In the Interest of C.K.C., a Child v. the State of Texas

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed December 28, 2023.




                                            In The

                         Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                                   NO. 14-23-00498-CV

                       IN THE INTEREST OF C.K.C., A CHILD


                       On Appeal from the County Court at Law
                                Grimes County, Texas
                          Trial Court Cause No. 35705-CCL

                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The trial court signed an Order of Termination terminating Mother’s and
Father’s parental rights with respect to their seven-year-old daughter, C.K.C.
(“Christy”).1 Mother appeals the order and challenges the trial court’s predicate
termination findings under Texas Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and
(O).   Mother also challenges the trial court’s finding that termination of her
parental rights is in Christy’s best interest.

       For the reasons below, we overrule Mother’s issues on appeal and affirm the

       1
           We refer to C.K.C. using a pseudonym. See 

(d).
trial court’s Order of Termination.

                                       BACKGROUND

       In May 2022, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the
“Department”) filed an original petition seeking to terminate Mother’s and Father’s
parental rights with respect to Christy. The parties proceeded to a bench trial
before an associate judge2 approximately one year later. We summarize relevant
portions of the witnesses’ testimony and evidence below.

Mary Watkins

       Mary Watkins is a Department investigator. Watkins said she received a
referral in April 2022 alleging neglectful supervision of Christy, who was then five
years old. Mother was hospitalized at this time for a kidney stone and an infection
and Christy was staying with her paternal grandfather (“Grandfather”).

       According to Watkins, Mother had made allegations regarding an
“inappropriate” relationship between Christy and Grandfather. Watkins said she
interviewed Grandfather and Christy about the allegations. Watkins testified that
Grandfather “adequately address[ed]” the allegations and she was not concerned
about Christy staying in his care.

       But after interviewing Grandfather and Christy, Watkins said she was
concerned about the care Mother had been providing to Christy.                       Watkins
interviewed Mother on May 3, 2022, while Mother was staying at Grandfather’s
house after she was discharged from the hospital. Watkins performed an oral swab
drug test on Mother, which came back positive for methamphetamines. Shortly
       2
          The Texas Family Code permits a judge to refer certain matters, including a suit
affecting the parent-child relationship, to an associate judge for a ruling. See 

(a). Upon ruling on the matter, the associate judge must issue a proposed order
or judgment containing the associate judge’s findings, conclusions, or recommendations. 

§ 201.011(a).

                                              2
thereafter, Watkins filed an “Affidavit in Support of Emergency Removal” in the
trial court, which also was admitted into evidence during trial.

      According to the affidavit, Mother was admitted to the hospital on April 19,
2022. The affidavit states that Mother reported to hospital staff that Grandfather
had inappropriate interactions with Christy, including “posting naked photos” of
her and “sleep[ing]” with her.

      The affidavit then describes Watkins’ interview with Grandfather. Watkins
recounts that Grandfather said Christy had lived with him since she was eight
months old. According to Grandfather, Mother lived with him about half the time
and, when she lived elsewhere, occasionally would take Christy with her.
Grandfather said that Christy told him she and Mother would visit “Mr. Pirate,”
whom Grandfather believed was a drug dealer. Grandfather recalled that Christy
said she heard Mr. Pirate “talking about killing someone.” Grandfather also stated
that, when Christy would return to his home, she would say that she and Mother
“slept in the car” while they were gone.

      Discussing Mother’s allegations against him, Grandfather said he took a
picture of Christy while she was swimming and posted it on his Facebook.
Grandfather said Christy sometimes slept in his bed and that Mother would “get
upset that [Christy] doesn’t want to sleep with her.” Grandfather said he had a
good relationship with Christy and “has never done anything inappropriate with or
towards” Christy. Watkins’ affidavit then briefly recounts her interview with
Christy, whom she described as “clean, appropriately dressed, happy and healthy.”
Watkins stated that Christy did not make an outcry of abuse or neglect during the
interview.

      Next, the affidavit discusses Watkins’ interview with one of Mother’s nurses
at the hospital. The nurse said Mother was admitted for a kidney stone and an
                                           3
infection. According to the nurse, Mother tested positive for “amphetamines,
benzoids, and opioids” on two separate occasions: April 22 and April 29. The
nurse stated that hospital staff suspected Mother “was being brought in drugs by
her boyfriend” because “none of the medications they provided would explain the
positive drug screens.” The nurse explained further that “the drug tests were taken
with enough time in between that the second drug test would have been clean even
if [Mother] had drugs in her system when she was admitted into the hospital.”

      Further substantiating these allegations, the nurse recalled that Mother
“would go in the bathroom for hours at a time.” The nurse stated that, on one
occasion when Mother’s boyfriend was visiting Mother in her hospital room, he
“was out of it asleep” and “wouldn’t wake or stir even with the loudest of noises.”

      Continuing on, the affidavit discusses Watkins’ interview with Mother
shortly after Mother’s discharge from the hospital. Mother denied using drugs
while hospitalized. Watkins informed Mother that Mother would need to undergo
drug testing and that a “safety plan” would be implemented with respect to
Christy’s care. According to Watkins, Mother “got very angry” and was “very
upset” and “yelling.” Since Mother did not agree to the safety plan, Watkins
informed Mother that “the Department would be taking emergency custody” of
Christy. In lieu of the Department placing Christy in foster care, Mother agreed to
stay at a local motel while Christy stayed in Grandfather’s care.

      Finally, the affidavit concludes with a summary of Mother’s history with the
Department.    In 2020, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful
supervision of Christy by Mother. The report stated that Mother and Christy were
living in a “storage unit” and alleged that Mother used drugs and that those drugs
were left where Christy could access them. During the investigation into this
referral, Mother tested positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines.

                                          4
Lindsey Cason

      Cason is a substance abuse counselor with Monarch Family Services. Cason
completed Mother’s substance abuse assessment in June 2022. Cason said Mother
reported a history of using alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamines.
According to Cason, Mother reported taking methamphetamines approximately ten
times in the past two years.        Ultimately, Cason recommended that Mother
complete 12 substance abuse counseling sessions. Cason said Monarch was unable
to schedule Mother to complete any of her sessions.

Melissa Muzny

      Muzny is a licensed professional counselor. Muzny had twelve counseling
sessions with Christy prior to her testimony at trial.

      According to Muzny, after her meetings with Christy and conversations with
Grandfather, she did not have any concerns about whether Grandfather had been or
was “inappropriate” with Christy. Muzny testified that Grandfather was a “very
stable” caregiver.

      Despite Mother’s allegations regarding Christy sleeping in Grandfather’s
bed, Muzny said she did not have any concerns about the appropriateness of the
relationship between Grandfather and Christy. According to Muzny, Grandfather
had requested help “devising a sleep plan” for Christy since she “has been sleeping
in his bed since she was a baby” and “struggles to stay in her own bed at night.”
Muzny said Grandfather was “making ongoing efforts” to address the issue. But
overall, Muzny said Christy was “very well adjusted” and did not have any
behavioral problems. Muzny said Christy would be best suited if she continued to
live with Grandfather.

      Muzny testified that Christy “advised [Muzny] that she does not like talking

                                           5
about her biological parents, her mom or her biological dad. And it would stress
her out.” When asked about specific concerns Christy relayed to her, Muzny
responded:

      [Christy] has shared with me, and I documented that in [the] notes that
      she is aware that her mother does drugs. She feels like her mother lies
      about doing drugs. She has not mentioned her biological father doing
      drugs. It’s — the conversation has always been about her biological
      mother.
Kimberly Nobles

      Nobles is a Department caseworker and worked on Christy’s case from
November 2022 through February 2023. While she was assigned to Christy’s case,
Nobles said she was unable to meet with Mother in person because Mother “was
not willing to give us her address or location.” Nobles said she “frequently” spoke
to Mother over the phone and via text.

      Nobles testified that Mother’s family service plan required safe and stable
housing, a stable form of income, a physiological evaluation, a parenting course, a
substance abuse assessment, and drug testing. According to Nobles, when she took
over the case in November 2022, Mother had completed the initial drug testing and
substance abuse assessment. Nobles said Mother’s May 2022 drug test tested
positive for methamphetamines.

      While she was assigned to Christy’s case, Nobles said Mother did not
complete any of the other prescribed services. Nobles testified that she would send
Mother weekly authorizations for drug testing but Mother “never complied.”
Nobles said she would try to call and text Mother but Mother “wouldn’t respond.”

      Nobles also said she was unable to verify Mother’s housing because Mother
would not provide her address. According to Nobles, Mother provided an address
in December 2022 but Nobles was never able to speak to the landlord.

                                         6
      Nobles said Mother provided information about her employer in December
2022. Nobles said she requested employment documentation or check stubs from
Mother but never received any. As of the time of trial, Nobles said she did not
believe Mother worked at the same employer.

      According to Nobles, Mother had weekly virtual visits with Christy. Nobles
said Mother would have been entitled to in-person visitation if she “was able to
string together two consecutive negative drug tests” but Mother was unable to
make that showing.         Nobles recalled that Mother was “usually there on her
visitations” but there were “many times that she was late to her virtual visits.”

      In sum, Nobles testified that, “[b]ased upon [her] involvement in the case,”
she believed it was in Christy’s best interest that Mother’s parental rights be
terminated. Nobles said Christy “is very stable where she’s at” and is “very
bonded” with Grandfather. Nobles said she had no concerns about Grandfather as
Christy’s adoptive placement.

Aaron Henry

      Aaron Henry is the Department caseworker currently assigned to Christy’s
case. Henry said Mother has not completed any prescribed services since he took
over the case in February 2023. Henry said Mother also has not completed the
prescribed drug testing.

      Admitted into evidence during Henry’s testimony was a May 30, 2023
police report from the Conroe Police Department. The report states that Mother
was pulled over for a traffic stop on that day and “dispatch advised that [she] had
three active warrants through the City of Conroe.” Mother was placed under arrest
and transported to the Montgomery County Jail.

      Henry said it would be in Christy’s best interest if Mother’s parental rights

                                          7
were terminated. Henry said Christy is currently “doing great” and testified that
Grandfather has “done great things” for Christy.

Grandfather

        According to Grandfather, Christy has lived with him about 90% of the time
since she was eight months old. Grandfather said he and Christy live in a double-
wide mobile home on six acres of land. Grandfather said they also care for horses,
dogs, and cats that live on the property.

        Grandfather said his son (Father) was sent to prison for drugs when Christy
was 10 months old. According to Grandfather, he permitted Mother to move into
his home at that time so she could work on her family service plan. Grandfather
said Mother originally agreed that he could adopt Christy but Mother later
contested the planned adoption, which caused his attorney’s fees to increase
significantly. Grandfather said he did not pursue the adoption because he no
longer could afford his attorney’s fees.

        Grandfather said Mother would still stay with him but “would take off with
[Christy] sometimes when [Mother] would get mad at [Grandfather].” Grandfather
said Mother would “t[ake] off for three or four days and wouldn’t let me know
where they were at. And then she would come home.” Grandfather said Christy
would relay to him that she and Mother were staying with a guy who “kicked them
out.”

        Grandfather said he was concerned about Mother living with him because
she previously had “lied about [Grandfather] and accused [Grandfather] of various
things on multiple times.” Elaborating, Grandfather testified that Mother said: “all
I have to do is accuse you of abuse, and I’ll get a restraining order, and your ass
will be out of here.”     After Mother’s allegations, Grandfather said he began


                                            8
wearing a body camera around the house.

      Grandfather said Christy has been living with him full-time since Mother’s
April 2022 hospital visit. After Mother moved out shortly thereafter, Grandfather
said he found what he believed to be a “meth pipe” in Mother’s bathroom.

      Discussing Christy’s progress, Grandfather said Christy “started off first
grade a little rough” but her teacher gave Grandfather “a lot of stuff to work with
her.” Grandfather said he and Christy worked together every day before school
and she “ended up on the AB honor roll.” Grandfather testified that he takes
Christy to the school bus every day and eats lunch with her on Fridays at school.
Grandfather said he and Christy have also started visiting her maternal
grandparents on Sundays after church.

      Grandfather said he would like to adopt Christy after the conclusion of the
proceedings. Grandfather said he hopes Christy can have a relationship with
Mother and Father when they are in a more stable place.

Leslie Janac

      Leslie Janac is a CASA volunteer and had spent time with Christy for
several months before trial. Describing Christy as “extraordinary,” “sweet,” and
“intelligent,” Janac said she has “never come across a more giving, sweet, loving
little girl.” Janac testified that she did not have any concerns about Grandfather’s
ability to care for Christy and said they “have a wonderful grandfather-
granddaughter relationship.”

      Janac said CASA’s position was that termination of Mother’s parental rights
would be in Christy’s best interest. Allowing Grandfather to adopt Christy, Janac
explained, “means there is permanency and stability in [Christy’s] life.”



                                         9
Mother

      According to Mother, Grandfather and Father worked together to “conceal”
Christy from her when Christy was ten months old. Mother said Grandfather and
Father “concealed [Christy] for nine months” and she “had to go fight for custody
for a long time.”

      Discussing her allegations regarding Grandfather’s relationship with Christy,
Mother testified:

      I voiced my concerns that I — I have always voiced about it. That he
      guilts her into sleeping in his room with him every night. I never said
      anything about molestation ever. But I said it’s just weird that a 70-
      year-old man, you know, guilts — makes her feel bad. Tells her he’s
      going to have bad dreams if she won’t sleep in his room with him.

Mother said she was admitted to the hospital in April 2022 for a kidney stone and,
when she was released, stayed at Grandfather’s home. Mother denied yelling at
Watkins or having any conversations about a safety plan.

      When asked why she did not comply with the drug testing prescribed by her
family service plan, Mother said she “was scared. [She] thought they would —
they would lie, like they did about the hospital ones. Because the hospital drug
tests. I did not fail them. They were my prescription medicines that they tested.”
Mother said she previously used methamphetamines only once.

      Mother said she currently works as a construction surveyor and has worked
for her employer “[o]n and off for several years.”

      Mother said she has concerns about Christy continuing to live with
Grandfather because she does not want Christy “to learn to be dishonest like that or
manipulative.” Mother asked that her parental rights not be terminated.



                                         10
Leonard Viar

      Leonard Viar said he is Mother’s employer and that she has worked for him
“[o]ff and on for eight years.” Viar said he and Mother “were friends a long time
before she went to work for [him].”

      Viar said Mother works as a construction surveyor. Viar said he administers
monthly drugs tests to his employees, including Mother.          Viar said Mother’s
testing results did not give him any cause for concern.

Father

      During his testimony, Father offered into evidence an “Affidavit of
Voluntary Relinquishment of Parental Rights.”         Father testified that he was
voluntarily relinquishing his parental rights with respect to Christy. According to
Father, it would be in Christy’s best interest for her to be adopted by Grandfather.

      Father also said he believed termination of Mother’s parental rights was in
Christy’s best interest. Father said he had known Mother for 8 years and agreed
that they had done drugs together. Father said he was “concern[ed]” that Mother
“may be high” during trial because she was “a little relaxed” and had “slowed
speech.”

Conclusion

      The associate judge signed a proposed Order of Termination on June 27,
2023, terminating both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights with respect to
Christy. The associate judge found that termination of Mother’s parental rights
was in Christy’s best interest and warranted under three subsections of section
161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code: (D) (endangerment by environment), (E)
(endangerment by conduct), and (O) (failure to comply with family service plan).

      On July 6, 2023, the trial court signed an order adopting the associate
                                         11
judge’s Order of Termination. Mother timely appealed.

                                       ANALYSIS

      Raising four issues on appeal, Mother asserts the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings that:

      1.     termination is warranted under section 161.001(b)(1)(O) (failure to
             comply with family service plan);
      2.     termination is warranted under                section    161.001(b)(1)(D)
             (endangerment by environment);
      3.     termination is warranted under                 section   161.001(b)(1)(E)
             (endangerment by conduct); and
      4.     termination of Mother’s parental rights is in Christy’s best interest.

We consider these issues individually below.

I.    Burdens of Proof and Standards of Review

      Involuntary termination of parental rights is a serious matter that implicates
fundamental constitutional rights. Holick v. Smith, 

 (Tex. 1985);
In re J.E.M.M., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no
pet.). But although parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not
absolute. In re C.H., 

 (Tex. 2002). Given the fundamental liberty
interests at stake, “termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized, and
involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent.”
Holick, 

.

      Parental rights may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence shows
(1) the parent committed an act described in section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas
Family Code, and (2) termination is in the child’s best interest. See 

(b)(1), (2). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the
measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm

                                           12
belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” 

§ 101.007.

      This heightened burden of proof results in heightened standards of review
for evidentiary sufficiency. In re V.A., 

, 327 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied). For a legal sufficiency challenge, we consider all
the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a
reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding
was true. In re J.F.C., 

 (Tex. 2002). We assume that the
factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder
could do so, and we disregard all controverting evidence a reasonable factfinder
could disbelieve. 

      For a factual sufficiency challenge, we consider and weigh all the evidence,
including disputed or conflicting evidence, to determine whether a reasonable
factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.
In re C.H., 

. We examine whether disputed evidence is such that a
reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that dispute in favor of its finding.

      The factfinder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and
demeanor of witnesses. In re A.B., 

 (Tex. 2014). “We may
not second-guess the factfinder’s resolution of a factual dispute by relying on
disputed evidence or evidence the factfinder ‘could easily have rejected as not
credible.’” In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 328 (quoting In re L.M.I., 

 (Tex. 2003)).

II.   Predicate Termination Findings

      Mother asserts the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support


                                         13
the trial court’s finding that termination is warranted under three subsections of
section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code.         See 

(b)(1)(D), (E), (O).

      “To affirm a termination judgment on appeal, a court need uphold only one
termination ground — in addition to upholding a challenged best-interest finding
— even if the trial court based the termination on more than one ground.” In re
N.G., 

 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). Predicate findings under
subsections (D) and (E), however, pose significant collateral consequences. See 

 (discussing section 161.001(b)(1)(M), which provides that a court may
terminate a parent’s rights if it finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the
parent has had his “parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another
child based on a finding that the parent’s conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D)
or (E)”).   In light of these consequences, we are required to consider the
sufficiency of the evidence pursuant to subsections (D) or (E) when raised on
appeal. 

; see also, e.g., In re P.W., 

 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.).

      A.     Subsection E

      Subsection (E) allows for termination of parental rights if clear and
convincing evidence supports a conclusion that the parent “engaged in conduct . . .
which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” 

(b)(1)(E). “Endanger” means to expose the child to loss or
injury or to jeopardize the child’s emotional and physical health. In re M.C., 

 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam). For purposes of this section, “conduct”
refers to the parent’s acts, omissions, and failures to act. In re K.J.B., No. 14-19-
00473-CV, 

, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 5,
2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

                                         14
      While endangerment often involves physical endangerment, the statute does
not require that conduct be directed at a child or that the child actually suffer
injury. In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 331. Rather, the specific danger to the child’s
well-being may be inferred from the parent’s misconduct alone. Tex. Dep’t of
Human Servs. v. Boyd, 

 (Tex. 1987); In re S.R., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). A parent’s conduct
that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the child’s
physical and emotional well-being. In re A.L.H., 

 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied).

      Termination under this subsection must be based on more than a single act
or omission; the statute requires a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of
conduct by the parent. In re S.R., 

. A court may consider
actions and inactions occurring both before and after a child’s birth to establish a
“course of conduct.” In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 331.

      A parent’s continuing substance abuse can qualify as a voluntary, deliberate,
and conscious course of conduct endangering the child’s well-being. In re J.O.A.,

 (Tex. 2009); In re L.G.R., 

 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Additionally, a factfinder reasonably can
infer that a parent’s failure to submit to court-ordered drug tests indicates that the
parent was avoiding testing because the parent was using illegal drugs. In re
E.R.W., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). A
parent’s drug use exposes the child to the possibility the parent may be impaired or
imprisoned and, thus, unable to take care of the child. In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at
331. But a parent’s illegal drug use is not, on its own, sufficient evidence of
endangerment; there also must be a showing of a causal connection between the
parent’s drug use and endangerment of the child. In re L.C.L., 

, 84-

                                           15
86 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied) (en banc).

      Here, the record establishes a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of
conduct by Mother that endangered Christy’s emotional and physical well-being.

      As shown by the summary of evidence and witness testimony presented at
trial, Mother has a lengthy history of substance abuse. Watkins’ “Affidavit in
Support of Emergency Removal” discusses Mother’s history with the Department
and states that, in 2020, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful
supervision of Christy by Mother. The report stated that Mother and Christy were
living in a “storage unit” and alleged that Mother was using drugs and that those
drugs were left where Christy could access them. During the investigation into this
report, Mother tested positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines.

      Additional evidence of Mother’s substance abuse came to light when
Watkins was investigating the April 2022 referral, again alleging neglectful
supervision of Christy by Mother. At this time, Mother was hospitalized for a
kidney stone and an infection. Watkins’ affidavit discusses an interview with one
of Mother’s nurses who suspected that Mother was “being brought in drugs by her
boyfriend” because (1) Mother tested positive for “amphetamines, benzoids, and
opids” on two separate occasions a week apart, (2) Mother was spending “hours”
in the bathroom, and (3) Mother’s boyfriend was “out of it asleep” during one of
his visits to Mother’s hospital room and “wouldn’t wake or stir even with the
loudest of noises.”

      When Watkins visited Mother at Grandfather’s home shortly thereafter on
May 3, 2022, Watkins performed an oral swab drug test on Mother that came back
positive for methamphetamines. After Mother moved out of Grandfather’s home a
few days later, Grandfather said he found a “meth pipe” in the bathroom Mother
had been using.
                                        16
      Grandfather provided additional evidence about Mother’s and Christy’s
relationship and the effects of Mother’s substance abuse. In Watkins’ affidavit,
she recounted a conversation with Grandfather in which he stated that Mother
would occasionally take Christy with her to live elsewhere.          According to
Grandfather, Christy had told him she and Mother would visit “Mr. Pirate,” whom
Grandfather believed was a drug dealer. Grandfather said Christy also told him
she and Mother slept in their car.

      Testifying at trial, Grandfather said Mother would “take off” with Christy
for three or four days when she would “get mad” at Grandfather. Grandfather said
Mother would not tell him where she and Christy were staying. On at least one
occasion, Grandfather said Christy told him she and Mother were staying with a
man who “kicked them out.”

      Grandfather said Mother also threatened to accuse him of abusing Christy,
after which he started wearing a body camera around the house. When Mother was
admitted to the hospital in April 2022, she reported that Grandfather had an
“inappropriate” relationship with Christy. Watkins investigated these allegations
and did not find any evidence to corroborate them. Similarly, Muzny, Nobles,
Henry, and Janac testified that they did not have any concerns about Grandfather’s
relationship with Christy.

      Muzny also provided testimony regarding the direct effects of Mother’s
substance abuse on Christy. According to Muzny, Christy did not like talking
about Mother and Father because “it would stress her out.” Muzny also said
Christy “is aware that her mother does drugs” and “feels like her mother lies about
doing drugs.”

      This evidence, taken together, shows a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious
course of conduct by Mother that has endangered Christy’s physical and emotional
                                        17
well-being.    See 

(b)(1)(E); In re A.L.H., 

; In re S.R., 

. Mother has a history of substance
abuse and the evidence shows a pattern of actions exposing Christy to instability
and uncertainty, including sporadically removing her from her Grandfather’s care,
having her stay overnight in storage units and the family car, threatening to
damage her relationship with Grandfather, and using drugs around her.
Accordingly, this evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial
court’s finding that Mother engaged in a pattern of conduct that endangered
Christy’s physical or emotional well-being.           See 

(b)(1)(E). We overrule Mother’s third issue challenging the trial court’s
predicate finding under this subsection.

       Because we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support termination under
subsection (E), we need not address the trial court’s finding pursuant to subsection
(D). See In re N.G., 

; see also, e.g., In re P.W., 

. Likewise, we need not address Mother’s challenge to the trial court’s finding
pursuant to subsection (O). See In re N.G., 

. We therefore
also overrule Mother’s first and second issues.

III.   Best Interest Finding

       In her fourth issue, Mother challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights
is in Christy’s best interest.

       Termination must be in the child’s best interest. 

(b)(2). There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is
served by keeping the child with the child’s parent. 

 § 153.131(b); In re R.R.,

 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). Prompt, permanent placement of
the child in a safe environment also is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.
                                           18
See 

(a).

      Courts may consider the following non-exclusive factors in reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s best-interest finding: the
desires of the child; the physical and emotional needs of the child now and in the
future; the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; the
parental abilities of the persons seeking custody; the programs available to assist
those persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child; the plans
for the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; the stability of the home
or proposed placement; acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the
existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate; and any excuses for the
parent’s acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 

 (Tex. 1976);
see also 

(b) (listing factors to consider in
evaluating parent’s willingness and ability to provide the child with a safe
environment). This list of factors is not exhaustive and evidence is not required on
all the factors to support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In
re I.L.G., 

 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet.
denied).

      Evidence supporting termination under one of the predicate grounds listed in
section 161.001(b)(1) also can be considered in support of a finding that
termination is in the child’s best interest.       In re S.R., 

.
Accordingly, the evidence showing conduct by Mother that endangered Christy’s
emotional and physical well-being, for purposes of subsection (E), is relevant to
our best-interest analysis.

The Child’s Desires

      Although Christy did not testify at trial, other evidence suggests her
preference would be to remain with Grandfather. According to Muzny, Christy
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expressed in her counseling sessions that she did not like talking about Mother,
that she is aware Mother does drugs, and that she feels like Mother lies about doing
drugs. Muzny testified that Christy would be best suited if she continued to live
with Grandfather.

      Similarly, Nobles testified that Christy “is very stable where she’s at” and is
“very bonded” with Grandfather. Henry also said Christy is currently “doing
great” and testified that Grandfather has “done great things” for Christy.
Grandfather also said he would like to adopt Christy after the conclusion of the
proceedings.

The Physical and Emotional Danger to Christy Now and in the Future

      With respect to this factor, “a parent’s drug use supports a finding that
termination is in the best interest of the child.” In re L.G.R., 

;
see also In re I.L.G., 

 (“The factfinder can give great weight to
the significant factor of drug-related conduct.”) (internal quotation omitted).

      We discussed above Mother’s history of substance abuse and its effects on
Christy’s stability. See In re A.M.T., No. 14-18-01084-CV, 

, at
*8 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(“Continued drug use may be considered as a factor in the trial court’s
determination that termination is in the child’s best interest.”). The evidence also
shows that Mother has not taken any of the prescribed steps to help with her
substance abuse issues.     Mother has repeatedly denied using drugs and, with
respect to the positive drug tests during her hospital stay, said they were “lies.”

      Mother also was prescribed 12 substance abuse counseling sessions but has
not completed any of them. According to Nobles, she would send Mother weekly
authorizations for drug testing but Mother “never complied.” Nobles also said she


                                          20
would try to call and text Mother but Mother “wouldn’t respond.” Although two
consecutive negative drug tests would have entitled Mother to an in-person visit
with Christy, Nobles said Mother was unable to make that showing.

      Considered together, this evidence supports the finding that returning
Christy to Mother’s care would risk physical and emotional danger to her now and
in the future.

Christy’s Physical and Emotional Needs Now and in the Future

      As discussed above, the evidence shows that Grandfather is meeting
Christy’s current physical and emotional needs. According to Grandfather, Christy
has lived with him 90% of the time since she was eight months old. Grandfather
said they live on six acres of land, where Christy helps him care for their horses,
dogs, and cats. Although Christy had a slow start in first grade, Grandfather said
they worked together every day before school and she “ended up on the AB honor
roll.” Grandfather said he walks Christy to the school bus each day and eats lunch
with her at school on Fridays.       This positive relationship was echoed by the
Department’s other witnesses, who uniformly expressed that Christy should
continue to live with Grandfather.

      In contrast, the evidence shows that Mother has had difficulty meeting
Christy’s physical and emotional needs. Evidence shows that Mother has not
always provided a stable living situation for Christy and that she and Mother have
previously lived in a storage unit and spent nights in their car. According to
Nobles, the Department was unable to verify whether Mother obtained stable
housing because Mother would not provide her address. Nobles also testified that
Mother had not shown she was able to maintain stable employment.

      Moreover, Mother did not complete the services prescribed in her family


                                         21
service plan, which included individual counseling, a substance abuse program,
and parenting classes. See In re I.L.G., 

 (“In determining the
best interest of the child in proceedings for termination of parental rights, the trial
court may properly consider that the parent did not comply with the court-ordered
service plan for reunification with the child.”).

         This evidence would permit the trial court to conclude that returning Christy
to Mother’s care would not best serve Christy’s physical and emotional needs.

Acts or Omissions That Suggest the Existing Parent-Child Relationship is Not
Appropriate and Any Excuses for Those Acts or Omissions
         We discussed above Mother’s pattern of substance abuse. The evidence also
shows that Mother has not taken responsibility for the substance abuse nor taken
any steps to remediate it. Rather, the evidence shows that Mother will go to great
lengths to maintain access to drugs, including while she is hospitalized.

         Moreover, while she was hospitalized, Mother alleged that Grandfather had
an inappropriate relationship with Christy — an allegation that could have
jeopardized Christy’s living situation with Grandfather.          Multiple witnesses
testified that these allegations were unfounded and that they did not have concerns
about Grandfather’s and Christy’s relationship.

Conclusion

         Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment for our
legal sufficiency analysis and all the evidence equally for our factual sufficiency
analysis, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief
or conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Christy’s best
interest. See 

(b)(2). We overrule Mother’s fourth
issue.


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                                  CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s Order of Termination signed July 6, 2023.




                                      /s/    Meagan Hassan
                                             Justice


Panel consists of Justices Hassan, Poissant, and Wilson.




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