa Nursery (Isa), Samuel H. Taka and Sylvia A. Taka dba S. Taka (the Takas), Mark Willman dba Hawaii Orchids (Willman), and James McCully [hereinafter, collectively, the plaintiffs] in 1992 and 1993 against, inter alia, the defendant-appellee/cross-appellant E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont), alleging that contaminated Benlate, an agricultural fungicide manufactured by DuPont, had killed or damaged their plants and nurseries.1 Between 1994 and 1995, the plaintiffs settled their product liability cases. In 2000, the plaintiffs commenced the instant action against, inter alia, DuPont, alleging that only after settling their claims did they discover that DuPont had improperly failed to reveal certain vital scientific data and information indicating that Benlate was contaminated. As such, the plaintiffs believed that DuPont was guilty of fraudulently withholding such evidence in order to induce them to settle for less than the fair value of their claims.

*283In three summary judgment orders, the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit, the Honorable Ronald J. Ibarra presiding, found in favor of DuPont on all of the plaintiffs’ claims. Significantly, the circuit court, without determining whether DuPont indeed committed fraud, found as a matter of law that the plaintiffs could not meet their burden of proving damages. According to the circuit court, the damages available to the plaintiffs was “the fair compromise value of the claim at the time of the settlement.” A judgment, pursuant to Hawaii Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP) Rule 54(b) (2007),2 in favor of DuPont was entered on August 10, 2005.

The plaintiffs appeal—and DuPont cross appeals—from the HRCP Rule 54(b) judgment. The plaintiffs challenge, inter alia, the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment on the basis that they were unable to prove damages. Although DuPont’s position is that the HRCP Rule 54(b) judgment should be upheld, it cross appeals in apparent recognition of the possibility that this court may not agree with its position, challenging another order granting in part and denying in part DuPont’s motion for summary judgment, discussed infra.

For the reasons stated herein, we hold that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment in favor of DuPont on the basis that the plaintiffs could not, as a matter of law, prove damages and, therefore, affirm the circuit court’s August 10, 2005 judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

This court has previously presented a brief factual summary of the underlying product liability cases in Exotics Hawai'i-Kona, Inc. v. E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Co., 104 Hawaii 358, 90 P.3d 250 (2004). However, given the resolution of this ease and the fact that the instant appeal involves only four of the sixty original plaintiffs, see supra note 1, a concise version of the facts are provided below as they relate only to those four plaintiffs and the pertinent summary judgment orders—specifically, the order granting summary judgment based on the plaintiffs’ inability to prove damages.

A. The Complaint

As previously mentioned, between November 1992 and March 1993, the plaintiffs, who were commercial growers, brought product liability actions against, inter alia, Dupont, alleging that its Benlate product was defective and that it caused damage to their plants and nurseries. In 1994 and 1995, the plaintiffs entered into individual settlement agreements with DuPont that resulted in DuPont’s payment of certain sums in exchange for the execution of releases by the plaintiffs. As a l’esult of these settlement agreements, the plaintiffs entered into stipulations to dismiss their product liability actions with prejudice.

On January 6, 2000, the plaintiffs filed an eighty-four page first amended complaint against, inter alia, DuPont. The plaintiffs claimed that DuPont had defrauded them “into settling for pennies on the dollar for damages” caused by its Benlate product. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that DuPont wrongfully, illegally, and fraudulently withheld from discovery vital scientific data and information that it was under an obligation to produce in the underlying product liability actions. The plaintiffs’ first amended complaint alleged that:

208. If, at the time the [pjlaintiffs accepted settlement of their underlying [product liability] claims, they had received full, fair, truthful and complete disclosure of material information, the [p]laintiffs would not have accepted the consideration offered for settlement which was substantially less than the losses which they had suffered.

209. [The plaintiffs would have continued to press their claims if full, complete and truthful disclosures had been made. Reliance by those [plaintiffs on full, fair and disclosure by DuPont, which in fact *284was not forthcoming, resulted in injury in the form of settlement for lower compensation than was adequate or would otherwise have been available.

The plaintiffs asserted that the “appropriate measure of recovery for said conduct is the difference between [the plaintiffs’ actual total damages (e.g., crop and plant losses, soil injuries, lost market positions and lost economic advantage) and the amount, if any, previously received” from DuPont. Accordingly, the plaintiffs alleged ten counts, to wit:

COUNT CAUSE OF ACTION

1 intentional spoliation of evidence

2 negligent spoliation of evidence '

3 fraud

4 fraudulent misrepresentation

5 negligent misrepresentation

6 non-disclosure 3

7 intentional interference with prospective business advantage

8 civil conspiracv

9 violation of due process rights and rights to a fair trial as guaranteed by article I, section 4 of the Hawaii State Constitution

10 exemplary damages

DuPont filed its answer to the first amended complaint on February 14, 2000.4

B. Proceedings Regarding the Motions for Summary Judgment

As previously stated, the circuit coúrt, in three summary judgment orders, found in favor of DuPont on all of the plaintiffs’ claims. However, in light of our disposition, we recount only two of the three motions, focusing especially upon the motion concerning the plaintiffs’ lack of evidence to support their damages. The other motion for summary judgment is addressed infra in section III.A.2. as it becomes relevant to the plaintiffs’ other contentions.

1. Motion for Summary Judgment as to All Claims

On January 8, 2004, DuPont filed a motion for summary judgment on all of the plaintiffs’ claims. Relying on this court’s answers to the questions certified by the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii in Matsuura v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 102 Hawai'i 149, 73 P.3d 687 (2003) [hereinafter, Matsuura /],—another Benlate settlement fraud action—DuPont argued, inter alia, that summary judgment was proper for the non-fraud claims inasmuch as this court, in Matsuura I, determined that “a party is not immune from liability for civil damages based upon that party’s fraud engaged in during prior litigation proceedings.” Id. at 162, 73 P.3d at 700.5 DuPont, thus, maintained that:

*285Since it is now clear in Hawai'i that, absent fraud, immunity exists for any alleged “misconduct engaged in during p?ior litigation," ... DuPont therefore is immune from all of [the plaintiffs’ non-fraud claims because these claims are based on allegations of “misconduct engaged in during prior litigation” such as improper discovery responses, false statements of counsel, etc.

(Emphasis in original.)

Moreover, DuPont also argued that it was entitled to summary judgment on the fraud-based claims inasmuch as “no rational jury could conclude that these [pjlaintiffs reasonably believed the truth of DuPont’s alleged misrepresentation.” (Emphasis added.) In determining whether the plaintiffs are precluded as a matter of law from bringing a cause of action for fraudulent inducement to settle, this comí in Matsuura I “clarif[ied] that, under Hawai'i law, to prevail on a claim of fraudulent inducement, [the] plaintiffs must prove that their reliance upon a defendant’s representations was reasonable.” Id. at 163, 73 P.3d at 701 (emphases added).6 DuPont argued that:

In their product liability cases, where [the pjlaintiffs sued DuPont for millions of dollars claiming Benlate was defective, it was [the plaintiffs’ financial interest to claim they kneiv/believed DuPont’s statements concerning the nature of and/or non-existence of [a]dverse Benlate [scientific d]ata were false, and that they knew/believed that [a]dverse Benlate [scientific d]ata existed. And, as the record of this [c]ourt demonstrates, that is exactly what [the p]laintiffs claimed—consistently, repeatedly, and vehemently.

In this case, however, where [the plaintiffs have sued DuPont for millions of dollars claiming they were “defrauded” in their product liability settlements, it is in [the plaintiffs’ financial interest to claim they did NOT know/believe DuPont’s statements concerning the nature of and/or non-existence of [ajdverse Benlate [scientific d]ata were false, and that they did NOT know/believe that [a]dverse Benlate [scientific d]ata existed. And, as clear from [the plaintiffs’ [cjomplaint and interrogatory answers, that is exactly what they are claiming—consistently, repeatedly, and vehemently.

(Emphases and capitalization in original.)

On January 16, 2004, the plaintiffs filed their memorandum in opposition to the motion. A hearing was held on January 26, 2004, wherein the circuit court orally denied the motion to the extent that “there’s’ a genuine issue of material fact as to the reasonableness of the fraud claims.” The circuit court, however, granted the motion as to the claims of intentional and negligent spoliation of evidence (Counts 1 and 2), intentional interference with prospective economic advantage (Count 7), and violation of constitutional rights (Count 9). A written order was entered on February 25, 2004, granting in part and denying in part the motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the circuit court granted summary judgment as to the non-fraud claims, i.e., Counts 1, 2, 7, and 9, and denied summary judgment as to the fraud and deceit claims, i.e., fraud (Count 3), fraudulent misrepresentation (Count 4), negligent *286misrepresentation (Count 5), and non-disclosure (Count 6). The circuit court also ruled that civil conspiracy (Count 8) and exemplary damages (Count 10) “are not separate counts, but are merely derivative to [the plaintiffs’ remaining claims.”

2. The Motion for Summary Judgment Based on the Plaintiffs’ Inability to Prove Damages

On February 3, 2005, DuPont filed a motion for summary judgment based on the plaintiffs’ inability to prove damages. Relying on E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Florida Evergreen Foliage, 744 A.2d 457 (Del.1999), Richardson v. Economy Fire & Casualty Co., 109 Ill.2d 41, 92 Ill.Dec. 516, 485 N.E.2d 327 (1985), and Urtz v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., 202 N.Y. 170, 95 N.E. 711 (1911), discussed infra, DuPont maintained that the plaintiffs’ remedies are limited to either: (1) rescinding their settlement agreements, returning any benefits they may have received, and seeking a return to the status quo ante; or (2) affirming the agreements and suing for damages in a fraud action, which damages are measured based upon “the fair compromise value” of their released tort claims at the time of settlement. DuPont further contended that:

Despite electing to forego their claims for the actual judgment value of their [product liability] claims—indeed, settling these claims, releasing these claims, and keeping DuPont’s settlement money for these claims—[the] plaintiffs have not sought the fair compromise value of their [product liability] claims as of the day of their settlements.

Rather, [the] plaintiffs in this case seek the “actual judgment value ” of their RELEASED [product liability] cases as of today[, as demonstrated by the plaintiffs’ statement of the appropriate measure of recovery in the first amended complaint].

(Emphases and capitalization in original.) DuPont argued that, inasmuch as

what the compromise value factors are in a particular case, as well as how they would be evaluated in that case, are not matters within the common knowledge and experience of jurors[,] ... expert testimony by lawyers experienced in litigating and compromising cases is required to aid the jury in determining the fair compromise value of a case.

(Footnote omitted.) (Emphases in original.) Consequently, DuPont asserted that the plaintiffs did not have the expert testimony required to sustain their burden of proof on the proper measure of damages, stating that:

[The plaintiffs’ underlying product liability action] lawyers[, in their expert reports, as discussed infra, did] not opine about the factors relevant to the determination of the fair compromise value of each plaintiffs case on the date of the settlement, nor how those factors would be applied—to each case. They simply state, generally, that their respective clients’ [product liability] cases would have been stronger had they had the “hidden evidence,” and thus the settlement value of the cases would have been higher.

(Emphases in original.)

In their memorandum in opposition to DuPont’s motion, filed February 17, 2005, the plaintiffs argued that their remedy should not be limited to the reasonable settlement value absent fraud. Rather, they argued the remedy should be measured by the plaintiffs’ change in circumstances resulting from the fraudulent conduct, which, according to the plaintiffs, is “the value of the position that was foregone, plus any consequential costs incurred as a result of the misconduct.” The plaintiffs contended that:

If [the p]laintiffs in this case are limited by the [c]ourt solely to the recovery of the value of a “reasonable” settlement in 1994, DuPont receives the benefit of its fraud. Such a ruling would serve to encourage fraud in settlements. Allowing a fraud-feasor to first reduce the value of a plaintiffs settlement (or even judgment) by withholding evidence, but then, [if] fraud is discovered, limiting the remedy 1, 2, 3 (or, in this case, 11) years later to that amount the defendant might have paid towards settlement in the absence of that fraud, but no more, would reward the fraud-feasor, who would first have had the use of the unpaid portion of the unrecovered settle*287ment or judgment, and then protection from the court against imposition of any fuller remedy. If that were the law, every defendant in litigation would be motivated to first try fraud, and only later try to be “reasonable.”

The plaintiffs maintained that

the duty of the jury will be to measure the entire value of [the plaintiffs’ loss resulting from the fraudulent induced settlements, which naturally includes consideration of the value of the settled [product liability] claims. It will be the jury’s role to determine if the consideration paid in the original settlement is more or less than the loss.... In this case, only after the jury had first considered the value of [the plaintiffs’ [product liability] claims (“judgment value”), should the jury next consider what the value the jury believes was actually lost through fraud.

(Emphasis in original.) Lastly, the plaintiffs argued that their expert opinions fully satisfied the evidentiary requirements inasmuch as these opinions “repeatedly touch[ed] on the issues of factors related to liability, settlement, client recommendations, and the relation between liability, damages, settlement, and judgments in the product [liability] action[s].”

Following a hearing on the motion, the circuit court entered an order on February 28, 2005, granting DuPont’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that,

as a matter of law, when a[p]laintiff claims to have been fraudulently induced to settle a tort claim because of discovery/litigation fraud, (s)he has two options!, i.e., two choices of remedies]: (1) to sue to rescind the settlement contract; or (2) to affirm the contract and sue for fraud. If (s)he chooses to sue for fraud, the remedy available to [the pjlaintiff is the fair compromise value of the claim at the time of the settlement. In order to meet their burden of proving the fair compromise value at the time of settlement, [the p]laintijfs would need to meet this burden with expert lawyer testimony directed to the numerous compromise factors, and how they would have applied to each [p]laintiffs case. [The p]laintiffs have not submitted the expert testimony required to sustain their burden of proof on the proper measure of damages in their cases. The deadlines for [the plaintiffs to submit their final expert reports and amend their pleadings were October 15, 2004, and December 14, 2004, respectively. This court previously made clear that expert reports were to be final and that the experts would not be allowed to testify on matters beyond their respective reports in its Order Related to Trial Procedures, filed May 6, 2004. [The plaintiffs are therefore unable to prove the fact or amount of settlement fraud damages as a matter of law, and summary judgment is granted on all remaining claims herein.

(Emphasis added.) On August 10, 2005, the above order, inter alia, was certified, pursuant to HRCP Rule 54(b), as final judgment on all of the plaintiffs’ claims. The plaintiffs filed their notice of appeal on September 6, 2005. DuPont’s notice of cross-appeal was filed on September 19, 2005.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This court reviews the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. O‘ahu Transit Servs., Inc. v. Northfield Ins. Co., 107 Hawai'i 231, 234, 112 P.3d 717, 720 (2005).

III. DISCUSSION

A. The Plaintiffs ’ Appeal

1. The Order Granting Summary Judgment Based on the Plaintiffs’ Inability to Prove Damages

As previously stated, the plaintiffs maintain that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment based on their inability to prove damages. They argue that the circuit court incorrectly announced several conclusions relating to: (1) the choice of remedies; (2) the proper measure of damages; (3) the requirement of attorney expert testimony; and (4) the plaintiffs’ failure to sustain their burden of proof. Each of the plaintiffs’ contentions is addressed in turn.

*288a. the choice of remedies

In its February 28, 2005 order, the circuit court expressly concluded that the plaintiffs have two available remedies—(1) to rescind the settlement agreements or (2) to affirm the agreements and sue for fraud. The plaintiffs raise, as a point of error, that the circuit court’s conclusion was erroneous. They, however, provide no discernible argument or cite to any authority with respect to their position. This court has repeatedly announced that it is not obliged to address matters for which the appellants have failed to present discernible arguments. Hawaii Rules of Appellate Procedure (HRAP) Rule 28(b)(7) (2007) (the opening brief must exhibit “[t]he argument, containing the contentions of the appellant on the points presented and the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities ... relied on”); Taomae v. Lingle, 108 Hawai'i 245, 257, 118 P.3d 1188, 1200 (2005) (stating that the court may disregard points of error when the appellant fails to present discernible arguments supporting those assignments of error); Norton v. Admin. Dir. of the Court, 80 Hawai'i 197, 200, 908 P.2d 545, 548 (1995) (same). Thus, on this basis alone, we could decline to address this matter. However, in light of the plaintiffs’ next contention concerning the proper measure of damages in the instant fraud action, a preliminary question arises regarding the remedies afforded a defrauded plaintiff in Hawaii.

This court has repeatedly announced that:

As a general rule, a properly executed settlement precludes future litigation for its parties. Indeed, a settlement agreement

is an agreement to terminate, by means of mutual concessions, a claim which is disputed in good faith or unliquidated. It is an amicable method of settling or resolving bona fide differences or uncertainties and is designed to prevent or put an end to litigation.

15A Am.Jur.2d Compromise and Settlement § 1 (1976). We acknowledge the well-settled rule that the law favors the resolution of controversies through compromise or settlement rather than by litigation. Such alternative to court litigation not only brings finality to the uncertainties of the parties, but is consistent with this court’s policy to foster amicable, efficient, and inexpensive resolution of disputes. In turn, it is advantageous to judicial administration and thus to government and its citizens as a whole.

Amantiad v. Odum, 90 Hawai'i 152, 161-62, 977 P.2d 160, 169-70 (1999) (internal quotation marks and some citations omitted). We have further stated that settlement agreements (1) “are simply a species of contract,” Wong v. Cayetano, 111 Hawai'i 462, 481, 143 P.3d 1, 20 (2006) (citations omitted), and, thus, (2) are governed by principles of contract law, State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Pac. Rent-All, Inc., 90 Hawai'i 315, 323-24, 978 P.2d 753, 761-62 (1999) (construing a settlement agreement under contract principles). Consequently, as with contracts, settlement agreements induced by either a fraudulent or material misrepresentation are voidable by the defrauded party because he or she has not freely bargained but has been induced to settle by the other party. Cf. Fujimoto v. Au, 95 Hawai'i 116, 157, 19 P.3d 699, 740 (2001) (stating the general rule that, “if a party’s misrepresentation of assent is induced by either a fraudulent or a material misrepresentation by the other party upon which the recipient is justified in relying, the contract is voidable by the recipient” (internal quotation marks, citations, and original brackets omitted)). .In other words, a plaintiff who was induced to enter into a settlement agreement by fraudulent or material misrepresentations may “obtain a decree rescinding or cancelling the agreement ab initio.” Peine v. Murphy, 46 Haw. 233, 239, 377 P.2d 708, 712 (1962) (citations omitted); see also Hong v. Kong, 5 Haw.App. 174, 181, 683 P.2d 833, 840 (1984) (stating that “[t]he rescission of a contract for fraud in the inducement is part of the law of restitution”) (citations omitted). The result of rescission is to return both parties to the status quo ante, i.e., each side is to be restored to the property and legal attributes that it enjoyed before the contract was entered and performed. As the United States Court of Ap*289peals for the Ninth Circuit (the Ninth Circuit) has stated:

Rescission reverses the fraudulent transaction and returns the parties to the position they occupied prior to the fraud. It restores the status quo ante. Under true rescission, the plaintiff returns to the defendant the subject of the transaction, plus any other benefit received under the contract, and the defendant returns to the plaintiff the consideration furnished, plus interest.

Ambassador Hotel Co. v. Wei-Chuan Inv., 189 F.3d 1017, 1031 (9th Cir.1999) (citations omitted). Hawai'i courts are clearly in accord with the basic contract principle that a party defrauded on a contract may seek rescission of the contract. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 164 (1981) (a contract is voidable when it is entered into on the basis of a fraudulent or material misrepresentation).

However, whether plaintiffs who have released their tort claims may affirm a fraudulently induced settlement agreement and maintain a separate fraud action is less clear in Hawai'i. Although this court appears to recognize such a remedy, it has yet to explicitly declare so. See, e.g., Lemle v. Breeden, 51 Haw. 426, 436, 462 P.2d 470, 475 (1969) (holding that a lease is essentially a contractual relationship, and, upon a breach of an implied warranty of habitability, a tenant would be entitled to “basic contract remedies of damages, reformation, and rescission”). Nonetheless, rather than limit a party’s i’emedy to rescission, we believe a defrauded party should be afforded the choice of remedies, ie., rescission or an independent action for damages. As this court has announced, because “[settlement is the voluntary relinquishment of the right to a determination by a court of law[,]” “encouraging parties to forego the protections associated with a trial requires adequate assurance that appropriate remedies exist for settlements reached through bad faith and misconduct.” Matsuura I, 102 Hawai'i at 161, 73 P.3d at 699 (emphasis added).

In this regal’d, DiSabatino v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 635 F.Supp. 350 (D.Del.1986), is instructive. In that case, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware was presented with the issue whether, under Delaware law, “a plaintiff who has settled a negligence suit for personal injuries may affirm that release and institute a cause of action based on fraud.” Id. at 351. Although acknowledging the lack of Delaware precedent on the issue, the court proceeded to analyze Delaware law based primarily on cases involving election of remedies under contract law. Id. Focusing on the earlier Delaware decisions of the Court of Chancery in Hegarty v. American Commonwealths Power Corp., 163 A. 616 (Del.Ch.1932), and Eastern States Petroleum Co. v. Universal Oil Products Co., 49 A.2d 612 (Del.Ch.1946), the court concluded that the holdings in Hegarty and Eastern States Petroleum “can easily be extended to cover a contract of settlement compromising a tort claim.” DiSabatino, 635 F.Supp. at 353. Consequently, the court held that the plaintiffs, who were defrauded on an agreement to settle a tort claim, may elect “either to rescind the contract or to affirm it and sue for damages resulting from the fraudulent misrepresentation[.]” Id. at 356.

In so holding, the court in DiSabatino observed that the minority of courts that have limited a defrauded plaintiff to the remedy of rescission have done so based on two grounds. First, by distinguishing between simple contracts and releases of tort actions, the minority of courts essentially reason that:

There is usually no analogy between the situation of one induced by fraud to release a tort claim and one induced by fraud to buy something. Obviously, ... the relea-sor of a tort claim buys nothing, although he may receive something, usually money or its equivalent, for what he relinquishes. He does give up something (i.e., his tort claim), as a seller gives up what he sells. Thus, on cursory consideration, the release of a tort claim might appear to be analogous to a sale of something. However, where there has been a sale of something, possession of that something has usually been relinquished by the seller. Even where use of the sold something has not made it less valuable, the seller will usually want money for it as he did when he made *290the sale. If he takes it back, he has to sell it to get that money. Each change of possession of that something will ordinarily involve expense or inconvenience. On the other hand, the releasor has nothing to repossess on rescission of the release; and such rescission revests him with the same claim for money that he had before, not something he must resell to get that money. In reality, the releasor does not sell anything even of an intangible nature. In effect, the releasor has merely agreed for a consideration not to enforce his tort claim.

Id. at 358-54 (quoting Shallenberger v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 167 Ohio St. 494, 150 N.E.2d 295, 300 (1958)) (emphasis added). The DiSabatino court, however, disagreed with the aforementioned reasoning, stating that

[a] settlement agreement is surely a contract, for which consideration on both sides has passed. The consideration given by the plaintiff, the right to prosecute his tort claim—like something which a seller has sold and whose value in use is bound to decline—certainly will change in value with the passage of time. In effect, the plaintiff is a seller of a cause of action of which he must regain possession. Each change of possession of that something will ordinarily involve expense or inconvenience.

DiSabatino, 635 P.Supp. at 354 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Second, the minority of courts assume that “the damages in the action for fraud are too speculative because they must be measured on the basis of the personal injuries sustained. ‘The measure of damages, if any, in the action for fraud and deceit is inextricably bound with the question of liability and the nature and extent of the injuries involved in the underlying tort claim which was settled.’ ” Id. (quoting Mackley v. Allstate Ins. Co., 564 S.W.2d 634, 636 (Mo.Ct.App.1978)) (original brackets omitted). However, as discussed infra in section III.A.l.b., the DiSa-batino court rejected such reasoning and concluded that damages for fraud are eon-eeptually different from damages for the underlying tort claims and are not too speculative to calculate. Id. at 354-55. The court also observed that a defrauded party may be entitled to punitive damages that would not be available if the original action was reinstated through rescission. Id. at 356. Finally, the court believed that,

as a matter of policy, this cause of action should be deemed to exist[ ] ... [because an unscrupulous party] would have everything to gain and nothing to lose by systemically defrauding tort claimants into accepting low settlement offers. In such eases[, the defendant] gambles that the deceit will not be uncovered. If the fraud is uncovered, then the [defendant] only faces litigation, or the costs of reimbursement, that it would have had to confront without a settlement.

Id. at 355.

The interpretation of Delaware law in DiS-abatino was later confirmed in E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. v. Florida Evergreen Foliage, 744 A.2d 457 (Del.1999). In that case, the Delaware Supreme Court concluded that “DiSabatino, both in its analysis of previous Delaware decisional law and its statement of the policy concerns supporting the recognition of a damages option, is a correct foreshadowing of Delaware law.” Id. at 464. The court followed DiSabatino and held that “a party alleging fraud in the settlement of a tort claim may elect rescission and restoration to the status quo ante or, alternatively, may bring an action for the recovery of special, or expectancy, damages with retention of the settlement proceeds.” Id. at 465 (footnote omitted); see also Matsuura v. Alston & Bird, 166 F.3d 1006, 1008 & n. 4 (9th Cir.1999) (finding DiSabatino’s analysis persuasive and rejecting the reasonings behind other courts that restricted a defrauded plaintiffs remedies to rescission). Indeed, the majority of jurisdictions that have considered the issue have also favored affording plaintiffs the choice of either of the two remedies.7 The weight of authority, there*291fore, supports the conclusion of the circuit court in the instant case to allow defrauded tort plaintiffs the traditional contract remedies of either (1) rescinding the contract, returning any benefits received, and being returned to the status quo or (2) affirming the contract, retaining the benefits, and seeking damages.

Additionally, when there exists two or more concurrent but inconsistent remedies, as here, the equitable doctrine of election of remedies provides that:

[A] plaintiff need not elect, and cannot be compelled to elect between inconsistent remedies during the course of trial. If, however, a plaintiff has unequivocally and knowledgeably elected to proceed on one of the remedies he or she is pursuing, he or she may be barred recourse to the other. The doctrine acts as a bar precluding a plaintiff from seeking an inconsistent remedy as a result of his or her previous conduct or election.

Cieri v. Leticia Query Realty, Inc., 80 Hawai'i 54, 71, 905 P.2d 29, 46 (1995) (internal quotation marks, citations, brackets, and ellipses omitted) (emphasis in original). The purpose of the election of remedies doctrine “is not to prevent recourse to any remedy, or to alternative remedies, but to prevent double recoveries or redress for a single wrong.” 25 Am.Jur.2d Election of Remedies § 3 at 665 (2004) (footnotes omitted).

In the instant case, the plaintiffs did not seek rescission of their settlement agreements in their first amended complaint. In fact, the complaint wholly rested upon allegations of DuPont’s fraudulent misrepresentations and concealment of scientific data and information that were allegedly vital to the plaintiffs’ settlement negotiations of their product liability claims. Thus, based on the allegations of their complaint, the plaintiffs have “unequivocally and knowledgeably” elected to affirm their settlement agreements and pursue an action for fraud. Consequently, we next examine the appropriate measure of damages in the plaintiffs’ asserted fraud action.

b. the proper measure of damages

The circuit court concluded that, when a defrauded party elects to affirm the settlement agreement and sue for fraud, “the remedy available [ (i.e., damages) ] ... is the fair compromise value of the claim at the time of the settlement.” (Emphasis added.) The plaintiffs, however, argue that the circuit court erroneously “limit[ed] the amount of recoverable damages to the difference between what [they] actually settled for, and what they could have settled for, had there been no fraud.” Such limitation, according to the plaintiffs, “has never been accepted in this jurisdiction. To the contrary, the Ha-wai'i [a]ppellate [e]ourts have continually held that the desired remedy in fraud cases is to restore the victim to the position he would have occupied but for the misrepresentation.” (Citations omitted.) The plaintiffs, thus, believe that the circuit court’s ruling

deviated from the goal of the available remedy—to restore them to the former positions they occupied but for DuPont’s deceit—and instead served to deprive [the plaintiffs of any possibility of recovering that which, in all likelihood, they could reasonably have achieved had the fraudulent conduct not occurred. The decision was contrary to the established law of Hawai'i, and contrary to the proper outcome dictated by the facts of the litigation, and should now be set aside.

DuPont, on the other hand, maintains that the “fair compromise value is the proper measure of damages for full and adequate compensation of a fraudulent inducement claim, and is not a cap or limit on damages.” (Emphasis in original.) (Internal quotation marks and other emphases omitted.) In DuPont’s view,

[t]his measure of damages is consistent with the general objective of fraud, which is to place the defrauded plaintiff in the *292position he would have been “but for” the fraud. Since [the plaintiffs] claim their settlement amounts were less than they were worth because DuPont had induced them to settle through certain fraudulent misrepresentations, their measure of damages logically is what their settlement amount would have been if there had been no fraud.

It is well-settled that all tort claims require that damages be proven with reasonable certainty. See, e.g., Weinberg v. Mauch, 78 Hawai'i 40, 50, 890 P.2d 277, 287 (1995) (“[I]t is of the essence in an action ... that the plaintiff suffer damages as a consequence of the defendant’s conduct, and these damages cannot be speculative or conjectural losses.” (Internal quotation marks and citation omitted.)); see also Roxas v. Marcos, 89 Hawai'i 91, 141 n. 33, 969 P.2d 1209, 1259 n. 33 (citing a collection of eases for the same proposition). Specifically, in a fraud case, “the plaintiff must have suffered substantial actual damage, not nominal or speculative.” Zanakis-Pico v. Cutter Dodge, Inc., 98 Hawai'i 309, 320, 47 P.3d 1222, 1233 (2002) (citation and emphasis omitted). The “plaintiffs suing in fraud are required to show both that they suffered actual pecuniary loss and that such damages are definite and ascertainable, rather than speculative.” Id.; see also Hawai'i’s Thousand Friends v. Anderson, 70 Haw. 276, 286, 768 P.2d 1293, 1301 (1989) (“plaintiff must show that he [or she] suffered substantial pecuniary damage”). The aim of compensation “is to put the plaintiff in the position he or she would have been had he or she not been defrauded.” Zanakis-Pico, 98 Hawai'i at 320, 47 P.3d at 1233 (quoting Ellis v. Crockett, 51 Haw. 45, 52-53, 451 P.2d 814, 820 (1969)) (original brackets and ellipsis omitted).

This court has further explained that:

A distinction is made in the law between the amount of proof required to establish the fact that the injured party has sustained some damage and the measure of proof necessary to enable the jury to determine the amount of damage. It is now generally held that the uncertainty luhich prevents a recovery is uncertainty as to the fact of damage and not as to its amount. However, the rule that uncertainty as to the amount does not necessarily prevent recovery is not to be interpreted as requiring no proof of the amount of damage. The extent of plaintiffs loss must be shown with reasonable certainty and that excludes any showing or conclusion founded upon mere speculation or guess.

Chung v. Kaonohi Ctr. Co., 62 Haw. 594, 605, 618 P.2d 283, 290-91 (1980) (emphasis added) (citation and brackets omitted) (format altered), abrogated on other grounds by Francis v. Lee Enters., Inc., 89 Hawai'i 234, 971 P.2d 707 (1999). In other words, where the fact of damage is established, this court will not insist upon a higher degree of certainty as to the amount of damages than the nature of the case permits, particularly where the uncertainty was caused by the defendant’s own wrongful acts. Coney v. Lihue Plantation Co., 39 Haw. 129, 138 (1951). This court, however, has recognized that

[t]he problem of how to measure damages, and how to establish them in fraud cases, is always a difficult one since the person defrauded has, because of the fraud, not pursued alternative courses of action, and the results of those untaken courses therefore remain speculative. In 3 Restatement (Second) of Torts (1977), a discussion of the problem of damages proof appears under § 549.[8] In the Comment to subsec*293tion (2) of that section, the following appears:

When the plaintiff has made a bargain with the defendant, however, situations arise in which the rules stated in Subsection (1), and particularly that stated in Clause (a) of that Subsection, do not afford compensation that is just and satisfactory. ...

The frequency of these situations has led the great majority of the American courts to adopt a broad general rule giving the plaintiff, in an action [for] deceit, the benefit of his bargain with the defendant in all cases, and making that the normal measure of recovery in actions of deceit.

Leibert v. Fin. Factors, Ltd., 71 Haw. 285, 290-91, 788 P.2d 833, 837 (1990) (emphases added); see also Zanakis-Pico, 98 Hawai'i at 320, 47 P.3d at 1233 (“In fraud or deceit cases, the measure of pecuniary damages is usually confined to either the ‘out-of-pocket’ loss or the ‘benefit of the bargain[.]’ ” (Citation and ellipses omitted.)).

Notwithstanding the aforementioned well-established general principles regarding the proof of damages, this court has not had the occasion to articulate what must be proven in order to bring a meritorious settlement fraud claim. To this end, Living Designs, Inc. v. E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 431 F.3d 353 (9th Cir.2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1192, 126 S.Ct. 2861, 165 L.Ed.2d 895 (2006), is instructive. In that case, the Ninth Circuit reversed the federal district court’s ruling in Matsuura v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 330 F.Supp.2d 1101 (D.Haw.2004) [hereinafter, Matsimra II]. Relying upon Urtz v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., 202 N.Y. 170, 95 N.E. 711 (1911), and Automobile Underwriters, Inc. v. Rich, 222 Ind. 384, 53 N.E.2d 775 (1944), the federal district court in Matsuura II had determined that “a ‘settlement fraud’ plaintiff must prove not only that the settled claim had merit, but also that the value of the claim exceeded the amount of the fraudulently-induced settlement.” 330 F.Supp.2d at 1123. Applying this rule to the facts of that case, the federal district court concluded that “DuPont [wa]s entitled to summary judgment on all of the Matsuura [plaintiffs’ claims due to their inability to prove either the fact or [the] amount of damages with reasonable certainty.” Id. at 1125.

In Uriz, the New York Court of Appeals determined that, where the underlying claim has no viability, there is no potential for recovery for fraud in the inducement of settlement because plaintiff would not be able to show any injury by reason of abandonment of an entirely valueless claim. 95 N.E. at 713. In Uriz, the plaintiff, relying on alleged misrepresentations, settled her claims for the wrongful death of her husband. Id. at 712. The jury found in favor of the plaintiff in her fraud action but the appellate court reversed based upon the trial court’s refusal to charge the jury that, in order to maintain the action, the plaintiff must demonstrate that her original claim for wrongful death was valid and existing at the time of settlement. • Id. at 714. The court offered the following example of a plaintiff claiming that she was fraudulently induced to settle a claim based on a promissory note and stated:

[S]he, in an action to recover her damages caused by the fraud[,] must have given ‘ evidence in proof of the validity of the note to afford the jury a starting point for the measurement of her damages, and, if they found that the note was forged and not made by [the] defendant, they would find also that she had sustained no damage and could not maintain .the action. Unless she had the valid note of the defendant, she had and released in the compromise nothing of value.

Id. at 712. By ascribing error to the juiy instructions, the Uriz court essentially specified that, in the trial of a fraudulently induced settlement claim, the plaintiff carries the burden of proving some merit to the underlying cause of action. Likewise, in Automobile Underwriters, the Indiana Supreme Court indicated that, when the plaintiff elects to proceed with the fraud action, he or she

recognizes that the' settlement is a bar to the original action and that it is incumbent on him to allege and prove not only that the settlement was procured by fraud and to his damage, but also that he had a good *294cause of action against the original tort feasor at the time of the settlement.

53 N.E.2d at 777 (emphases added). In Living Designs, the Ninth Circuit implicitly expressed its disapproval of Urtz and Automobile Underwriters to the extent that these cases required a plaintiff in an action based on settlement fraud to prove that he or she had a “good” cause of action against the tortfeasor at the time of settlement. The Ninth Circuit reasoned that, to conclude that

plaintiffs must demonstrate that their settled claim had merit is inconsistent with the aim of compensation in fraud eases, which is to restore plaintiffs to the position they would be in absent the fraud and to provide plaintiffs with the benefit of the bargain, see Leibert, [71 Haw. at 288-90,] 788 P.2d at 836-37, particularly as a party’s decision to settle is often made as a result of a cost-benefit analysis rather than an assessment of the claim’s merits.

431 F.3d at 367. Rather, the Ninth Circuit, relying upon DiSabatino, held that

the relative strength of the claim in the absence of fraud should be used by the trier of fact to determine the amount of the defrauded party’s damages. Whether the defrauded party could have won its case if it proceeded to trial is irrelevant to this calculation. The critical consideration is the settlement value of the case on the date settlement was reached. Such a determination is not beyond the power of a jury to determine. The use of probability analysis, for example, in calculating settlement value is not uncommon.

431 F.3d at 368 (emphasis added).9

As stated above, DiSabatino dealt with the question whether the plaintiff was permitted to affirm the settlement agreement and institute an independent cause of action based on fraud, to which the court answered affirmatively. 635 F.Supp. at 351. In declining to follow other courts’ limitation of remedies to rescission based, inter alia, on the assumption that damages are too speculative, the court explained that:

In any action based on fraud, the fact finder will simply measure the extent of the plaintiffs damages by examining what the agreement would have been, had the parties known the actual material facts. The nature of the injuries in the foregone tort action are relevant only to the extent of how they would affect the value of the claim to be compromised!.]

Id. at 355. The court further indicated that:

Whether a good cause of action existed at the time of the settlement was a material fact that the parties already considered in reaching a settlement. Requiring a plaintiff to prove in a court of law the existence of a good cause of action for a tort would be inconsistent with affirmance of a settlement agreement. Evidence of the legal and factual strength of the claim merely goes to the value of the claim that ivas compromised in determining damages from the fraud.

Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis added). According to the DiSabatino court, the better approach is for the trier of fact to determine “the probable amount of settlement in the absence of fraud after considering all known or foreseeable facts and circumstances affecting the value of the claim on the date of settlement!;] the amount in settlement already received should [then] be deducted from this total amount.” Id. at 355 (citation omitted). Stated differently, the defrauded plaintiff may “recover such an amount as will make the settlement an honest one.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[T]he measure of damages!, therefore,] is the loss of the bargain.” Id. (citation omitted).

Moreover, although the Ninth Circuit rejected the holdings in Urtz and Automobile Underwriters that a defrauded plaintiff must prove that his or her settled claims had merit, the analyses of both courts as to the *295method of determining damages are in accord with Living Designs and DiSabatino. Specifically, the Urtz court explained that the measure of damages is

how much could the plaintiff have reasonably demanded and the defendant reasonably have allowed as [a] final compromise above and beyond the [amount] in fact allowed and received? ... [In determining the amount, the jury] would take into view the probabilities of the successful enforcement of the cause of action, the probable extent and expense of the expected litigation over this disputed claim, the law’s delays, the probability of the continuing solvency of the defendant, and such other facts pertinent to the question of damages as the evidence presented.

95 N.E. at 713. Stated differently, the court believed that “the plaintiff, affirming the compromise agreement and unable to recover the contract balance, is entitled in accordance with the general rule to have such compromise agreement made as good for him as it reasonably and fairly would have been if only the truth had been told instead of a falsehood asserted.” Id. at 714 (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Automobile Underwriters court expressed that the measure of damages in a fraud action “must take into consideration the salable value of the right of action for the purpose of compromising, and the nature and extent of the injuries known and foreseeable as of the time of the settlement, under the particular’ circumstances of the parties then shown existing.” 53 N.E.2d at 777 (citations omitted). The proper procedure for determining damages, in the court’s view, was for the jury to calculate the “probable amount” the parties would have agreed upon absent the fraud, taking into account “all of the known or foreseeable facts and circumstances which in any way affected the value of the claim on the date of settlement[.]” Id. at 779. The amount received by the releasor in exchange for signing the release is then deducted, and the balance constitutes the “true measure of the damage suffered” inasmuch as “[t]he ultimate fact to be ascertained is the actual damage caused by the fraudulent representations and not the damage for the original injury.” Id.; see also Slotkin v. Citizens Cas. Co. of New York, 614 F.2d 301, 312-13 (2d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 981, 101 S.Ct. 395, 66 L.Ed.2d 243 (1980) (holding that, under New York law, the plaintiffs could recover as damages the “fair settlement value” less the sum they had received under the settlement; the true measure of damages was “the difference in settlement value before and after discovery of the fraud”); Dilley v. Farmers Ins. Group, 250 Or. 207, 441 P.2d 594, 595 (1968) (“if fraud had been committed, the measure of damages was the difference between the amount plaintiff received in settlement and that she would have received by way of settlement had the alleged false representations not been made”); Rochester Bridge Co. v. McNeill, 188 Ind. 432, 122 N.E. 662, 665 (1919) (same).

The plaintiffs, however, urge this court not to follow the aforementioned measurement of damages enunciated by the Ninth Circuit and other jurisdictions because such “limited” remedy (1) is “contrary to several significant policy concerns” expressed by this court in Matsuura I and (2) “clearly deviated from the goal of the available remedy—to restore them to their former positions they occupied but for DuPont’s deceit.” The plaintiffs’ contentions are without merit.

In support of their position that the limited remedy imposed by the circuit court is contrary to policy concerns, the plaintiffs rely upon this court’s pronouncement in Matsuura I that limiting liability for fraud is unfavored in light of the policy of encouraging settlements. 102 Hawai'i at 155-62, 73 P.3d at 693-700. Specifically, the Mat-suura I court was presented with the certified question whether, under Hawai'i law, a party is “immune from liability for civil damages based on that party’s misconduct, including fraud, engaged in during prior litigation proeeedings[.]” Id. at 154, 73 P.3d at 692. In answering negatively to the inquiry, we examined several policies underlying the litigation privilege, such as those promoting the candid, objective, and undistorted disclosure of evidence, avoiding the chilling effect resulting from the threat of subsequent litigation, encouraging settle*296ment, and discouraging abusive litigation practices. Id. We essentially determined that the policies associated with the litigation privilege doctrine do not favor limiting liability in a subsequent proceeding where there is an allegation of fraud committed in the prior proceeding. Id. at 155-62, 73 P.3d at 693-700. We, therefore, concluded that, “[u]nder Hawai'i law, a party is not immune from liability for civil damages based upon that party’s fraud engaged in during prior litigation proceedings.” Id. at 162, 73 P.3d at 700. The plaintiffs’ reliance upon the Matsuura I’s policy reasonings, however, is misplaced. The court in Matsuura I was not confronted with the issue concerning the method of measuring damages, but only whether a fraud action based on a party’s conduct in prior litigation proceedings exists in the first instance.

Furthermore, the plaintiffs’ argument that the limitation of their damages to the settlement differential is essentially contrary to the well-settled aim of compensation in deceit eases, i.e., “to put the plaintiff in the position he or she would have been had he or she not been defrauded[,]” Zanakis-Pico, 98 Hawai'i at 320, 47 P.3d at 1233 (citation and original brackets omitted), is unavailing. The plaintiffs argue that the appropriate remedy is to alluf» “the parties to determine what damages they claim and seek to prove under the particular' circumstances of the claim.” In other words, the plaintiffs appear to assert that the proper measurement of their damages, if the jury so determined, could be the “actual judgment value” of their product liability claims (less the amount they received pursuant to the settlement agreements).

In support of their position, the plaintiffs cite to Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. of Indiana v. Seal, 134 Ind.App. 269, 179 N.E.2d 760 (1962), Siegel v. Williams, 818 N.E.2d 510 (Ind.Ct.App.2004), and Edrei v. Copenhagen Handelsbank A/S, No. 90 Civ. 1860(CSH), 1992 WL 322027 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.29, 1992) (unreported). The plaintiffs partially quote from Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance that the proper evidence of damages involves “the nature and extent of the injuries known and forseeable [sic] a[t] the time of the settlement, under the particular circumstances of the parties then shown existing.” 179 N.E.2d at 764. The full quote, however, actually makes clear that the “nature and extent of injuries” are pertinent only for measuring the “compromise” value of the claim:

[T]he measure of damages must take into consideration the salable value of the right of action for the purpose of compromising, 'and the nature and extent of the injuries known and forseeable [sic] a[t] the time of the settlement, under the particular circumstances of the parties then shown existing.

Id. (emphases added). In fact, Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance, an Indiana appellate case, follows its supreme court’s Automobile Underwriters case, which held that, when a plaintiff affirms the settlement agreement, his damages are the “probable amount” the parties would have agreed upon absent the fraud, taking into account “all of the known or foreseeable facts and circumstances which in any way affected the value of the claim on the date of settlement[.]” Automobile Underwriters, 53 N.E.2d at 779.

Similarly, the plaintiffs rely upon Siegel to demonstrate that the parties in that case proffered an estimation of the potential jury verdict in the underlying claim as evidence of damages. 818 N.E.2d at 513-14. The Siegel court, however, was not presented with the issue as to what would be the proper measure of damages. Rather, the issues before the court concerned the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding of fraud and the weight of expert testimony. Id. at 515-17. However, Siegel is another Indiana appellate court case and, thus, followed Automobile Underwriters in allowing the plaintiff to recover the “probable” settlement amount, absent fraud.

The plaintiffs’ reliance on Edrei for the proposition that “[t]he case law is clear that[,] when a party is defrauded into releasing a claim against another party, the proper measure of damages is the value of the foregone claim,” 1992 WL 322027, at *4, is also misplaced. The Edrei court, in explaining what the “value of the foregone claim” means, quoted Slotkin for the proposition that the “true measure of damages was the *297difference between the settlement value before and after the discovery of the fraud[.]” Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Accordingly, the plaintiffs have failed to provide any authority that would convince us that the proper measure of damages should be, as they contend, extended to the actual judgment value of their product liability claims.10

Indeed, as previously indicated, the plaintiffs had made an unequivocal and knowledgeable election of remedies to affirm the settlement agreements and pursue an action for fraud. However, the plaintiffs apparently sought to recover damages based upon what they would have been able to recover in their product liability suits against DuPont.11 They cannot have it both ways, i.e., affirm an agreement not to sue for such product liability injuries and yet recover damages for those injuries. In other words, they cannot accept the settlement money, sign a release, affirm the release, keep the money, and then sue for the same damages. As DuPont asserts, the plaintiffs “are seeldng the rescission remedy that, by their election to affirm their settlement contracts and sue ... for fraud, is not available to them.” (Emphasis in original.) See Morse/Diesel, Inc. v. Fid. & Deposit Co. of Maryland, 768 F.Supp. 115, 117 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (stating the rule that a plaintiff cannot elect to pursue damages for fraud and rescission because “an award of damages for fraud affirms the contract” while “[rjescission vitiates the contract and places the parties in status quo prior to the transaction”) (citation omitted); Davis v. Hargett, 244 N.C. 157, 92 S.E.2d 782, 786 (1956) (holding that the plaintiff could not affirm the release and recover the difference between the value of his original claim and what he.received in settlement).

Here, the plaintiffs had foregone seeldng the actual judgment'value of their product liability claims via rescission of the settlement agreements and instead elected to affirm the agreements and seek damages in a fraud action, and, thus, their election precludes them from seeldng damages for the *298injuries sustained in the product liability actions. To conclude as the plaintiffs would have it would constitute an impermissible double recovery. If this court were to permit the plaintiffs to retain the benefits of the settlement agreements while seeking to recover the actual judgment value of their product liability claims, the plaintiffs would be in a better position than they would have been had the settlement negotiations been conducted in good faith. Such a result would be inconsistent with the aim of compensation in deceit cases, i.e., “to put the plaintiff in the position he would have been had he not been defrauded.” Ellis, 51 Haw. at 52, 451 P.2d at 820 (citation omitted).

Accordingly, we believe that the method enunciated by the DiSabatino court and followed by the Ninth Circuit in Living Designs is persuasive—namely, that the trier of fact determines “the probable amount of settlement in the absence of fraud after considering all known or foreseeable facts and circumstances affecting the value of the claim on the date of settlement[.]” DiSabatino, 635 F.Supp. at 355 (citation omitted). Stated differently, “[t]he critical consideration is the settlement value of the case on the date settlement was reached.” Living Designs, 431 F.3d at 368. Consequently, we hold that the circuit court did not err in concluding that the measure of damages for the plaintiffs’ fraud action is “the fair compromise value of the claim at the time of the settlement.”

Inasmuch as the plaintiffs submitted evidence in opposition to DuPont’s motion, we examine whether the circuit court properly determined that the evidence was insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish the plaintiffs’ damages. Preliminarily, however, we must first determine whether, in proving damages, i.e., the fair compromise value of the claim at the time of the settlement, attorney expert testimony was necessary in the first instance.

c. the requirement of attorney expert testimony

Liability for fraud, as for other torts, requires proof of duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages. Hong, 5 Haw.App. at 181, 683 P.2d at 840 (“[f]raud is a common-law tort”); Von Holt v. Izumo Taisha Kyo Mission of Hawaii, 42 Haw. 671, 722 (1958) (“Fraud in its generic sense, especially as the word is used in courts of equity, comprises all acts, omissions[,] and concealments involving a breach of legal or equitable duty and resulting in damage to another.” (Internal quotation marks and citation omitted.)), overruled on other grounds by State v. Pauline, 100 Hawai'i 356, 60 P.3d 306 (2002). Specifically, to establish a fraud claim based on a failure to disclose a material fact,

there must be (1) a representation of a material fact, (2) made for the purpose of inducing the other party to act, (3) known to be false but reasonably believed true by the other party, and (4) upon which the other party relies and acts to his or her damage.

Matsuura I, 102 Hawai'i at 162-63, 73 P.3d at 700-01 (citations and internal brackets omitted) (emphases added). However, DuPont’s motion for summary judgment was premised solely on the element of damages, i.e., the plaintiffs’ inability to prove damages. In light of the circuit court’s ruling, it must be assumed that the parties and the court presumed, for purposes of summary judgment, that DuPont breached its duty by disclosing certain material scientific data and information that it knew to be false, on which the plaintiffs reasonably relied and acted upon to their detriment. Thus, the inquiry on appeal is whether the plaintiffs have supplied the evidentiary showing of damages necessary to defeat summary judgment.

According to the circuit court, to carry their burden of proving damages, i.e., “the fair compromise value” of the product liability claims at the time of settlement, the plaintiffs “would need ... expert lawyer testimony directed to the numerous compromise factors, and how they would have applied to each [plaintiff’s case.” The plaintiffs, however, argue that:

It has never been the law in the State of Hawai'i that expert evidence is a mandatory element of a claimant’s case. Nor has it ever been required that such experts be of a particular occupation or persuasion; it is only necessary that they be appropriately *299“qualified” to render an opinion which assists the trier of fact in its deliberations. The [circuit [cjourt’s ruling violated both of these established tenets.

(Emphasis omitted.)

In retort, DuPont contends that determining the fair compromise value of a complex products liability case, taking into consideration all the facts and circumstances of a particular case at a particular point in time, is a complicated undertaking and something clearly beyond the ability of a lay jury. Obviously, a jury should not speculate in an area where it could not be expected to have sufficient knowledge or experience. And without proper expert testimony, a jury would be speculating because a jury simply does not have the knowledge or experience to determine the fair compromise value of a complex, products liability action.

The reason why expert testimony is required is because, unlike special and general damages in a typical tort action, fair compromise value is not based upon the judgment of a reasonably prudent person, but the judgment of a reasonably prudent attorney. Clearly, what a reasonable, knowledgeable and prudent attorney would do in a complex products liability case is beyond the experience of a lay jury.

(Emphasis in original.)

Hawaii Rules of Evidence (HRE) Rule 702 (1993) provides that:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise. In determining the issue of assistance to the trier of fact, the court may consider the trustworthiness and validity of the scientific technique or mode of analysis employed by the proffered expert.

Moreover, this court has declared that:

Where the subject matter is technical, scientific or medical and not of common observation or knowledge, expert testimony is allowed into evidence. Such testimony is to aid the jury in the determination of the issues involved and to provide a sufficient basis for the conclusion to be drawn by the jury rather than by conjecture and speculation. Expert testimony is not conclusive and like any testimony, the jury may accept or reject it.

Bachran v. MoHshige, 52 Haw. 61, 67, 469 P.2d 808, 812 (1970) (citations omitted); see also State v. Batangan, 71 Haw. 552, 556, 799 P.2d 48, 51 (1990) (“Expert testimony assists the trier of fact by providing a resource for ascertaining truth in relevant areas outside the ken of ordinary laity. Specialized knowledge which is the proper subject of expert testimony is knowledge not possessed by the average trier of fact who lacks the expert’s skill, experience, training, or education.” (Internal quotation marks and citations omitted.)).

It is well-settled that, in medical malpractice cases, which have been generally predicated on the negligent failure of a physician or surgeon to exercise the requisite degree of skill and care in treating or operating on a patient,

the question of negligence must be decided by reference to relevant medical standards of care for which the plaintiff carries the burden of proving through expert medical testimony. The standard of care to which a doctor has failed to adhere must be established by expert testimony because a jury generally lacks the requisite special knowledge, technical training, and background to be able to determine the applicable standard without the assistance of an expert.

Craft v. Peebles, 78 Hawai'i 287, 298, 893 P.2d 138, 149 (1995) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). As this court has stated,

[i]n the ordinary negligence case[,] the jury can determine whether there has been a breach of defendant’s duty to the plaintiff on the basis of their everyday experience, observations^] and judgment. The ordinary negligence case will not require expert opinion evidence to delineate acceptable from unacceptable standards of care. However, in the medical negligence case, lay jurors are ill prepared to evaluate *300complicated technical data for the purpose of determining whether professional conduct conformed to a reasonable standard of care and whether there is a causal relationship between the violation of a duty and an injury to the patient. Therefore, expert opinion evidence is generally required to aid the jury in its tasks.

Bernard v. Char, 79 Hawai'i 371, 377, 903 P.2d 676, 682 (App.1995) (citations, brackets, and emphasis omitted); see also Carr v. Strode, 79 Hawai'i 475, 486, 904 P.2d 489, 500 (1995) (in an informed consent claim, expert medical testimony is required to establish the materiality of the risk of harm that in fact occurs); Phillips v. Queen’s Med. Ctr., 1 Haw.App. 17, 18, 613 P.2d 365, 366 (1980) (in a case for wrongful death of the plaintiffs wife, expert medical testimony as to the cause of death was necessary to sustain case against defendant hospital and physicians). Clearly, a jury of lay persons generally lacks the knowledge to determine the factual issues of medical causation, the degree of skill, knowledge, and experience required of the physician, and the breach of the medical standard of care.

Unlike medical malpractice eases, cases involving actions against attorneys “have rarely involved questions of the necessity and admissibility of expert testimony, probably because in such cases the court itself sits as an expert on the subject.” Collins v. Greenstein, 61 Haw. 26, 39 n. 8, 595 P.2d 275, 283 n. 8 (1979) (citation omitted). This court, however, recognized that:

More attention will probably be given in the future to the need for expert evidence. In many types of situations such as letting the statute of limitations run before a suit is filed, no testimony of lawyer is needed. When the problem is one of interpretation of law, there is more likely to be a resort to expert evidence to explain the matter to the jury.

Id. 40 n. 9, 595 P.2d at 283 n. 9 (emphasis added). Although this case does not involve an attorney malpractice suit, the stated principle in Collins that an issue concerning the interpretation of law requires expert assistance is applicable here. In our view, the determination of the fair value of what the plaintiffs would have received had there been no fraudulent conduct at the time of settlement entails guidance from legal experts.

Indeed, parties settle to avoid a trial on the merits because of the uncertainty of the outcome and the high costs of litigation. Gossinger v. Ass’n of Apartment Owners of Regency of Ala Wai, 73 Haw. 412, 424, 835 P.2d 627, 633 (1992) (noting that public policy “favors the finality of negotiated settlements that avoid the costs and uncertainties of protracted litigation”) (citation omitted). In every settlement, the agreed upon amount undoubtedly is not the “best case scenario”., for either side, but rather is a compromise of their respective positions to avoid the multiple risks of trial where they might face their “worse case scenario.” Naturally, the compromise range of a claim will be different at different points in time based- upon what is known, or reasonably foreseeable, at the time of the compromise, including the state of the law. In this respect, there are many variables that experienced lawyers routinely consider in weighing the potential risks and rewards inherent in going forward with litigation against the certainty of a compromise solution. This court has enumerated some of these factors in determining whether a settlement was made in good faith, such as:

(1) the type of case and difficulty of proof at trial, e.g., rear-end motor vehicle collision, medical malpractice, product liability, etc.; (2) the realistic approximation of total damages that the plaintiff seeks; (3) the strength of the plaintiffs claim and the realistic likelihood of his or her success at trial; (4) the predicted expense of litigation; (5) the relative degree of fault of the settling tortfeasors; (6) the amount of consideration paid to settle the claims; (7) the insurance policy limits and solvency of the joint tortfeasors; (8) the relationship among the parties and whether it is conducive to collusion or wrongful conduct; and (9) any other evidence that the settlement is aimed at injuring the interests of a non-settling tortfeasor or motivated by other wrongful purpose.

Troyer v. Adams, 102 Hawai'i 399, 427, 77 P.3d 83, 111 (2003). In other words, whether the fair settlement value would have been *301greater than the actual settlement itself is a matter that would be nearly impossible for a lay person to determine without guidance from expert legal testimony. Moreover, the fact that the settlement was less than the potential recovery in the underlying product liability cases does not mean that the plaintiffs suffered damages as a result of fraud. Rather, the fraud damage claim would be the difference between the fair settlement value absent fraud and the amount of the plaintiffs’ actual settlement. As one court indicated:

The fact that a proposed settlement may only amount to a fraction of the potential recovery does not, in and of itself, mean that the proposed settlement is grossly inadequate and should be disapproved. In fact[,] there is no reason, at least in theory, why a satisfactory settlement could not amount to a hundredth or even a thousandth part of a single percent of the potential recovery:

In re Warner Commc’ns Sec. Litig., 618 F.Supp. 735, 745 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (quoting City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp., 495 F.2d 448, 455 n. 2 (2d Cir.1974)) (ellipsis and other citations omitted).

For these same reasons, the question whether DuPont’s fraudulent misrepresentation caused damage to the plaintiffs in this case by preventing them from receiving the “fair compromise value” of their claims is one upon which the trier of fact must be guided by expert legal testimony. Accordingly, we hold that the circuit court did not eir in concluding that “expert lawyer testimony directed to the numerous compromise factors, and how they would have applied to each [p]laintiff s case” is required.

d. the plaintiffs’ failure to meet their burden of proof as a matter of laiv

We next address whether the plaintiffs produced sufficient evidence—in the form of expert testimony—to defeat summary judgment. Preliminary, we recite the well-settled legal principles governing motions for summary judgment—specifically, that

[a] summary judgment motion challenges the very existence or legal sufficiency of the claim or defense to which it is ad-In effect, the moving party takes the position that he or she is entitled to prevail because his or her opponent has no valid claim for relief or defense to the action. Accordingly, the moving party has the initial burden of identifying those portions of the record demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The moving party may discharge his or her burden by demonstrating thatf ] if the case went to trialfj there would be no competent evidence to support a judgment for his or her opponent. Cf. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 ... (1986) (a party moving for summary judgment under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 56 need not support his or her motion with affidavits or similar materials that negate his or her opponent’s claims, but need only point out that there is [an] absence of evidence to support the opponent’s claims). For if no evidence could be mustered to sustain the nonmoving party’s position, a trial would be useless. dressed.

When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported,

an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his or her pleading, but his or her response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in HRCP Rule 56, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue far trial. If he or she does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against him or her.

HRCP Rule 56(e) (1998) (emphasis added). In other words, a party opposing a motion for summary judgment cannot discharge his or her burden by alleging conclusions, nor is he or she entitled to a trial on the basis of a hope that he can produce some evidence at that time. On motion for summary judgment, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.

Young v. Planning Comm’n of the County of Kauai, 89 Hawai'i 400, 407, 974 P.2d 40, 47 (1999) (internal quotation marks, citation, and original brackets omitted) (emphases added). Moreover, “[t]he evidentiary stan*302dard required of a moving party in meeting its burden on a summary judgment motion depends on whether the moving party will have the burden of proof on the issue at trial.” Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB v. Russell, 99 Hawai'i 173, 182, 53 P.3d 312, 321 (App.2002) (citation omitted). Where the moving party is the defendant, who does not bear the ultimate burden of proof at trial, summary judgment is proper when the non-moving party-plaintiff

fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be no genuine issue as to any material fact, since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. The moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof.

Hall v. State, 7 Haw.App. 274, 284, 756 P.2d 1048, 1055 (1988) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Bearing the foregoing principles in mind, we now turn to the issue at hand, i.e., whether the plaintiffs’ expert reports are “legal[ly] suffieien[t]” to sustain their claims against DuPont such that, “if the case went to trial[,] there would be ... competent evidence to support a judgment” in them favor. Young, 89 Hawai'i at 407, 974 P.2d at 47 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In this case, the plaintiffs proffered reports of their economic expert and attorney experts as evidence of damages. As indicated above, one factor among many relevant factors in determining the fair compromise value of a particular claim on the date of settlement is the validity—or lack thereof— of the plaintiffs’ claim for damages at the time of trial: “The nature of the injuries in the foregone tort action are relevant only to the extent of how they would affect the value of the claim to be compromised[.]” DiSaba-tino, 635 F.Supp. at 355. Indeed, such factor requires the application of economic principles to ascertain the reasonably certain future income/profits of the plaintiffs in a particular market, and, thus, economic experts would likely be necessary to aid the jury in determining the underlying tort damages at least in the context of how those economic damages affect the settlement value, if at all.

The plaintiffs’ economic expert reports (prepared by David J. Weiner of Valvoulis and Weiner) revealed that McCully sustained damages in the sum of $11,847,889.00, Will-man in the sum of $3,278,202.00, Isa in the sum of $967,222.00, and the Takas in the sum of $649,871.00. Weiner calculated the total value of each plaintiffs underlying product liability claim, beginning with the alleged first day of Benlate loss through June 2005— ten years after their settlements. However, the submission of the economic reports does not negate the fact that the plaintiffs are also required to adduce evidence—via attorney expert testimony—as to the factors that must be considered when determining the fair compromise value for each of the plaintiffs’ cases. In that regard, the plaintiffs presented reports from five attorneys, designated as experts, four of whom had litigated the underlying product liability actions. They were: (1) Wayne D. Parsons, who along with Kevin A. Malone12 (a Florida attorney) represented Isa and the Takas; (2) J. Richard Peterson, who represented Willman; (3) Judith Pavey, who negotiated Willman’s settlement; (4) George W. Playdon, Jr., who represented McCully; and (5) Jeffrey S. Portnoy, the only designated expert not involved in the underlying product liability cases.

According to the circuit court, however, the aforementioned attorney expert reports, as discussed more fully infra, were insufficient as a matter of law to establish the plaintiffs’ damages. Specifically, the circuit court ruled that:

[The plaintiffs have not submitted the expert testimony required to sustain their burden of proof on the proper measure of damages in their cases. The deadlines for *303[the plaintiffs to submit their final expert reports and amend their pleadings were October 15, 2004, and December 14, 2004, respectively. This court previously made clear that expert reports were to be final and that the experts would not be allowed to testily on matters beyond their respective reports in its Order Related to Trial Procedures, filed May 6, 2004. [The p]laintiffs are therefore unable to prove the fact or amount of settlement fraud damages as a matter of law, and summary judgment is granted on all remaining claims herein.

(Emphasis omitted.) The plaintiffs, however, contend that the circuit court “ignored the numerous expert attorney [declarations which [the plaintiffs did, in fact, submit to substantiate their damages.” The plaintiffs argue that their legal experts “averred that the valuation of [the plaintiffs’ cases would have been substantially higher had the truth of DuPont’s duplicity been known.” Conversely, DuPont maintains that the plaintiffs

cannot establish [ jeither the fact [ ]or the amount of damage. [The plaintiffs] cannot meet this burden for a variety of reasons, the pertinent one here being that they simply cannot prove the correct measure of fraud damage based upon the way they have positioned this case. They have no expert testimony to provide assistance to the jury on how to evaluate [the] fair compromise value of each [of the plaintiffs’] claims, what the pertinent settlement factors would be and how they would be applied in this case, nor what methodologies could be used to determine what those amounts should be.

(Emphasis omitted.)

As previously stated, although the determination of damages is an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact, damages must be based on evidence that shows loss with reasonable certainty and eliminates speculation. Chung, 62 Haw. at 605, 618 P.2d at 291 (“[T]he rule that uncertainty as to the amount does not necessarily prevent recovery is not to be interpreted as requiring no proof of the amount of damage. The extent of plaintiffs loss must be shown with reasonable certainty and that excludes any showing or conclusion founded upon mere speculation or guess.” (Citation omitted.)).

Parsons’ report described the documents that were not properly produced during discovery in the product liability cases by DuPont and contended that these documents “would have proven or tended to prove that Benlate caused the damages and losses to crops suffered by [his] clients.” Parsons, therefore, concluded that the concealed documents would have “increased the strength of the liability cases for [the plaintiffs” and the plaintiffs “would have been in a stronger position regarding settlement.” Parsons further concluded that:

The decision of whether to settle the case for the amount offered by DuPont to an individual client, or to take the case to trial before a jury is ultimately the decision of the client. In the Hawai'i [product liability] case that I handled, additional evidence supporting the proposition that Ben-late could cause damage to my client’s crops would have reduced the risk of going to trial. The client would have been informed about the risk of going to trial in terms of the strength of the [plaintiffs’ liability claims as well as the strength of the clients’ damages claims. If the client rejected their settlement offer, we woidd have been prepared to take the claim before a jury, in any event, and knowing the [concealed documents] would have made the plaintiffs’ case stronger when taking an individual case to trial if the client rejected DuPont’s settlement offer.

(Emphases added.)

Peterson’s report opined that, had he and his client, Willman, had the concealed information, “it most definitely would have a substantial difference in [their] analysis of liability/causation in the case against DuPont. The information, taken as a whole, would have greatly strengthened Mr. Willman’s claim that Benlate was defective and the cause of his crop damage and loss.” Peterson believed that had

Willman known in September 199f all the informationf] he would have rejected DuPont’s settlement amount paid to him and gone to trial. The information is strong and persuasive that Benlate was defec*304tive[.] ... Willman’s case would have been substantially stronger[.]

(Emphases added.)

Pave/s report averred that:

It has been 10 years since we settled those cases, but I recall [that] we discussed and applied the same range of probability of winning on negligence/produet defect to all of the cases.

Our liability assessment was made on the basis of the evidence which had been produced by DuPont, evidence developed by us as of the time of settlement and, to some extent, on prior trial and settlement outcomes. It is clear’ to me that DuPont fraudulently withheld significant evidence from us and even more from plaintiffs who tried or settled their cases prior to the time our clients settled.

It is my opinion that had DuPont not fraudulently withheld the evidence in the cases which were tried prior to our settlement, DuPont would probably have lost all of those cases on the issues of negligence and product defect. I know for a fact that some of the cases that settled prior to our cases would have either been settled for substantially higher sums or gone to trial had DuPont refused to pay a fair settlement[.]

We represented many clients, some of whom had a lengthy track record of being successful nurserymen and farmers, other who did not. There were individual causation and damages issues that also figured into our settlement evaluations. However, I can say without hesitation that had the previous trials all resulted in finding against DuPont on negligence and product defect, my evaluations of our client’s claims woidd have been higher because, typically, it is true that the stronger the liability case, the more value both sides assign to any damages claim.

(Emphases added.) Playdon also stated that, in his opinion, “the concealment and/or misrepresentation of factual information by DuPont impaired [his] ability to fairly evaluate the status of [his] client’s [product liability] litigation.” He asserted that the information would have made a “substantial difference” in his analysis regarding “the strength of the liability/causation cases” against DuPont. Playdon concluded that, if the information had been properly disclosed, he “would not have recommended [his] client settle his claim for the amount DuPont offered during negotiations” because,

[i]n [his] opinion, the value of [his] client’s economic losses greatly exceeded the value of the settlement which was negotiated. In [his] opinion, assuming timely and appropriate access to all of the information^] and further assuming that ... DuPont would not and did not offer any settlement consideration greater than that which was in fact paid to settle [his] client’s underlying Benlate litigation claim, [he] would have taken the claims before a jury.

(Emphases added.)

Lastly, the plaintiffs indicated in their answers to DuPont’s June 4, 2004 interrogatories that “Portnoy’s opinion will not be based on any particular documents of [the plaintiffs] relating to the prior Benlate product litigation, but will be based on [the] general litigation experience of Mr. Portnoy.” Consequently, in his report, Portnoy explained the general litigation and settlement practices and concluded that “had [he] been representing these claimants, the settlement value of the cases would have been dramatically impacted had the wrongfully withheld information been available” and “would have significantly increased.”13 In sum, the plaintiffs’ experts offered essentially two opinions, to wit, that, if the plaintiffs and/or their attorneys had known about the concealed evidence, (1) they would not have settled and would have proceeded to trial and (2) the *305valuation of the plaintiffs’ cases would have been “substantially higher.”

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, as the nonmoving party, Lau v. Baiitista, 61 Haw. 144, 147, 598 P.2d 161, 163 (1979), we agree with the circuit court’s implicit ruling that the plaintiffs have not demonstrated the existence of a genuine issue of material fact as to damages to defeat summary judgment. As indicated above, the plaintiffs’ attorney experts merely presented conclusory opinions that would do little to assist a jury. Of crucial importance is the fact that none of the attorney experts provide any opinion testimony as to what specific settlement factors were or should be considered in settling each of the plaintiffs’ underlying product liability cases and the evaluation of how those factors would have been altered had they known about the concealed evidence. Although the plaintiffs have filed them claims jointly, they each have separate claims against DuPont, and each of them claims must be individually established. The experts did not explain how DuPont’s conduct affected the plaintiffs’ evaluation such that they would have settled for more, what each plaintiff claimed as his damages in the product liability cases at the time he settled and what he recovered, and how the settlement factors would apply to each plaintiff’s case. It is not sufficient for an expert to simply state that he or she believed that, had the concealed evidence been known, the settlement value would have been greater because the existence of the concealed evidence strengthened the liability aspect of the litigation. See Acoba v. Gen. Tire, Inc., 92 Hawai'i 1, 14, 986 P.2d 288, 301 (1999) (“Although expert testimony may be more inferential than that of fact witnesses, in order to defeat'a motion for summary judgment[,] an expert opinion must be more than a concluso-ry assertion about ultimate legal issues.” (Internal quotation marks and citation omitted.)); see, e.g., Zelinski v. Brunswick Corp., 185 F.3d 1311, 1317 (Fed.Cir.1999) (ruling that the federal district court properly characterized patent attorney expert’s statement as conclusory because the statement was an assertion without further explanation); Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Huntsman Polymers Corp., 157 F.3d 866, 876 (Fed.Cir.1998) (reasoning that conclusory expert declarations devoid of facts upon which the conclusions were reached fail to raise a genuine issue of material fact to resist summary judgment); Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235-36 (Tex. 1999) (holding that the attorney expert affidavit stating that he considered the relevant facts and concluded that the settlements were fair and reasonable was conclusory because he did “not explain why the settlements were fair and reasonable for each of the [plaintiffs]”) (emphasis added); Griswold v. Kilpatrick, 107 WashApp. 757, 27 P.3d 246, 248-49 (2001) (the plaintiff’s expert testimony that, but for the delay in prosecuting the case, the claim would have settled for a larger sum was speculative and conclusory and therefore insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact in a legal malpractice ease). The unsubstantiated conclusions of the plaintiffs’ experts are insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment.14 The circuit *306court properly concluded that the plaintiffs are “unable to prove the fact or amount of settlement fraud damages as a matter of law.” Accordingly, we hold that the circuit court was correct in granting summary judgment in favor of DuPont.15

e. the plaintiffs’ alternative argument

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the plaintiffs maintain that:

At the time [they] responded to DuPont’s discovery, and submitted their final expert reports for trial,[16] they believed (and still believe) that Hawai'i law allowed for recovery of the losses they sustained “naturally” and “proximately” from DuPont’s misrepresentations, without limitation. Their trial preparation reflected this expectation of the availability of general damages for fraud.

*307... [T]he possibility of the [circuit [e]ourt imposing a limited “settlement fraud” remedy was unknown to the parties and was not foreseeable under Hawaii law at the time [the pjlaintiffs obtained their reports, and answered diseovery[.]

Consequently, the plaintiffs request that, “[sjhould this [cjourt ultimately adopt the settlement differential as the prevailing measure of damages,” i.e., the fair compromise value absent the fraud, they should “be given the opportunity (on remand) to make an appropriate record for such purpose.” Stated differently, the plaintiffs believe that, because it was “unknown” and “not foreseeable” that the circuit court would adopt the fair compromise value as the measure of damages in settlement fraud actions, their case should be remanded to allow their legal experts an opportunity to present their opinions regarding the fair compromise value of the case absent the fraud.

In the instant ease, DuPont fried a motion for summary judgment, asserting that the plaintiffs’ damages were limited to the “fair compromise value” of their released tort claims at the time of settlement. In opposition thereto, the plaintiffs maintained—as they had up to the time DuPont filed the subject motion for summary judgment—that their damages should not be so restricted and should be extended to the judgment value of their released claims. In giving the benefit of the doubt to the plaintiffs, we presume that DuPont’s theory of damages was either first raised, or only became clear, upon the filing of its motion for summary judgment. Therefore, it can hardly be said, as the plaintiffs contend, that it was “not foreseeable” for the circuit court to conclude that the measure of damages would be the fair compromise value, especially in light of the arguments advanced by DuPont in its motion for summary judgment.17 Clearly, this is not a case where the circuit court sua sponte rendered an outcome that could not have been expected by the parties.

More importantly, the opportunity the plaintiffs now seek, i.e., to allow their experts the opportunity to opine regarding the fair compromise value of the case absent the fraud, was available to them, via HRCP Rule 56(f) (2007), at the time the circuit court was considering DuPont’s motion for summary judgment. HRCP Rule 56(f) states that:

Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just.

(Emphases added.) Rule 56(f)—like its federal counterpart, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) Rule 56(f),—provides a mechanism for litigants to seek a continuance or avoid summary judgment when they “need[ ] to discover essential facts” to justify their opposition. Hall v. State of Hawai'i, 791 F.2d 759, 761 (9th Cir.1986) (stating that FRCP Rule 56(f) empowers the court to continue or deny a motion for summary judgment “if the opposing party needs to discover essential facts” to justify the opposition) (citation omitted); see also Stallard v. Consol. Maui, Inc., 103 Hawai'i 468, 475, 83 P.3d 731, 738 (2004) (“As the [FRCP] are substantially similar to the HRCP, we look to federal case law for guidance.”). The purpose of Rule 56(f) is “to provide an additional safeguard against an improvident or premature grant of summary judgment.” Price v. Gen. Motors *308Corp., 931 F.2d 162, 164 (1st Cir.1991) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover,

[t]he rule should be applied with a spirit of liberality. Although discovery need not be complete before a case is dismissed, summary judgment is proper only if the non-movant has had adequate time for discovery. To this end, Rule 56(f) allows a party to request a delay in granting summary judgment if the party can make a good faith showing that postponement of the ruling would enable it to discover additional evidence which might rebut the movant’s showing of the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The party is required to show what specific facts further discovery might unveil.

McCabe v. Macaulay, 450 F.Supp.2d 928, 933 (N.D.Iowa 2006) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks, citations, original brackets omitted) (format altered); Acoba v. General Tire, Inc., 92 Hawai'i 1, 11-12, 986 P.2d 288, 298-99 (1999) (an HRCP Rule 56(f) affidavit must provide valid reasons why a continuance is necessary and demonstrate specifically how postponement would enable rebuttal); Josue v. Isuzu Motors Am., Inc., 87 Hawai'i 413, 416, 958 P.2d 535, 538 (1998) (same). In sum, the circuit court has the discretion to “deny the motion for summary judgment, order a continuance for additional discovery or make ‘such other order as is just.’ ” Jensen v. Redevelopment Agency of Sandy City, 998 F.2d 1550, 1554 (10th Cir.1993) (footnote omitted); see also Josué, 87 Hawai'i at 416, 958 P.2d at 538 (“A [circuit] court’s decision to deny a request for continuance pursuant to HRCP Rule 56(f) will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.” (Citation omitted.)).

Here, rather than request a continuance of the hearing “to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or ... [to seek] such other order as is just,” HRCP Rule 56(f), the plaintiffs continued to assert their contrary position on damages, disregarding DuPont’s position and the fact that the circuit court might be persuaded to adopt DuPont’s view of the measure of damages. Having failed to request a Rule 56(f) continuance, the plaintiffs cannot now complain that the circuit court—-based on the submissions by the plaintiffs—granted summary judgment in favor of DuPont.18 Weinberg v. Whatcom County, 241 F.3d 746, 751 (9th Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks, citation, and original brackets omitted) (interpreting FRCP Rule 56(f) and holding that the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants when the plaintiff “never moved the court under Rule 56(f) for additional time to obtain expert testimony necessary to substantiate his allegations of damages”); see also Pasternak v. Lear Petroleum Exploration, Inc., 790 F.2d 828, 832-33 (10th Cir.1986) (“where a party opposing summary judgment and seeking a *309continuance pending completion of discovery fails to take advantage of the shelter provided by Rule 56(f) ..there is no abuse of discretion in granting summary judgment”).19

To permit the plaintiffs to now establish another record relating to the proof of damages, after unsuccessfully maintaining their position and failing to take advantage of the Rule 56(f) remedy available to them, would entitle them to two bites of the apple.20 Daiichi Hawai'i Real Estate Carp. v. Lichter, 103 Hawai'i 325, 348, 82 P.3d 411, 434 (2003) (in an action seeking to vacate the arbitration decision, this court stated that it “cannot accept that parties have a right to keep two strings to their bow—to seek victory before the tribunal and then, having lost, seek to overturn it for bias never before claimed”). Accordingly, in our view, the plaintiffs waived their opportunity to secure further opinions from their experts to submit to the circuit court and cannot now raise it on appeal. See generally Chung v. McCabe Hamilton & Renny Co., 109 Hawai'i 520, 537, 128 P.3d 833, 850 (2006) (“the failure to properly raise an issue at the [circuit] level precludes a party from raising that issue on appeal”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Avila v. Travelers Ins. Co., 651 F.2d 658, 660 (9th Cir.1981) (stating that “[a] contention by an opposing party that he had insufficient time in which to present specific facts in opposition to the motion [for summary judgment] normally cannot be successfully raised for the first time on appeal”) (citation omitted).21

*3102. The Plaintiffs’ Remaining Contention

The plaintiffs also challenge the circuit court’s order granting DuPont’s motion for summary judgment based on the test results conducted by Alta Analytical Laboratories, Inc. (Alta).22 They contend, inter alia, that the circuit court erred in concluding that the Alta test results were “not material” to the plaintiffs when they settled their eases and subsequently dismissed them. However, in light of the foregoing conclusion that the plaintiffs have not presented sufficient evidence on damages to defeat summary judgment, we need not address the instant issue.

B. DuPont’s Cross-Appeal

On cross-appeal, DuPont raises an additional basis to affirm the circuit court’s judgment. Specifically, DuPont challenges that part of the circuit court’s order denying its first motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’ fraud claims, contending that the circuit court erred in failing to dismiss the fraud claims. However, based on the above discussion, we need not reach DuPont’s cross-appeal inasmuch as it is essentially moot. Indeed, as DuPont maintains, its cross-appeal was “filed only in the event this court reverses the [circuit court’s] dismissal of the entire case.”

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the circuit court’s August 10, 2005 judgment.