Full Opinion (html_with_citations)

Opinion issued December 22, 2022




                                     In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ———————————
                             NO. 01-21-00494-CR
                           ———————————
                THOMAS LEE ALEXANDER, III, Appellant
                                       V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 10th District Court
                         Galveston County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 19CR2458


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury found appellant, Thomas Lee Alexander, III, guilty of the felony

offense of failure to comply with the registration requirements applicable to sex
offenders.1 After finding true the allegations in two enhancement paragraphs that

appellant had twice been previously convicted of felony offenses, the jury assessed

his punishment at confinement for forty years. In three issues, appellant contends

that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction and the trial court

erred in denying his motion for directed verdict and in instructing the jury.

          We affirm.

                                           Background

          In 1996, appellant was convicted of the felony offense of sexual assault of a

child.2

          On October 18, 2019, a Galveston County Grand Jury, in trial court cause

number 19CR2458, issued a true bill of indictment (the “2019 indictment”), alleging

that appellant, on or about May 14, 2019,

          while being a person required to register with the local law enforcement
          authority in the county where [appellant] resided or intended to reside
          for more than seven days, to-wit: Brazoria County, because of a

1
          See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.102(a), (c).
2
          See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.011(a)(2). During trial, the trial court admitted
          into evidence a “summary” from the Texas Department of Public Safety (“DPS”)
          related to appellant, which noted appellant’s 1996 conviction for the felony offense
          of sexual assault of a child and his duty to register as a sex offender for the remainder
          of his lifetime. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 62.001(6)(A) (defining
          offense of sexual assault of child as “sexually violent offense”), 62.101(a)(1)
          (imposing lifetime duty to register for person with reportable conviction for sexually
          violent offense). The duty to register includes a requirement that a sex offender
          notify the State of the address where the sex offender resides. See id. art. 62.051(a),
          (c)(1–a) (instructing that registration must include “the address at which the person
          resides or intends to reside” for more than seven days).
                                                     2
      reportable conviction for [s]exual [a]ssault of a [c]hild, intentionally or
      knowingly fail[ed] to register with the local law enforcement authority
      in said county.[3]

      Later, on March 16, 2021, a Galveston County Grand Jury issued a true bill

of indictment, in the same trial court cause number (the “2021 reindictment”),

alleging that appellant, on or about May 14, 2019,

      while knowing that he was required to register under [Texas Code of
      Criminal Procedure] [c]hapter 62 . . . because of a reportable
      conviction or reportable adjudication based upon [s]exual [a]ssault [o]f
      [a] [c]hild, and while intending to change address, fail[ed] to comply
      with a requirement of [c]hapter 62, by failing to report in person not
      later than the seventh day before the intended change of address to the
      local law enforcement authority designated as [appellant’s] primary
      registration authority by [DPS], namely [the] Galveston Police
      Department [“(GPD”)] and by failing to report to the community
      supervision and corrections department officer supervising [appellant],
      namely, Officer R. Pearcy, and by failing to provide the law
      enforcement authority and the officer with [appellant’s] anticipated
      move date and new address.

The 2021 reindictment also alleged that appellant, on or about May 14, 2019,

      while knowing that he was required to register under [Texas Code of
      Criminal Procedure [c]hapter 62 . . . because of a reportable conviction
      or reportable adjudication based upon [s]exual [a]ssault of a [c]hild, and
      while failing to move on or before an anticipated move date or not
      moving to a new address previously provided to a law enforcement
      authority, fail[ed] to comply with a requirement of [c]hapter 62, by
      failing to report to the local law enforcement authority designated as
      [appellant’s] primary registration authority by [DPS], namely [the
      GPD], and by failing to explain to the law enforcement authority any

3
      The 2019 indictment also alleged that previously, on June 25, 2004, appellant was
      convicted of the felony offense of failure to comply with the registration
      requirements applicable to sex offenders in trial court cause number 0982190 in the
      339th district court of Harris County, Texas.
                                              3
      change in the anticipated move date and intended residence, and
      [appellant] failed to provide this required report within seven days after
      the anticipated move date and then at least weekly after that seventh
      day, and [appellant] failed to report to the community supervision and
      corrections department officer supervising [appellant] at least weekly
      during the period in which [appellant] had not moved to the intended
      residence.

(Emphasis omitted.) Further, the 2021 reindictment alleged that previously, on

October 5, 2011, appellant was convicted of the felony offense of failure to comply

with the registration requirements applicable to sex offenders in trial court cause

number 1307635 in the 337th district court of Harris County. And on September 14,

2014, appellant was convicted for the felony offense of failure to comply with the

registration requirements applicable to sex offenders in trial court cause number

1415700 in the 183rd district court of Harris County.

      At trial, GPD Sergeant S. Papillion testified that in 2017, she was the GPD

sex offender registration compliance officer. Her job was to “make sure that the sex

offenders” within the GPD’s jurisdiction “came in” to her office and “registered” for

the DPS Sex Offender Registry as required by the terms of their status as sex

offenders.

      As to the registration process for a sex offender, Sergeant Papillion explained

that an individual subject to the sex offender registry requirements “had to call [her]

office” and schedule an appointment. Sex offenders were required to register either

annually, every ninety days, or every thirty days, depending on the applicable

                                              4
statutory requirements. During Papillion’s appointment with a sex offender, she

“would go over” a written list of the duties imposed on the sex offender by DPS.

She would read each duty with the sex offender and the sex offender would write his

initials by each duty to confirm that he understood it. The sex offender also “had to

provide [his] right thumbprint” on the paperwork. And she would advise the sex

offender that if he did not understand the duty, he should not initial it and let her

know that he did not understand so that she could explain it to him. If the sex

offender confirmed that he understood by writing his initials by each duty, she

“would give [him] a copy, upload a copy into the system, and give [him] a blue card

that [he was] supposed to carry with them at all times.” She “would write [the sex

offender’s] next registration date on there, and [he] would go.”

      Sergeant Papillion noted that she had previously met with appellant so that he

could complete the sex offender registration process. While viewing appellant’s

Texas Sex Offender Registration Program Prerelease Notification Form, a copy of

which the trial court admitted into evidence at trial, Papillion explained that

appellant had a “lifetime” duty to register and was required to verify his residence

annually on his birthday. The Texas Sex Offender Registration Program Prerelease

Notification Form stated that Texas Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62

“required [appellant] to register as a sex offender.” And appellant signed the form,

in October 2016, acknowledging:

                                             5
      I am required to register with the local law enforcement authority in any
      municipality (chief of police) where I reside or intend to reside for more
      than seven days. If my residence is not in a municipality, I must register
      with the local law enforcement authority of the county (sheriff) where
      I reside or intend to reside for more than seven days. Registration must
      be completed not later than the 7th day after the date of arrival in the
      municipality or county. The local law enforcement authority or the
      centralized registration authority, as designated by a commissioner’s
      court in the municipality or county I reside in will be my primary
      registration authority.

Appellant also acknowledged that:

      Not later than the 7th day before I move to a new residence in this state
      or another state, I must report in person to my primary registration
      authority . . . and inform that authority and officer of my intended
      move. If my new residence is located in this state, not later than the 7th
      day after changing address, I must report in person and register with the
      local law enforcement authority in the municipality or county where my
      new residence is located. If my new residence is located in another
      state, not later than the 10th day after the date I arrive in the other state,
      I must register with the law enforcement agency that is identified by
      [DPS] as the agency designated by that state to receive registration
      information. If I do not move to an intended residence, not later than
      the 7th day after my anticipated move date, I shall report to my primary
      registration authority and to any supervising officer supervising me.

And appellant acknowledged that his “failure to comply with any requirements

imposed” by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62 was “a felony offense.”

The Texas Sex Offender Registration Program Prerelease Notification Form

informed appellant that he had to verify his address annually on his birthday for the

remainder of his lifetime.

      The trial court also admitted into evidence, during Sergeant Papillion’s

testimony, a copy of appellant’s Texas Department of Public Safety Sex Offender
                                               6
Registration Form, which appellant executed during a visit with Papillion in October

2016. Appellant signed the Texas Department of Public Safety Sex Offender

Registration Form, affirming that he had been “notified and underst[ood]” that he

had “a duty to register as a sex offender in Texas” and that the “failure to abide by

the[] requirements could subject [him] to criminal prosecution, pursuant to Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62.”          (Emphasis omitted.)     The Texas

Department of Public Safety Sex Offender Registration Form informed appellant

that he needed to verify his address annually. Further, on the Texas Department of

Public Safety Sex Offender Registration Form, appellant acknowledged each of his

registration duties, including:

      I am required to register with the local law enforcement authority of the
      municipality ([c]hief of [p]olice) where I reside or intend to reside for
      more than seven days. If my residence is not in a municipality, I must
      register with the local law enforcement authority of the county
      ([s]heriff) where I reside or intend to reside for more than seven days.
      Registration must be completed not later than the 7th day after the date
      of arrival in the municipality or county. The local law enforcement
      authority in the municipality or county I reside in will be my primary
      registration authority. The duration of my duty to register is for the
      period of time indicat[ed] on this registration form.

Appellant also acknowledged that:

      Not later than the 7th day before I move to a new residence in this state
      or another state, I must report in person to my primary registration
      authority . . . and inform that authority and of my intended move. If my
      new residence is located in this state, not later than the 7th day after
      changing address, I must report in person and register with the local law
      enforcement authority in the municipality or county where my new
      residence is located. If my new residence is located in another state,
                                             7
      not later than the 10th day after the date I arrive in the other state, I must
      register with the law enforcement agency that is identified by [DPS] as
      the agency designated by that state to receive registration information.
      If I do not move to an intended residence, not later than the 7th day after
      my anticipated move date, I shall report to my primary registration
      authority and to any supervising officer supervising me.

And appellant acknowledged that his “failure to comply with any requirements

imposed” by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62 was “a felony offense.”

      Sergeant Papillion noted that in February 2017, appellant made an

appointment with her to tell her that he was moving to Rosharon, Brazoria County,

Texas.

      GPD Sergeant R. Pearcy testified that he became the GPD’s sex offender

registration compliance officer in February 2017. Pearcy explained that DPS’s “Sex

Offender Registry Program produces a series of updates and supplemental reports

throughout the year” that provide information about the status of individuals in

Texas who are subject to the sex offender registry requirements.                   “[T]he

supplemental report comes about once a month.” When a sex “offender is out of

compliance for a period of time, depending on the circumstances,” the supplemental

report will have a notice that such sex offender “has not complied” in a specific

“number of days.”

      Sergeant Pearcy further explained that if a sex offender is listed on the

supplemental report as “out of compliance” and the GPD is the sex offender’s

primary registration authority, he will first “check the Galveston County Jail [and]
                                               8
the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to see” if the sex offender has been

incarcerated. Because Texas has 254 counties, Pearcy “can’t reasonably check all”

of them, but he also looks at the five counties surrounding Galveston County, Texas

“to see if [he] can locate [the sex offender] in some kind of incarceration situation.”

If he does not find the sex offender that way, he runs a search through the “criminal

information databases” made available by the Texas Criminal Information Center

(“TCIC”)4 and the National Criminal Information Center (“NCIC”).

      According to Sergeant Pearcy, on or about May 7, 2017, he noticed “that

[appellant] was on” DPS’s Sex Offender Registry Program’s supplemental report

“for not being in compliance.” Pearcy first checked with the Brazoria County

Sheriff’s Office but did not locate appellant in Brazoria County. Then, using the

TCIC and NCIC databases, Pearcy “did a complete nationwide search” using

appellant’s name and other “identifiers,” and he “was able to” locate appellant in

Indianapolis, Indiana.     Appellant had completed an Indiana Sex Offender

Registration Form on April 10, 2018, indicating that he had resided at a particular

street address in Indianapolis as of June 29, 2017. Pearcy did not learn that appellant

was residing in Indiana until 2019.




4
      The TCIC is a “statewide criminal information database used by law enforcement
      agencies.” Peacock v. State,
77 S.W.3d 285, 287
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
                                              9
        Sergeant Pearcy explained that when an individual subject to the sex offender

registry requirements moves from the GPD’s jurisdiction to another location, the sex

offender “has a duty within seven days of that date to report” to the local law

enforcement authority in the new location and register there. “If he is unable to

complete that move” within the seven-day period, the individual must “report back

to the [GPD]” sex offender registration compliance officer to let the officer know

that “[he] didn’t make the move” and to “make [the officer] aware of the

circumstances as to whether” the GPD needed to reinstate him on its registry or

whether he was “looking for another place to live” outside of Galveston County.

The sex offender registration compliance officer then would note the sex offender’s

status in the GPD’s records.

        According to Sergeant Pearcy, appellant, on February 9, 2017, told Sergeant

Papillion that he was moving to Rosharon. Thus, he had a duty “within seven days

of that date to report to Rosharon, . . . the Brazoria County Sheriff’s Office” and

“register with them.” If appellant could not complete his move within seven days,

he was required “to report back to” the GPD and let the GPD know that he “didn’t

make the move” or that he “was unable to make the move.” Appellant also failed to

annually report to the GPD in April 2017. It was appellant’s responsibility to set up

an appointment with the GPD and “come in and update his registry file” in April

2017.

                                             10
      After the State rested, appellant moved for directed verdict. In his motion,

appellant argued that the evidence showed that his failure to comply with the

registration requirements applicable to sex offenders, if any, occurred in 2017, and

as a result, the 2021 reindictment was invalid because it did not charge an offense

that occurred within the applicable three-year statute of limitations period.5

Appellant also argued that the 2019 indictment did not toll the statute of limitations

period because the 2021 reindictment “charge[d] a different offense” than the 2019

indictment, which had alleged that appellant had “fail[ed] to register with the local

law enforcement authority in” Brazoria County. The trial court denied appellant’s

motion for directed verdict, noting that appellant had not presented “anything” to

show that a reindictment “[wa]s not going to toll the statute” of limitations or that

the 2021 reindictment “d[id]n’t relate back” to the 2019 indictment.

                               Statute of Limitations

      In his first issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his

motion for directed verdict because “prosecution was barred under the residual three

year statute of limitations.” In his second issue, appellant argues that the evidence

is legally insufficient to support his conviction because the record “affirmatively




5
      See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(8); see also
id.
 art. 62.102(c).
                                             11
establishes that the [2021] [re]indictment upon which [a]ppellant was tried was

barred by [the statute of] limitation[s].”

      Because a challenge to a denial of a motion for directed verdict is a challenge

to the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider

appellant’s first and second issues together. See Canales v. State,
98 S.W.3d 690, 693
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Williams v. State,
582 S.W.3d 692
, 700 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d). In reviewing whether the evidence is legally

sufficient to support a conviction, we consider all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any “rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson

v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307
, 318–19 (1979); Williams v. State,
235 S.W.3d 742, 750

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Our role is that of a due process safeguard, ensuring only

the rationality of the trier of fact’s finding of the elements of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Moreno v. State,
755 S.W.2d 866, 867
 (Tex. Crim. App.

1988); Jeansonne v. State,
624 S.W.3d 78
, 91 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2021,

no pet.). We defer to the responsibility of the fact finder to resolve conflicts fairly

in testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts.

Williams,
235 S.W.3d at 750
. That said, our duty requires us to “ensure that the

evidence presented actually supports a conclusion that the defendant committed” the

criminal offense of which he is accused.
Id.

                                             12
      A person commits the offense of failure to comply with the requirements

applicable to sex offenders “if the person is required to register and fails to comply

with any requirement of” Texas Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62. TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.102(a); Robinson v. State,
466 S.W.3d 166, 170
 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2015); Harris v. State,
364 S.W.3d 328, 334
 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Chapter 62 requires sex offenders who intend to change

addresses to report to their primary registration authority, not later than seven days

prior to the intended change, and provide their registration authority with their

“anticipated move date and new address.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.

62.055(a). Further, a sex offender must report to the local law enforcement authority

where his new residence is located, not later than seven days after moving or the first

day the local law enforcement authority allows him to report, and provide “proof of

identity and proof of residence.”
Id.
 And, if a sex offender, who reported an

intended address change to his primary registration authority, does not move on or

before the anticipated move date or does not move to the new address provided to

the authority, the sex offender must, not later than seven days after the anticipated

moved date, and “not less than weekly after that seventh day,” report to his primary

registration authority and provide an explanation to the authority regarding any

changes to the anticipated move date and intended residence. See
id.
 art. 62.055(e).




                                             13
      Here, appellant does not challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence as to

the substantive elements of the offense of failure to comply with the requirements

applicable to sex offenders. Instead, he argues only that the trial court erred in

denying his motion for directed verdict and that the evidence is legally insufficient

to support his conviction because the evidence affirmatively established that the

2021 reindictment, on which appellant was tried, alleged conduct that occurred in

2017 and, as a result, the three-year statute of limitations period applicable to the

offense of failure to comply with the requirements applicable to sex offenders barred

his prosecution for that offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(8)

(three-year statute of limitations applies to felony offenses not listed in Texas Code

of Criminal Procedure article 12.01(1)–(7)), 62.102(c) (offense of failure to comply

with requirements applicable to sex offenders constitutes felony offense).

      In determining whether the limitations period has run in this case, we look to

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 12.05(b), which provides that “[t]he time

during the pendency of an indictment, information, or complaint shall not be

computed in the period of limitation.” See
id.
 art. 12.05(b). Under article 12.05(b),

“a prior indictment tolls the statute of limitations . . . for a subsequent indictment

when both indictments allege the same conduct, same act, or same transaction.”

Hernandez v. State,
127 S.W.3d 768, 774
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see also State v.

West,
632 S.W.3d 908
, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (“In order for a prior indictment

                                             14
to provide sufficient notice such that the defendant would preserve facts necessary

to defending against the subsequent indictment, the two indictments must involve

the same event.”); Marks v. State,
560 S.W.3d 169, 170
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

Thus, whether appellant can prevail on his statute-of-limitations argument depends

on whether the 2019 indictment and the 2021 reindictment allege the same conduct,

same act, or same transaction.

      Appellant argues that the 2019 indictment did not toll the applicable statute of

limitations because it charged a different location for the alleged offense—Brazoria

County, and not Galveston County, as alleged in the 2021 reindictment. This

argument relies on appellant’s view that the two indictments charged him with two

distinctly separate events, namely, that the 2019 indictment charged him with a

failure to register in Brazoria County, whereas the 2021 reindictment charged him

with a failure to report his status in Galveston County. But the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals has held that the failure of a sex offender to report an intended and

then completed change of address is “one crime per move,” meaning that the unit of

prosecution is “one offense for each change of address.” Young v. State,
341 S.W.3d 417, 426
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “The focus of the statute is on giving notification

to [the] law enforcement [authority] and not the means by which a sex offender failed

to do so.” Id.; see also Robinson,
466 S.W.3d at 170
 (failure to register offense “is




                                             15
a circumstances-of-conduct offense” and gravamen of failure-to-register offense “is

the duty to register”).

      Appellant, after expressing his intent to move from Galveston County, had the

duty to register within seven days, whether he moved to Brazoria County, changed

his mind about moving to Brazoria County and remained in Galveston County, or

decided to move to a third location. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.051(a),

(e). Thus, the offense alleged in the 2019 indictment and the offense alleged in the

2021 reindictment are based on the same duty and his failure to register or report a

single change of address.     See Robinson,
466 S.W.3d at 171
 (“Although all

circumstances-of-conduct offenses naturally contain an additional conduct element,

the conduct itself is not necessarily an additional gravamen.”).

      The evidence of appellant’s conduct adduced at trial confirms that the offense

alleged in the 2019 indictment and the offense alleged in the 2021 reindictment

concern the same conduct, act, or transaction. In February 2017, appellant told

Sergeant Papillion of his intent to move to Rosharon. Papillion informed appellant

that “he ha[d] seven days to contact” the local law enforcement authority in Brazoria

County. And she told sex offenders subject to the registration requirements that if

they changed their mind about moving to a new location, they had “seven days, but

[they] ha[d] to contact [her] to let [her] know that [they were] still staying in

Galveston [County], or if [they were] moving elsewhere.” Yet appellant took no

                                            16
action to comply with the registration requirement in the seven days following his

meeting with Papillion. He did not register with local law enforcement in Brazoria

County and made no further contact with the GPD. In 2019, Sergeant Pearcy noticed

that appellant was out of compliance with the Texas sex offender registration

requirements. He searched the TCIC and the NCIC databases for appellant’s

whereabouts and located him in Indianapolis.

      Appellant asserts that his appeal is “controlled primarily by” Tita v. State,
267 S.W.3d 33
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), but he does not explain how Tita applies to his

case, and we find it inapposite. In Tita, the State filed five indictments under five

separate trial court cause numbers, all charging the defendant with aggregated theft

against the same complainant.
267 S.W.3d at 34
. The first and second indictments,

filed in March 2005, both charged the defendant with theft of more than $200,000

but the first indictment alleged that the theft occurred between “April 1, 1999, and

continuing through August 30, 2000” and the second indictment alleged that it

occurred “on or about June 1, 1999, and continuing through October 30, 2000.”
Id.

The third and fourth indictments, filed in May 2005, charged the defendant with

aggregated theft of more than $100,000, but less than $200,000, but the third

indictment alleged that the offense occurred “on or about April 1, 1999, and

continuing through August 30, 2000,” and the fourth indictment alleged that the

offense occurred “on or about June 1, 1999, and continuing through October 30,

                                             17
2000.”
Id.
 at 34–35. The fifth indictment, filed in July 2006, alleged that the

defendant, “on or about June 28, 1999 and continuing through October 31, 2000,”

“unlawfully appropriated more than $200,000.”
Id. at 35
.

      The defendant filed a pretrial motion to dismiss the fifth indictment, asserting

that the time between the offense alleged and the filing of the fifth indictment was

more than the five-year statute of limitations applicable to the offense and, as a

result, “the prosecution of the offense [wa]s barred by [the statute of] limitations.”
Id.
 The State responded, stating that the offense alleged in the fifth indictment was

tolled by earlier indictments filed under the other trial court cause numbers, which

were timely filed within the statute of limitations.
Id.
 The trial court denied the

defendant’s motion, and the State brought the defendant to trial under the fifth

indictment.
Id.
   At the close of the evidence, the defendant renewed his

statute-of-limitations complaint in a motion for directed verdict, arguing that he was

entitled to acquittal because the State was barred from prosecuting the case based on

the statute of limitations.
Id. at 36
. The trial court denied the defendant’s motion.
Id.

      On appeal, the defendant challenged the trial court’s denial of his pretrial

motion to dismiss, asserting that the State was required to plead sufficient facts in

the fifth indictment demonstrating that the statute of limitations had been tolled.
Id.

at 36–37. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals observed that it “appeared from the

                                             18
face” of the fifth indictment that prosecution of the defendant under the facts alleged

“was barred by the applicable five-year statute of limitations.”
Id. at 38
. Thus, under

such circumstances, the court concluded that the State was required to plead in the

fifth indictment that the prior indictments tolled limitations if it wished to avoid the

bar to prosecution.6
Id.

      Here, in contrast to Tita, the face of the 2021 reindictment, which was filed

on March 16, 2021 and alleged an offense date of “on or about May 14, 2019,” does

not indicate on its face that the prosecution of appellant was time-barred. See TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.02(6) (indictment deemed sufficient if the “time

mentioned” is “some date anterior to the presentment of the indictment and not so

remote that the prosecution of the offense is barred by limitation”); cf. Tita,
267 S.W.3d at 37
 (trial court erred in denying defendant’s pretrial motion to dismiss

indictment because “it appeared from the face of the indictment that a prosecution

thereunder was barred” by applicable statute of limitations and State failed to plead


6
      The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals remanded the case to the Fourteenth Court of
      Appeals for a harm analysis on this issue. Tita v. State,
267 S.W.3d 33, 39
 (Tex.
      Crim. App. 2008). On remand, the court of appeals held that any error in convicting
      the defendant under the faulty indictment was harmless because the lack of tolling
      language in the July 2006 indictment “did not deprive [the defendant] of notice of
      the conduct or offense for which he was being prosecuted,” did not “impair his
      ability to prepare an adequate defense at trial,” and “the inclusion or exclusion of a
      tolling paragraph could have no possible impact on future double jeopardy
      considerations.” Tita v. State, No. 14-06-00736-CR,
2009 WL 1311813
, at *2–3
      (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
      publication).
                                               19
any tolling facts). Because of this material difference, Tita does not affect our

analysis in this case.

      Considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,

we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt

that appellant failed to comply with the registration requirements applicable to sex

offenders in Texas Code of Criminal Procedure chapter 62 and the applicable statute

of limitations did not bar the State from prosecuting appellant for that offense. Thus,

we hold that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion for directed

verdict and the evidence is legally sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.

      We overrule appellant’s first and second issues.

                                  Jury Charge Error

      In his third issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct

that “the statute of limitations was not tolled by [defendant’s] absence” from Texas

because “[appellant] left the state before” he was indicted.

      A trial court must prepare a jury charge that accurately states the law

applicable to the charged offense. Delgado v. State,
235 S.W.3d 244, 249
 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007). But a trial court has no duty to include an instruction on a

defensive issue—even when it is raised by the evidence—unless the defendant

requests it or objects to its omission. Posey v. State,
966 S.W.2d 57
, 59–60, 62 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1998); Flores v. State,
573 S.W.3d 864, 867
 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

                                               20
Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d). Absent a timely and proper request or objection, the

defendant cannot claim error on appeal based on the trial court’s failure to instruct

the jury on a defensive issue. See Zamora v. State,
411 S.W.3d 504, 513
 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013) (defensive issues “may be forfeited if not preserved at trial”); see also

Mays v. State,
318 S.W.3d 368
, 382–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (“The purpose of

the Posey rule is to prevent a party from ‘sandbagging’ the trial judge by failing to

apprise him, and the opposing party, of what defensive jury instructions the party

wants and why he is entitled to them.”).

      The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the statute of limitations

is a defensive issue. See Proctor v. State,
967 S.W.2d 840, 844
 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998); see also Ex parte Heilman,
456 S.W.3d 159, 169
 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)

(reaffirming Proctor and holding that limitations defenses, except those involving

legislative ex post facto violations, are forfeitable rights). Because the record does

not show that appellant requested an instruction on the statute-of- limitations tolling

issue that he raises on appeal, we conclude that the trial court did not err in failing

to submit such an instruction. See Posey,
966 S.W.2d at 62
.7



7
      Because we find that the trial court did not err in instructing the jury, we need not
      conduct a harmless error analysis under Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157
 (Tex.
      Crim. App. 1984). See Zamora v. State,
411 S.W.3d 504, 513
 (Tex. Crim. App.
      2013) (trial court’s sua sponte duty under Almanza to submit charge setting forth
      law applicable to case “does not apply to defensive issues, which may be forfeited
      if not preserved at trial”); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
                                               21
      We overrule appellant’s third issue.

                                      Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                              Julie Countiss
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Countiss and Rivas-Molloy.

Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2.




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