Susan Sirbaugh v. Vanderbilt University, d/b/a Vanderbilt University Medical Center

OPINION

delivered the opinion of the Court, in which

The plaintiff in this interlocutory appeal filed a complaint asserting health care liability claims against the original defendants, at which time she included a certificate of good faith in accordance with Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122. The original defendants asserted comparative fault against non-party health care providers. The plaintiff waived compliance by the original defendants with section 29-26-122(b), which required the defendants to file a certificate of good faith regarding the non-party health care providers. The plaintiff thereafter amended her complaint to add the named non-party health care providers as new defendants but did not file a new certificate of good faith. The new defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint. The trial court denied the motions and granted this interlocutory appeal. We reverse.

I. BACKGROUND

The plaintiff, Susan Sirbaugh, underwent a bilateral reduction mammoplasty and panniculectomy, performed by Kevin F. Hagan, M.D., at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (“VUMC”) on April 4, 2011. Upon experiencing some hemorrhaging at the incision site, Ms. Sirbaugh was taken back to the operating room. She was later discharged home and received home health services from Elk Valley Home Health d/b/a Deaconess Home-care (“Deaconess”) over the next several months. According to the complaint, Ms. Sirbaugh experienced pain and suffering, nausea, vomiting, low grade fever, and intermittent chest pain during this period.

On April 20, 2011, Ms. Sirbaugh went to Hardin Medical Center (“HMC”) for treatment of the incision opening. She returned to HMC on July 21, 2011, with complaints of chest pain and was transferred to VUMC via ambulance for further evaluation and treatment. During this admission to VUMC, additional tests were performed, and a second surgery took place on July 25, 2011, at which time it is alleged that a sponge was discovered and removed. 1

Ms. Sirbaugh submitted pre-suit notice of her intent to file a health care liability 2 action against Dr. Hagan and VUMC (“the Original Defendants”) on April 2, 2012. Seven months later, suit was filed against the Original Defendants on November 20, 2012, seeking damages allegedly associated with the retained foreign body. A certificate of good faith was attached to the complaint in accordance with Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122. Nei *48 ther HMC nor Deaconess were named by Ms. Sirbaugh in the initial complaint.

The Original Defendants filed an answer on March 26, 2013, asserting comparative fault claims against non-parties HMC and Deaconess. As provided by Tennessee Code Annotated'section 29-26-122(b), the Original Defendants were required to file a certificate of good faith establishing a good faith basis for alleging fault against HMC and Deaconess within thirty days after filing their answer. Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(c), however, Ms. Sirbaugh orally waived this requirement. The oral waiver was confirmed later by letter.

Ms. Sirbaugh amended her complaint on May 30, 2013, to add HMC and Deaconess as parties (“the New Defendants”). Ms. Sirbaugh did not, however, file a certificate of good faith in conjunction with her amended complaint.

Subsequently, both HMC and Deaconess moved for dismissal of the claims against them based on Ms. Sirbaugh’s failure to attach a certificate of good faith to her amended complaint. They argued that pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(a), Ms. Sirbaugh was required to submit proof, in the form of a certificate of good faith, verifying a good faith basis for pursuing an action against the newly named defendants.

According to Ms. Sirbaugh, the good faith certificate requirement only applied to the initial complaint. She argued that if one has filed a certificate of good faith with the original complaint, the plaintiff is compliant and there can be no dismissal. Ms. Sirbaugh’s counsel stated as follows:

The plain language of the statute doesn’t say that Plaintiff may waive that requirement [that the defendant file a certificate of good faith] if they submit a certificate of good faith. It’s presumed that the legislature means exactly what they say, and that' if they had meant that the Plaintiff had to file a certificate of good faith upon waiving the Defendant’s obligation to do so, they would have said that.

Counsel continued:

TCA § 29-26-121, where the legislature has made a distinction between the original complaint and an amended complaint that’s filed after an allegation of comparative fault.

Paragraph C of that statute says, “Once a Complaint is filed alleging a claim for health care liability, the notice provisions of this section shall not apply to any person or entity that is made a party to the action thereafter by amendment to the pleadings as a result of the defendant’s alleging comparative fault.” So they have made that distinction as to the process that' somebody has to go through between filing the original complaint and filing a complaint in response to an allegation of comparative fault. The statutes have to be construed to have a purpose. If we were to accept [the New Defendants’] interpretation, it’s hard to imagine a situation where Plaintiff would ever waive compliance where they have to accept the responsibility to file a certificate of good faith. So that would render this part of the statute completely meaningless.... The statute just doesn’t put this burden on the Plaintiff. Any statutes have to be strictly construed, there is no such burden.

As far as a good faith basis for alleging comparative fault, Rule 11 required the lawyers for Vanderbilt to have a good faith basis for making these allegations of comparative fault when they filed this answer.

HMC argued that Ms. Sirbaugh’s waiver of the Original Defendants’ requirement to *49 file a certificate of good faith addressing their comparative fault claims did not release her from the obligation to file a certificate of good faith when she added the New Defendants to the lawsuit. 3 Deaconess added that the requirement to file a good faith certificate with a complaint is “mandatory,” and “not subject to satisfaction by substantial compliance.” Myers v. AMISUB (SFH), Inc., 382 S.W.3d 300, 310 (Tenn.2012). Thus, Deaconess claimed that Ms. Sirbaugh’s filing of a certificate of good faith certificate with respect to VUMC and Dr. Hagan with the initial complaint cannot be found to “substantially comply” with the requirement to file a certificate of good faith with the amended complaint adding HMC and Deaconess. Jenkins v. Marvel, 683 F.Supp.2d 626 (E.D. Tenn. 2010) was cited by Deaconess in support of the claim that the primary purpose of enacting the good faith certificate requirement was to ensure that a health care provider will not be sued for professional negligence unless a plaintiff has first conferred with a medical .'expert •to establish that there is a good faith basis for the action. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122(a)(l); Jenkins, 683 F.Supp.2d at 639 (good faith certificate requirement is to “weed out frivolous lawsuits” before parties incur substantial litigation expenses).

Bottom line, HMC and Deaconess were sued as health care provider defendants without any certificate of good faith being filed by any party to evidence the opinion of a qualified medical expert that there was a good faith basis to maintain the action against them consistent with the requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-116(a), which provides:

(a) In a health care liability action, the claimant shall have the burden of proving by evidence as provided by subsection (b):

(1) The recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in the profession and the specialty thereof, if any, that the defendant practices in the community in which the defendant practices or in a similar community at the time the alleged injury or wrongful action occurred; .

(2) That the defendant acted with less than or failed to act with ordinary and reasonable care-in accordance with such standard; and

(3) As a proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission, the plaintiff suffered injuries which would not otherwise have occurred.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(l)-(3).

The trial court granted an interlocutory appeal at the motion hearing, providing; inter alia, as follows:

So the Court is going to rule that the Plaintiff did not have to give a good faith certificate in suing the amended defendants, [HMC] and [Deaconess]. And that’ll go up because the statute does say the Plaintiff can waive this. And how they can affect Defendants like [Deaconess] and [HMC] is beyond me, but that’s what the statute says.... And the Court is going to rule that it is not filed outside the statute of limitations, which should be answered in the appeal.

The court thereafter denied the motions to strike and dismiss in an order entered on January 16, 2014. We subsequently grant *50 ed this interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure.

II.ISSUES

Unlike an appeal as of right pursuant to Rule 3 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, “in which both the appellant and the appellee have broad latitude with regard to the issues that may be raised,” the questions we may address are limited to “those matters clearly embraced within” the issues certified by the trial court. Sneed v. The City of Red Bank, Tennessee, 459 S.W.3d 17 (Tenn.2014) (internal citations omitted). We have restated the issues identified by the trial court in its order as follows:

(1) Whether Ms. Sirbaugh violated Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122 by failing to attach a certificate of good faith to her amended complaint verifying a good faith basis for pursuing health care liability claims against the New Defendants, where the New Defendants were added as parties via the amended complaint;

(2) Whether Ms. Sirbaugh’s waiver of the requirement of the Original Defendants to file a certificate of good faith under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(e), made when HMC and Deaconess were non-parties, creates a statutory obligation for Ms. Sirbaugh to submit a certificate of good faith with her amended complaint; and

(3) Whether the Original Defendants had an obligation under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122 to file a certificate of good faith in support of them defense of comparative fault when HMC and Deaconess were added as new parties via Ms. Sirbaugh’s amended complaint due to the allegations of comparative fault asserted by VUMC and Dr. Hagan and the effect, if any, that Ms. Sirbaugh’s waiver under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(c) had on any such obligation under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122.

III.STANDARD OF REVIEW

Statutory construction is a question of law that we review de novo without any presumption of correctness. In re Estate of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d 610, 613 (Tenn.2009). As noted by our Supreme Court in Myers v. AMISUB (SFH), Inc., 382 S.W.3d 300 (Tenn.2012):

The leading rule governing our construction of any statute is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent. To that end, we start with an examination of the statute’s language, presuming that the legislature intended that each word be given full effect. When the import of a statute is unambiguous, we discern legislative intent “from the natural and ordinary meaning of the statutory language within the context of the entire statute without any forced or subtle construction that would extend or limit the statute’s meaning.”

Id. at 308 (citations omitted). Where statutory language or a statute’s meaning is ambiguous, we review the overall statutory scheme, the legislative history, and other sources. In construing multiple statutes, our goal is to choose the most reasonable construction “which avoids statutory conflict and provides harmonious operation of the laws.” Thurmond v. Mid-Cumberland Infectious Disease Consultants, PLC, 433 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tenn.2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

IV.DISCUSSION

Certificate of Good Faith

Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(a) states as follows:

*51 (a) In any health care liability action in which expert testimony is required by § 29-26-115, the plaintiff or plaintiffs counsel shall file a certificate of good faith with the complaint. If the cer-tifícate is not filed with the complaint, the complaint shall be dismissed, as provided in subsection (c), absent a showing that the failure was due to the failure of the provider to timely provide copies of the claimant’s records requested as provided in § 29-26-121 or demonstrated extraordinary cause. The certificate of good faith shall state that:

(1) The plaintiff or plaintiffs counsel has consulted with one (1) or more experts who have provided a signed written statement confirming that upon information and belief they:

(A) Are competent under § 29-26-115 to express an opinion or opinions in the case; and

(B) Believe, based on the information available from the medical records concerning the care and treatment of the plaintiff for the incident or incidents at issue, that there is a good faith basis to maintain the action consistent with the requirements of § 29-26-115; or

(2) The plaintiff or plaintiff’s counsel has consulted with one (1) or more experts who have provided a signed written statement confirming that upon information and belief they:

(A) Are competent under § 29-26-115 to express an opinion or opinions in the case; and

(B) Believe, based on the information available from the medical records reviewed concerning the care and treatment of the plaintiff for the incident or incidents at issue and, as appropriate, information from the plaintiff or others with knowledge of the incident or incidents at issue, that there are facts material to the resolution of the case that cannot be reasonably ascertained from the medical records or information reasonably available to the plaintiff or plaintiffs counsel; and that, despite the absence of this information, there is a good faith basis for maintaining the action as to each defendant consistent with the requirements of § 29-26-115. Refusal of the defendant to release the medical records in a timely fashion or where it is impossible for the plaintiff to obtain the medical records shall waive the requirement that the expert review the medical record prior to expert certification.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122(a) (emphasis added). Expert testimony is required under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115, except where the act of alleged health care liability lies within the knowledge of ordinary laymen. See Kenyon v. Handal, 122 S.W.3d 743, 758 (Tenn. Ct.App. 2003). Our Supreme Court in Myers has opined that the filing of a certificate of good faith'with a complaint is mandatory, and strict compliance is required. Myers, 382 S.W.3d at 308. We note that Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(a)(2)(B) specifically references “each defendant.”

Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(b), a defendant who identifies comparative fault by a non-party is required to file a certificate of good faith regarding the non-party at fault within thirty days after the filing of the answer:

(b) Within thirty (30) days after a defendant has alleged in an answer or amended answer that a non-party is at fault for the injuries or death of the plaintiff and expert testimony is required to prove fault as required by *52 § 29-26-115, each defendant or defendant’s counsel shall file a certificate of good faith stating that:

(1) The defendant or defendant’s counsel has consulted with one (1) or more experts, which may include the defendant filing the certificate of good faith, who have provided a signed written statement confirming that upon information and belief they:

(A) Are competent under § 29-26-115 to express an opinion or opinions in the case; and

(B) Believe, based on the information reviewed concerning the care and treatment of the plaintiff for the incident or incidents at issue, that there is a good faith basis to allege such fault against another consistent with the requirements of § 29-26-115; or

(2) The defendant or defendant’s counsel has consulted with one (1) or more medical experts, which may include the defendant filing the certificate of good faith, who have provided a signed written statement confirming that upon information and belief they:

(A) Are competent under § 29-26-115 to express an opinion[ ] or opinions in the case; and

(B) Believe, based on the information reviewed concerning the care and treatment of the plaintiff for the incident or incidents at issue, that there are facts material to the resolution of the case that cannot be reasonably ascertained from the information reasonably available to the defendant or defendant’s counsel; and that, despite the absence of this information, there is a good faith basis for alleging such fault against another, whether already a party to the action or not, consistent with the requirements of § 29-26-115.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29 — 26—122(b).

Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(c), a plaintiff faced with a defendant who raises comparative fault allegations against a non-party may:

• Allow the defendant to timely file the requisite certificate of good faith and either (a) file suit against the non-party subject to -122(a), or (b) face the risk of fault being assigned to a non-party at trial;

• Seek to strike the allegations of comparative fault if the defendant fails to timely file the certificate of good faith; or

• Waive the defendant’s requirement to file a certificate of good faith and either (a) file suit against the non-party subject to -122(a), or (b) face the risk of fault being assigned to a non-party at trial.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122(c) specifically provides:

(c) The failure of a plaintiff to file a certificate of good faith in compliance with this section shall, upon motion, make the action subject to dismissal with prejudice. The failure of a defendant to file a certificate of good faith in compliance with this section alleging the fault of a non-party shall, upon motion, make such allegations subject to being stricken with prejudice unless the plaintiff consents to waive compliance with this section. If the allegations are ■ stricken, no defendant, except for a defendant who complied with this section, can assert, and neither shall the judge nor jury consider, the fault, if any, of those identified by the allegations. The court may, upon motion, grant an extension *53 within which to file a certifícate of good faith if the court determines that a health care provider who has medical records relevant to the issues in the case has failed to timely produce medical records upon timely request, or for other good cause shown.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-122(c)(emphasis added).

In this action, when Ms. Sirbaugh filed her initial complaint, the expert’s opinion was predicated on his or her belief that there was a good faith basis to maintain the cause of action against the Original Defendants, VUMC and Dr. Hagan. As permitted in § 29-26-122(c), Ms. Sir-baugh apparently waived the requirement that the Original Defendants file a certificate of good faith when they made allegations against non-party health care providers. However, when Ms. Sirbaugh learned that HMC and Deaconess might be at fault, waived the filing of a certificate of good faith by the Original Defendants, and decided to amend her complaint to add the non-parties, “she was required to consult with an expert to determine whether there was a good faith basis to maintain a cause of action against [HMC and Deaconess] and to file a certificate indicating as such with her amended complaint” 4 adding them as defendants. Groves v. Colburn, No. M2012-01834-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3964758, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 30, 2013). Like we noted in Groves, “[s]ince the allegations changed to claim ... liability based on different facts, a new certificate based upon the expert’s review of newly alleged facts was necessary.” Id. The purpose of this mandate is to ensure that there has been expert certification of a good faith basis for maintaining a claim against any new defendant.

Like the plaintiff in Groves, Ms. Sir-baugh failed to file a second certificate of good faith with her amended complaint that certified an expert’s review of the facts and claims specific to HMC and Deaconess and the belief that there was a good faith basis for pursuing the claims against them. As the Groves decision makes clear, Ms. Sirbaugh could not rely on the certificate of good faith filed with the initial complaint because that certificate was predicated on an expert’s belief that there was a good faith basis to maintain the cause of action against the Original Defendants and not the 'New Defendants. Groves, 2013 WL 3964758, at *3. Ms. Sirbaugh was obligated to file a statutorily compliant certificate of good faith with her amended complaint. She violated Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-122 by failing to do so. Therefore, dismissal of the claims against HMC and Deaconess was mandated. See Portwood v. Montgomery Cnty., Term., No. 3:13-cv-0186, 2013 WL 6179188 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 25, 2013) (“If either a plaintiff or a defendant fails to comply with Section' 122, the plaintiffs complaint or the defendant’s allega-, tions of fault against a non-party are, upon motion, subject to mandatory dismissal with prejudice.”).

Our ruling regarding the above issue, which dismisses the claims against HMC and Deaconess, pretermits consideration of the other issues presented.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling on the motions to dismiss is reversed. The case is remanded to the *54 trial court for entry of an order dismissing the amended complaint adding Hardin Medical Center and Elk Valley Home Health d/b/a Deaconess Homecare as defendants. Costs of this appeal are assessed against appellee Susan Sirbaugh for which execution may issue if necessary.