In Re Miller

¶ 1. Petitioner appeals from the superior court’s denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. He argues that his petition should have been granted because: (1) he did not knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty to four “failure to appear” violations under 13 V.S.A. § 7559(d); and (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We reverse.

¶ 2. The record indicates the following. In May 2004, petitioner was arrested for driving under the influence, sixth offense (DUI-6); driving with a suspended license, second offense (DLS-2); and providing false information to a police officer. At the time, petitioner was also on probation for committing welfare fraud. Petitioner was released on conditions, one of which required him to check in daily at the Brattleboro police station. Petitioner repeatedly failed to check in as ordered, and he was charged with numerous counts of failure to appear under 13 V.S.A. § 7559(d).

¶ 3. In December 2005, petitioner and the State entered into a written plea agreement, which was accepted by the court following a Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 colloquy with petitioner. Pursuant to the agreement, petitioner pled guilty to DUI-6, providing false information to police, and four failure-to-appear charges, and the State dismissed the DLS-2 charge and nine additional counts of failure to appear. Petitioner agreed that his probation for welfare fraud would be revoked and the underlying sentence of one to three years to serve imposed. Petitioner also *553agreed to a sentence of three to five years on the DUI-6 conviction, to be served consecutively. In addition, petitioner agreed to serve zero to twelve month sentences for each of the four failure-to-appear convictions, to be served concurrently with each other, but consecutively with the other sentences. Finally, petitioner agreed to serve three to six months on the false information conviction concurrently with the other sentences. As indicated in the plea agreement, petitioner received an overall sentence of four to nine years to serve.

¶ 4. Several months thereafter, petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. Counsel was appointed and in an amended petition petitioner argued, among other things, that the trial court should not have accepted his guilty pleas to the charges of failure to appear because his failure to report to the police station did not constitute a violation of 13 V.S.A. § 7559(d). According to petitioner, there was no factual basis for the charges, and thus his pleas could not have been knowingly and voluntarily made, and his counsel was ineffective for allowing him to plead guilty.

¶ 5. The State moved for summary judgment, and petitioner filed a cross-motion for summary judgment. In a written order, the court granted summary judgment to the State. It explained that 13 V.S.A. § 7554 authorized a judicial officer to release a person charged with an offense and awaiting trial, and to impose conditions on that release. Subsections 7559(d) and (e), noted the court, provided the sanctions for violations of conditions of release. Subsection (e) provided a general sanction for any violation of a condition of release, with a maximum penalty of a $1,000 fine or imprisonment for six months or both. Subsection (d) addressed more specifically a violation of a condition of release that required the released person to “appear at a specified time and place in connection with a prosecution for an offense,” and it carried a greater maximum penalty of a $5,000 fine or imprisonment for two years or both. The court found that a violation of the type addressed in subsection (d) was referred to as a “failure to appear.”

¶ 6. Petitioner contended that the condition requiring him to check in daily at the police department was not a condition requiring him to appear at a specified time and place “in connection with a prosecution for an offense.” According to petitioner, violations of § 7559(d) should be limited to appearances, *554such as appearances in court, that would directly move a prosecution forward.

¶ 7. The court rejected this interpretation, finding it at odds with the plain language of the statute. The court explained that the very purpose of the daily check-in requirement was to ensure that petitioner remained subject to the physical jurisdiction of the court until the prosecution was concluded. According to the court, this made it a requirement “in connection with a prosecution” within a common-sense understanding of those words. Moreover, the court reasoned, the Legislature could have easily defined the failure-to-appear offense more narrowly, but it did not do so, instead employing very broad language. The court also questioned whether petitioner was prejudiced by pleading to the wrong offense; the court found it apparent from the plea hearing that the parties sought to achieve a particular overall prison term for the full package of criminal behavior at issue, and noted that the sentencing court could have easily produced the same result even if petitioner had been charged with violating § 7559(e) rather than § 7559(d). The court thus concluded that petitioner’s petition faded as a matter of law, and it granted judgment to the State. This appeal followed.

¶ 8. On appeal, petitioner reiterates his assertion that there was an inadequate factual basis for his guilty pleas. He argues that when § 7559 is read together with § 7554, it is apparent that the Legislature intended to penalize general violations of conditions of release, including reporting or check-in requirements, under § 7559(e) and not § 7559(d). Petitioner maintains that § 7559(d) applies only in cases where a defendant fails to appear for a court proceeding, a mental or physical examination, or fails to appear to provide nontestimonial evidence. According to petitioner, because his failure to appear at the police station cannot establish the elements of the offense codified in § 7559(d), his pleas were not voluntary, and his counsel rendered ineffective assistance for advising him to plead guilty. We agree that petitioner’s plea was not voluntary, and do not reach his ineffective-assistance claim.

¶ 9. We first address the trial court’s conclusion that petitioner would not have been prejudiced by involuntarily pleading guilty to the wrong offense. It is settled law in this state that no prejudice need be shown to collaterally attack a guilty plea on the grounds that the trial court failed to ascertain that there was *555a factual basis for the plea as required by Rule 11(f).1 We announced this rule in In re Dunham, 144 Vt. 444, 451, 479 A.2d 144, 148 (1984); see also State v. Cleary, 2003 VT 9, ¶ 44, 175 Vt. 142, 824 A.2d 509 (Dooley, J., dissenting) (reciting rule). As stated in the Reporter’s Notes, Rule 11(f) is intended to prevent the entry of false guilty pleas in situations where, for example, the defendant does not completely understand the elements of the charge or realize that he has a defense. Reporter’s Notes, V.R.Cr.P. 11. At the heart of Rule 11(f) is the goal of preventing defendants from pleading guilty when the conduct they engaged in does not fall "within the charge. State v. Yates, 169 Vt. 20, 25-26, 726 A.2d 483, 486-87 (1999) (citing McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 467 (1969)). These grounds, of course, are the substance of petitioner’s argument for post-conviction relief.

¶ 10. That the superior court even mentioned possible prejudice to petitioner may be due to confusion based on its recollection of In re Hall and In re Bentley — cases in which we held that a petitioner collaterally attacking a guilty plea must show prejudice when alleging only a technical violation of the Rule 11 procedures. In re Hall, 143 Vt. 590, 596, 469 A.2d 756, 759 (1983); In re Bentley, 144 Vt. 404, 410, 477 A.2d 980, 983 (1984); see also In re Dunham, 144 Vt. at 451, 479 A.2d at 148 (recognizing origin of rule). In Hall — in which a defendant sought to attack his guilty plea on the basis of technical Rule 11(c) violations — we observed that the defendant “[did] not allege that he was not in fact aware of the maximum and minimum penalties, and of his waiver of a jury trial . . . [or] assert that,” if he was aware, “he would have chosen an alternative to a plea of guilty.” 143 Vt. at 596, 469 A.2d at 759. And in Bentley — in which the attack was similarly premised on technical deficiency under Rule 11(c) — we held that “[t]o constitute prejudice . . . [the] defendant would have [had] to show that (1) he was unaware of the nature of the charges and the minimum and maximum penalties involved, and (2) this lack of understanding caused him to plead nolo contendere.” 144 Vt. at 410, 477 A.2d at 983.

*556¶ 11. However, petitioner’s argument — that the conduct with which he was charged and which formed the basis of his Rule 11(f) colloquy with the trial court was not proscribed by the statute he was convicted of violating — is simply not a technical argument. We require no showing of prejudice to collaterally attack guilty pleas on Rule 11(f) grounds because a defendant’s understanding of the elements of an offense as they relate to the facts goes directly to the voluntariness of his plea. Dunham, 144 Vt. at 451, 479 A.2d at 148. In McCarthy, 394 U.S. at 466, the Supreme Court of the United States observed that, “because a guilty plea is an admission of all the elements of a formal criminal charge, it cannot be truly voluntary unless the defendant possesses an understanding of the law in relation to the facts.” The requirement that the record affirmatively show facts to satisfy each element of the offense is, consequently, absolute. As we held in Dunham:

[T]he record must affirmatively show sufficient facts to satisfy each element of an offense. The requirement of [Rule] 11(f) involves an understanding by the defendant that the conduct admitted violates the law as explained to him by the court. Absent this, no matter how perfectly the other parts of Rule 11 have been observed, we cannot find a voluntary plea. Unlike collateral review of alleged defects under [Rule] 11(c), which places a burden of proving prejudice upon the defendant, collateral attacks for defects under Rule 11(f) require no showing of prejudice.

144 Vt. at 451, 479 A.2d at 148; see also In re Kasper, 145 Vt. 117, 120, 483 A.2d 608, 610 (1984) (reciting the same).2

*557¶ 12. The federal courts of appeal are in accord that where the acts forming the basis of a defendant’s guilty plea did not constitute the crime charged, the plea may not stand. See, e.g., United States v. Peter, 310 F.3d 709, 715 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam); United States v. McKelvey, 203 F.3d 66, 70 (1st Cir. 2000); United States v. Garth, 188 F.3d 99, 108-09 (3d Cir. 1999); Salas v. United States, 139 F.3d 322, 324 (2d Cir. 1998).

¶ 13. With that basic premise in mind, we address the merits of petitioner’s claim for post-conviction relief. The superior court concluded that the condition of release requiring petitioner to “report to [the] Brattleboro Police Department . . . and check in . . . daily by between 6-8 am,” is a “condition that he appear at a specified time and place in connection with a prosecution” under 13 V.S.A. § 7559(d). According to the superior court, this is so because the reporting condition was imposed to keep petitioner within the court’s jurisdiction during the pendency of the criminal proceedings. Because the judge presiding over the post-conviction-relief hearing was not the judge who imposed the condition, it is difficult to understand how that intent was determined, particularly given that the condition to report to the police department included a requirement that petitioner submit to testing for alcohol consumption and that the crimes charged involved drunk driving. Be that as it may, conditions of release, including those that restrict travel and impose curfews, for example, are intended to ensure the person’s appearance at trial. State v. Cardinal, 147 Vt. 461, 464, 520 A.2d 984, 986 (1986) (stating that the policy underlying our bail statutes that allow imposition of various conditions of release, including monetary ones, is reasonably assuring the appearance of the person at trial).

¶ 14. We have long presumed that “all language in a statute or regulation is inserted for a purpose,” Slocum v. Dep’t of *558Social Welfare, 154 Vt. 474, 481, 580 A.2d 951, 956 (1990), and that we “must not allow a significant part of a statute to be rendered surplusage or irrelevant.” State v. Brennan, 172 Vt. 277, 280, 775 A.2d 919, 921 (2001). Instead of allowing “in connection with a prosecution” to become surplusage, we should “strive ... to give effect to [the] clause.” Slocum, 154 Vt. at 481, 580 A.2d at 956. In this case, “in connection with a prosecution” should be read naturally and plainly to restrict § 7559(d) to a subset of § 7554 conditions specifying the time and place of appearances, such as court appearances, that directly advance a prosecution. The superior court’s interpretation renders the phrase “in connection with a prosecution” irrelevant.

¶ 15. Moreover, the structure of § 7559 supports this interpretation. Where a specific statute isolates a range of conduct already covered by a general statute for different treatment, the Legislature generally signals this different treatment explicitly. See Caledonian-Record, Publ’g Co. v. Walton, 154 Vt. 15, 25, 573 A.2d 296, 301 (1990) (“[T]he exception of a particular thing from the operation of a statute indicates that in the enacting legislature’s opinion, the excepted matter would have been within the purview of the general provision, absent the exception.” (quotation omitted)). For example, § 7559(f) provides that “Notwithstanding [V.R.Cr.P. 3],” warrantless arrest is permitted if an officer has probable cause to believe specific conditions of release have been violated. 13 V.S.A. § 7559(f). The Legislature did not internally cross-reference subsections 7559(d) and (e) because it regarded “conditions of release” and “appearance conditions” as related but mutually exclusive sets. This difference is illuminated by 13 V.S.A. § 7554, which governs the imposition of conditions of release. Under § 7554, a trial court may impose conditions of release if it determines that personal recognizance or an appearance bond “will not reasonably assure the appearance” of the accused in court. 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1). Therefore, although the purpose of reporting to a police station every morning may be to ensure eventual appearance in court, failure to appear at the station is punishable under (e) while failure to appear in court is punishable under (d).

¶ 16. This understanding of the legislative intent behind the separation of subsections (d) and (e) is further supported by the special treatment given appearance conditions and other conditions of release in the surrounding bail statutes. Subsection 7559(f) *559gives law enforcement officers the power of warrantless arrest if the enforcement officer has reason to believe that a person “failed to appear at a specified time and place in connection with a prosecution for an offense or has violated a condition of release relating to a restriction on travel or a condition of release that he or she not directly contact, harass or cause to be harassed a victim or potential witness.” 13 V.S.A. § 7559(f) (emphasis added). Section 7575 enumerates situations in which the right to bail may be revoked, and distinguishes between violations of “condition[s] of release” not to intimidate or harass a victim or witness, id. § 7575(1), conditions of release the violation of which threatens the integrity of the judicial system, id. § 7575(3), and failures “to appear at a specified time and place ordered by a judicial officer,” id. § 7575(4). The superior court’s interpretation ignores this distinction.

¶ 17. Under the superior court’s interpretation of § 7559(d), a defendant who, in violation of a condition of release, does not report to a police station for, say, an alcohol test, would be subject to a maximum penalty of two years in prison and/or a $5,000 fine, and could be arrested without a warrant under § 7559(f). On the other hand, a defendant who violates a restriction on travel, leaves the designated county, and who thus poses a real risk of flight, would still be subject to warrantless arrest, but would face a maximum penalty of only six months in jail and/or a $1,000 fine. Given our presumption against statutory interpretations that produce absurd results, State v. Longley, 2007 VT 101, ¶ 10, 182 Vt. 452, 929 A.2d 1028, we cannot countenance the imposition of a criminal penalty for not reporting that is more than four times greater than that for violating a travel restriction. A far more reasonable interpretation is that § 7559(d) punishes failures to appear in court — or at other proceedings that directly advance a pending prosecution — severely, and that § 7559(e) imposes lesser sanctions for violations of conditions of release restricting travel or harassment of victims or witnesses.

¶ 18. Both this Court and the Legislature consider a defendant’s appearance at a court proceeding of paramount importance. “Appearance bond” is defined as money pledged to the court to be paid in the event “the person fails to appear at a court proceeding.” 13 V.S.A. § 7576. “Bail” is any security pledged “to ensure that a person charged with a criminal offense will appear *560at future court proceedings.” Id.-, see also id. (defining “secured appearance bond” and “surety bond”). Failing to appear in court is treated so seriously because “without the presence of the accused, the prosecution could not go forward and the state would be denied its opportunity to seek justice.” State v. Sauve, 159 Vt. 566, 574, 621 A.2d 1296, 1301 (1993). Interpreting § 7559(d) as sanctioning those who do not appear at court proceedings or other proceedings that directly advance a prosecution ties increasing threats to the judicial process with commensurate punishments: minor violations of reporting conditions are subject to criminal contempt proceedings under subsection (e), violations of restrictions on travel and harassment may justify warrantless arrest under subsection (f) and are punishable under subsection (e), and failures to appear at court proceedings or other proceedings that directly advance a prosecution justify warrantless arrest under (f), the stiff criminal penalties of subsection (d), and may lead to a revocation of bail under § 7575. It is uncontested that petitioner never missed an appearance at court; he was therefore properly chargeable under § 7559(e) only.

¶ 19. Finally, the legislative history of subsections (d) and (e) conclusively demonstrates that the Legislature intended for subsection (d) to apply to appearances at court proceedings and for subsection (e) to apply to all other conditions of release. “We have frequently relied upon legislative history” to aid in interpreting statutes. In re Dep’t of Bldgs. & Gen. Servs., 2003 VT 92, ¶ 14, 176 Vt. 41, 838 A.2d 78. In 1982, the House Judiciary Committee drafted a bill increasing the penalties for violating conditions of release. This bill increased the penalty for failing to “appear at a specified time and place in connection with a prosecution for an offense” under § 7559(d) from a maximum of one year and $1,000 to a maximum of two years and $5,000. H.728, 1981-1982 Gen. Assem., Bien. Sess., § 17 (Vt. 1982). In addition, the original bill included a provision that would have added § 7559(e), criminalizing the violation of “any of the conditions of release ordered by the court” with a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Id. § 18. The latter portion of the bill did not pass the Senate in 1982, although it would return in a very similar form in 1987.

¶ 20. In 1982, Representative Norris Hoyt, sponsor of H.728 and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, explained the bail *561provisions of H.728 to the Senate Judiciary Committee. According to Hoyt, the proposed § 7559(d) would apply to:

a person who has been released, with or without bail, on condition that he appear at a specified time and place in connection with the prosecution of an offense, which could be for a trial or for a status conference or other proceeding with respect to the prosecution where he is ordered to appear and without just cause fails to appear. This was presented to us as a case of people who don’t show up for trial) but actually it can be other proceedings in connection with trial.

Hearing on H.728 Before Senate Judiciary Comm., 1981-1982 Bien. Sess., 23-24 (Vt. March 17, 1982) (statement of Rep. Norris Hoyt) (emphasis added). In contrast, Representative Hoyt explained that the proposed subsection (e) would apply to

persons who have been released on conditions of release and violateQ those conditions. They could be don’t drink alcoholic beverages, don’t associate with certain people, don’t go see certain people . . . , report every Wednesday to the police station. This section imposes a specific penalty for the violation of any condition.

Id. at 24 (emphasis added). Representative Hoyt’s explanation of H.728 indicates the legislative intent that § 7559(d) apply only to court proceedings and that subsection (e) apply generally to all other conditions of release. Representative Hoyt’s testimony is especially persuasive because the “statements were made by the chief sponsor of the bill” and his statements “directly addressed the [legislative] intent issue before us.” In re Dep’t of Bldgs. & Gen. Servs., 2003 VT 92, ¶ 17. Applying the harsh penalties of subsection (d) to violations of reporting conditions perverts the clear legislative intent behind (d) and (e), as expressed by Representative Hoyt.

¶ 21. In 1987, the Senate Judiciary Committee again considered a bill penalizing violations of general conditions of release. An early version of this bill, S.81, provided:

13 V.S.A. § 7559(f) is added to read:

(f) A person charged with an offense who has been released with or without bail and who violates a condi*562tion of release other than a condition that he or she appear at trial shall be imprisoned not more than one year or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both, if the person is convicted for the underlying offense and if the condition violated constituted one of the following:

(1) a reporting condition;

(2) a restriction on travel;

(3) a condition that the defendant not contact, harass or cause to be harassed a victim or potential witness.

S.81, 1986-1987 Gen. Assem., Bien. Sess., § 4 (Vt. 1987) (emphasis added). Even at this early stage, the Senate Judiciary Committee distinguished between appearance conditions and reporting conditions.

¶ 22. Later in 1987, Chris Leopold, the director of the state’s attorneys, testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that violations of general conditions of release should be criminalized, demonstrating that they were not already criminalized by subsection (d). Hearing on S.81 Before Senate Judiciary Comm., 1986-1987 Bien. Sess., 13-14 (Vt. Feb. 20, 1987) (testimony of State’s Attorneys Director Chris Leopold). A senator pointed out that “[i]t is a criminal offense to violate an appearance condition.” Id. at 14. Leopold agreed: “There is a statute for failure to appear, so that if the individual doesn’t respond to a scheduled court appearance date, that constitutes a separate criminal offense.” Id. (emphasis added). This exchange demonstrates that both the Legislature and the Executive understood that prior to the passage of subsection (e), failure to appear at court proceedings was criminalized while violation of other conditions of release was not.

¶ 23. If we were to allow prosecutors to interpret § 7559(d) as applying to reporting conditions, despite the disproportionate penalties that would result, and despite clear indication of a contrary legislative intent, we would be permitting prosecutors to infringe on the Legislature’s province of defining crimes. This would be impermissible. Under the superior court’s interpretation of this statute, prosecutors would receive broad discretion to choose the punishment of those who violate conditions of release. A prosecutor would be able to charge someone who fails to report to a police station under the more lenient subsection (e), or to *563seek four-fold greater penalties under § 7559(d). Although a degree of prosecutorial discretion is acceptable, see In re G.T., 170 Vt. 507, 514, 758 A.2d 301, 306 (2000), we are skeptical of statutes that appear “to afford the prosecution a choice of two penalties of such disparate nature.” State v. Goodhue, 2003 VT 85, ¶ 21, 175 Vt. 457, 833 A.2d 861.

Reversed.