Jennifer Lynn Morgan Esposito v. Joseph Diego Esposito

                                                                                         12/12/2023
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                               August 15, 2023 Session

 JENNIFER LYNN MORGAN ESPOSITO v. JOSEPH DIEGO ESPOSITO

              Appeal from the Chancery Court for Campbell County
             No. 2021-CV-22         Elizabeth C. Asbury, Chancellor


                            No. E2022-01784-COA-R3-CV


In this divorce action, the trial court entered an order in December 2021, according to the
parties’ announced agreement, granting the parties a divorce on stipulated grounds and
directing, inter alia, that the marital residence would be sold at auction and that any
“marital personal property” upon which the parties could not reach an agreement prior to
the auction would be “sold by the court when the [marital residence was] auctioned.”
The court also memorialized the parties’ agreement that each would keep the vehicles in
his or her possession and be responsible for debts incurred in each of their respective
names. In an order entered in April 2022, the court confirmed that the marital residence
had been sold at auction to the husband. Following a bench trial, the court found that,
with the exception of two personal items belonging to the wife, the marital residence and
“the contents located at the property” were all marital property; that the proceeds from
“marital property located at the home” were included in the auction sale proceeds; and
that the proceeds from the auction should be divided equally between the parties. The
wife has appealed. Upon careful consideration, we affirm the trial court’s findings that
the marital personal property located at the marital residence had been sold with the
marital residence and that the auction sale price reflected the total valuation of both the
residence and personal property sold. We also affirm the trial court’s adoption of the
parties’ agreement regarding vehicles and debts. However, we vacate the trial court’s
classification of the marital residence as marital property and the court’s overall
distribution of marital property. We remand for (1) further findings of fact and
conclusions of law regarding classification of the marital residence and, if necessary,
identification of any increase in value of the marital residence that resulted from the
husband’s significant contributions during the marriage; (2) a limited evidentiary hearing
to identify, classify, and value the parties’ bank accounts; and (3) reconsideration of the
marital property distribution inclusive of the findings on remand and pursuant to the
statutory factors provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(c) (2021).

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part; Case Remanded
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Ben H. Houston, II, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jennifer Lynn Morgan
Esposito.

Henry Daniel Forrester, III, Clinton, Tennessee, for the appellee, Joseph Diego Esposito.

                                       OPINION

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

       The plaintiff, Jennifer Lynn Morgan Esposito (“Wife”), filed a complaint for
divorce against the defendant, Joseph Diego Esposito (“Husband”), on January 26, 2021,
in the Campbell County Chancery Court (“trial court”). The parties had been married in
June 2012, and no children had been born to the marriage. Wife alleged the statutory
ground of inappropriate marital conduct or, in the alternative, irreconcilable differences.
At the time of the complaint’s filing, Wife was fifty-five years of age, and Husband was
sixty-four. Wife alleged that Husband had exhibited “outrageous and harassing conduct”
and requested that Husband voluntarily vacate the marital residence, stating that if he did
not, she would “be forced” to seek his removal.

      Concerning the parties’ financial arrangements, Wife averred in her complaint:

             Throughout the marriage of the parties the parties have scrupulously
      kept their finances separate with respect to which as far as [Wife] is aware,
      there is no marital debt nor marital asset. The parties have resided in the
      home which was owned by [Wife] prior to the marriage of the parties and
      which is financed solely in her name, and [Husband] has made a few
      payments on the said dwelling over the years. Each party otherwise is
      possessed of their own separate personal property and separate debts.

The home to which Wife referred consisted of improved real property located on
Hiwassee Drive in Jacksboro, Tennessee (“the Marital Residence”) and was titled solely
in Wife’s name.

       Husband filed an answer and counter-complaint on February 12, 2021, admitting
that the parties had developed irreconcilable differences but denying all substantive
allegations against him. In his counter-complaint, Husband alleged the statutory ground
of irreconcilable differences or, in the alternative, inappropriate marital conduct.
                                           -2-
Husband did not specify any allegations against Wife, and, apart from generally denying
her description of their financial arrangements, did not aver specific financial details. On
June 30, 2021, Husband filed a lien lis pendens regarding the Marital Residence in an
amount not to exceed one-half of its current market value.

       Wife filed a petition for a no-contact order of protection against Husband on July
28, 2021, alleging that he had sexually assaulted her and “threatened to burn down the
house.” On September 8, 2021, Husband filed an ex parte motion for exclusive
possession of the Marital Residence and entry of a restraining order against Wife.
Husband averred that the parties had appeared before the trial court for a hearing on
Wife’s petition for an order of protection and had “entered into an Agreed Order” on
August 25, 2021. According to Husband, the agreement had granted him possession of
the Marital Residence on weekdays and Wife possession on weekends provided that she
gave Husband forty-eight hours’ notice of her arrival. Husband alleged that he had
arrived home on Labor Day weekend to find Wife in the Marital Residence without
notice and that she had threatened him with a firearm, ultimately resulting in her arrest.
Husband requested exclusive possession of the Marital Residence and a restraining order
preventing Wife from coming onto the premises.

       Wife filed an answer to Husband’s motion for exclusive possession,
acknowledging the existence of the agreed order but denying that the order required her
to give notice of weekend occupancy.1 Wife concomitantly filed a motion requesting that
the court order the Marital Residence sold “by auction immediately” and direct Husband
to vacate the property.

       Following a hearing conducted on November 17, 2021, the trial court entered an
order on December 13, 2021, approving a partial agreement announced by the parties,
which stipulated, inter alia, that the Marital Residence would be sold at auction with the
proceeds to be paid into the trial court’s registry. Pursuant to the agreement, the court
granted the parties a divorce on stipulated grounds and appointed Special Master Dennis
Potter to conduct the sale of the Marital Residence. See 

-
121(a)(3) (Supp. 2023) (providing that a trial court has authority to order an auction sale
of property when equitably distributing a marital estate). The court also ordered that
Wife’s maiden surname of “Morgan” be restored to her, that each party keep the vehicle
in his or her possession, that each party be responsible for debt incurred in his or her
name, and that the parties have no contact with one another. Noting that Husband had
current possession of the Marital Residence, the court allowed him forty-five days to
vacate the property. The parties agreed to a date, December 4, 2021, when Wife could
“retrieve her personal items and family heirlooms” from the Marital Residence. They

1
    The August 2021 agreed order is not in the appellate record.
                                                     -3-
further agreed: “Parties[’] marital personal property may be divided by agreement;
however if no agreement is reached same will be sold by the court when the property is
auctioned.” The parties “reserve[ed] the right to further address the financial investment
in the marital property to the court” and agreed that each would submit financial
information concerning his or her investment in the Marital Residence and any “claim to
more than fifty (50%) percent of the property sale proceeds.”

        On December 20, 2021, attorney Joseph G. Coker filed an “Attorney’s Report on
Title” regarding the Marital Residence. The record contains an advertisement for a court-
ordered online auction of the Marital Residence through Ayers Auction & Real Estate
Company. Although this advertisement was not admitted as an exhibit in the subsequent
bench trial, it is in the appellate record and appears to have been an attachment to Mr.
Coker’s filing. On February 4, 2022, Husband filed a document entitled, “Defendant’s
Financial Information Relative to His Investment in the Marital Property.” Husband
claimed to have individually invested a total of $265,604.53 in the Marital Residence,
and he attached copies of some checks made out to Wife and many receipts for home
materials and repairs.

        On February 9, 2022, the special master filed a “Report of Sale” with the trial
court, attaching and incorporating a “Contract for Sale of Real Estate” proffered by Ayers
Auction and Real Estate Company. According to the special master’s report, the Marital
Residence was sold on January 27, 2022, to Husband as “the last, highest and best bidder
for the sum of $362,500.00 plus a 10% bidder premium in the amount of $36,250.00 for a
total bid of $398,750.00.” The special master stated in part:

       [I]n obedience to a Court Ordered Sale of real property at public auction
       rendered in this cause, and after due advertising, Ayers Auction and Real
       Estate Company, at the time and place fixed in their advertisement, to sell
       at public auction, on the terms specified in said Order, the real and personal
       property therein mentioned, described and ordered to be sold.

(Emphasis added.) The underlined phrase above was the only mention of personal
property in the special master’s report, and neither the report nor the real estate contract
itemized the price of any piece of personal property. The special master also noted that
“[t]he bid remained open for the required ten days raise period with no additional bid
being submitted.” He detailed sales expenses totaling $47,292.18, which included
property taxes, Mr. Coker’s fee, the special master’s fee, and the auction company’s
advertising and commission.

       The trial court entered its “Final Judgment of Divorce Only” on February 22,
2022, confirming the court’s prior grant to the parties of a divorce on stipulated grounds.
                                            -4-
The court “reserved for future determination” “all other matters relating to the divorce
itself and relating to property issues, debt issues, alimony issues, and other financial
matters relating to the parties.”

       On April 11, 2022, the trial court entered an “Order Confirming Sale of Property,”
confirming and approving the special master’s report of the sale of “real property” and
finding that “a commercially reasonable and fair price was obtained.” The court
authorized the special master “to distribute the remainder of the proceeds to the parties
herein, after payment of fees and expense, set out herein, after a proper distribution is
determined by this court.” The court did not mention personal property in the order
confirming the sale.

       The trial court conducted a bench trial on September 13, 2022, concerning issues
of property classification and distribution. No transcript of this proceeding is in the
record, but following a subsequent hearing upon Wife’s statement of the evidence and
Husband’s objections to her statement, the trial court entered an approved statement of
the evidence pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 24. According to this
statement, the parties and the special master were the only witnesses to testify during the
bench trial. The primary points of dispute between the parties’ respective testimonies
were (1) whether the Marital Residence should be classified as marital or separate
property and (2) whether the personal property remaining at the Marital Residence had
been properly sold and accounted for in the sale of the Marital Residence.

        In a “Final Order Distributing Property,” entered on November 23, 2022, the trial
court concluded that (1) Husband had contributed significantly to the purchase and
mortgage payoff of the Marital Residence and had otherwise contributed to the home’s
value such that the Marital Residence was marital property and (2) any marital personal
property remaining in the home at the time of the auction had been properly sold pursuant
to the court’s prior order and without a timely objection from Wife. Noting that the Clerk
and Master Registry had $351,403.46 “from the sale of the residence and contents,” the
trial court awarded “an equitable portion of $175,701.73,” or fifty percent, to each party.
The court directed Husband to “make diligent search” for two Christmas items that Wife
had indicated were at the Marital Residence and were Wife’s personal property. The
court also ordered each party to be responsible for his or her own debts and attorney’s
fees. Wife timely appealed.

                                   II. Issues Presented

        Wife presents four issues on appeal, which we have reordered and restated slightly
as follows:

                                           -5-
       1.     Whether the trial court erred by classifying all proceeds from the
              sale of the Marital Residence as marital property.

       2.     Whether the trial court erred by failing to classify and divide at least
              $67,175.00 worth of personal property based on its conclusion that
              the personal property had been sold with the Marital Residence.

       3.     Whether the trial court erred by failing to identify, classify, and
              assign reasonable values to all of the parties’ assets prior to making
              an equitable division of the assets.

       4.     Whether the trial court erred by failing to properly consider the
              factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(c) when
              fashioning its equitable distribution of marital property.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       In a case involving the proper classification and distribution of assets incident to a
divorce, our Supreme Court has explained the applicable standard of appellate review as
follows:

              This Court gives great weight to the decisions of the trial court in
       dividing marital assets and “we are disinclined to disturb the trial court’s
       decision unless the distribution lacks proper evidentiary support or results
       in some error of law or misapplication of statutory requirements and
       procedures.” Herrera v. Herrera, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App.
       1996). As such, when dealing with the trial court’s findings of fact, we
       review the record de novo with a presumption of correctness, and we must
       honor those findings unless there is evidence which preponderates to the
       contrary. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 

 (Tenn. 1993). Because trial courts are in a far better position
       than this Court to observe the demeanor of the witnesses, the weight, faith,
       and credit to be given witnesses’ testimony lies in the first instance with the
       trial court. Roberts v. Roberts, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App.
       1991). Consequently, where issues of credibility and weight of testimony
       are involved, this Court will accord considerable deference to the trial
       court’s factual findings. In re M.L.P., 

 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 2007) (citing Seals v. England/Corsair Upholstery Mfg. Co., 

 (Tenn. 1999)). The trial court’s conclusions of law,
       however, are accorded no presumption of correctness. Langschmidt v.
       Langschmidt, 

 (Tenn. 2002).
                                            -6-
Keyt v. Keyt, 

 (Tenn. 2007). See Manis v. Manis, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (holding that appellate courts reviewing a distribution of
marital property “ordinarily defer to the trial judge’s decision unless it is inconsistent
with the factors in 

(c) or is not supported by a preponderance
of the evidence.”).

      The classification of property as either separate or marital is a question of fact “to
be determined in light of all relevant circumstances.” Snodgrass v. Snodgrass, 

 (Tenn. 2009). The valuation of a marital asset is also a question of fact.
Kinard v. Kinard, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

                         IV. Classification of Marital Residence

        Wife contends that the trial court erred by classifying the entire amount of the
proceeds from the sale of the Marital Residence as marital property. In particular, Wife
argues that because the Marital Residence was titled in her name, the court should have
found that $40,000.00 paid toward the down payment on the Marital Residence by
Husband was repayment of a loan or, in the alternative, a gift to her from Husband prior
to their marriage. Husband contends that the trial court properly found the Marital
Residence to be marital property based on the doctrine of transmutation. However, the
record contains no mention of transmutation, and the trial court did not mention the
doctrine in its final order. Because we cannot discern by what theory the trial court found
the Marital Residence to be marital property, we conclude that we must vacate the court’s
finding and remand for further findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning
classification of the Marital Residence.

      Regarding classification of property pursuant to a divorce, this Court has
previously elucidated:

              Because Tennessee is a “dual property” state, a trial court must
       identify all of the assets possessed by the divorcing parties as either
       separate property or marital property before equitably dividing the marital
       estate. Separate property is not subject to division. In contrast, 

(c) outlines the relevant factors that a court must consider
       when equitably dividing the marital property without regard to fault on the
       part of either party. An equitable division of marital property is not
       necessarily an equal division, and § 36-4-121(a)(1) only requires an
       equitable division.



                                            -7-
McHugh v. McHugh, No. E2009-01391-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *3 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Apr. 16, 2010) (internal citations omitted).

       The version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(b)(1) (2021) in effect when
the instant complaint was filed provided the following in relevant part:2

        (A)     “Marital property” means all real and personal property, both
                tangible and intangible, acquired by either or both spouses during the
                course of the marriage up to the date of the final divorce hearing and
                owned by either or both spouses as of the date of filing of a
                complaint for divorce, except in the case of fraudulent conveyance in
                anticipation of filing, and including any property to which a right
                was acquired up to the date of the final divorce hearing, and valued
                as of a date as near as reasonably possible to the final divorce
                hearing date. . . .

        (B)(i) “Marital property” includes income from, and any increase in the
               value during the marriage of, property determined to be separate
               property in accordance with subdivision (b)(2) if each party
               substantially contributed to its preservation and appreciation;

        ***

        (D)     As used in this subsection (b), “substantial contribution” may
                include, but not be limited to, the direct or indirect contribution of a
                spouse as homemaker, wage earner, parent or family financial
                manager, together with such other factors as the court having
                jurisdiction thereof may determine[.]

In contrast, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(b)(2)(A) (2021) defined separate
property in pertinent part as “[a]ll real and personal property owned by a spouse before
marriage . . . .” Additionally, as noted by Wife, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-
121(b)(2)(D) (2021) provided that “[p]roperty acquired by a spouse at any time by gift,
bequest, devise or descent” was separate property.

2
  Effective March 31, 2022, the General Assembly has amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-
121(b) to, inter alia, add definitions of marital debt and separate debt within the definitions of marital
property and separate property. See 2022 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 762, § 4 (S.B. 2385). Due to these
additions, the numbering of the definitions quoted above has been amended to §§ 36-4-121(b)(2)(A), (B),
and (D) for the relevant subsections of the marital property definition and § 36-4-121(b)(4)(A) and (D) for
the relevant subsections of the separate property definition. The quoted passages have not substantively
changed.
                                                     -8-
     Our Supreme Court has explained the “related doctrines” of transmutation and
commingling as follows:

      [S]eparate property becomes marital property [by commingling] if
      inextricably mingled with marital property or with the separate property of
      the other spouse. If the separate property continues to be segregated or can
      be traced into its product, commingling does not occur. . . .
      [Transmutation] occurs when separate property is treated in such a way as
      to give evidence of an intention that it become marital property. . . . The
      rationale underlying these doctrines is that dealing with property in these
      ways creates a rebuttable presumption of a gift to the marital estate. This
      presumption is based also upon the provision in many marital property
      statutes that property acquired during the marriage is presumed to be
      marital. The presumption can be rebutted by evidence of circumstances or
      communications clearly indicating an intent that the property remain
      separate.

Snodgrass, 

 (quoting Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 

 (Tenn. 2002)).

      As this Court has delineated:

             Four of the most common factors courts use to determine whether
      real property has been transmuted from separate property to marital
      property are: (1) the use of the property as a marital residence; (2) the
      ongoing maintenance and management of the property by both parties; (3)
      placing the title to the property in joint ownership; and (4) using the credit
      of the non-owner spouse to improve the property. Accordingly, our court
      has classified separately owned real property as marital property when the
      parties agreed that it should be owned jointly even though the title was
      never changed, or when the spouse owning the separate property conceded
      that he or she intended that the separate property would be converted to
      marital property.

Hayes v. Hayes, No. W2010-02015-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *12 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Oct. 18, 2012) (quoting Fox v. Fox, No. M2004-02616-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2006)).

      The trial court made the following findings of fact when classifying the Marital
Residence:
                                           -9-
       As for the real property and home, the Court does find that the
property listed above, and the contents located at the property, is all marital
property, and subject to an equitable distribution.

       The Court does find that the property was purchased and deeded
solely into the Wife’s name on March 31, 2008.

       That [Wife] and [Husband] had [begun] dating approximately three
to four years prior to the purchase of the home (approximately 2004 or
2005).

     The parties were engaged to each other at the time of purchase, and
moved into the home together shortly after purchase.

       The parties subsequently married one another on June 11, 2012.

        The Husband provided $62,000.00 for the down payment of the
purchase of the home in March 2008. There was discrepancy between the
parties on the amount provided. The Wife testified that only $50,000.00
was used at the time for closing, but does not dispute that the money came
from the Husband. She testified that this was a loan from the Husband, but
does not have any documentation to verify the same. The Husband testified
that this was not a loan.

      It was also presented to the Court that the Husband further provided
another $60,000.00 to help pay off the mortgage on the home in 2018 that
came from his Pension account. This was testified to by both parties.

       Further, the parties provided conflicting testimony as to the
mortgage payments from the date of purchase until the payoff of the home.
The Wife testified she was solely responsible for the mortgage until
approximately 2015, the Husband testified they always alternated mortgage
payments but that he provided cash to the Wife for the payment. Neither
party was able to produce banking records or documentation from prior to
2015 due to the age of the records.

       The Wife testified as well that she felt that the Husband had made
substantial contributions to the residence. Both parties testified that
substantial improvements had also been made to the home during the
marriage. However, there was conflict as to who paid for the materials.
                                     - 10 -
       The testimony indicated both parties had worked and contributed to
       improvements on the home during the marriage.

       In support of upholding the trial court’s classification on appeal, Husband
maintains that “the Trial Court correctly concluded that the [Marital Residence] was
transmuted into marital property.” Wife maintains that “by referencing the Husband’s
substantial contributions to the [Marital Residence], the Trial Court appeared to be
relying on 

(b)(2)(B)(i).” She thereby asserts that “while the
Trial Court arguably had the discretion to determine that the increase in equity in the
home that occurred during the marriage was marital property,” the trial court “exceeded
its authority under the statute by determining that the equity that already existed in the
home at the time of the marriage was marital property.”

        It is undisputed that the Marital Residence was titled in Wife’s name from the time
of its purchase in March 2008 through the time of trial, that the parties began residing
together in the Marital Residence shortly after the property was purchased, and that their
marriage did not take place until June 2012. By considering the down payment funds
provided by Husband and the parties’ engaged status at the time of the home’s purchase,
the trial court appears to have employed a transmutation analysis without ever identifying
the doctrine of transmutation. On the other hand, the trial court also considered whether
each party had substantially contributed to the Marital Residence’s preservation and
appreciation without directly referring to the statutory definition of marital property then
codified at Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(b)(1)(B)(i) (2021).

        In Lewis v. Lewis, No. W2019-00542-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 11, 2020), this Court found that the parties had “created confusion
in the trial court by asserting claims and defenses based on the doctrine of transmutation
and the statutory definition of marital property under 

-
121(b)(1)(B)(i) without distinguishing them.” Noting that the doctrine of transmutation
and the statutory definition of marital property “are distinct in their purpose and
requirements,” this Court explained:

               “Common-law” transmutation is “founded upon principles of
       acquisition by gift [and] transforms the separate asset into a marital asset in
       its entirety,” Galligan v. Galligan, No. M2006-00833-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *6 n.5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2007), while 

(b)(1)(B)(i) classifies only the “increase in the value” of a
       separate asset during the marriage as marital property “if each party
       substantially contributed to its preservation and appreciation.” Stated
       another way, under the common-law doctrine of transmutation, “[a]n asset
       separately owned by one spouse will be classified as marital property if
                                            - 11 -
       the parties themselves treated it as marital property.” Trezevant v.
       Trezevant, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018) (emphasis added)
       (quoting Fox [v. Fox], [No. M2004-02616-COA-R3-CV,] 

, at *5 [(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 1, 2006)]). By contrast, under the
       statutory definition of marital property, the increase in value during the
       marriage of a separate asset will be classified as marital property if the
       nonowner spouse contributed substantially to the asset’s preservation
       and appreciation. 

(b)(1)(B)(i). Thus, under
       the doctrine of transmutation, the entire asset may become marital
       property when the parties treated it as marital property, while under the
       statutory definition, only the increase in value resulting from the
       nonowner’s substantial contributions becomes marital property.

Lewis, 

, at *3. In Lewis, this Court limited its analysis to the doctrine
of transmutation upon finding that the husband was “not entitled to relief pursuant to

-121” because he “failed to prove that the Property increased in
value due to his contributions” and because the husband had “not raise[d] the issue of
whether he was entitled to relief pursuant to 

.” 

.

        In the instant action, no mention is made of transmutation in Husband’s pleadings
before the trial court, the statement of the evidence, or the trial court’s order distributing
property. However, the trial court’s findings regarding the engaged status of the parties
when Husband provided down payment funds for the Marital Residence’s purchase
would seem to indicate a transmutation analysis. See, e.g., McCoy v. McCoy, No. E2012-
02698-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2013) (affirming
a finding of transmutation while considering that although the husband had purchased the
marital residence “prior to the marriage and titled [it] in his name alone,” “the parties
selected the house together while they were engaged for the purpose of living in it
together once they were married”); Gorbet v. Gorbet, No. W2011-01879-COA-R3-CV,

, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 11, 2012) (affirming a finding of
transmutation while considering that although the marital residence “began as separate
property [when] it was purchased by [the husband] prior to the marriage and [was] titled
in his name only,” the parties “selected the house together, while they were engaged to be
married, for the purpose of living in it together”).

       Wife asserts that Husband has waived his argument concerning the doctrine of
transmutation on appeal because he did not raise it before the trial court. We are not
convinced that Husband waived transmutation as a theory. First, when a court is faced
with an argument that separately titled property is actually marital property, the doctrines
of transmutation and commingling are implied. See Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 

 (Tenn. 2002) (“In addition to the provisions of 

-
                                            - 12 -
121(b)(1)(b), courts in Tennessee have recognized two methods by which separate
property may be converted into marital property: commingling and transmutation.”).
Second, given that we have not been provided with a trial transcript on appeal, we find
the statement of the evidence inconclusive as to whether the parties may have argued and
tried transmutation by implied consent.3 See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.02 (“When issues not
raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be
treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings.”).

        If the trial court intended to find that the Marital Residence had transmuted from
Wife’s separate property to marital property, the result would be that the entire value of
the Marital Residence would be marital property. See Lewis, 

, at *3.
However, if the trial court did not intend to find that transmutation had occurred, it was
error to find that the entire asset was marital property because “only the increase in value
resulting from the nonowner’s [Husband’s] substantial contributions” would be marital
property. See 

 We therefore determine that this case must be remanded for the trial
court to explain its findings of fact and conclusions of law more fully regarding the
classification of the Marital Residence. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01 (“In all actions tried
upon the facts without a jury, the court shall find the facts specially and shall state
separately its conclusions of law and direct the entry of the appropriate judgment.”).

       If, on remand, the trial court finds that only the increase in value of the Marital
Residence resulting from Husband’s substantial contributions is marital property, the
amount of this increase in value must also be identified. Although it is undisputed that
Husband made substantial contributions to the value of the Marital Residence, neither
party has attempted on appeal to isolate the amount of increased value resulting from his
contributions. Wife purchased the Marital Residence for $240,000.00, and it sold at
auction, together with any personal property sold with it, for $362,500.00. Apart from
the issue of valuation of the personal property sold at auction, which would have to be
subtracted from the value of the Marital Residence, the trial court would need to identify
the amount of the increase in value due to Husband’s substantial contributions.

        Neither of Wife’s arguments concerning Husband’s down payment on the Marital
Residence serves to identify the amount of any increase in value of the Marital Residence
resulting from Husband’s significant contributions during the marriage. Rather than
identifying increased value, Wife posits that “[a]t a bare minimum,” $40,000.00 that
Husband provided for the down payment should be classified as her separate property
because it represented repayment of a loan she had made to Husband.4 In the alternative,

3
    Wife was represented by different counsel in the trial court than on appeal.
4
  The trial court found that Husband had “provided $62,000.00 for the down payment of the purchase of
the home in March 2008,” and Husband presented evidence of a wire transfer in this amount. However,
                                                 - 13 -
Wife asserts that the down payment was a gift to her from Husband. Finding that Wife
had failed to present any documentation of a loan, the trial court credited Husband’s
testimony that the down payment did not constitute repayment of a loan. Wife did not
testify that the down payment was a gift. On appeal, Wife simply argues that because
Husband allowed the Marital Residence to be titled solely in her name, the down
payment he provided, if not repayment of a loan, was a gift to her.

       For further consideration on remand, we note that the trial court and the parties
have referred to Husband’s and Wife’s respective financial contributions to the Marital
Residence as though all contributions made by each party were made from his or her
separate property. Indeed, the parties do appear to have maintained separate bank
accounts. Wife presented multiple bank statements and credit card statements, dated
from 2015 to the time of trial, indicating that she maintained separate accounts in her
name only, and Husband presented copies of some checks written to Wife from a
separate bank account in his name only. However, although the parties have consistently
referred to amounts paid by Husband or amounts paid by Wife, and Wife averred in her
complaint that they had “scrupulously kept their finances separate,” the record is unclear
as to whether the funds in each party’s separate bank account or in any retirement
accounts remained separate property throughout the marriage.

        Notably, funds earned by either spouse during the marriage are marital property,
see 

(b)(1)(A) (2021), and neither party disputes the trial
court’s finding that both parties were employed at the time of trial. See Lewis, 

, at *4 (“[A] spouse’s earnings are marital property, regardless of whether they
are deposited into a joint or separate bank account.”). If, during the marriage, the parties
each deposited their respective earnings into their respective separate bank accounts,
these funds earned during the marriage were nonetheless marital property under the
statute. See 

 Additionally, it is undisputed that the approximately $60,000.00 provided
by Husband at the time of the mortgage payoff, at least $51,000.00 of which undisputedly
went toward the payoff, was from his pension account. However, the record provides no
information regarding whether Husband earned any portion of the funds in that pension
account during the marriage. See 

(b)(1)(B)(ii) (2021)
(“‘Marital property’ includes the value of vested and unvested pension benefits, vested



the court noted in its order that Wife had testified to the amount of the down payment as $50,000.00. The
statement of the evidence approved by the trial court stated that Wife testified to the amount paid at the
time of closing as $40,000.00. No explanation appears in the record or in the parties’ appellate briefs for
the $10,000.00 discrepancy between the statement of the evidence and the trial court’s summary of
Wife’s testimony in its order. On appeal, Wife consistently refers to the down payment amount as “at
least $40,000.00.”

                                                  - 14 -
and unvested stock option rights, retirement, and other fringe benefits accrued as a result
of employment during the marriage.”).

        With the above considerations in mind, classification of the Marital Residence as
separate or marital property is remanded to the trial court for additional findings of fact
and conclusions of law pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 52.01. On
remand, the court should particularly address whether it reached its conclusion pursuant
to the doctrine of transmutation or the statutory definitions of marital and separate
property provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121. If the former, the entire
value of the Marital Residence is marital property. See Lewis, 

, at *3.
If the latter, the court should identify only any increase in value of the Marital Residence
that resulted from Husband’s significant contributions during the marriage as marital
property. See 

               V. Classification and Valuation of Other Assets and Debts

        Apart from classification of the Marital Residence, Wife raises two issues
regarding the classification and valuation of other assets and debts: one concerning
personal property that the trial court found was sold at auction with the Marital Residence
and one more generally concerning the parties’ other assets and debts. As to the auction
sale, Wife contends that the trial court erred by finding that the parties’ personal property
was sold in conjunction with the auction of the Marital Residence. She thereby argues
that the court erred by failing to classify individual items of personal property as separate
or marital and by failing to assign each item a value. As to other assets, Wife contends
that the trial court erred by failing to classify and assign values to the parties’ bank
accounts, vehicles, and debts. Husband counters that the trial court properly incorporated
the parties’ announced stipulations, as memorialized in the court’s December 2021 order,
when classifying the parties’ assets and debts apart from the Marital Residence. Husband
also posits that via the auction sale, the trial court properly valued the personal property
sold with the Marital Residence through the purchase price obtained at auction. Upon
thorough review of the record, we determine that with the exception of the parties’ bank
accounts, the trial court did not err in its classification and valuation of the parties’
personal property and debts. However, although the record clearly indicates that the
parties possessed bank accounts, the record is devoid of any stipulations or findings
specific to those accounts. We therefore determine that the bank accounts must be
identified, classified, and valued by the trial court on remand to facilitate an equitable
distribution of the marital estate.

      In its final order distributing property, the trial court referred to the stipulations
announced by the parties during the November 2021 hearing and memorialized in the

                                            - 15 -
court’s December 2021 order.5 This Court has previously explained the following
regarding stipulations in a divorce case as compared to a marital dissolution agreement:

               Tennessee public policy favors allowing divorcing parties to resolve
        their disputes by agreement. Long v. McAllister-Long, 

        (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). As a result, many divorcing parties resolve disputed
        issues by entering into a marital dissolution agreement. 

 To the extent
        that the obligations in a marital dissolution agreement retain their
        contractual character, they are binding on the parties like all other contracts
        once they are approved by the court. 

. Similarly, divorcing parties
        stipulate to facts that fall within the range of possibly true facts or to valid
        legal strategies. See Hyneman v. Hyneman, 

 (Tenn.
        Ct. App. 2003). A stipulation is “an agreement between counsel regarding
        business before the court which is entered into mutually and voluntarily by
        the parties.” Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 

 (Tenn. Ct.
        App. 1999). While narrower in scope than a marital dissolution agreement,
        a valid stipulation is binding on the parties and will be “rigidly enforced”
        by the courts like any other agreement. See Mast Adver. & Publ’g, Inc. v.
        Moyers, 

 (Tenn. 1993). In determining whether a
        stipulation is valid, courts should consider (1) whether the parties had
        competent representation of counsel, (2) whether extensive and detailed
        negotiations occurred, (3) whether the parties agreed to the stipulation in
        open court, and (4) whether the parties acknowledge their understanding the
        terms and that the terms are fair and equitable when questioned by the
        judge. Hyneman, 

.

Watts v. Watts, No. W2016-01189-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *6 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 11, 2017). Once divorcing parties have reached a valid agreement on property
issues and that agreement has been approved by the trial court, any issues to be decided
by the trial court narrow to those still in dispute. See 

(g)(1)
(Supp. 2023) (“Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the affirmation,
ratification and incorporation in a decree of an agreement between the parties regarding
the division of property.”); see, e.g., Selitsch v. Selitsch, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2015) (explaining that following approval of a proposed final decree that the parties’
counsel had submitted jointly upon an announced, negotiated agreement and multiple

5
  In its final order, the trial court specifically referred to its February 2022 order granting the parties’ a
divorce on stipulated grounds following the November 2021 hearing. The court stated that “[a]s part of
that order, the parties agreed to sell the real property, home, and contents . . . .” This stipulation regarding
the sale of the Marital Residence and the other stipulations announced during the November 2021 hearing
that were not related to grounds for divorce were actually memorialized in a separate order entered by the
trial court on December 13, 2021.
                                                       - 16 -
revisions, the issue at hand was narrowed to a post-judgment motion concerning military
retirement benefits); Dailey v. Dailey, No. E2019-00928-COA-R3-CV, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2020) (stating that after the parties had “agreed on a
distribution of a majority of the marital property,” “a hearing was necessary concerning
missing gold and silver that had been purchased during the marriage”).

       In its December 2021 order, the trial court stated that the parties had announced a
“partial agreement on issues” and memorialized the agreement as follows:

      1.     [Wife] and [Husband] are awarded a divorce from each other upon
             stipulated grounds, restoring them to the rights and privileges of
             unmarried persons.

      2.     [Wife’s] . . . maiden name of “Morgan” [shall] be restored.

      3.     Parties[’] marital property located at . . . Hiwassee Drive, Jacksboro,
             Tennessee 37757 be sold by the court under its existing rules and the
             proceeds be paid into the registry of the court pending further orders
             of the court.

      4.     Dennis Potter be appointed as Special Master to conduct said sale.

      5.     [Husband] is in possession of the marital property and shall be
             allowed forty-five (45) days to vacate the property from November
             17, 2021.

      6.     [Husband] shall be responsible for all bills and costs associated with
             the residence until he relocates.

      7.     [Husband] shall not turn off the utilities and any costs associated
             with the residence, after he relocates, shall be paid from the sale
             proceeds.

      8.     Parties will agree to a date when [Wife] may go to the residence,
             with another person, and retrieve her personal items and family
             heirlooms; [Husband] may have a representative present; but the
             parties will not be in the residence at the same time. [Wife] shall
             retrieve her items on December 4, 2021 between 8:00 AM and 12:00
             noon.



                                          - 17 -
       9.     Parties[’] marital personal property may be divided by agreement;
              however if no agreement is reached same will be sold by the court
              when the property is auctioned.

       10.    Each party shall keep the vehicles in their respective possession.

       11.    Each party, by and through their attorney shall submit their financial
              information, relative to their investment in the purchase of the
              residence to the other parties’ attorney; that each attorney shall
              submit to the court a summary, with relevant exhibits, of their
              client[’s] claim to more than fifty (50%) percent of the property sale
              proceeds.

       12.    Each party reserves the right to further address the financial
              investment in the marital property to the court.

       13.    Each party reserves the right to address any issue not herein
              resolved, as may be appropriate.

       14.    Each party shall pay indebtedness in their respective names.

       15.    Neither party is entitled to COBRA benefits from the other.

       16.    The parties shall have no contact with each other, except through
              their attorney[s].

(Emphasis added.)

       In its final order distributing property, the trial court made the following findings
regarding the sale of the marital property during the auction:

               The Wife also testified at trial about concerns that the auction did
       not adequately represent her interests in the marital property located at the
       home that was also sold at auction per prior court order and asked the Court
       for a further offset of funds from the Clerk and Master Registry.

              The prior Order entered by this Court stated that any marital
       property not divided or awarded by agreement would be sold at auction.




                                           - 18 -
              Further, the Wife never filed an objection prior to the auction, any
        motions, or any requests with the Court regarding any property located at
        the marital home.

               The Wife also did not file an objection within ten (10) days after
        entry of the order confirming the sale of the home and contents.

               There was also no testimony put forward before the Court to show
        that the marital property at the residence was not adequately advertised, or
        allowed to be shown [to] potential buyers prior to the auction.

               The Clerk and Master testified at trial that all locks on the residence
        were removed and complete access was allowed through the home and the
        garage for anyone interested in viewing the home and contents prior to the
        auction.

               As such, this Court finds that by prior order, the marital property
        located at the home was sold as part of the auction, and is included with the
        proceeds deposited in the Clerk and Master Registry.

               The Court does order that [Husband] is to make diligent search for
        two personal items indicated by [Wife] to still be at the residence. Both of
        which were Christmas items, one described as an angel, and another as a
        Christmas figurine. If the items are found by [Husband], arrangements are
        to be made to have those items returned to [Wife] immediately.[6]

              The Court finds that the Clerk and Master Registry currently has
        $351,403.46 from the sale of the residence and contents as stated above.
        Each party shall be awarded an equitable portion of $175,701.73 each.

(Paragraph numbering omitted.) We will address each of Wife’s issues concerning the
classification and valuation of assets and debts in turn.

                       A. Personal Property Sold with Marital Residence

       Wife argues that the trial court erred by adopting the auction sale price as inclusive
of the personal property that had been located at the Marital Residence because she
maintains that the personal property was not sold in the auction. In support of her
6
 Regarding the Christmas items, the trial court’s order distributing property actually states: “If the items
are found by the Defendant, arrangements are to be made to have those items returned to the Defendant
immediately.” The second use of “Defendant” in this sentence appears to be a typographical error.
                                                  - 19 -
argument, Wife points to a lack of reference to personal property in the “Special Master’s
Report of Sale,” the trial court’s order confirming the sale, the contract for sale with
Ayers Auction and Real Estate Company (“Ayers Contract”), and a brochure advertising
the sale.

       As Husband notes, the opening paragraph of the special master’s report stated:

              The undersigned respectfully reports that, in obedience to a Court
       Ordered Sale of real property at public auction rendered in this cause, and
       after due advertising, Ayers Auction and Real Estate Company, at the time
       and place fixed in their advertisement, to sell at public auction, on the terms
       specified in said Order, the real and personal property therein mentioned,
       described and ordered to be sold.

(Emphasis added.)

        In her reply brief, Wife acknowledges that the special master’s report referred to
personal property, but she posits that the lack of reference to specific items, particularly
items of “significant value,” “makes it clear that all of the parties’ personal property left
at the [Marital Residence] was not sold with the residence at the auction held on January
27, 2022.” During the September 2022 trial, Wife presented an exhibit entitled, “Value
of Home Assets,” consisting of a list of items that Wife claimed were at the Marital
Residence prior to the auction along with Wife’s valuation of each item. Among the
items of higher value listed by Wife and noted specifically by her on appeal were a Sea
Ray boat ($10,000.00), a riding mower ($2,500.00), and “[m]ultiple weapons”
($5,000.00). Wife’s valuation of the personal property at the Marital Residence totaled
$67,175.00. The trial court’s “Order Confirming Sale of Property” referenced the special
master’s report and approved the sale as “commercially reasonable and fair” without
expressly mentioning any personal property sold with the Marital Residence.

        A copy of the Ayers Contract was attached to and incorporated into the special
master’s report of sale. It consisted of one page with the heading, “Contract for Sale of
Real Estate.” It indicated the buyer as Husband, the seller as the special master, and the
“real estate” sold as the address of the Marital Residence. A total purchase price of
$362,500.00 was reflected on the Ayers Contract plus a ten percent “bidder premium” to
be paid by Husband as the buyer. Although the Ayers Contract did not mention personal
property, the contract was in the record as a part of the special master’s report, which
stated that the personal property had been sold with the Marital Residence.

      Wife also refers to an auction brochure advertising the sale, which was attached to
the “Attorney’s Report on Title” filed with the trial court in December 2021. The
                                            - 20 -
statement of the evidence indicated that “[a]t some point during the trial of this matter the
Chancellor reviewed the color advertisement flyer from Ayers Auction and Realty.” On
appeal, Husband asserts that this brochure should not be considered because it was not
admitted as evidence at trial. However, because the brochure was reviewed by the trial
court and was is in the appellate record certified by the trial court, we determine that we
may review it. See State v. Bobadilla, 

 (Tenn. 2005); but see
Layman v. Vanguard Contractors, Inc., 

, 316 n.5 (Tenn. 2006)
(“explaining that although “a trial court’s reliance upon a document contained in the
technical record may be sufficient to place the record into evidence,” “[t]he better
practice . . . is to mark the document as a trial exhibit.”). Regarding personal property,
the brochure stated: “Furniture to be sold from the house: 5 pc. log bedroom suite, desk
w/chair, desk w/ chair (2 sets), and 48" tv.”

       In its final order distributing property, the trial court addressed Wife’s testimony
“about concerns that the auction did not adequately represent her interests in the marital
property located at the home that was also sold at auction per prior court order.” The
statement of the evidence summarized Wife’s pertinent testimony as follows:

               The Wife also testified that she went to retrieve her personal items
       and family heirlooms on December 4, 2021 . . . . She testified that while
       the doors to the house were open, the garage doors were locked and chained
       and she couldn’t locate certain items of value including three lawn mowers
       in the home. A list of items entitled Value of Home Items that included the
       Wife’s position as to the fair market value of various items of personal
       property acquired during the marriage that were left in the [Marital
       Residence] was admitted into evidence as Exhibit #4 during the Wife’s
       testimony. The value of these items of personal property acquired during
       the marriage totaled $67,175 according to the document prepared by the
       Wife that was admitted into evidence as Exhibit #4.

               The Wife testified that while she had picked up some of her personal
       items from the residence, no agreement was reached regarding the division
       of personal property between her and her husband. Wife further testified
       that it was her understanding that if there was no agreement as to division
       of marital property that said property would be auctioned off with the
       home. The Wife testified that she asked for a five piece log bedroom suite,
       and a 48 inch television be removed from the auction. She did not ask for
       two desk with chair sets be removed and those were auctioned off with the
       property.

       ***
                                            - 21 -
              [Wife] testified that she had already taken her items of value out of
        the home.

(Paragraph numbering omitted.) According to the statement of the evidence, Husband
“testified that the remaining personal property of the parties was located at the residence
at the time of auction” including “the boat, lawnmower, and other items.” The special
master “testified that he did not remember what personal property remained in the home
at the time of the auction.”

        Importantly, Wife acknowledged during her trial testimony her “understanding
that if there was no agreement as to division of marital property that said property would
be auctioned off with the home.” She further acknowledged that “she had already taken
her items of value out of the home.” Considering the factors set forth in Watts
concerning the validity of stipulations, we determine that at the time the parties entered
into the agreement memorialized in the December 2021 order, (1) both parties were
represented by competent counsel; (2) Wife presented no evidence indicating that she had
been denied the opportunity to negotiate, although the record is unclear as to the amount
or duration of negotiations prior to the announced agreement; (3) the parties announced
their partial agreement in open court, and (4) the parties acknowledged their
understanding of the agreement terms during the September 2022 trial. See Watts, 

, at *6.

       We emphasize that Wife has not provided this Court with a transcript of the
November 2021 hearing during which the parties’ partial agreement was announced. As
this Court has previously clarified, “it is the appellant’s responsibility to provide this
Court with a sufficient appellate record with which this Court can conduct a proper
review of the trial court proceedings.” Dishon v. Dishon, No. M2017-01378-COA-R3-
CV, 

, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 20, 2018). Moreover, in the absence
of a sufficient record, “we usually assume that the record, had it been preserved, would
have contained sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s factual findings.” 

(quoting Tarpley v. Hornyak, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).

       In its final order, the trial court found that “by prior order, the marital property
located at the home was sold as part of the auction, and is included with the proceeds
deposited in the Clerk and Master Registry.” We do not find that either the one-page
Ayers Contract or the Ayers brochure was designed to be an authoritative list of the items
that were located at the Marital Residence at the time of the auction.7 The special
7
  Wife also posits that because “real property being sold is not transferred to the new owner of real estate
as part of a real estate transaction,” personal property could not have been sold with the Marital Residence
at auction due to lack of mention of it in the Ayers Contract. In support of this postulate, she relies on
                                                     - 22 -
master’s report indicated that the parties’ personal property had been sold as ordered in
the trial court’s December 2021 order, and the trial court referenced the special master’s
report in its subsequent order confirming the sale. On appeal, Wife posits that the
parties’ agreement did not necessarily mean that their personal property would be sold in
the same auction as the Marital Residence. However, we discern no error in the trial
court’s reiteration in its final order of the parties’ previously stipulated agreement “to sell
the real property, home, and contents located at [the Marital Residence]” and to sell “any
marital property that had not been awarded to either party by agreement . . . with the
above real property by auction through the Clerk and Master” (emphasis added). See,
e.g., Barnes v. Barnes, No. M2012-02085-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *15
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2014) (“We decline the invitation to interpret the trial court’s
orders any differently than the trial judge has done [her]self, especially given the fact that
we have no transcript from the relevant hearings.”).

        Considering the parties’ announced and approved agreement, together with the
trial court’s findings in its final order distributing property and the testimony summarized
in the statement of the evidence, we conclude that the evidence preponderates in favor of
the trial court’s finding that the marital property remaining with the Marital Residence
had been sold in the auction. The evidence also preponderates in favor of the trial court’s
finding that Wife had the opportunity to retrieve any items of personal property the
parties had agreed were hers prior to the auction. Therefore, we find no error in the trial
court’s classification of the personal property located at the Marital Residence. The trial
court did note the exception of the two Christmas items that Wife testified were at the
Marital Residence, and the court directed Husband to “make diligent search” for those as
Wife’s separate property. Furthermore, inasmuch as the trial court determined that the
auction sale was commercially reasonable, we discern no error in the trial court’s implied
valuation of the Marital Residence and marital property located at the residence as the
purchase price obtained of $362,500.00.8

          B. Classification and Valuation of Bank Accounts, Vehicles, and Debts



this Court’s decision in Keenan v. Foder, No. M2011-01475-COA-R3, 

, at *5-6 (Tenn.
Ct. App. July 30, 2012). The issue in Keenan was “whether the disputed gate [was] a fixture to the land,”
meaning whether it had “become part of the land to which it [was] attached” and had thus been sold with
the land. Keenan, 

, at *6. We find Keenan to be inapplicable to the instant action
inasmuch as no one is asserting that the parties’ items of personal property had become fixtures to the
Marital Residence. The one-page Ayers Contract is simply not dispositive of this issue in light of the trial
court’s orders.
8
 Neither party has raised an issue concerning the amount of the funds available, $351,403.46, determined
by the trial court to be held in the Clerk and Master’s Registry.
                                                    - 23 -
       Wife also asserts that the trial court “erred by failing to identify, classify, and
assign reasonable values to all of the parties’ assets prior to making an equitable division
of the same.” Apart from her argument regarding the personal property located at the
Marital Residence, Wife’s argument concerning this issue specifically addresses the
parties’ bank accounts, vehicles, and debts. In the December 2021 order, the trial court
memorialized the parties’ agreement to each “keep the vehicles in their respective
possession” and to each “pay indebtedness in their respective names.” Wife is correct in
stating that there is no further information in the record identifying or valuing specific
vehicles or debts. However, because the trial court approved and memorialized the
parties’ announced agreement as to the vehicles and debts prior to trial and because the
statement of the evidence indicates that neither vehicles nor debts were an issue at trial,
we find no reason to disturb the trial court’s incorporation of the parties’ agreement as to
these items in its final order distributing property. See 

-
121(g)(1).

        In contrast, the trial court’s silence concerning the parties’ bank accounts is
problematic. In the context of presenting evidence regarding their respective financial
contributions to the Marital Residence, the parties presented exhibits at trial indicating
that Husband and Wife each possessed at least one individually titled bank account. No
information was presented, however, as to bank account balances at the time of trial or
the possible existence of additional accounts. Moreover, as explained in a previous
section of this Opinion, the record is unclear concerning whether any portion of funds in
the individual bank accounts may have been earned during the marriage and would
therefore be considered marital property. See 

(b)(1)(A)
(2021) (“‘Marital property’ means all real and personal property, both tangible and
intangible, acquired by either or both spouses during the course of the marriage up to the
date of the final divorce hearing and owned by either or both spouses as of the date of
filing of a complaint for divorce . . . .”); Lewis, 

, at *4 (“[A] spouse’s
earnings are marital property, regardless of whether they are deposited into a joint or
separate bank account.”). The trial court did find in its final order that both parties were
employed at the time of trial, and we must assume that each party deposited at least a
portion of his or her income earned during the marriage in some type of account.

       The parties’ partial agreement, memorialized in the December 2021 order, did not
address bank accounts. Moreover, the trial court made no findings identifying,
classifying, valuing, or distributing the parties’ bank accounts in its order distributing
property. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01 (“In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury,
the court shall find the facts specially and shall state separately its conclusions of law and
direct the entry of the appropriate judgment.”). This being the case, we determine that
Wife’s issue concerning proper identification, classification, and valuation of the parties’
bank accounts has merit. We therefore conclude that a remand is also necessary so that
                                            - 24 -
the trial court can receive evidence needed to identify, classify, and value the parties’
bank accounts with the values determined as nearly as possible to the November 23, 2022
date of the final judgment’s entry.9

                          VI. Equitable Distribution of Marital Property

       Wife posits that the trial court erred by distributing the marital estate without
conducting a proper analysis of the factors provided in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-
4-121(c). Reiterating her classification and valuation arguments while also asserting that
this nearly ten-year marriage was of short duration, Wife argues that she should have
been awarded a greater percentage of the marital estate to return her more closely to the
financial situation she was in prior to the marriage.10 While acknowledging that the trial
court did not expressly reference the statutory factors in its final order distributing
property, Husband maintains that an analysis of the relevant factors based on the
evidence presented at trial supports the trial court’s distribution of the marital estate.
Having determined that this case must be remanded for the trial court to enter further
findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the Marital Residence and the parties’
bank accounts, we further determine that we must vacate the trial court’s division of the


9
  As noted previously, although it is undisputed that Husband provided funds for the mortgage payoff on
the Marital Residence from a pension account, the record provides no information regarding whether
Husband earned any portion of the funds in that pension account during the marriage. See 

(b)(1)(B)(ii) (2021). The record contains no further information regarding this retirement
account or any other retirement account that may have been titled in either party’s name. Inasmuch as the
record is devoid of evidence concerning retirement accounts and neither party has raised an issue
regarding retirement accounts on appeal, we deem any issue regarding identification, classification,
valuation, or distribution of retirement accounts to be waived. See Strategic Acquisitions Grp., LLC v.
Premier Parking of Tenn., LLC, No. E2019-01631-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *4 n.1 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 22, 2020) (“[A]rguments not raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal.”).
10
   Wife correctly notes that in Jackman v. Jackman, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011), this
Court determined that the trial court had not abused its discretion by finding that the parties’ marriage,
which “lasted approximately ten years,” inclusive of nearly four years between the parties’ separation and
entry of the final decree, was of “short duration.” This determination in Jackman was in the context of an
alimony analysis wherein the trial court had considered statutory alimony factors and awarded what it
considered to be a “‘sizeable amount for a short term marriage.’” Id. at n.4. We recognize, however, that
whether a marriage was of relatively short duration requires a factual analysis unique to each situation and
is one of many factors to be considered in distributing the marital estate. See 

-
121(c); Batson v. Batson, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (determining the parties’ seven-
year marriage to be of short duration and holding that “[i]n cases involving a marriage of relatively short
duration, it is appropriate to divide the property in a way that, as nearly as possible, places the parties in
the same position they would have been in had the marriage never taken place.”).

                                                    - 25 -
proceeds from the auction sale and remand for the trial court to consider its findings on
remand and the relevant statutory factors in dividing the marital estate.

       The version of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-121(c) (2021) in effect when the
instant complaint was filed provided that “[i]n making equitable division of marital
property, the court shall consider all relevant factors,” including the following:11

        (1)      The duration of the marriage;

        (2)      The age, physical and mental health, vocational skills,
                 employability, earning capacity, estate, financial liabilities and
                 financial needs of each of the parties;

        (3)      The tangible or intangible contribution by one (1) party to the
                 education, training or increased earning power of the other party;

        (4)      The relative ability of each party for future acquisitions of capital
                 assets and income;

        (5)(A) The contribution of each party to the acquisition, preservation,
               appreciation, depreciation or dissipation of the marital or separate
               property, including the contribution of a party to the marriage as
               homemaker, wage earner or parent, with the contribution of a party
               as homemaker or wage earner to be given the same weight if each
               party has fulfilled its role;

              (B)For purposes of this subdivision (c)(5), dissipation of assets means
                 wasteful expenditures which reduce the marital property available
                 for equitable distributions and which are made for a purpose


11
  Effective March 31, 2022, the General Assembly has amended Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-
121(c) to add the following factor as subdivision -121(c)(13):

        The total amount of attorney fees and expenses paid by each party in connection with the
        proceedings; whether the attorney fees and expenses were paid from marital property,
        separate property, or funds borrowed by a party; and the reasonableness, under the factors
        set forth in Rule 1.5 of the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct, and necessity of the
        attorney fees and expenses paid by each party[.]

See 2022 Tenn. Pub. Acts, Ch. 762, § 6 (S.B. 2385). Because the complaint in this case was filed prior to
the effective date of the amendment, the added subdivision is not applicable here. See, e.g., In re Braxton
M., 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017).
                                                 - 26 -
              contrary to the marriage either before or after a complaint for
              divorce or legal separation has been filed;

       (6)    The value of the separate property of each party;

       (7)    The estate of each party at the time of the marriage;

       (8)    The economic circumstances of each party at the time the division of
              property is to become effective;

       (9)    The tax consequences to each party, costs associated with the
              reasonably foreseeable sale of the asset, and other reasonably
              foreseeable expenses associated with the asset;

       (10)   In determining the value of an interest in a closely held business or
              similar asset, all relevant evidence, including valuation methods
              typically used with regard to such assets without regard to whether
              the sale of the asset is reasonably foreseeable. Depending on the
              characteristics of the asset, such considerations could include, but
              would not be limited to, a lack of marketability discount, a discount
              for lack of control, and a control premium, if any should be relevant
              and supported by the evidence;

       (11)   The amount of social security benefits available to each spouse; and

       (12)   Such other factors as are necessary to consider the equities between
              the parties.

        This Court has previously recognized the “mandatory nature of the language” in
the statute, which provides that the trial court “‘shall’ [distribute marital property] ‘based
on the factors set forth in subsection (c).’” See Hill v. Hill, No. E2021-00399-COA-R3-
CV, 

, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 26, 2023) (quoting 

(c)). See also Brown v. Brown, 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994)
(“Trial courts have wide latitude in fashioning an equitable division of marital property.
Their decisions must be guided by the factors in 

(c).”)
(internal citation omitted); Swafford v. Swafford, No. E2017-00095-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 21, 2018) (“Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c)
outlines the relevant factors that a court must consider when equitably dividing the
marital property[.]”) (quoting McHugh v. McHugh, No. E2009-01391-COA-R3-CV,

, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 16, 2010)).

                                            - 27 -
       In its final order, the trial court did not undertake an analysis of the statutory
factors when distributing the marital estate. Although the court did make some findings
of fact that corresponded to certain of the statutory factors, such as the court’s findings
that “both parties [were] able bodied, employed and not in need of alimony,” the court’s
order does not demonstrate a properly reasoned analysis of the applicable factors in this
case. We note particularly that although the court memorialized the parties’ agreement
that personal property remaining at the Marital Residence was marital and would be sold
with the residence, it is undisputed that the parties did not agree on how the resulting
proceeds of the auction sale would be equitably divided between them. The court simply
determined that each party would be awarded “an equitable portion of $175,701.73,” or
approximately half of the sale proceeds.

       We therefore determine that the trial court’s distribution of the marital estate must
be vacated and remanded with instructions for the trial court to “‘make specific findings
of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-
121(c) and Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 52.01.’” See Hill, 

, at
*15 (quoting Leonard v. Leonard, No. W2018-02235-COA-R3-CV, 

,
at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2020)). As instructed previously in this Opinion, the trial
court’s findings on remand should include reconsideration and explanation of the theory
on which classification of the Marital Residence is based. Additionally, the court’s
findings should include the identification, classification, and valuation of the parties’
bank accounts as nearly as possible to entry of the final order on November 23, 2022.

                                     VII. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s findings that the marital
personal property located at the Marital Residence had been sold with the Marital
Residence and that the auction sale price reflected the total valuation of both the
residence and personal property sold. We also affirm the trial court’s adoption of the
parties’ agreement regarding vehicles and debts. However, we vacate, for insufficient
findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court’s classification of the Marital
Residence as marital property and the court’s overall distribution of marital property. We
remand this case to the trial court for (1) further findings of fact and conclusions of law
regarding classification of the Marital Residence, and if necessary, identification of any
increase in value of the Marital Residence that resulted from Husband’s significant
contributions during the marriage; (2) a limited evidentiary hearing to identify, classify,
and value the parties’ bank accounts as nearly as possible to entry of the final order on
November 23, 2022; (3) reconsideration of the marital property distribution inclusive of
the findings on remand and pursuant to the statutory factors provided in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-4-121(c) (2021); and (4) collection of costs below. Costs on appeal are

                                           - 28 -
taxed one-half to the appellant, Jennifer Lynn Morgan Esposito, and one-half to the
appellee, Joseph Diego Esposito.



                                                s/ Thomas R. Frierson, II____________
                                                THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE




                                       - 29 -