State Of Washington v. Nathaniel Shane Clark

¶1 A jury convicted Nathaniel Shane Clark as an accomplice of attempted robbery in the first degree of the Union Bank in Kirkland and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank in Bellevue. The jury also convicted Clark of attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle and felony hit and run. Clark contends the evidence does not support the jury finding that the principal had the intent to commit attempted robbery in the first degree or threatened the use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to commit robbery in the first degree. Clark also asserts the court improperly instructed the jury on the evidence of prior convictions and prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument denied him a fair trial. In a supplemental assignment of error, Clark relies on a recent Division Two decision, State v. Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. 305, 348 P.3d 759 (2014), review granted, 183 Wn.2d 1001, 349 P.3d 856 (2015), to argue there is insufficient evidence of accomplice liability. We hold sufficient evidence supports the jury conviction of attempted robbery in the first degree and robbery in the first degree, Clark was not denied his right to a fair trial, we disagree with the decision in Farnsworth, and affirm.

FACTS

¶2 In February 2012, Nathaniel Shane Clark and John Kelly Reynolds were incarcerated at the Snohomish County Jail. Clark was serving time for a probation violation. Reynolds was charged with felony possession of a firearm with bail set at $35,000. Reynolds told inmates that if anyone could post bail and “help me get out of jail I’ll pay ’em back by going in and walking in a bank and robbing it.”

*740 ¶3 Clark obtained a bail bond for Reynolds after he was released in early February. Clark said he paid only $500 instead of $3,500 to post the bail bond.

Well, I, you know, I paid 500 bucks for a $35,000 bail which is ridiculously cheap, you know. Usually, it’s 10 percent of the bail, 3,500 bucks, you know. And I only paid 500 bucks and a signature. You know, I didn’t put up any collateral or anything like that because Brandon [of Brandon’s Bail Bonds] is a friend of mine. So, uh, you know, I, I figured that wasn’t too big of a risk.

¶4 Reynolds was released on the bond on February 8. Reynolds believed Clark had paid $3,500 to post the bond. Reynolds assured Clark he would pay him back. Clark loaned Reynolds money to pay for a motel room in Everett.

¶5 On February 9, Clark and Reynolds went to the T-Mobile Store in Everett. Reynolds stole a display cell phone, “shot out of there,” and returned to the car. Clark and Reynolds then drove to an apartment complex in Everett. While Clark visited a friend, Reynolds left and walked down the street to a Banner Bank.

¶6 Reynolds entered the Banner Bank in Everett wearing a black beanie “with a bill,” sunglasses, a black jacket, black pants, and a “face covering.” Reynolds handed the bank teller a note that read: “Put the money in the bag. No dye packs or transmitter.” The bank teller handed over approximately $1,500 or $1,600. Later that evening, Reynolds gave Clark approximately $1,200.

¶7 In the late afternoon of February 10, Clark drove Reynolds to a Banner Bank in Kirkland. Instead of parking in one of the open spaces designated for bank customers, Clark parked his black Chevrolet TrailBlazer across the street near “an abandoned building.” Clark waited in the car with the engine running.

¶8 Reynolds testified that he intended to rob the Banner Bank because “Banner Banks are . . . smaller banks and they normally have two to three women in them. And a *741 woman is more not to come after a man versus a man trying to be the hero.” But after he noticed a male employee inside the bank, Reynolds decided to go to another small bank across the street, the Union Bank.

Q So when you went to Kirkland, what bank did you intend to go into?

A The Banner Bank.

Q And is Banner Bank near another bank?

A Yeah, it’s across the street from Union Bank.

Q Did you attempt to go in the Banner Bank or go in it?

A Yeah, I walked up to the front door and seen a man standing at the podium and turned around and walked across the street.

Q And why did you do that?

A Banner Banks are smaller versions — they’re smaller banks and they normally have two to three women in them. And a woman is more not to come after a man versus a man trying to be the hero.

¶9 Reynolds entered the Union Bank at approximately 4:48 p.m. Reynolds was wearing sunglasses with the black beanie pulled down on his forehead and a partial face mask, a black jacket, black pants, black gloves, and black shoes. Reynolds was carrying a black “folded up” bag. Reynolds wore a Bluetooth device in his ear that was connected to a cell phone.

¶10 There was only one teller available. The teller was assisting a bank customer. Reynolds was next in line. Union Bank employee Btissam Saddi was working with an elderly couple at her desk. Saddi was immediately concerned “something was going to happen” because of “ [t] he way [Reynolds] was dressed up ... all black and he has sunglasses and I can see the teller ... was kind of frightened too. The look. It was just the whole atmosphere” and that he looked “anxious.” Saddi was frightened and alerted other bank employees that Reynolds was going to rob the bank.

*742 ¶11 Customer service manager Holly Jacobson approached Reynolds and offered to help him at a separate desk. Jacobson said she “didn’t want [Reynolds] to get to the teller ... [b]ecause I believed he was going to rob the bank.” Reynolds told Jacobson to “go to [her] teller station.” Jacobson “assured [Reynolds] that I could take his deposit at the desk on the platform.” Reynolds raised his voice and repeated, “[G]o to your teller station.” When Jacobson walked over to the platform desk, Reynolds “raised his voice quite a bit and motioned to the last teller station . . . and said go to your teller station.” Jacobson did not go to the teller station. The customer Saddi was working with started “shaking and crying” and said, “I don’t want to die.” Reynolds left the bank. Jacobson called 911.

¶12 Steve McDivitt and Rusty Cahall were standing in the parking lot in front of Union Bank, and a woman was walking her dog on the sidewalk. McDivitt testified Reynolds “jumped over the dog and then jumped over the shrubbery” and “headed across [the street] to the parking lot.”

¶13 Cahall testified that Reynolds “flew out the door, jumped over the dog,” crossed the street, and then “really stepped up the pace” to a “full blown run” toward the dark-colored Chevrolet TrailBlazer parked across the street. Cahall said Reynolds “slamfmed]” the door of the TrailBlazer and the car “peeled out” and drove away “in a hurry” with the “tires squealing.” Cahall testified there was no “delay between the time [Reynolds] ran into the car and the time that the car drove away . . . , it was quick as he could get in [the car] and gone.”

¶14 Clark drove Reynolds to a Banner Bank in Bellevue. Although there were a number of open parking spaces in front of the bank, Clark parked down the street.

¶15 Reynolds walked into the Banner Bank at approximately 5:58 p.m. Reynolds was wearing a white shirt, black pants, black shoes, the black beanie hat, a black partial face mask, and black gloves, and was carrying a black bag. Reynolds wore a Bluetooth connected to a cell phone.

*743 ¶16 Bank employee Brenda Curtis was sitting at her desk in the lobby. When Reynolds entered the bank, Curtis immediately pushed the silent alarm button and “watched [Reynolds] to try to get the best description that I could ... [b]ecause it appeared that he was going to rob the bank.”

¶17 Tellers Jillian Clark and Jasmine Howell were at adjacent teller stations. When Jillian 1 saw Reynolds enter the bank, she told Howell, “[0]h, my God, we’re getting robbed.” Jillian “immediately started shaking,” and she and Howell pushed the silent alarm. Jillian testified, “I didn’t know what to do. The first thing I did I saw [Howell] reach for her security button and so I did the same thing.”

¶18 Customer service manager Nicolene Buchanan was standing behind the teller stations. As Reynolds walked toward the tellers, Buchanan pressed a silent alarm. Buchanan said she “kn[e]w right away [Reynolds] was a robber based on his physical appearance.”

¶19 Reynolds loudly told Buchanan to not push any alarm buttons. Buchanan asked him to take off his mask. Reynolds “looked at her” and said, “[D]on’t push that button.” Reynolds repeated, “Don’t press any buttons.”

¶20 Curtis testified it was “very clear” Reynolds was “trying to rob the bank.” Curtis testified, in pertinent part:

Well, it’s — it’s a little scary because they’re addressing you to not do something that you’re supposed to do. It’s very clear that they’re trying to rob the bank and they don’t want the police there, they don’t want you to set off alarms. So it’s scary because you don’t know at that point how far it could go.

Meanwhile, branch manager Sean Haugh dialed 911 from his office.

I saw what was happening and I was watching the entire time, but I actually had lifted my hand set [sic] up and I called 911. *744 And so I didn’t pick up the handset to talk to them because that’s very — with what’s going on, but I had it on 911 and my phone was low and I just let it sit there.

¶21 Reynolds walked to Jillian’s teller station and handed her a note written with a Sharpie marker in thick black ink. The note read: “Put the money in the bag. No dye packs or transmitter.” Jillian said she “was very scared, I was shaking. I could hardly open my [drawer] or do anything.” Jillian “fumbled with [her] keys” to open the teller drawer and handed Reynolds some but not all of the money in the drawer. Jillian testified, in pertinent part:

I fumbled with my keys and was able to get my drawer open and gave him part of what was in my drawer. I don’t really know what was going through my head. I think the main thing was to try and minimize the loss to the bank and also just kind of nerves so I only gave him part of . . . the money in my drawer. ... I had given him only the 20s, 10s, 5s, and Is thinking that he would just not really realize I hadn’t given him the 100s and 50s and that he would just leave.

Reynolds demanded Jillian hand over “the 100s and 50s.” Jillian complied with his demand. Reynolds left the bank with approximately $900 in cash.

¶22 Police vehicles pursued the Chevrolet TrailBlazer in “very heavy” rush hour traffic. Several police vehicles activated patrol car emergency lights and sirens. Clark did not stop. At an entrance ramp to State Route 520, Clark accelerated and drove through the middle of two on-ramp lanes. The TrailBlazer collided with a number of vehicles including a silver Volkswagen hatchback. Bellevue Police Officer Scott Montgomery was “right behind” the TrailBlazer. Officer Montgomery estimated Clark was traveling at more than 50 m.p.h. After hitting the Volkswagen, Clark lost control of the TrailBlazer, crashed into a concrete barrier, and rotated into oncoming traffic before coming to a stop. Police officers arrested Clark and Reynolds.

¶23 Bellevue Police Detective Vittorio Mangione interviewed Reynolds at the hospital. After Detective Mangione *745 read Reynolds his Miranda 2 rights, Reynolds agreed to talk to the detective. The interview was brief. Reynolds did not say much about what had happened or implicate Clark.

¶24 Detective Mangione and two FBI 3 agents then interviewed Clark at the police station. Clark agreed to record the interview. Clark said he had met Reynolds “for the first time ever” a few days before in the Snohomish County Jail. Clark admitted paying $500 to obtain a bail bond for Reynolds and driving Reynolds to the T-Mobile Store in Everett on February 9. Clark said Reynolds stole a cell phone at the T-Mobile retail store. “I watched him do it.... I watched him pop the fuckin’ phone [,] pop like the back off the phone. . . . And I seen him do that and walk right out.” Clark also said Reynolds got together with his girlfriend after his release from jail in violation of a no-contact order.

¶25 Clark admitted driving Reynolds to the bank in Kirkland on February 10 because he wanted to get the money Reynolds owed him.

[Reynolds] called, called, called and, uh, if I woke up, he’s like, “Oh, man, you ought, you need to—I thought you were gonna take me to go get your money.” I was like, “Yeah, you know, I want to get that money back ’cause,” my girlfriend told me he’s never gonna pay me back and he’s gonna jump bail. And so, I was anxious and to, to do that and get that money back. So, I picked him up and, uh, took him, at, he said he had to go to the bank and, uh, he wanted to go to a bank in Kirkland.

¶26 Clark said Reynolds told him he had to go to a different Banner Bank. Clark said he used his cell phone to find directions to the Banner Bank in Bellevue. Clark said, “[F]inally, five minutes before this bank was supposed to close or something, uh, we pulled in there. And not even the bank though, in the place next to it.”

[FBI Agent]: So, [Reynolds] comes out of the Kirkland Bank. And where’s, where’s he get in the car?

*746 [Clark]: He got in . .

[FBI Agent]: The front seat?

[Clark]: Yeah.

[FBI Agent]: And he, what did he tell you again?

[Clark]: He said, “Hey, it don’t work there. We gotta go to a different Banner Bank.”

[FBI Agent]: And what did you take that to mean, “It didn’t work there”?

[Clark]: I didn’t mean, I didn’t think it was there. I thought he meant that, you know, he had to go to a different bank. ... He had to go to a bank in Redmond or a Banner Bank, I don’t know. A Banner. He didn’t say what bank it was, a Banner Bank, so I Googled it on my phone. Uh, Redmond Way, and it was close to Kirkland.[ 4 ]

¶27 According to Clark, he did not know Reynolds planned to commit robbery at the Union Bank in Kirkland or the Banner Bank in Bellevue until after Reynolds returned from the Banner Bank in Bellevue, got in the back seat of the car, and started “taking clothes off.” Clark told Detective Mangione and the FBI agents:

I bet he did, you know what I mean? ’Cause whenever he got in, he got gloves on and he had like the hat pulled down or some shit. I don’t know, he, I, I mean when he got in, I was like “Wow,” you know.

¶28 Clark said Reynolds would confirm that he did not know Reynolds planned to rob the Union Bank or the Banner Bank.

[Reynolds] better fucking tell you that I know nothing about this shit, you know what I mean? He better. I mean, or else he, he better go to fucking Federal Prison, and he better fuckin’ watch his ass because if I get cracked over this shit, he’s gonna be on, like Donkey Kong. He’s gonna get fucked up in the County Jail and in prison, I promise you that.

¶29 After Reynolds was released from the hospital later that night, Detective Mangione and the FBI agents inter *747 viewed him at the police station. Reynolds agreed to record the interview. Reynolds identified himself in the photographs from bank surveillance video. Reynolds admitted that on February 9, he robbed the Banner Bank in Everett. Reynolds admitted that on February 10, he attempted to rob the Union Bank in Kirkland and robbed the Banner Bank in Bellevue.

¶30 Reynolds told Detective Mangione and the FBI agents, “[I]t’s not that I don’t want to just tell you everything. It’s just that if I do, then there’s certain situations, right, that individuals that I talk to you about would not like that much.” However, after Detective Mangione told Reynolds that Clark said Reynolds stole the cell phone from the T-Mobile Store and violated a no-contact order, Reynolds said he had known Clark for two years and “Nathaniel knew everything.”

¶31 Detective Mangione executed a warrant to search the Chevrolet TrailBlazer. The police seized five cell phones, a Bluetooth earpiece, a black bag, black gloves, the black clothing Reynolds wore during the bank robberies, a black Sharpie marker, and the robbery note written with the Sharpie pen. Detective Mangione said that he found the T-Mobile HTC cell phone near the driver’s side floorboard. The HTC cell phone was registered to Clark with the cell phone number 425-301-3327. Detective Mangione found a T-Mobile Samsung cell phone in the back seat. The T-Mobile Samsung was registered to the Everett Mall T-Mobile retail store with the number 425-737-9443. A forensic analysis of the cell phones showed that on February 10, five calls were placed between the two cell phones during the attempted robbery at the Union Bank and the robbery at the Banner Bank in Bellevue.

¶32 The State charged Reynolds and Clark with robbery in the first degree of a financial institution and charged Clark with attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle.

¶33 Reynolds pleaded guilty to robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank in Everett on February 9, 2012; *748 attempted robbery in the first degree of the Union Bank in Kirkland on February 10, 2012; and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank in Bellevue on February 10, 2012. The court imposed a high-end standard sentence of 171 months.

¶34 The State charged Clark by amended information as an accomplice to the attempted robbery in the first degree of the Union Bank and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank on February 10, and attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle and felony hit and run.

¶35 A number of witnesses testified during the seven-day jury trial including Union Bank employees, McDivitt, Cahall, Banner Bank employees, Detective Mangione, the injured driver of the Volkswagen, and forensic analyst Michael Picinich. The court admitted into evidence a number of exhibits including surveillance video from the Union Bank in Kirkland and the Banner Bank in Bellevue, photographs from the videos, a redacted tape recording of the lengthy February 10 police interview with Clark, phone records for the cell phones found in the TrailBlazer, and redacted jail telephone calls between Clark and his girlfriend Estrellita Matias.

¶36 The State presented evidence showing Clark and Reynolds communicated by cell phone and used a police scanner application during the attempted robbery at the Union Bank and the robbery at the Banner Bank on February 10. Crime analyst Michael Picinich testified that two cell phones were in communication with each other at the exact time of the attempted robbery in Kirkland and the robbery at the Banner Bank in Bellevue and that the phones were in the same general area as the banks during the robberies.

¶37 The phone records show that between approximately 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. on February 10, 2012, the HTC cell phone that belonged to Clark received four calls from the T-Mobile Samsung cell phone that Reynolds stole the day before, and the Samsung cell phone received one *749 call from the HTC phone. Picinich testified the Samsung phone called the HTC phone at 4:41 p.m. and the call lasted 561 seconds, ending at 4:50 p.m. Surveillance video from the Union Bank in Kirkland shows Reynolds entering the bank at 4:48:10 p.m. and leaving at 4:49:05 p.m. Picinich testified the Samsung phone called the HTC phone again at 5:57 p.m. and the call lasted 194 seconds, ending at 6:00 p.m. Surveillance video from the Banner Bank in Bellevue shows Reynolds entering the bank at 5:58:05 p.m. and leaving at 5:58:49 p.m.

¶38 Detective Mangione testified that after Clark was arrested, he told Estrellita Matias that Reynolds said Clark was involved in the robberies. The State played redacted portions of the recorded conversations between Clark and Matias. In the recorded jail call on February 23, Matias tells Clark that the detective said Reynolds was “collaborating” with the police to avoid federal charges. Matias said Reynolds told the police that while he was in the bank, he used his Bluetooth and was “talking to you on the phone while you were in the car,” and Clark was monitoring the police scanner while Reynolds was in the bank. Matias said the detective told her the police were going to use the cell phones to prove Clark was involved in the robbery. Matias said if Clark was on the phone while Reynolds was in the bank, Clark was an “accessory to the . . . robbery” because “you are inside the car with . . . the scanner telling him if the cops are coming.” In response, Clark says, “That’s bad.” Clark then says, “There ain’t no way that they can prove a ... Bluetooth was used.” Matias said, “Well they’re gonna use . . . the phone records to see if you were on the phone with [Reynolds] at any point in time when he was in the bank.” Clark admits he “probably was” on the phone.

¶39 In the next call, Clark says he “got some really bad bad news” that Reynolds “is cooperating fully with the FBI and the police.” Matias said Reynolds had tried to call her from jail the day before. Clark tells Matias the next time Reynolds called to take the call and tell him he is a “punk” *750 because “he told the police every fucking thing.” Clark tells Matias, “I’m gonna go to prison for a real long time.”

¶40 In the next call, Clark said that he had talked to Reynolds and Reynolds “swore up and down that he ‘didn’t say a fucking thing” ” to the police. Clark tells Matias he “felt ‘a lot better’ about the situation.” In the call on February 29, Clark says he saw his lawyer that day and told her to get a signed statement from Reynolds and that will “clear” him. Clark said he told his lawyer that he saw Reynolds “the other day” in jail and Reynolds “wants to do that, he’s gonna do that, he needs to do that.” Clark said, “We just need to have someone go visit him” and have Reynolds “write that letter.” Clark said he read the statement Reynolds gave to police saying Clark was on the cell phone with him and monitoring the police scanner application while Reynolds was in the bank.

¶41 In the final call on March 5, Matias tells Clark she got a phone call from Reynolds and gave him her address “so he can write that . . . letter . . . and send it.” According to Matias, other inmates were approaching Reynolds and telling him that Clark said he “snitched” on Clark. Reynolds denied “saying nothing like that.” Matias said she told Reynolds that Clark was depending on him to write a letter.

¶42 Detective Mangione testified that when he interviewed Reynolds after March 5, Reynolds “changed his story — recanted his initial version of what happened.”

¶43 Reynolds testified on behalf of the defense. Reynolds told the jury, “I’m here to set the record straight.” Reynolds testified that he pleaded guilty to attempted robbery of the Union Bank and robbery of the Banner Bank on February 10. Reynolds testified he did not believe robbing a bank was “such a serious offense.” Reynolds said the State “offered me 151 months if I could implicate my co-defendant” but he refused.

¶44 Reynolds testified he asked Clark for a ride to the bank on February 10 because he thought Clark had paid *751 $3,500 to post bail and “I figured I owed him the money.” Reynolds said he was “smoking meth” and Clark was “smoking spice.” Reynolds testified that he never discussed “robbing banks” with Clark. Reynolds admitted asking inmates to “help me get out of jail” and saying he would pay the money back by “walking in a bank and robbing it,” but testified that Clark had “already left by then.”

¶45 According to Reynolds, Clark did not know that he planned to rob the Union Bank or robbed the Banner Bank in Bellevue. Reynolds testified that when he returned to the car after leaving the Union Bank in Kirkland, Clark was “still on his phone arguing” with Matias. Reynolds testified he told Clark that “this bank right here I couldn’t — I wasn’t able to withdraw any money from this bank.” Reynolds said he told Clark, “I need another Banner Bank. Can you — is there any way that you can Google map again and find me another Banner Bank.”

¶46 Reynolds testified that after he robbed the Banner Bank in Bellevue and returned to the car, Clark was “preoccupied” and did not “ask me anything.” According to Reynolds, Clark did not know he had robbed the bank until “we were driving down the road and I noticed the speedometer and he’s speeding.” Reynolds told Clark, “[H]ey, man, you might want to slow down.” Reynolds testified Clark “[t]hen ... turns and looks in the back seat and see [sic] me with a waist full of money or a lap full of money and then he really sped.”

¶47 On cross-examination, Reynolds admitted that on February 9, he gave Clark more than $1,000 from the robbery at the Banner Bank in Everett. Reynolds said that on February 10, the police scanner application “was making noise in the car” during both the attempted robbery at the Union Bank and the robbery at the Banner Bank. Reynolds said that “the Bluetooth [he was] wearing during these robberies ... was covered by the face covering ... [s]o the bank tellers couldn’t see the Bluetooth that [he] had in [his] ear.” Reynolds testified that the Bluetooth was *752 connected through a cell phone in his pocket to “another phone in the vehicle ... sitting on a console between the two seats.” Reynolds testified that if he were to “go to prison with a snitch jacket,. . . that’s not good.” Reynolds told the prosecutor, “I’m not testifying for you. I’m here testifying for them, okay.”

¶48 Reynolds testified he lied to Detective Mangione when he said Clark “knew everything” about the attempted robbery at the Union Bank and the robbery of the Banner Bank because he was angry that Clark told the police about violating the no-contact order and stealing the cell phone from the T-Mobile Store.

I was — I briefly — I was told that [Clark] had said something about my no contact order with my ex-girlfriend and a stolen phone, and then I was just basically okay, so this is where we stand.

Q So is it fair to say you were mad at him at that point?

A Oh, yeah. I was really pissed off.

Q And we’re talking about robbery. Are you saying that you were more pissed off about the information on the phone and no contact order?

A Yeah.

Q Why is that?

A Because that was just other crimes on top of the robberies.

Q And did that change your — change anything about what you did — have any influence on what you told Detective Mangione?

A Oh, yeah. Most definitely.

Q And what do you recall telling Detective Mangione at that point?

A That Nathaniel knew everything.

When asked why he told Detective Mangione that he had known Clark for two years, Reynolds said he was “embarrassed” and “didn’t want to sound like oh, I just involved this guy I just met in a bunch of robberies.”

*753 ¶49 Clark testified. Consistent with the tape-recorded police interview, Clark admits he had prior convictions but denied ever committing robbery.

I’m a convict, you know. I mean locked up my whole life and shit.

I never robbed nothing. I’ve never—I mean, I might have had a lot of damn felonies in my, you know, for drugs and fighting and all kinds of shit when I was younger but I’ve never, I never robbed nothing.

But I’m not a stupid guy. I’m, I’m not gonna go to prison for—yeah, I’ve got like nine felony points, you know what I mean? If I do anything, if I piss on the sidewalk, I’m going to prison for five years. I’m not a stupid, fucking guy, you know what I mean? There’s a lot of shit that I can do. I would never rob a bank.

[Y]ou know, I can either be this hardass gangster, fucking go to prison and do this convict shit I’ve been doing my whole fucking life, or else I can get real, real, real with you guys right now and tell you about what’s going on with me and what happened, and that’s what I’m doing.

¶50 Clark testified that Reynolds’ brother asked him to post bail. Clark said Reynolds stole a cell phone from the T-Mobile Store in Everett on February 9 and gave him approximately $1,200 later that day. Clark testified that while he waited in the car for Reynolds, he was on the phone with Matias. On cross-examination, the prosecutor impeached Clark with prior convictions for dishonesty.

¶51 On rebuttal, Detective Mangione testified that on February 10 between 4:44 p.m. and 6:05 p.m., “there were no answered calls from . . . Matias’s phone to the phone identified as Clark.” The phone records showed that when Matias called Clark at 5:57 p.m., 5:58 p.m., 5:59 p.m., and 6:03 p.m., the calls went to voice mail each time.

*754 ¶52 In closing, the State argued Clark was guilty as an accomplice to attempted robbery at the Union Bank and robbery of the Banner Bank on February 10, 2012. The State argued the testimony of neither Reynolds nor Clark was credible. The State argued Reynolds was afraid of Clark and would do “anything he can to try to undo the damage that he felt he did by telling the truth.”

¶53 The defense emphasized it was up to the jury to decide credibility. The defense argued the State did not prove accomplice liability because Clark did not know Reynolds committed the crimes of attempted robbery and robbery until after the Banner Bank robbery in Bellevue. The defense argued the jury should believe what Clark told police during the tape-recorded interview because “men with this kind of history don’t talk to the police when they’re guilty.”

¶54 During deliberations, the jury asked to listen to the first “30 minutes to 45 minutes” of Clark’s interview with the police and the recorded jail calls between Clark and Matias. The court played the interview and jail calls for the jury in open court.

¶55 The jury found Clark guilty as an accomplice for the attempted robbery in the first degree at the Union Bank and robbery in the first degree at the Banner Bank. The jury found Clark guilty of attempting to elude a police vehicle and felony hit and run.

¶56 The State requested an exceptional sentence of 200 months. Clark asked the court to impose the same sentence as Reynolds, 171 months. At sentencing, Clark accepted responsibility as an accomplice to the crimes of attempted robbery of the Union Bank and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank, and attempting to elude and felony hit and run. Clark told the court, in pertinent part:

I do recognize the impact that crimes against financial institutions create as well as the tendency for things to escalate into something violent and dangerous. I would like to be able to *755 express my remorse to the bank tellers and to the public who felt threatened by this action. I am deeply sorry for the injuries to [the driver of the Volkswagen]. He was hurt and caused great inconvenience in his life, and I am directly responsible for this. No matter how great or how small, my actions are liable for the injuries that happened that day.

I see the verdict of society making a statement, a statement that any involvement to any degree of this behavior is socially unacceptable. I accept the responsibility. I have great remorse for my participation in this wrongdoing.

¶57 The court rejected the request for an exceptional sentence. With an offender score of 12, the court imposed a high-end standard range sentence of 171 months.

ANALYSIS

Attempted Robbery and Robbery in the First Degree

¶58 Clark contends insufficient evidence supports finding him guilty of attempted robbery in the first degree of the Union Bank in Kirkland and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank in Bellevue.

¶59 The State has the burden of proving the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970); State v. Borrero, 147 Wn.2d 353, 364, 58 P.3d 245 (2002) (plurality opinion). In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d 875, 883, 329 P.3d 888 (2014); State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence admits the truth of the State’s evidence. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 883. “[A]ll reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant.” Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. We defer to the trier of fact on “issues of witness credibility.” Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 883.

*756 ¶60 A person is guilty of robbery in the first degree if “[h]e or she commits a robbery within and against a financial institution.” RCW 9A.56.200(l)(b). RCW 9A.56.190 defines the crime of robbery as follows:

A person commits robbery when he or she unlawfully takes personal property from the person of another or in his or her presence against his or her will by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person or his or her property or the person or property of anyone. Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain possession of the property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking; in either of which cases the degree of force is immaterial. Such taking constitutes robbery whenever it appears that, although the taking was fully completed without the knowledge of the person from whom taken, such knowledge was prevented by the use of force or fear.

¶61 “ ‘Robbery encompasses any taking of . . . property [that is] attended with such circumstances of terror, or such threatening by menace, word or gesture as in common experience is likely to create an apprehension of danger and induce a man to part with property for the safety of his person.’ ” Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 884 5 (quoting State v. Shcherenkov, 146 Wn. App. 619, 624-25, 191 P.3d 99 (2008)). We use an objective test to determine whether “the defendant used intimidation” and “an ordinary person in the victim’s position could reasonably infer a threat of bodily harm from the defendant’s acts.” Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 884. A threat can be communicated “directly or indirectly,” and a threat of immediate force may be implied. RCW 9A.04.110(28); Shcherenkov, 146 Wn. App. at 624. The controlling question is whether a jury could conclude that under the circumstances, a reasonable person would have felt sufficiently threatened to accede to the written demand to turn over the money. “Any force or threat, no matter how slight, which induces an owner to part with his property is sufficient to sustain a robbery *757 conviction.” State v. Handburgh, 119 Wn.2d 284, 293, 830 P.2d 641 (1992).

Attempted Robbery in the First Degree of the Union Bank in Kirkland

¶62 Clark asserts insufficient evidence supports finding the intent to commit attempted robbery in the first degree. 6 To convict a defendant of attempted robbery in the first degree of a financial institution, the State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant intended to commit a robbery and that he or she engaged in “any act which is a substantial step toward the commission of that crime.” RCW 9A.28.020(1). Clark concedes Reynolds took a substantial step but argues the State did not prove intent to commit robbery in the first degree at the Union Bank. We disagree.

¶63 Reynolds entered the Union Bank at approximately 5:00 p.m. on Friday, February 10, wearing dark sunglasses and a black mask that “covered his chin, went down and covered his neck,” and carrying a black bag. Reynolds was dressed in “all black” including black plants, a black jacket, black shoes, black gloves, and a black beanie hat pulled over his forehead. Customer service manager Holly Jacobson “believed [Reynolds] was going to rob the bank” and intercepted Reynolds to prevent him from reaching the teller. Reynolds “demand [ed]” Jacobson go to her teller station. Jacobson was “[a]larmed” and “shaking.” Jacobson testified, *758 “The first time was instructions. He didn’t ask me, he said go to your teller station. Kept his chin down, kept his voice low. . . . The second time his voice was a little bit more raised . . . [and] that final time he raised his voice quite a bit.” After the last demand, an elderly bank customer began “shaking and crying and saying I don’t want to die, I don’t want to die.”

¶64 Reynolds admitted he attempted to commit robbery at the Union Bank. Reynolds testified that he pleaded guilty to attempted robbery of the Union Bank and robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank. Reynolds testified that he was “doing more than merely preparing for a robbery” at the Union Bank in Kirkland; he “intended to rob that bank.” Substantial evidence supports the jury finding Reynolds intended to commit attempted robbery in the first degree of the Union Bank.

Robbery in the First Degree of the Banner Bank in Bellevue

¶65 Clark asserts insufficient evidence supports finding Reynolds used or threatened to use force, violence, or the fear of injury to support the conviction of robbery in the first degree of the Banner Bank because there was no evidence he carried a weapon. 7 We disagree and hold that under the circumstances, a rational jury could reasonably *759 conclude that Reynolds made an unequivocal demand “ ‘by menace, word or gesture as in common experience ... likely to create an apprehension of danger’ ” for the immediate surrender of the bank’s money unsupported by any pretext of lawful entitlement. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 884 8 (quoting Shcherenkov, 146 Wn. App. at 624-25).

¶66 Reynolds entered the Banner Bank in Bellevue at 5:58 p.m. right before closing wearing black pants, a black hat, black gloves, a black mask, and carrying a black bag. Customer service manager Nicolene Buchanan testified that she immediately pushed the silent alarm as Reynolds approached the teller station. Teller Jillian Clark testified that when she saw Reynolds enter the bank in “a full ski mask,” she “immediately started shaking,” turned to the teller next to her and said, “[0]h, my God, we’re getting robbed,” and pushed the silent alarm. Personal banker Brenda Curtis testified it was “very clear” Reynolds was “trying to rob the bank” and he did not “want the police there” or “want you to set off alarms.” Curtis said it was “scary because you don’t know at that point how far it could go.” When he “saw what was happening,” branch manager Sean Haugh immediately dialed 911 from his office.

¶67 Reynolds “command[ed]” Jillian and Buchanan not to push any alarm buttons and “said it loud enough for everybody to hear, don’t press any buttons.” When Jillian did not respond, Reynolds repeated his demand. Reynolds gave Jillian a note stating, “No dye packs or transmitter.” *760 Reynolds “command [ed]” Jillian to not put any dye packs in with the money. After Jillian gave Reynolds small bills, Reynolds “demanded more money.” Jillian testified she followed bank policy by handing over the money but “was very scared, I was shaking. I could hardly open my [drawer] or do anything.” Haugh testified Jillian and Buchanan “were both visibly shaking.”

¶68 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the jury could find Reynolds obtained the money from the Banner Bank teller by the use of force, violence, or the fear of injury.

Accomplice Liability

¶69 In a supplemental assignment of error, Clark relies on Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. 305, to argue insufficient evidence supports finding Clark acted as an accomplice because the State did not prove Reynolds made an implied threat to use force, violence, or fear of injury to obtain money from the financial institutions. We disagree with the analysis in Farnsworth.

¶70 In Farnsworth, the court held insufficient evidence supported finding an implied threat to obtain money from the bank teller. The court vacated the robbery conviction of the accomplice and remanded for sentencing on theft in the first degree. Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 307-14. The court in Farnsworth concluded that because there was no evidence of a weapon and the principal “did not insinuate that he would take further action if the teller did not comply with the note’s instructions,” “simply handling] over a note instructing the teller to ‘put the money in the bag” ” does not prove an implied threat to commit robbery in the first degree. Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 312.

¶71 The dissent disagreed with holding “as a matter of law, a person does not commit a robbery” by handing a bank teller a note demanding money “to which he has no conceivable claimL Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 314-15 (Worswick, J., dissenting). We agree with the dissent.

*761 ¶72 The decision in Farnsworth ignores the standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence. The test to assess the sufficiency of the evidence is “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact’ ” could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 220-21, 616 P.2d 628 (1980) (plurality opinion) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). “[T]he standard must be applied with explicit reference to the substantive elements of the criminal offense as defined by state law.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324 n.16. We agree with the dissent that “a rational trier of fact could reasonably infer” that a “naked demand” to the bank teller for money “unsupported by any claim of right” and the defendant’s conduct “implied a threat.” Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 316-17 (Worswick, J., dissenting). The principal, McFarland, entered the bank wearing a wig and “dark sunglasses” and “ ‘acting all fidgety.’ ” Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 317 (Worswick, J., dissenting). When he approached the teller station, McFarland “kept his arms crossed” and “leaned over the counter” toward the teller. Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 317 (Worswick, J., dissenting). The teller testified she complied with the demand for money because “she ‘didn’t want anybody else to get harmed’ ” and “ ‘didn’t know what he was capable of doing.’ ” Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 317 (Worswick, J., dissenting).

¶73 Further, contrary to the assertion of the majority in Farnsworth, obtaining money from a bank by “wearing a disguise and handing a bank teller a note demanding the unconditional surrender of money to which he has no conceivable claim” 9 does not blur the distinction between robbery in the first degree and theft in the first degree. See Farnsworth, 184 Wn. App. at 314.

¶74 The authority to define a criminal offense rests squarely with the legislature. State v. Villanueva-Gonzalez, *762 180 Wn.2d 975, 980, 329 P.3d 78 (2014). The legislature defines the crime of theft in the first degree as the taking of property “from the person of another.” RCW 9A.56-.030(l)(b). By contrast, the legislature defines robbery in the first degree when a person “commits a robbery within and against a financial institution,” RCW 9A.56.200(l)(b), “by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury,” RCW 9A.56.190. The plain language of the statute defining robbery shows the legislature was concerned with the risks that the threat to use force, violence, and injury entail and the nature of the defendant’s conduct. State v. Tvedt, 153 Wn.2d 705, 712, 107 P.3d 728 (2005).

¶75 Clark also asserts insufficient evidence supports finding that he knew Reynolds planned to rob the banks. To convict Clark as an accomplice, the State had the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Clark actually knew he was promoting or facilitating the commission of the attempted robbery in the first degree at the Union Bank and the robbery in the first degree at the Banner Bank. RCW 9A.08.020(3)(a)(ii). 10 An accomplice must have actual knowledge that the principal was engaged in the charged crime. State v. Allen, 182 Wn.2d 364, 374, 341 P.3d 268 (2015). The statute provides that a person has actual knowledge when “he or she has information which would lead a reasonable person in the same situation to believe” he was promoting or facilitating the crime. RCW 9A.08.010(l)(b)(ii). However, “[w]hile the State must prove actual knowledge, it may do so through circumstantial evidence.” Allen, 182 Wn.2d at 374.

¶76 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Clark knowingly aided or facilitated the attempted robbery at the Union Bank and the robbery *763 of the Banner Bank by acting as the getaway driver and that he and Reynolds were in communication with each other during the commission of the crimes.

¶77 There is no dispute that Clark drove Reynolds to the bank in Kirkland and the Banner Bank in Bellevue. Although parking spaces were available, Clark parked down the street from the first bank with the engine running. After leaving the Union Bank, Reynolds ran in a “full blown run” to the car wearing black clothing, gloves, sunglasses, and carrying a bag when he got into the car. Clark drove off with the “tires squealing.” When Clark arrived at the Banner Bank at 5:58 p.m. right before the bank closed, Clark did not park in the available spaces near the bank. Instead, Clark parked down the street while Reynolds went into the bank dressed in black clothing with the black beanie pulled down over his forehead, wearing black gloves, and carrying a black bag.

¶78 The undisputed evidence established that Reynolds used a Bluetooth device connected to a cell phone during the attempted robbery and robbery, and that Clark was in the car with his cell phone. During one of the recorded jail calls, Clark tells Matias that Reynolds “just got out of. . . prison. He never . . . used a phone before,” so Clark “was showing him all the different kind of things he can do” on the phone. The evidence also showed Clark and Reynolds used a police scanner application that was “making noise in the car” while Reynolds went into the Union Bank and the Banner Bank. During the jail call, Clark tells Matias that the police scanner application “don’t even matter” because “it’s three minutes behind.” But Clark admits the phone records “don’t clear me.”

¶79 The phone records showed the cell phone Reynolds stole from the T-Mobile Store and the cell phone registered to Clark were in the same location as the Union Bank in Kirkland during the attempted robbery and in the same location as the Banner Bank in Bellevue during the robbery. A forensic expert testified that the cell phone Reynolds was *764 using and the cell phone in the getaway car communicated at the exact time of the attempted robbery in Kirkland and the robbery at the Banner Bank in Bellevue. The phone records also showed that when Matias called Clark’s phone during the attempted robbery and robbery, the calls went to voice mail.

¶80 Sufficient evidence supports the jury finding Clark guilty as an accomplice to attempted robbery and robbery in the first degree.

¶81 Because the remainder of this opinion has no prece-dential value, the panel has determined it should not be published in accordance with RCW 2.06.040.

Review denied at 186 Wn.2d 1009 (2016).