Hartford Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Allstate Insurance Co.

PRESENT: All the Justices

HARTFORD UNDERWRITERS
INSURANCE COMPANY, ET AL.
                                                            OPINION BY
v. Record No. 211048                               JUSTICE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                         DECEMBER 8, 2022
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY,
ET AL.


                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK
                                  Carl E. Eason, Jr., Judge

        Hartford Underwriters Insurance Company (“Hartford”) and Shoe Show, Inc., doing

business as The Shoe Department (“Shoe Department”), appeal from a judgment of the Circuit

Court of the City of Suffolk granting the “First Amended Complaint in Interpleader with

Accompanying Prayer for Declaratory Relief” filed by Allstate Insurance Company (“Allstate”)

and apportioning the interpleaded funds. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of

the circuit court.

                                         I. Background

        On October 17, 2019, Savannah Padgett was an employee of a Shoe Department store

located in Suffolk. On that day, while Padgett was at work, “Mary Magdalene Brown drove and

crashed her vehicle into [the] Shoe Department store[,]” injuring Padgett.

        Padgett asserted a workers’ compensation claim against Shoe Department. Hartford,

Shoe Department’s workers’ compensation carrier, accepted the claim and began paying Padgett

medical and wage indemnity benefits. 1 As of the time of trial below, Hartford had paid Padgett



        1
          For the purposes of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Act, “employer” is a defined
term. See Code § 65.2-101. Among other things, the statutory definition of “employer” provides
that “[i]f the employer is insured, [“employer”] includes his insurer so far as applicable.” Thus,
for the purpose of this appeal both Shoe Department and Hartford are considered Padgett’s
employer.
in excess of $100,000 in medical benefits and approximately $20,000 in wage benefits. Pursuant

to Code § 65.2-309, Hartford asserted a lien against any settlement or judgment Padgett might

obtain in a personal injury action against Brown.

       At the time of the accident, Brown was insured under an automobile liability policy

issued by Allstate. The policy had bodily injury limits of $50,000 per person and $100,000 per

accident. Padgett retained counsel to pursue her claims. 2 Ultimately, she filed a personal injury

suit against Brown in the Circuit Court of the City of Suffolk, and her counsel asserted a

statutory lien pursuant to Code § 54.1-3932 against any settlement or judgment. In addition to

being potentially liable for damages caused, the filing of the suit triggered Allstate’s duty to

defend Brown.

       Prior to Padgett filing suit against Brown, Hartford sought to initiate an arbitration with

Allstate regarding its claimed lien and the $50,000 in coverage afforded by Brown’s Allstate

policy. Both Hartford and Allstate were signatories to an agreement among insurance companies

to arbitrate disputes among signatory insurance companies.

       Not wishing to incur the expense of defending Brown in a case of near certain liability,

“Allstate offered to tender its limit of $50,000 per person in exchange for a release of its

[i]nsured Brown under Va. Code § 38.2-2206(K)” to settle Padgett’s claim against Brown. Such

a settlement and release would have released Brown from any further claims by Padgett, would

have allowed Padgett to proceed with a UM/UIM claim against her automobile liability carrier,3



       2
         Six days after the accident, Padgett retained Decker, Cardon, Thomas, Weintraub &
Neskis, P.C. to represent her. She later ended her relationship with that firm and retained Steven
Oser, P.C. related to her claims. Both firms claimed an attorney’s lien regarding costs advanced
and services rendered.
       3
         Padgett had UM/UIM coverage in the amount of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per
accident under a policy issued by State Farm.


                                                  2
and would have relieved Allstate of any “further duties to its insured, including the duty to

defend its insured if an action has been or is brought against” Brown. Code § 38.2-2206(K).

Such a settlement potentially would have extinguished any claim that Padgett’s UM/UIM carrier

would have had against Brown.4

       Padgett wished to accept Allstate’s “tender and walk” offer that would have settled her

claims against Brown for Allstate’s $50,000 policy limit and would have released Brown from

further claims by Padgett. Hartford, however, objected to the settlement, arguing that it was

entitled to the full amount of Allstate’s coverage and that neither Padgett nor her counsel should

be paid any portion of those funds. Hartford conceded in the proceeding below that, if Padgett

entered into the settlement without Hartford’s consent, she “could be foreclosed from receiving

any further benefits from her employer . . . or Hartford under the Virginia Workers’

Compensation Act[.]” 5 As a result, Padgett did not accept Allstate’s settlement offer.

       Unable to settle the matter and faced with competing claims for the $50,000 in coverage,

Allstate sought the assistance of the circuit court by filing a complaint in interpleader and

accompanying prayer for declaratory relief. Specifically, Allstate requested that the circuit court




       4
         Code § 38.2-2206(K) provides that, after such a settlement, “the insurer providing
applicable underinsured motorist coverage shall have no right of subrogation or claim against the
underinsured motorist” unless “the underinsured motorist unreasonably fails to cooperate with
the underinsured motorist benefits insurer in the defense of any lawsuit brought by the injured
person or his personal representative[.]”
       5
         In addition to taking these positions in the proceeding in the circuit court, Hartford took
these positions in the attempted arbitration. Specifically, in one of its arbitration filings, Hartford
noted that it would “not give consent to Padgett” settling the case on the terms proposed by
Allstate because it stood to “lose $20k to an attorney fee” that might be paid to Padgett’s counsel
from the settlement proceeds. Hartford also asserted that “Padgett’s future workers[’]
compensation benefits will be terminated if she settles [her claim against Brown] without
Hartford’s consent.”


                                                  3
determine the parties entitled to claim any portion of the $50,000 in coverage, 6 bring those

parties before the circuit court, determine how the $50,000 should be distributed amongst said

parties, discharge Allstate from any liability to such defendants related to the $50,000, restrain

all such parties from instituting or prosecuting any proceedings in any court or by way of

arbitration that sought to recover the $50,000 in coverage, “enter a declaratory judgment that the

payment of Allstate’s funds constitutes a tender and walk under Va. Code § 38.2-2206[,] and

order that Padgett execute a valid release” of Allstate and Brown.

          In responding to Allstate’s complaint, Hartford again asserted its claimed “lien of nearly

$125,000.00 pursuant to § 65.2-309 of the Code of Virginia” and further averred that it had

“made its intention to file intercompany arbitration known to both counsel for Padgett and

Allstate six weeks after the date of injury” and had “independently investigated the claim,

gathered evidence, identified and contacted the third-party carrier, and filed its intercompany

arbitration, all while assisting counsel for Padgett.” Hartford argued that, because “[n]either the

employer . . . nor Hartford benefited from any action taken by counsel for Padgett[,]” “no

attorney fee is due or has been earned [by Padgett’s counsel] as it relates to the Allstate policy

limit.”

          In addition to answering the allegations in Allstate’s interpleader action, Hartford also

requested that the circuit court award it declaratory relief. Hartford first requested that the circuit

court declare that Hartford’s request for arbitration against Allstate and any resulting arbitration

were proper. Hartford also asked the circuit court to allow arbitration to proceed, to prohibit

Allstate from paying its coverage limit into the circuit court, and to dismiss the interpleader



          6
        In its filings below, Allstate named as defendants Hartford; Shoe Department; Padgett;
Brown, Decker, Cardon, Thomas, Weintraub & Neskis, P.C.; State Farm; and Arbitration
Forums, Inc.


                                                   4
action. Alternatively, Hartford requested that the circuit court order “Padgett to sign the Release

presented to her by Allstate[,]” that “Padgett is not entitled to any portion of the Allstate policy

limit given Hartford’s workers’ compensation lien[,]” that Padgett’s counsel “is not entitled to

any portion of the Allstate policy limit[,]” that Allstate directly pay Hartford all of the $50,000 in

coverage available, and other related relief.

       The circuit court held a hearing where the parties presented their respective positions.

Relying heavily on the decision of the Court of Appeals in Williams v. Capital Hospice &

Companion Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 

 (2016), Hartford argued that,

independent of any action of either Padgett or Brown, it had a right to utilize intercompany

arbitration to recover directly from Allstate the amount it had paid for Padgett’s benefit up to

Allstate’s coverage limit.

       Allstate and multiple other parties contested Hartford’s position, particularly the reliance

on Williams. Multiple parties called into question whether Williams had been correctly decided

and further noted that, assuming that it had, it had been superseded by statutory amendments to

Code § 65.2-309 that limited the scope of arbitrations in which an employer seeks to exercise its

right of subrogation related to a workers’ compensation lien.

       Having heard the arguments of the various parties, the circuit court granted Allstate’s

motion for interpleader and its request for declaratory relief. 7 In its order apportioning the

interpleaded funds, the circuit court recognized that those funds were “subject to the workers’

compensation lien of Hartford Underwriters Insurance Company, which lien is itself subject to



       7
          The circuit court entered two orders on August 10, 2021. The first ordered that
Allstate’s $50,000 in coverage was “to be paid into the [c]ourt as authorized pursuant to Va.
Code Annot. § 8.01-364(D), and Allstate Insurance Company is hereby discharged from any
further liability as to any person or entity making claims against these funds.” The second order
dealt with the apportionment of those funds and the other issues raised by the parties.


                                                  5
the allowance out of it to Savannah Nicole Padgett of a proportionate attorney’s fee and

reimbursement of costs, as provided in Virginia Code § 65.2-311[.]” The circuit court then

ordered that $16,667 was to be “apportioned to Savannah Nicole Padgett for her proportionate

attorney’s fee” and that $206.36 “be paid to Decker, Cardon, Thomas, Weintraub & Neskis, P.C.,

in reimbursement of costs it ha[d] advanced on behalf of Savannah Nicole Padgett[.]” The

circuit court then ordered that all of the remaining funds be paid to Hartford “in full satisfaction

of its lien/subrogation claim in respect to the medical bills and lost wages paid to Savannah

Nicole Padgett on account of her injuries in the underlying motor vehicle accident” and

determined that “[t]he arbitration underlying this matter, which had been initiated by Hartford

. . . against Allstate . . . is now moot, and shall not proceed.” 8

        Hartford appeals to this Court. Specifically, it asserts that the circuit “court erred in its

construction and application of Code §§ 65.2-309 and 65.2-311 and Williams v. Capital Hospice

& Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 

 (2016), to this case[,]” and therefore,

erred by failing to award the available Allstate coverage “to Hartford in full” or, alternatively, by

failing to “permit [the requested] intercompany arbitration to proceed.”




        8
          The circuit court also ordered Padgett to “sign a Release in accordance with Virginia
Code § 38.2-2206K in respect to her claim . . . against . . . Brown, and counsel for Ms. Padgett
shall sign an Order in the case of Savannah Nicole Padgett v. Mary Magdalene Brown, Civil
Action No. CL20-2718, In The Circuit Court of the City of Suffolk, specifying that the claim
therein . . . is settled in accordance with Virginia Code § 38.2-2206K[.]” Furthermore, the circuit
court released both Brown and Allstate “from any and all claims arising out of the personal
injuries sustained by . . . Padgett in the motor vehicle accident underlying this matter” and held
that said “release does not impair . . . Padgett’s right to pursue her claim for underinsured
motorist coverage benefits against State Farm[.]”


                                                    6
                                              II. Analysis

                                        A. Standard of review

          Hartford’s appeal poses questions of statutory interpretation. As such, it presents

questions of law subject to de novo review in this Court. See Virginia Dep’t of Tax’n v. R.J.

Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

, 454 (2022).

          When interpreting a statute, “our primary objective is ‘to ascertain and give effect to

legislative intent,’ as expressed by the language used in the statute.” Cuccinelli v. Rector &

Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 

, 425 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Amerson, 

 (2011)). “[W]e determine the General

Assembly’s intent from the words contained in the statute.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 

 (2003) (citing Vaughn, Inc. v. Beck, 

 (2001); Thomas v.

Commonwealth, 

 (1998)). “[W]ords in a statute are to be construed according to

their ordinary meaning, given the context in which they are used.” City of Va. Beach v. Bd. of

Supervisors, 

 (1993) (quoting Grant v. Commonwealth, 

(1982)). Accordingly, unless faced with an ambiguity or an absurdity, we accord the words of a

statute their plain meaning. Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 

(2007).

          When dealing with an amendment to an already existing statute, these general principles

are augmented by a presumption. Specifically, “[s]tatutory amendments are presumed to amend

statutes—to change something that was there or to add something that was not there before.”

Appalachian Power Co. v. State Corp. Comm’n, 

, ___, 

, 359 (2022);

see also Wisniewski v. Johnson, 

 (1982) (recognizing the presumption that “a

change in law was intended when new provisions are added to prior legislation by an amendatory




                                                   7
act”) (quoting Boyd v. Commonwealth, 

 (1975)). Thus, absent a clear indication to

the contrary, we view statutory amendments as the General Assembly effectuating a change in

the law. 

                  B. Workers’ compensation benefits and strangers to the work

       “The Workers’ Compensation Act . . . reflects a legislative quid pro quo that gave

workers the right to assert no-fault liability against their employers (a right that they had never

possessed) and took from them the right to sue their employers in tort for negligence (a right that

they had possessed under the common law).” Lopez v. Intercept Youth Servs., Inc., 

,

196 (2021) (quoting Jeffreys v. Uninsured Emp.’s Fund, 

, 93 (2019)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Under the Act, an employee is entitled to receive benefits from his

employer when he suffers an “injur[y] by accident ‘arising out of and in the course of’ [his]

employment.” Butler v. Southern States Coop., Inc., 

 (2005) (quoting

Code § 65.2-300).

       In general, such benefits are an injured employee’s exclusive remedy for a workplace

injury falling within the Act. Code § 65.2-307. There is, however, an exception to the Act’s

exclusivity provision; it “does not apply . . . to a common law action for an employee’s injury or

death against an ‘other party.’” Napper v. ABM Janitorial Servs.-Mid Atl., Inc., 

(2012) (quoting Code § 65.2-309).

       For the purposes of the Act, a tortfeasor is considered an “other party” when that person

can be said to be a “stranger” to the work or business of the employer. As we have observed,

               [t]he remedies afforded the employee under the [A]ct are exclusive
               of all his former remedies within the field of the particular
               business, but the [A]ct does not extend to accidents caused by
               strangers to the business. If the employee is performing the duties
               of his employer and is injured by a stranger to the business, the




                                                  8
               compensation prescribed by the [A]ct is available to him, but that
               does not relieve the stranger of his full liability for the loss[.]

Fowler v. Int’l Cleaning Serv., Inc., 

 (2000) (quoting Feitig v. Chalkley, 

 (1946)).

       In this case, it is undisputed that Padgett suffered a compensable injury by accident that

arose out of and occurred within the scope of her employment. Thus, she was entitled to

workers’ compensation benefits under the Act, which Hartford has paid. It also is undisputed

that her injuries were caused by Brown and that Brown is a stranger to the employer’s business.

Accordingly, consistent with Code § 65.2-309(A), Padgett retained her right to pursue a common

law action against Brown for the damages she suffered as a result of the accident.

             C. Code § 65.2-309(A), workers’ compensation liens, and subrogation

       Code § 65.3-309(A) not only preserves an injured employee’s right to bring a common

law action against a “stranger” tortfeasor, it also provides certain protections to employers.

Specifically, it grants an employer who has paid workers’ compensation benefits an interest in

any recovery that the employee obtains from the stranger in such a common law action. In

pertinent part, Code § 65.2-309(A) provides that

               [a] claim against an employer under this title for injury,
               occupational disease, or death benefits shall create a lien on behalf
               of the employer against any verdict or settlement arising from any
               right to recover damages which the injured employee, his personal
               representative or other person may have against any other party for
               such injury[.]

Colloquially known as a workers’ compensation lien, 9 the lien created by Code § 65.2-309(A)

effectively requires an injured employee to reimburse an employer for the workers’




       9
         As pertinent here, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “workers’-compensation lien” as “[a]
statutory lien, asserted by a workers’-compensation insurance carrier, against an insured


                                                 9
compensation benefits it has paid with the source of the reimbursement being any recovery that

the employee receives as a result of a common law claim against a “stranger” tortfeasor.

       In addition to preserving an injured employee’s right to bring a common law action

against a “stranger” tortfeasor and creating a lien for the benefit of employers who have paid

benefits against any recovery such action generates, Code § 65.2-309(A) also provides that “such

employer also shall be subrogated to any such right and may enforce, in his own name or in the

name of the injured employee or his personal representative, the legal liability of such other

party.” In previously addressing this portion of Code § 65.2-309(A), we have noted that

               [s]ubrogation is, in its simplest terms, the substitution of one party
               in the place of another with reference to a lawful claim, demand, or
               right so that the party that is substituted succeeds to the rights of
               the other. Thus, under Code § 65.2-309, the payment of workers’
               compensation benefits by an employer merely substitutes the
               employer in the place of the employee with respect to any right of
               recovery the employee may have against a third party to the extent
               of the employer’s payment of such benefits.

Yellow Freight Sys., Inc. v. Courtaulds Performance Films, Inc., 

 (2003) (internal

citations omitted). Accordingly, consistent with Code § 65.2-309, an employer who has paid

workers’ compensation benefits need not wait to see when or if an injured employee pursues an

action against a “stranger” tortfeasor, but rather, utilizing its right of subrogation, may stand in

the employee’s shoes and pursue recovery against the “stranger” tortfeasor directly.

                               D. Williams and Code § 65.2-309(E)

       Hartford argues that its attempted arbitration with Allstate was simply an exercise of its

right of subrogation under Code § 65.2-309(A). It contends that the manner in which it chose to

exercise that right, intercompany arbitration as opposed to filing a suit against Brown that



worker’s recovery from a third-party tortfeasor, to recover benefits paid to the injured worker.”
Black’s Law Dictionary 1110 (11th ed. 2019).


                                                  10
Allstate would have had to defend, is of no moment. In support of this position, Hartford relies

on the decision of the Court of Appeals in Williams.

       In Williams, an employee was injured in an automobile accident while in the service of

her employer. 

. The accident was caused by the negligence of a stranger to

her employer’s business. 

 As a result, the injured employee was entitled to pursue both a

claim for workers’ compensation benefits and a claim against the “stranger” tortfeasor. 

       The employer’s workers’ compensation carrier paid workers’ compensation benefits to

the injured employee and then, utilizing its right to subrogation under Code § 65.2-309, “initiated

arbitration proceedings with . . . the insurance carrier for the third party, seeking recovery of its

workers’ compensation lien[.]” Id. The arbitration was held, and the arbitrator ordered the

tortfeasor’s insurance carrier to pay the employer the full amount of its workers’ compensation

lien. Id. Neither the injured employee nor her counsel was involved in the arbitration.

       Nearly two years after the arbitrator’s award, the injured employee, effectively arguing

that the arbitration could not be held without her involvement, filed an action in the Commission,

asserting that she was entitled to “the pro rata share of attorney’s fees and expenses from the”

amount the employer had recovered “through arbitration.” Id. The Commission rejected the

employee’s arguments, and she appealed to the Court of Appeals. Id. at 166.

       After noting that, under the version of Code § 65.2-309 then in effect, “there is no

statutory requirement that notice of the employer’s intention to exercise its right of subrogation

be provided to the employee,” id. at 170 n.1, the Court of Appeals concluded that nothing in the

Act precluded an employer from exercising its subrogation rights through intercompany

arbitration with the insurance carrier of the “stranger” tortfeasor. Id. at 176.




                                                  11
        Relying on the Court of Appeals’ conclusion in Williams, Hartford reasons that it was

entitled to resolve its subrogation claim through interparty arbitration with Allstate. Hartford’s

reliance on Williams is misplaced because the General Assembly amended Code § 65.2-309 in a

material way after the Court of Appeals decided Williams.

        In deciding the matter, the Court of Appeals applied the version of Code § 65.2-309 that

was then in effect. Consistent with the reasoning of Williams, that version of Code § 65.2-309

did not limit the method by which an employer could exercise its right of subrogation granted by

Code § 65.2-309(A). An employer was free to pursue its subrogation rights through any proper

means, including intercompany arbitration. If an employer chose to pursue arbitration, the

arbitration could resolve not only “the amount and validity of the employer’s lien[,]”

Code § 65.2-309(E), but, as recognized in Williams, could fully resolve the matter with an

“arbitrator . . . ordering [the tortfeasor’s insurer] to pay . . . the full lien amount[] to” the

employer. 

.

        In its first regular session that convened after the Court of Appeals decided Williams, the

General Assembly amended Code § 65.2-309. See 2017 Acts chs. 81, 288. Specifically, the

General Assembly amended Code § 65.2-309 to include subsection (E), which addresses “[a]ny

arbitration held by the employer in the exercise of such right of subrogation[.]”10

        In clear and unambiguous language, Code § 65.2-309(E) now limits the scope of any

such arbitration. Specifically, Code § 65.2-309(E) provides that such arbitrations “(i) shall be

limited solely to arbitrating the amount and validity of the employer’s lien” and “(ii) shall not




        10
           At oral argument in this Court, Hartford conceded that the arbitration it attempted to
initiate with Allstate was an “arbitration held by the employer in the exercise of such right of
subrogation[,]” Code § 65.2-309(E), and that the statute applied.


                                                    12
affect the employee’s rights in any way[.]” 11 (Emphasis added). These limitations represent a

significant change to the pre-existing statutory scheme, and therefore, are presumed to effectuate

a change in the law. Appalachian Power Co., 301 Va. at ___, 876 S.E.2d at 359.

        Although the prior version of the statute allowed an employer to utilize intercompany

arbitration to satisfy its lien, the current version does not. 12 It permits an employer to utilize

arbitration only for the limited purposes enumerated in the statute. Specifically, the arbitration is

“limited solely to arbitrating the amount and validity of the employer’s lien[.]” Code § 65.2-309.

(Emphasis added). Thus, consistent with Code § 65.2-309(E), an arbitration may address the

“amount and validity of the employer’s lien[,]” but no other subject. Accordingly, the arbitration

may not result in an “arbitrator . . . ordering [the tortfeasor’s insurer] to pay . . . the full lien

amount[]” as was the case in Williams. 

.

        Recognizing this statutory limitation on the permissible scope of the arbitration sought by

Hartford in this case largely resolves the appeal. 13 There has never been a dispute over the


        11
         In addition to these limitations, Code § 65.2-309(E) requires that “[p]rior to the
commencement of such arbitration[,]” the employer has provided certain information to the
“employee and his attorney, if any,” allowing the employee a chance to object to any of the
expenses claimed to be a part of the lien, and requires that any dispute between the parties as to
what expenses should be included be litigated before the Commission. Code
§ 65.1-309(E)(iii)(1-4).
        12
           In both the circuit court and on appeal, Hartford has stressed the efficiencies and
cost-savings that often are associated with arbitration and noted that Virginia, as a matter of
public policy, generally favors arbitration. See, e.g., Mission Residential, LLC v. Triple Net
Properties, LLC, 

 (2008). Such public policy arguments cannot contravene
clear statutory language and should be addressed to the legislature, not the courts. See Daily
Press, LLC v. Off. of Exec. Sec’y of Supreme Ct., 

 (2017) (“Public policy
questions concerning where to draw the line . . . fall within the purview of the General
Assembly. In a regime of separated powers that assigns to the legislature the responsibility for
charting public policy, our function is limited to adjudicating [] question[s] of law[.]”).
        13
          Throughout the proceedings, appellees also have argued that the limitation in
Code § 65.2-309(E)(ii), prohibiting the arbitration if it would “affect the employee’s rights in any
way[,]” also serves as a bar to Hartford’s requested arbitration. Given our conclusion that the


                                                    13
validity of Hartford’s lien or that it far exceeded the available coverage from Allstate in amount.

Accordingly, because any arbitration would have been “limited solely to arbitrating the amount

and validity of the employer’s lien,” Code § 65.2-309(E), and no other subject, there was no

issue to be resolved in the requested arbitration.

       Furthermore, the inability of an arbitrator to order Allstate to make payment to Hartford

meant that the arbitration could not result in a “verdict or settlement arising from any right to

recover damages which the injured employee . . . may have against any other party for such

injury,” Code § 65.2-309(A), from which Hartford’s lien could be satisfied. Thus, while valid,

Hartford’s lien required an additional event, a settlement or verdict in a claim by Padgett against

Brown or a settlement or verdict in a subrogation action by Hartford against Brown, before

Hartford could receive payment. Cf. Harrison & Bates, Inc. v. Featherstone Assocs. Ltd. P’ship,

 (1997) (recognizing that “an inchoate lien is one which attaches to property by

operation of a statute or entry of a judgment, but which cannot be enforced until it becomes a

consummate lien by the appropriate statutory or judicial process”). Thus, absent some further

proceeding or occurrence, Hartford’s lien could not be satisfied.

       Faced with potentially valid claims from Padgett, her counsel, and Hartford for its

applicable coverage limit, Allstate reasonably sought the assistance of the circuit court by filing

its complaint in interpleader. The resulting orders of the circuit court provided the requisite

“verdict or settlement[,]” Code § 65.2-309(A), from which the competing claims could be




limitation in Code § 65.2-309(E)(i) resolves the matter, we need not, and therefore, do not
address whether, under these facts, Code § 65.2-309(E)(ii) would have barred the requested
arbitration. See Commonwealth v. White, 

 (2017) (recognizing that “[t]he
doctrine of judicial restraint dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest grounds
available’”) (internal citation omitted).


                                                 14
satisfied, and we find no error in the circuit court’s apportionment of the funds. See

Code §§ 65.2-310 & 65.2-311. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

                                            III. Conclusion

         For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court did not err in granting Allstate’s “First

Amended Complaint in Interpleader with Accompanying Prayer for Declaratory Relief” or in its

apportionment of the interpleaded funds. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit

court.

                                                                                             Affirmed.




                                                   15