In Re Arlington Independent School District, Codi Van Duzee, Carl Lewis, Julie Anderson, Dr. Greg Cartwright, and Dr. Michael Hill v. the State of Texas

                         In the
                    Court of Appeals
            Second Appellate District of Texas
                     at Fort Worth
                 ___________________________
                      No. 02-23-00142-CV
                 ___________________________

   ARLINGTON INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT AND PROPOSED
          DEPONENTS CODI VAN DUZEE, CARL LEWIS,
JULIE ANDERSON, DR. GREG CARTWRIGHT, AND DR. MICHAEL HILL,
                         Appellants

                                V.

JUSTIN WILLIAMS AND REBEKAH WILLIAMS, A/N/F M.L.W., Appellees



               On Appeal from the 96th District Court
                      Tarrant County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. 096-338395-22
                               AND
                   ___________________________
                        No. 02-23-00155-CV
                   ___________________________

IN RE ARLINGTON INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, CODI VAN DUZEE,
     CARL LEWIS, JULIE ANDERSON, DR. GREG CARTWRIGHT, AND
                    DR. MICHAEL HILL, Relators



                           Original Proceeding
              96th District Court of Tarrant County, Texas
                    Trial Court No. 096-338395-22


                Before Kerr, Birdwell, and Womack, JJ.
                Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr




                                   2
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellees Justin and Rebekah Williams, as next friends of their minor daughter

M.L.W., filed a Rule 202 petition to take presuit depositions of Arlington Independent

School District (AISD) employees Codi Van Duzee, Carl Lewis, Julie Anderson, Dr.

Greg Cartwright, and Dr. Michael Hill (collectively, the District Employees). AISD

and the District Employees filed a plea to the jurisdiction challenging the trial court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction. The trial court denied the plea and granted the Williamses’

Rule 202 petition.

      AISD and the District Employees have appealed from the trial court’s order

denying their plea to the jurisdiction and have filed an appeal or, alternatively, a

petition for writ of mandamus challenging the order granting the Williamses’ Rule

202 petition. Because the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction over the

Williamses’ potential claims or suit, we will affirm the trial court’s order denying the

jurisdictional plea. But the trial court clearly abused it discretion by granting the

Williamses’ Rule 202 petition, and AISD and the District Employees have no

adequate appellate remedy. We will thus conditionally grant mandamus relief.

                                    I. Background

      The Williamses filed a verified petition for a court order authorizing them to

take presuit depositions of the District Employees and ordering the District

Employees to produce certain documents. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 202. According to the

Williamses’ petition, one of M.L.W.’s male junior-high-school classmates touched her

                                           3
buttocks with his foot about 20 times during class. Three days later, the same

classmate touched M.L.W. with his hand and threatened to rape her. The Williamses

contacted the school and reported the events to Van Duzee, the school principal.

      Cartwright, an assistant principal at an AISD high school, interviewed witnesses

who verified M.L.W.’s claims. Cartwright filled out a “stay away form,” which

provided that the classmate’s schedule would be changed so that he did not have any

classes with M.L.W. A few days later, however, the classmate was still in M.L.W.’s

class. M.L.W. contacted her parents, who immediately came to the school. While the

Williamses spoke to Van Duzee in a school hallway, Lewis, a school counselor,

approached the Williamses and told them that he “did not have time to change [the

classmate] out of M.L.W.’s class” and to inform the classmate about the schedule

change.

      Based on these events, the Williamses sought depositions and documents from

the District Employees to investigate a potential claim or suit. Specifically, they sought

to orally depose the District Employees 1 to elicit testimony from them about

   • “whether any school staff violated the student’s right to a safe environment by
     allowing the student to be threatened with rape by another student”;


      1
         In their petition, the Williamses identified Anderson as a teacher at their
daughter’s junior high and Hill as AISD’s Assistant Superintendent of Administration
but provided no details regarding Anderson’s and Hill’s involvement in the events
involving M.L.W. During the hearing on the Rule 202 petition, Justin Williams
testified that the incidents involving his daughter and the classmate occurred in
Anderson’s classroom. Hill—according to Justin—is AISD’s Title IX coordinator.


                                            4
   • “[whether] school staff violated the child’s right to attend school [in] a safe
     environment by allowing a student to inappropriately touch her more than
     once”; and

   • “whether the school staff violated Title IX.”

       The District Employees removed the case to federal court, asserting that

federal-question jurisdiction existed because the Williamses intended to investigate

whether their daughter “was discriminated against through what can be characterized

as sexual discrimination and/or harassment, thereby allegedly violating [their

daughter]’s rights under Title IX.” See 

 (providing that generally,

“[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from

participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any

education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance”); 

 (“The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising

under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”). The federal district

court sua sponte remanded the case to state court because the District Employees had

failed to establish federal-question jurisdiction over the matter.

       AISD and the District Employees then filed in state court a combined plea to

the jurisdiction, original answer, affirmative defenses, and objections and special

exceptions, along with a brief in support.2 AISD and the District Employees argued


       The Williamses did not name AISD in their Rule 202 petition. The district
       2

intervened in the proceeding by filing the combined plea to the jurisdiction, original
answer, affirmative defenses, and objections and special exceptions. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
60 (providing that “[a]ny party may intervene by filing a pleading”).

                                            5
that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the Rule 202 petition

because sovereign immunity barred the Williamses’ potential claims against AISD.

AISD and the District Employees further argued that statutory and qualified

immunity barred the Williamses’ potential claims against the District Employees, that

the Williamses’ potential claims could be brought only in federal court, and that Title

IX did not authorize a claim under that title against the District Employees

individually. Finally, they argued that the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition should be

denied because the Williamses failed to meet Rule 202’s requirements. AISD and the

District Employees also asked the trial court to award them attorney’s fees.

      The trial court held two separate hearings: a non-evidentiary hearing on AISD

and the District Employees’ jurisdictional plea, affirmative defenses, and objections

and special exceptions and an evidentiary hearing on the Williamses’ Rule

202 petition. At the first hearing’s conclusion, the trial court denied the plea to the

jurisdiction and stated that it was going to allow the Williamses to depose the District

Employees. The next day, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the

Williamses’ Rule 202 petition.

      Following the second hearing, the trial court signed two orders. In the first

order, the trial court (1) granted the Williamses’ request to orally depose the District

Employees; (2) granted the Williamses’ request for the District Employees to produce

certain documents at their depositions; and (3) found that with respect to each

District Employee, “the likely benefit of allowing [the Williamses] to take the

                                           6
requested deposition to investigate a potential claim outweigh[ed] the burden or

expense of the procedure.” In the second order, the trial court denied AISD and the

District Employees’ jurisdictional plea, affirmative defenses, and attorney’s-fees

requests and overruled and denied their objections and special exceptions.

       AISD and the District Employees have appealed from both orders. They filed

an interlocutory appeal from the order denying their jurisdictional plea (Appellate

Cause Number 02-23-00142-CV). They filed an appeal or, alternatively, a petition for

writ of mandamus challenging the order granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition

(Appellate Cause Number 02-23-00155-CV). Because the facts concerning these two

appellate proceedings are intertwined, we dispose of them in a single opinion. See Ball

Up, LLC v. Strategic Partners Corp., Nos. 02-17-00197-CV, 02-17-00198-CV,

, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 2, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

             II. Immunity, Subject-Matter Jurisdiction, and Rule 202

       Sovereign immunity, unless waived, protects the State, its agencies, and its

officials from lawsuits for damages. Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. ISD v. Tex. Pol.

Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 

 (Tex. 2006); see also

Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 

, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003) (“Sovereign

immunity refers to the State’s immunity from suit and liability.”). “The appurtenant

common-law doctrine of governmental immunity similarly protects political

subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and school districts.” Ben Bolt-Palito

Blanco Consol. ISD, 

 (citing Taylor, 

 n.3). As a

                                             7
political subdivision of the State, a public school district like AISD enjoys

governmental immunity from suit to the extent that immunity has not been waived by

the legislature. See 

 A school-district employee sued in his official capacity has the

same governmental immunity as his employer. See Franka v. Velasquez, 

, 382–83 (Tex. 2011).3 Immunity from suit deprives a trial court of subject-matter

jurisdiction. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 

 (Tex.

2004) (op. on reh’g).

       Rule 202 allows a person to petition a trial court for an order authorizing “the

taking of a deposition on oral examination or written questions” either (1) to

perpetuate or obtain testimony for use in an anticipated suit or (2) to investigate a

potential claim or suit. Tex. R. Civ. P. 202.1. “Rule 202 does not require a petitioner

to plead a specific cause of action.” DeAngelis v. Protective Parents Coal., 

 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, no pet.). Nor does it require a petitioner to

“expressly state a viable claim,” In re Emergency Consultants, Inc., 

 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, orig. proceeding) (per curiam), or “require that the

person or entity from whom a deposition is sought be a potentially liable defendant in


       3
        This protection is subject to the ultra vires exception. See Franka, 332 S.W.3d
at 382–83 (“Under Texas law, a suit against a government employee in his official
capacity is a suit against his government employer with one exception: an action
alleging that the employee acted [ultra vires]. With that exception, an employee sued in
his official capacity has the same governmental immunity, derivatively, as his
government employer.” (footnotes omitted)). The Williamses have not pleaded that
the District Employees acted ultra vires.


                                             8
the possible action being investigated,” Houston ISD v. Durrell, 

, 306–

07 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.). The rule “requires only that the

petitioner state the subject matter of the anticipated action, if any, and the petitioner’s

interest therein.” DeAngelis, 

. A Rule 202 petition “asserts no

substantive claim . . . upon which relief can be granted.” 

 (quoting Combs v. Tex.

C.R. Project, 

 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. denied)). Rather, “[a]

successful [R]ule 202 petitioner simply acquires the right to obtain discovery—

discovery that may or may not lead to a claim or cause of action.” 

 at 853–

54 (quoting Combs, 

).

        But even with these relaxed pleading requirements, the trial court must have

subject-matter jurisdiction over the potential claim or the anticipated action for a

party to properly obtain Rule 202 presuit discovery. See Gordon ISD v. Hinkson,

, 929 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2023, no pet.) (citing In re Doe (Trooper),

 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding)); see also In re City of Dallas,

 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); In re DePinho, 

 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding). The petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating

that the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction over the potential claim or the

anticipated action. See Gordon ISD, 661 S.W.3d at 929 (citing Durrell, 

).




                                            9
                                 III. Our Jurisdiction

      We must first address our jurisdiction over both the interlocutory appeal from

the trial court’s order granting the plea to the jurisdiction and the appeal or,

alternatively, petition for writ of mandamus challenging the order granting the

Williamses’ Rule 202 petition.

      Regarding the latter, a Rule 202 order allowing or denying presuit discovery

from a third party against whom suit is not contemplated is final and appealable. See In

re Jorden, 

, 419 & n.7 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding). In contrast, a Rule

202 order allowing or denying presuit discovery from a party who is a potential or

anticipated defendant is an interlocutory order, but such an order can be challenged

by mandamus. See 

; In re Elliott, 

, 459–60 (Tex. App.—Austin

2016, orig. proceeding); In re PrairieSmarts LLC, 

 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2014, orig. proceeding). We determine whether an order granting a Rule

202 petition is final or interlocutory based on whether the deponent is a potential or

anticipated defendant or a third party, not on whether the petition was filed under

Rule 202.1(a) (deposition is sought for use in an anticipated suit) or 202.1(b)

(deposition is sought to investigate a potential claim or suit). See, e.g., Jorden,

249 S.W.3d at 419–20 (concluding that mandamus relief was available where presuit

deposition under Rule 202.1(a) was sought from anticipated defendant); Int’l Ass’n of

Drilling Contractors v. Orion Drilling Co., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (determining Rule 202 order was final and appealable where

                                          10
parties agreed petitioner did not anticipate suing deponent); Elliott, 504 S.W.3d at

459–60 (explaining that mandamus relief was available where petition was brought

under Rule 202.1(b) because it sought to investigate potential claims against

deponent).

      Here, the Williamses’ petition states that they are investigating a potential claim

or suit. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 202.1(b). Although they don’t specifically identify the

anticipated defendants, a fair reading of the petition suggests that the District

Employees are not mere third parties but that the Williamses anticipate suing them,

something their counsel also indicated during the hearing on the Williamses’ Rule

202 petition. And on appeal, the Williamses state that they have brought their Rule

202 petition “to investigate a potential claim or suit that [they] may have against the

School, Proposed Deponents either individually or in their capacity as employees of

[AISD], and/or the Perpetrator.” We conclude that the District Employees are

potential or anticipated defendants and that the trial court’s order granting the Rule

202 petition is thus an interlocutory order. Accordingly, we review AISD and the

District Employees’ challenge to the trial court’s order granting the Williamses’ Rule

202 petition as a petition for writ of mandamus. See In re City of Dallas, No. 05-18-

00289-CV, 

, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 26, 2018, orig.

proceeding) (mem. op.).

      Regarding the trial court’s order denying AISD and the District Employees’

plea to the jurisdiction, we have jurisdiction over an appeal from an interlocutory

                                          11
order that either “grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit as

that term is defined in Section 101.001 [of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies

Code].” 

(a)(8). The term “governmental

unit” as defined in Section 101.001 includes school districts, see 

 § 101.001(3)(B), but

does not include employees, see id. § 101.001(3). The Williamses’ claims identifying the

individuals as “staff,” however, are broad enough to include actions against the

District Employees in their official capacities. See Gordon ISD, 661 S.W.3d at 927. “A

person sued in an official capacity should be able to appeal the denial of a

jurisdictional plea in the same way as his employing governmental unit because both

defendants’ interests in pleading sovereign immunity are identical.” Tex. A & M Univ.

Sys. v. Koseoglu, 

 (Tex. 2007). We thus conclude that we have

jurisdiction over both AISD’s and the District Employees’ appeal from the order

denying their plea to the jurisdiction. See id.; see also 

(a)(8).

       Having concluded that we have jurisdiction to address AISD and the District

Employees’ challenge to the Rule 202 order as a mandamus petition and jurisdiction

over the interlocutory appeal challenging the order denying the jurisdictional plea, we

now address the merits of each, starting with the latter.




                                            12
                           IV. Order Denying AISD and
                  the District Employees’ Plea to the Jurisdiction

      In five issues, AISD and the District Employees argue that because the trial

court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’ potential claims, the trial

court erred by denying their plea to the jurisdiction. They contend that (1) they have

governmental immunity from all Rule 202 proceedings; 4 (2) even if Rule 202 petitions

aren’t “wholesale barred by immunity,” the Williamses failed to plead potential claims

for which governmental immunity has been waived; (3) the District Employees have

statutory immunity from the Williamses’ potential claims; (4) because AISD and the

District Employees would be entitled to remove a Title IX claim to federal court, the

trial court does not have jurisdiction over the Williamses’ potential Title IX claim,

Title IX does not authorize claims against school officials, teachers, and employees in

their individual capacities, and qualified immunity protects the District Employees

from both suit and liability in federal court; and (5) the District Employees are entitled

to attorney’s fees and court costs because they have immunity. After briefly

addressing the standard of review, we address each of these issues in turn.




      4
        AISD and the District Employees use the terms “sovereign immunity” and
“governmental immunity” interchangeably. We construe the issues in this case to
pertain to governmental immunity. See City of Dallas, 

, at
*3 n.4 (citing Harris Cnty. v. Sykes, 

 (Tex. 2004)).


                                           13
A. Standard of review

       As noted, unless waived, governmental immunity deprives a trial court of

subject-matter jurisdiction. See Miranda, 

. Governmental immunity is

properly raised in a plea to the jurisdiction. See 

 at 225–26. A plea to the jurisdiction

is a dilatory plea that seeks dismissal of a case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

Harris Cnty., 

. A jurisdictional plea’s purpose is to defeat a cause of

action without regard to the asserted claim’s merits. Bland ISD v. Blue, 

 (Tex. 2000). Whether the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a legal

question that we review de novo. See Miranda, 

.

       A jurisdictional plea may challenge the pleadings, the existence of jurisdictional

facts, or both. Alamo Heights ISD v. Clark, 

 (Tex. 2018). When, as

here, the plea challenges the pleadings, we determine if the plaintiffs have alleged facts

affirmatively demonstrating subject-matter jurisdiction. See Miranda, 

. We look to the plaintiffs’ pleadings, construing them liberally in the plaintiffs’

favor and looking to the pleaders’ intent. 

 If the pleadings lack sufficient facts to

affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction but do not affirmatively

demonstrate incurable jurisdictional defects, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency,

and the plaintiffs should be given the opportunity to amend. 

 at 226–27. But if the

pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a jurisdictional plea

may be granted without allowing the plaintiffs the opportunity to amend. 

.



                                            14
B. Analysis

       In four of their five issues, AISD and the District Employees argue that the

trial court erred by denying their plea to the jurisdiction because various forms of

immunity deprived the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction over the potential

claims pleaded in the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition. As we explained, a proper court

to entertain a Rule 202 petition is a court that would have subject-matter jurisdiction

over the underlying dispute or anticipated lawsuit; thus, we must look to the

substantive law of the underlying dispute or anticipated action to determine

jurisdiction. See Vestal v. Pistikopoulos, Nos. 10-16-00034-CV, 10-16-00035-CV,

, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco July 27, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); Combs,

; City of Dallas v. Dall. Black Fire Fighters Ass’n, 

, 554–

55, 557–58 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.); see also DePinho, 

 (“[F]or a party to properly obtain Rule 202 pre-suit discovery, ‘the court must

have subject-matter jurisdiction over the anticipated action.’” (quoting Trooper,

)). To obtain Rule 202 presuit discovery, the petitioner does not

have to establish that the trial court would have jurisdiction over the proposed

deponents in a possible future action; “he need only show that the trial court would

have subject-matter jurisdiction over the anticipated action.” Durrell, 

; see

Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. Tcholakian, No. 01-11-00754-CV,

, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sept. 27, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op.). In fact, Rule 202 does not require that the potential deponent be a

                                             15
potentially liable defendant in the possible action being investigated. Durrell,

547 S.W.3d at 306–07; City of Houston v. U.S. Filter Wastewater Grp., Inc., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).

      In their first issue, AISD and the District Employees contend that AISD has

immunity from all Rule 202.1(b) proceedings because no constitutional provision,

statute, or civil-procedure rule waives AISD’s immunity in Rule 202 proceedings.

They assert that without an immunity waiver, governmental immunity deprived the

trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition.

      Rule 202 does not in itself waive governmental immunity. See, e.g., Vestal,

, at *3; Dall. Black Fire Fighters Ass’n, 

. But “the

fact that [R]ule 202 does not provide for waiver of immunity is not dispositive as to

whether a [R]ule 202 deposition can be used to investigate a potential claim against a

governmental entity that has immunity from suit.” Dall. Black Fire Fighters Ass’n,

. While “Rule 202 depositions may not be used solely to investigate

potential claims that are otherwise barred by governmental immunity,” presuit

depositions “are not, in wholesale, barred by immunity.” City of Dallas,

, at *5 (citing Combs, 

); see Durrell, 

 (“Rule 202 petitions themselves do not constitute lawsuits that would be barred

across-the-board by governmental immunity.”). Because governmental immunity does




                                           16
not act as an absolute bar to Rule 202 petitions, we overrule AISD and the District

Employees’ first issue. 5

       But in a case involving governmental immunity, a Rule 202 petition must be

sufficiently specific to demonstrate a basis for overcoming that immunity. Dall. Black

Fire Fighters Ass’n, 

. To affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction, a Rule 202 petitioner may have to plead more than the

minimum that Rule 202 requires. Combs, 

. “[T]he petition must also

set forth specific facts demonstrating that, at least potentially, the petitioner has been

injured by actions that would amount to a claim which would not be barred by

[governmental] immunity.” 

       Regarding the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, the Williamses

specifically pleaded as follows:

       The Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over the potential claim or suit
       if (1) . . . any school staff violated the student’s right to a safe
       environment by allowing the student to be threatened with rape by
       another student; (2) school staff violated the child’s right to attend
       school i[n] a safe environment by allowing a student to inappropriately
       touch her more than once; and/or (3) . . . the school staff violated Title
       IX. The Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over the potential claim or

       5
        AISD and the District Employees state in passing in their first issue that the
District Employees have official immunity from all Rule 202 proceedings. Like the
statutory immunity we later discuss in our analysis of AISD and the District
Employees’ third issue, official immunity is an affirmative defense that protects
government employees from personal liability. Univ. of Hous. v. Clark, 

 (Tex. 2000). As such, it does not deprive a trial court of subject-matter
jurisdiction. See Miranda, 

 (“Immunity from liability is an affirmative
defense, while immunity from suit deprives a court of subject[-]matter jurisdiction.”).


                                           17
      suit, such as a declaratory judgment suit, if any [AISD] employees, acting
      within their scope of employment duties, engaged in discriminatory
      conduct towards Petitioners’ minor child; such as if any [AISD]
      employees, acting within their scope of employment duties, infringed
      upon Petitioners’ minor child’s property right to a safe educational
      environment; such as if any [AISD] students engaged in threats of
      rape/assault against Petitioners’ minor child; such as if any [AISD]
      students engaged in the Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
      against Petitioners’ minor child.

      AISD and the District Employees argue in their second, third, and fourth

issues that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’

potential claims because they failed to plead any claims not barred by immunity. We

look to the substantive law of the potential claim or the anticipated action to

determine jurisdiction. See Durrell, 

. We will begin by addressing

AISD and the District Employees’ third issue, which argues that the trial court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’ claims against the District Employees

in their individual capacities because they have statutory immunity under Texas

Education Code Section 22.0511.

      Section 22.0511—entitled “Immunity from Liability”—provides immunity

from personal liability to professional school employees in certain circumstances:

      A professional employee of a school district is not personally liable for
      any act that is incident to or within the scope of the duties of the
      employee’s position of employment and that involves the exercise of
      judgment or discretion on the part of the employee, except in
      circumstances in which a professional employee uses excessive force in
      the discipline of students or negligence resulting in bodily injury to
      students.




                                          18


(a).6 This statutory immunity “is in addition to and

does not preempt the common law doctrine of official and governmental immunity.”

 § 22.051(b).

       The immunity that Section 22.0511 provides is an affirmative defense that gives

professional school employees immunity from liability for actions taken within the

scope of their employment. See McPherson v. Wylie, No. 10-15-00419-CV,

, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco Dec. 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); Rivera

v. Port Arthur ISD, No. 13-14-00214-CV, 

, at *7 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi–Edinburg Apr. 21, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). Immunity from liability

and immunity from suit are two distinct principles. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones,

 (Tex. 1999). The latter is a jurisdictional issue and prevents a

plaintiff from bringing suit unless immunity is waived. See State v. Lueck, 

 (Tex. 2009); Jones, 

. In contrast, the former prevents the

recovery of damages even when immunity from suit is waived. See Lueck, 

; Jones, 

. Unlike immunity from suit, immunity from liability does

not affect a court’s jurisdiction to hear a case and should not be raised in a plea to the

jurisdiction. See Lueck, 

; Jones, 

; see also Ahmed v. Metro.

Transit Auth., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (“A

plea to the jurisdiction challenges the court’s subject[-]matter jurisdiction.”). Section

      Section 22.0511 “does not apply to the operation, use, or maintenance of any
       6

motor vehicle.” 

(b).


                                            19
22.0511 thus does not bar suit against the District Employees in their individual

capacities and thus would not deprive the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction

over the Williamses’ potential claims against them. We overrule AISD and the District

Employees’ third issue. 7

      In their fourth issue, AISD and the District Employees assert that the trial

court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction over Title IX claims because such

claims are removable to federal court. 8 See generally 

, 1446. AISD


      7
        In their fifth issue, AISD and the District Employees claim that because the
District Employees are immune, they are entitled to attorney’s fees and court costs
under Education Code Section 22.0517, which provides that

      In an action against a professional employee of a school district
      involving an act that is incidental to or within the scope of duties of the
      employee’s position of employment and brought against the employee in
      the employee’s individual capacity, the employee is entitled to recover
      attorney’s fees and court costs from the plaintiff if the employee is found
      immune from liability under this subchapter.

 (emphasis added). Considering our reasoning and
decision overruling AISD and the District Employees’ third issue, we overrule their
fifth issue. See McPherson, 

, at *1, *3.
      8
         “Title IX provides a private right of action for individuals to sue educational
institutions that receive federal funds.” Doe ex rel. Doe v. Dallas ISD, 

, 688 (N.D. Tex. 2021) (citing Kelly v. Allen ISD, 

 (5th Cir.
2015)). A Title IX action against a school district for student-on-student harassment
requires that plaintiff show that (1) the district knew about the harassment, (2) the
harasser was under the district’s control, (3) the harassment was based on the victim’s
sex, (4) the harassment was “so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it
effectively barred the victim’s access to an educational opportunity or benefit,” and
(5) the district was deliberately indifferent to the harassment. 

 (citing Kelly, 

).


                                           20
and the District Employees imply that because Title IX claims are removable, state

courts have no jurisdiction over such claims. And because state courts do not have

subject-matter jurisdiction over Title IX claims, AISD and the District Employees

argue, the Williamses cannot “bootstrap” state claims to federal claims to circumvent

jurisdictional requirements and investigate a claim over which the trial court ultimately

has no jurisdiction.

      As to Rule 202’s jurisdictional requirements, the Texas Supreme Court has

explained that

      Generally, a party “cannot obtain by Rule 202 what it would be denied in
      the anticipated action.” In re Wolfe, 

 (Tex. 2011) (per
      curiam). In other words, the rule cannot be used as “an end-run around
      discovery limitations that would govern the anticipated suit.” 

 This is
      because “pre-suit discovery ‘is not an end within itself’; rather, it ‘is in aid
      of a suit which is anticipated’ and ‘ancillary to the anticipated suit.’” 

      (quoting Office Emps. Int’l Union Local 277 v. Sw. Drug Corp., 

 (Tex. 1965)). It follows then, that for a party to properly obtain
      Rule 202 pre-suit discovery, “the court must have subject-matter
      jurisdiction over the anticipated action,” so “[t]he rule cannot be
      used, for example, to investigate a potential federal . . . patent suit,
      which can be brought only in federal court.” [Trooper], 444 S.W.3d
      [at] 608 . . . . This limitation on pre-suit discovery is due to a court’s
      inherent jurisdictional limitations: “a court cannot grant relief when it
      lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter,” so “[i]t would make no sense to
      insist that a court ordering discovery to perpetuate testimony for a later-
      filed suit . . . be one . . . [without] subject-matter jurisdiction.” 

 at 607–
      08. Indeed, allowing courts to authorize Rule 202 depositions for
      potential suits over which they lack jurisdiction would untether pre-suit
      discovery from the suit it purports to be in aid of. See Wolfe, 

.

DePinho, 

 (emphasis added).



                                             21
       But unlike patent claims, Title IX claims can be brought in state court; federal-

court jurisdiction over Title IX claims is not exclusive.9 See Mosley v. Beaumont ISD,

, 938–39 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1999, no pet.) (applying Title IX in

Texas state court); see also Teran v. Hagopian, No. CV-F-07-1476 OWW/GSA,

, at *19 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2009) (“State and federal courts have

concurrent jurisdiction over claims under Title IX.”); H.M. v. Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Educ.,

 (Ala. 1998) (applying Title IX in state court); Morrison v. N. Essex

Cmty. Coll., 

 (Mass. App. Ct. 2002) (stating that Title IX is

enforceable in state or federal court). 10 Because Title IX claims can be brought in state

court, the trial court does not lack subject-matter jurisdiction over Title IX claims, and

the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition to investigate a potential Title IX claim would not be

barred for this reason.

       AISD and the District Employees additionally argue in their fourth issue that

the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’ potential Title IX

claim because Title IX does not authorize claims against school officials, teachers, and

       9
        The Texas Supreme Court has also stated that Rule 202 cannot be used to
investigate anticipated federal antitrust claims because such claims can only be
brought in federal court. Trooper, 

.
       10
         See generally Cecily Fuhr, Cause of Action Under Title IX of Education Amendments
Act of 1972 Against College or University for Sexual Harassment of Student by School Personnel
or Other Student, in 78 Causes of Action 2d 381, § 17 (2017), Westlaw (database
updated Nov. 2023) (“An action under Title IX may generally be brought in any
federal or state court of competent jurisdiction. A federal district court will have
federal question jurisdiction over a Title IX claim. 

.”)


                                             22
employees in their individual capacities and because qualified immunity would insulate

the District Employees from both suit and liability with respect to any potential

federal claims. See generally Fitzgerald v. Barnstable Sch. Comm., 

, 

 (2009) (stating that Title IX “has consistently been interpreted as not

authorizing suit against school officials, teachers, and other individuals”); Harlow v.

Fitzgerald, 

, 

 (1982) (holding that “government

officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for

civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known”). Regardless of

the applicability of these two principles, however, the trial court would have subject-

matter jurisdiction over a potential Title IX claim against AISD, which is all the

Williamses had to show to obtain Rule 202 presuit discovery. Durrell, 

 (“To obtain a pre-suit investigatory deposition from HISD under Rule 202,

Durrell does not have to establish the court would have jurisdiction over HISD in a

possible future action; he need only show that the trial court would have subject-

matter jurisdiction over the anticipated action .”). We overrule AISD and the

District Employees’ fourth issue.

       AISD and the District Employees argue in their second issue that because the

Williamses failed to plead potential claims for which AISD’s governmental immunity

has been waived, the trial court erred by denying their plea to the jurisdiction. AISD

and the District Employees specifically contend that the trial court lacks subject-

                                            23
matter jurisdiction over the Williamses’ potential claims because under the Texas Tort

Claims Act, AISD can be sued only for injuries caused by the negligent use, operation,

or maintenance of a motor vehicle, and the Williamses’ petition did not allege such

injuries. In support, AISD and the District Employees invoke Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code Sections 101.021 and 101.051. See 

, .051.

      AISD and the District Employees are correct that under the Texas Tort Claims

Act, waiver of a school district’s governmental immunity encompasses only tort

claims involving the use or operation of motor vehicles. Mission Consol. ISD v. Garcia,

 (Tex. 2008) (citing 

).11 But this argument misses the point. The fact that the Williamses have


      11
        Section 101.021 provides that a governmental unit in Texas is liable for

             (1) property damage, personal injury, and death proximately
             caused by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an
             employee acting within his scope of employment if:

                    (A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises
                    from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or
                    motor-driven equipment; and

                    (B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
                    according to Texas law; and

             (2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of
             tangible personal or real property if the governmental unit would,
             were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to
             Texas law.


                                          24
not alleged motor-vehicle injuries does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction over

the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition. Again, the Williamses are required to show only that

the trial court would have subject-matter jurisdiction over their potential claim or suit.

See Durrell, 

. Here, the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction over

the Williamses’ potential claims involving (1) the District Employees in their

individual capacities; (2) the student who kicked and threatened M.L.W.; and (3) Title

IX violations against AISD. See Gordon ISD, 661 S.W.3d at 929–30; Mosley, 997 S.W.2d

at 938–39. When construed liberally in their favor, the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition

adequately explained these potential claims. And to the extent that governmental

immunity would bar any of the Williamses’ other potential claims, a trial court in a

Rule 202 proceeding may properly deny a jurisdictional plea if it has subject-matter

jurisdiction over some claims but not others. See, e.g., Tcholakian, 

, at

*4–5; U.S. Filter Wastewater Grp., 

; City of Willow Park v. Squaw Creek

Downs, L.P., 

, 340–41 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). We

thus overrule AISD and the District Employees’ second issue.

      Having overruled all of AISD and the District Employees’ issues in their

interlocutory appeal, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the plea to the

. Section 101.051 provides that “[e]xcept
as to motor vehicles, [the immunity waiver in Chapter 101] does not apply to a school
district or to a junior college district.” 

 § 101.051.


                                           25
jurisdiction. We now turn to AISD and the District Employees’ mandamus petition

challenging the order granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition.

               V. Order Granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 Petition

      In four of their issues, AISD and the District Employees contend that the trial

court clearly abused its discretion by granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition

because (1) the trial court granted the petition before holding the hearing on it and

making the findings Rule 202 requires; (2) the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition did not

meet the rule’s requirements, and the Williamses presented no evidence supporting

the trial court’s Rule 202 findings; (3) the trial court ordered the District Employees to

produce documents at their depositions; and (4) the District Employees have

statutory immunity under Education Code Section 22.0511. In their fifth issue, AISD

and the District Employees complain that the trial court abused its discretion by not

awarding the District Employees mandatory attorney’s fees under Education Code

Section 22.0517 and by not awarding AISD and the District Employees attorney’s

fees under Education Code Section 11.161 and Civil Practice and Remedies Code

Section 105.002. After we address the applicable standard of review, we will begin

with AISD and the District Employees’ second issue because taking the issues out of

order aids in our disposition of this original proceeding.

A. Standard of review

      Mandamus relief is an extraordinary remedy. In re Acad., Ltd., 

,

25 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding). The party seeking mandamus relief must show both

                                           26
that the trial court clearly abused its discretion and that the party has no adequate

remedy by appeal. In re Allstate Indem. Co., 

, 875 (Tex. 2021) (orig.

proceeding).

      A trial court abuses its discretion when a decision is arbitrary, unreasonable,

and without reference to guiding principles. Id.; see Walker v. Packer, 

,

839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). We defer to a trial court’s factual

determinations that have evidentiary support, but we review the trial court’s legal

determinations de novo. In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 

 (Tex. 2009)

(orig. proceeding). An error of law or an erroneous application of the law to the facts

is always an abuse of discretion. See In re Geomet Recycling LLC, 

, 91–

92 (Tex. 2019) (orig. proceeding).

      An appellate remedy’s adequacy has no specific definition; “the term is ‘a proxy

for the careful balance of jurisprudential considerations’ [that implicate both public

and private interests,] and its meaning ‘depends heavily on the circumstances

presented.’” Allstate Indem. Co., 622 S.W.3d at 883 (quoting In re Prudential Ins. of Am.,

 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding)); In re Ford Motor Co., 

 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Prudential, 

); see also

In re McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 

 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding)

(“Whether a clear abuse of discretion can be adequately remedied by appeal depends

on a careful analysis of costs and benefits of interlocutory review.”).



                                           27
      An appellate remedy is adequate when any benefits to mandamus review are

outweighed by the detriments. Prudential, 

. But even when the

benefits of mandamus review outweigh the detriments, we must consider whether the

appellate remedy is nonetheless adequate. 

 In evaluating the benefits and

detriments, we consider whether mandamus will preserve important substantive and

procedural rights from impairment or loss. In re Team Rocket, L.P., 

 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding). The danger of permanently losing substantial

rights occurs when the appellate court would not be able to cure the error, when the

party’s ability to present a viable claim or defense is vitiated, or when the error cannot

be made a part of the appellate record. ERCOT, Inc. v. Panda Power Generation

Infrastructure Fund, LLC, 

, 641 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding) (citing

In re Van Waters & Rogers, Inc., 

 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding)).

We should also consider whether mandamus will allow us “to give needed and helpful

direction to the law that would otherwise prove elusive in appeals from final

judgments” and “whether mandamus will spare litigants and the public ‘the time and

money utterly wasted enduring eventual reversal of improperly conducted

proceedings.’” Team Rocket, 

 (quoting Prudential, 

).

      As noted, an order allowing a presuit deposition of an anticipated defendant

under Rule 202, as here, is not a final, appealable order. See Jorden, 

.

Mandamus is thus the proper method to challenge such an order. In re Campos, No. 2-

07-197-CV, 

, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 12, 2007, orig.

                                           28
proceeding [mand. denied]) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (citing In re Hewlett Packard,

 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, orig. proceeding [mand. denied])).

B. Analysis

       When, as here, a Rule 202 petition is brought to investigate a potential claim or

suit, the trial court must order the requested deposition to be taken, if, but only if, it

finds that “allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition may prevent a

failure or delay of justice in an anticipated suit” or the likely benefit of the deposition

outweighs the burden and expense of the procedure. Tex. R. Civ. P. 202.4(a). The

Williamses pleaded—and the trial court found—only the latter. See Tex. R. Civ. P.

202.4(a)(2).

       We begin by addressing the first part of issue two (the Williamses’ failing to

present evidence supporting the trial court’s Rule 202 findings). The Williamses had

the burden to both plead and prove that the likely benefit of allowing them to take the

requested depositions to investigate their potential claims outweighed the depositions’

burden or expense. See In re Kaddatz, No. 02-23-00336-CV, 

, at

*4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 2, 2023, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (citing Tex. R.

Civ. P. 202.4(a)(2)). A Rule 202 petition that “merely tracks the language of Rule

202 in averring the necessity of a pre-suit deposition, without including any

explanatory facts,” will not suffice to meet the petitioner’s burden. DeAngelis,

 (quoting In re East, 

 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2014, orig. proceeding)); see also In re Does, 

 (Tex. 2011)

                                            29
(orig. proceeding) (concluding that petitioner’s “sketchy” allegations mostly

concerning a third party “made no effort to present the trial court with a basis for the

[Rule 202] findings”).

       Regarding proof, “a Rule 202 petitioner must provide more than mere

allegations to obtain a Rule 202 deposition.” Kaddatz, 

, at *4 (citing

DeAngelis, 

). A Rule 202 petitioner must “present evidence to meet

its burden to establish the facts necessary to obtain such discovery.” 

 (quoting

DeAngelis, 

). “And, because pleadings—even if sworn or verified—

are not generally considered competent evidence, Laidlaw Waste Sys. (Dall.), Inc. v. City

of Wilmer, 

 (Tex. 1995), we have held that ordinarily a Rule

202 petitioner cannot rely upon a verified pleading to meet its burden of proving the

facts asserted in its petition.” Kaddatz, 

, at *4 (citing DeAngelis,

556 S.W.3d at 855–56).

       In support of their assertion in their verified Rule 202 petition that the

depositions’ benefits outweighed their burden and expense, the Williamses pleaded

that

       [t]he likely benefits to the Petitioners include avoiding the cost of
       meritless lawsuits, avoiding the continuation of fruitless attempts to
       obtain the requested information from the requested deponents and
       others, to efficiently determine if a viable claim(s) and/or suit(s) exist
       before any statutory or regulatory statute of limitations or deadlines, to
       pursue justice for Petitioner’s minor child, and to determine if M.L.W.
       was harmed in any way so that Petitioner can provide M.L.W. with any
       needed support. The burden to the deponents is none other than the
       typical burden to all deponents. The deponents will be questioned in a

                                           30
      conference room for no more than six hours. The deponents are not
      required to employ an attorney for their depositions, but they are
      permitted to do so. Deponents who are employed by school districts will
      likely have an attorney provided for them by their employer at no cost to
      the deponents. Deponents who are employed by school districts will
      likely not have to lose pay to attend their depositions. Deponents will
      not likely have to travel great distances from their place of employment.
      Deponents will not be asked about their private relationships or personal
      finances, unlike many deponents. None of the deponents are employed
      in the field of national security, the armed forces, first responders,
      aviation, or medicine which may cause undue burdens.

      At the Rule 202 hearing, however, the only evidence that the Williamses

offered in support of their petition was testimony from Justin Williams. Regarding the

benefit versus the burden and expense of the requested depositions, Justin testified on

direct examination as follows:

             Q. . . . . What would be the benefits -- the possible benefits of
      taking these depositions?

              A. So we could learn more about what happened as far as the
      situation goes and to, you know, potentially save time and money as well.

             Q. How would that save time and money?

             A. Well, I don’t know a lot about this process, but from what I
      understand, you know, having the information, that’s going to allow us
      to have all the facts that we don’t know and help us potentially, you
      know, make a decision on what to do next to try to achieve justice and
      resolution of the issue at hand.

             Q. What -- Do you understand that taking these depositions
      might not produce evidence that would allow you to move forward with,
      as you say, getting justice for your daughter?

             ....

             A. Yes.



                                          31
             Q. . . . How would that be beneficial?

             A. It would be beneficial to know the -- the facts in the situation.

             Q. What would you use -- The information you gathered from
      these deponents, what would you use all of this information for?

             Let me ask that a different way.

            Would you consider taking any action based on the information
      you gather?

             A. Yes.

             Q. What kind of actions do you think you might take?

             A. A potential lawsuit.

             ....

           Q. I also want to ask: Did you read Arlington and the potential
      deponents’ plea to the jurisdiction and answer to this suit?

             A. Yes.

             Q. In that answer, did you see any claims of special burdens that
      these people have personally?

             A. No.

           Q. Okay. Do you see the school’s attorney representing these
      deponents here today?

             A. Yes.

      The Williamses’ attorney—Mr. Shake—then asked Justin whether he had “any

reason to believe the burden on these potential deponents to sit down at a conference

table and answer questions is any more burden[some] for any other possible person




                                           32
who sits for a deposition?” The attorney for AISD and the District Employees, Mr.

Eichelbaum, objected:

            MR. EICHELBAUM: Objection. Calls for speculation. He’s
      asking what the burden is for them, the proposed deponents. He’s not
      an expert; therefore, his opinion is inappropriate.

             THE COURT: Well, I think he’s asking about his belief, so I will
      allow it.

            A. Can you repeat the question again, please.

                   ....

             Q. [By Mr. Shake] Based on Arlington and the proposed
      deponents’ answer and your dealings with your -- your and your wife’s
      dealings with the proposed deponents, do you have any personal
      knowledge that sitting for depositions creates a special burden for these
      proposed deponents?

            MR. EICHELBAUM: Same objection, plus he threw in his wife --

             MR. SHAKE: Your Honor, I’m going to object to the speaking
      objections and ask for a legal objection.

            THE COURT: Wait! Wait! Don’t interrupt his objection.

            MR. SHAKE: It’s not a legal objection, Your Honor.

            THE COURT: You can respond to the objection, but after he
      makes it. But you can’t interrupt him.

            Go ahead with the objection.

            MR. EICHELBAUM: The same objection, Your Honor, with
      regard to leading, calls for speculation, but this time he included the
      witness’s wife’s knowledge, which is also speculative.

            ....

            THE COURT: Okay. I’m -- I’m really more interested in the -- in
      what those interactions were.


                                         33
             MR. SHAKE: Certainly.

             THE COURT: If you can -- I -- I –

             MR. SHAKE: I’m happy to move on, Your Honor.

             THE COURT: I’ll sustain the objection about the parties’ beliefs.

              And we’ve probably been through more depositions than these
      folks, so we understand --

             MR. SHAKE: Understood, Your Honor.

            THE COURT: -- how -- how -- how burdensome . . . depositions
      may or may not be.

            So I’m really more interested in the -- in the personal knowledge
      and the facts of the case and the interactions and what statements may
      or may not have been made already by the proposed deponents.

      Later in the hearing, Mr. Eichelbaum asked Justin—who had been deposed in
another matter—how much time he had spent with his attorney preparing for that
deposition. The trial court sustained Mr. Shake’s objection to that question and stated,
      Well, I’ll bet that probably the lawyers in this room have done a
      thousand depositions between us. So I don’t really need the testimony of
      this witness on that. I’ve prepared witnesses differently than you might
      or that Mr. Shake might. So I don’t need this witness’s testimony about
      his personal experience with depositions.

      According to Justin, the likely benefit of presuit discovery in this case is “to

potentially save time and money” to gather “all the facts” to determine whether to file

suit. But the benefit of a Rule 202 petitioner’s determining whether he has a legitimate

claim does not alone suffice to outweigh the burden on a potential deponent. Hewlett

Packard, 

. Here, the Williamses offered no evidence regarding the

burden or expense to either AISD or the District Employees. Without such evidence,


                                          34
the trial court had no basis for determining whether the benefit of allowing the

Williamses to take presuit depositions to investigate their potential claims actually

outweighed the depositions’ burden or expense. There is thus no evidence to support

the trial court’s findings as to each District Employee that “the likely benefit of

allowing Petitioners to take the requested deposition to investigate a potential claim

outweighs the burden or expense of the procedure.” For this reason, the trial court

clearly abused its discretion by granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition to depose

the District Employees.

      The trial court also clearly abused its discretion by ordering the District

Employees to produce documents at their depositions. As AISD and the District

Employees point out in their third issue, we have expressly held that a document-

production request in a Rule 202 petition is improper. See DeAngelis, 

. In other words, Rule 202 does not authorize a trial court, before suit is filed, to

order any form of discovery other than a deposition. See id.; see also In re Pickrell,

No. 10-17-00091-CV, 

, at *6 (Tex. App.—Waco Apr. 19, 2017,

orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re Akzo Nobel Chem., Inc., 

 (Tex.

App.—Beaumont 2000, orig. proceeding).12


      12
         But see, e.g., In re City of Tatum, 

, 808 & n.7 (Tex. App.—Tyler
2018, orig. proceeding) (explaining and holding that trial court did not abuse its
discretion by requiring document production in conjunction with Rule
202 depositions); City of Dallas v. City of Corsicana, Nos. 10-14-00090-CV, 10-14-00171-
CV, 

, at *6 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 20, 2015, pet. denied) (mem.
op.) (explaining and holding same), mand. granted on other grounds, City of Dallas,

                                          35
       We hold that the trial court clearly abused its discretion by granting the

Williamses’ Rule 202 petition. AISD and the District Employees have no adequate

appellate remedy. See Kaddatz, 

, at *9; Campos, 

, at

*3. Accordingly, we sustain their second and third issues. 13

       In their fifth issue, AISD and the District Employees contend that the trial

court abused its discretion by not awarding the District Employees attorney’s fees

under Section 22.0517 of the Education Code and by not awarding AISD and the

District Employees attorney’s fees under Education Code Section 11.161 and Civil

Practice and Remedies Code Section 105.002. See 

; 

, 22.0517. AISD and the District

Employees ask us to order the trial court to award them fees. We address each of

these statutory bases for attorney’s fees in turn.

       An attorney’s-fees award under Section 22.0517 requires a finding that the

employee is immune from liability under Subchapter B of Chapter 22 of the

Education Code. See 

 (“In an action against a

; In re Anand, No. 01-12-01106-CV, 

, at *3 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 2, 2013, orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (mem. op.)
(explaining same).
       13
         Given our disposition of AISD and the District Employees’ second and third
issues, we need not address their first and fourth issues, both of which also argue that
the trial court clearly abused its discretion by granting the Rule 202 petition. See Tex.
R. App. P. 47.1. We similarly need not address the remaining arguments in their
second issue, see 

 and we thus express no opinion about those arguments’ merits or
lack thereof.


                                            36
professional employee of a school district involving an act that is incidental to or

within the scope of duties of the employee’s position of employment and brought

against the employee in the employee’s individual capacity, the employee is entitled to

recover attorney’s fees and court costs from the plaintiff if the employee is found immune

from liability under this subchapter.” (emphasis added)). Here, AISD and the District

Employees assert that the District Employees are immune from liability under

Education Code Section 22.0511. See 

 § 22.0511. As we explained above, the

immunity Section 22.0511 provides is an affirmative defense. See, e.g., McPherson,

, at *3. A merits-based defense to a potential lawsuit is not a valid

objection to a Rule 202 petition. East, 

 (citing Emergency Consultants,

 (noting that requiring a Rule 202 petitioner to plead a viable claim

“would eviscerate the investigatory purpose of Rule 202”)). Because fees under

Section 22.0517 are contingent upon a finding that the school-district employee is

immune from liability, which is a merit-based defense that cannot be properly raised

in the Rule 202 petition, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not awarding

fees under that section. Moreover, AISD and the District Employees do not argue

and have not shown that they do not have an adequate appellate remedy for the trial

court’s failing to award fees under Section 22.0517. See Prudential, 

.

      An attorney’s fees award under Education Code Section 11.161 is predicated

on either a dismissal or a judgment for the defendant:



                                           37
         In a civil suit brought under state law, against an independent school
         district or an officer of an independent school district acting under color
         of office, the court may award costs and reasonable attorney’s fees if:

         (1) the court finds that the suit is frivolous, unreasonable, and without
         foundation; and

         (2) the suit is dismissed or judgment is for the defendant.

 (emphasis added). A fees award under Civil Practice

and Remedies Code Section 105.002 similarly requires a dismissal or a judgment:

         A party to a civil suit in a court of this state brought by or against a state
         agency in which the agency asserts a cause of action against the party,
         either originally or as a counterclaim or cross claim, is entitled to recover,
         in addition to all other costs allowed by law or rule, a total amount not
         to exceed $1 million for fees, expenses, and reasonable attorney’s fees
         incurred by the party in defending the agency’s action if:

         (1) the court finds that the action is frivolous; and

         (2) the action is dismissed or judgment is awarded to the party.

 (emphasis added).

         Here, neither a dismissal nor a judgment has occurred. The trial court thus did

not abuse its discretion by not awarding attorney’s fees under either section.

Additionally, AISD and the District Employees do not argue and have not shown that

they do not have an adequate appellate remedy for the trial court’s failing to award

fees under either section. See Prudential, 

. We overrule their fifth

issue.




                                                    38
                                    VI. Conclusion

      Having overruled all of AISD and the District Employees’ issues raised in their

interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order denying their plea to the jurisdiction,

we affirm that order. But having sustained AISD and the District Employees’ second

and third issues raised in their mandamus petition, we conditionally grant the

requested relief in part. All other requested mandamus relief is denied. The trial court

is ordered to vacate its order granting the Williamses’ Rule 202 petition and to render

an order denying the same. Our writ will issue only if the trial court fails to comply.




                                                       /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                                       Elizabeth Kerr
                                                       Justice

Delivered: December 14, 2023




                                           39