In Re Tennessee Bond Company

                                                                                         12/13/2022
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs November 9, 2022

                  IN RE: TENNESSEE BONDING COMPANY

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
                     No. 2018-CV-107 David D. Wolfe, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                           No. M2021-01423-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125, the Dickson County Circuit
Court suspended Tennessee Bonding Company as a company authorized to write bail
bonds in the Twenty-Third Judicial District. The trial court found that the company had
not paid a final forfeiture and had made and filed semi-annual reports containing false
statements. On appeal, Tennessee Bonding Company challenges these rulings. We
respectfully affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                Appeal Pursuant to 

(d);
                     Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

TOM GREENHOLTZ, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN
and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Cayley J. Turrin, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tennessee Bonding Company.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Katharine K. Decker, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Ray Crouch, Jr., District Attorney General; and Billy H. Miller, Jr.,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                             FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       On November 15, 2021, and pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-
127, the district attorney general for the Twenty-Third Judicial District moved the Dickson
County Circuit Court to suspend or remove Tennessee Bonding Company (“the
Company”) from the list of approved bonding companies.1 As identified in an amended
motion filed a week later, the State asserted that grounds for suspension or removal existed
under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125(a)(2) because the Company had
unpaid final forfeitures in the following seven cases:2

            Name                    County                  Date of Final            Amount of Final
                                                             Forfeiture                Forfeiture

        Johnson                Dickson County           September 15, 2021                 $25,000

            Adams              Dickson County             August 19, 2021                  $8,000

            Garcia             Dickson County             August 13, 2021                  $5,000

            Mayes             Cheatham County             October 21, 2021                 $6,500

            Palmer            Cheatham County             October 21, 2021                 $1,000

            Parker            Cheatham County             October 21, 2021                 $4,000

       Wakefield              Cheatham County             October 21, 2021                 $5,000


       In its responses to the motion, the Company acknowledged that final forfeitures had
been issued in the cases identified by the State. However, the Company requested that the
motion be denied, and it offered the following explanations for each of the cases.

        First, the Company addressed the three cases originating from Dickson County. As
to the Johnson case, the Company explained that it had filed a motion for relief from the
forfeiture on September 23, 2021, about a week after the final forfeiture was entered.
However, the Company asserted that it had not received a response from the court with
respect to its motion.

      As to the Adams case, the Company responded that it faxed a motion for relief to
the Dickson County Circuit Court on October 19, 2021, asserting that Mr. Adams was

        1
                “Upon motion, any district attorney general may prefer charges to have a bail bondsman
stricken from the approved list pursuant to § 40-11-125 with the same provisions for notice, answer and
hearing before the court, and the same right of appeal.” 

.
        2
                 In its original motion, the State raised an additional ground but abandoned that other ground
prior to the hearing on the motions. For sake of simplicity, we refer to the original and amended motions
as “the motion.”

                                                    -2-
incarcerated. However, after being notified that any requests for extension or relief were
routinely denied after the entry of the final forfeiture, the Company represented that it paid
the Adams final forfeiture on November 18, 2021.

       Regarding the Garcia case, the Company explained that it had attempted to request
an extension by faxing a motion to the Dickson County Circuit Court on August 19, 2021.
However, the clerk of the general sessions court informed the Company that the court
routinely denied requests for an extension or other relief after a final forfeiture had been
entered. The Company also asserted that, although exhibits attached to the State’s original
motion reflected that “D. Thompson” had signed and accepted receipt of the forfeiture
notice in Garcia, no one by that name was employed by the Company at the time the receipt
was signed, and the Company was unsure who received the notice. Nevertheless, the
Company stated that it paid the final Garcia forfeiture on November 18, 2021, shortly after
the State filed its original motion for suspension.

       The Company then addressed the remaining four final forfeitures, which all
originated from the Cheatham County General Sessions Court. The Company asserted that
in Mayes, it was relieved from surety because the defendant in Mayes was deceased. The
Company asserted that in Parker, the final forfeiture date had been extended to February
22, 2022. With respect to Palmer and Wakefield, the Company represented that it had been
previously “relieved of the bond liability” in each case. The Company also submitted
exhibits purporting to show that the defendants in Palmer and Wakefield were incarcerated.

       The trial court convened a hearing on November 29, 2021. At this hearing, the State
orally amended its motion to allege an additional ground for suspension or removal: that
the Company had made false statements in two semi-annual reports filed with the Dickson
County Circuit Court, in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-308. As to
each of these reports, the State alleged that the Company affirmatively represented under
oath that it also had the authority to write bonds in certain other judicial districts, including
the Tenth Judicial District. The State also introduced exhibits, though, reflecting that on
December 18, 2020, the Criminal Court for the Tenth Judicial District had suspended the
Company’s bonding privileges and that these privileges were not reinstated until November
19, 2021. Because the Company’s semi-annual reports were filed while the Company was
suspended in the Tenth Judicial District, the State asserted that each semi-annual report
was false.




                                              -3-
       A.     THE STATE’S PROOF

        The State called three witnesses with respect to the Johnson forfeiture. The State
first called Ms. Leslie Adcock, who was the Chief Deputy Clerk for the Dickson County
Circuit Court. Ms. Adcock testified that she was responsible for sending out notices
regarding bond issues. She stated that a conditional order of forfeiture was filed in Johnson
on March 16, 2021, and that she mailed the final order of forfeiture to the Company on
September 15, 2021. The State’s second witness, Ms. Marie Finn, a deputy clerk in the
criminal division, testified that the Company had not filed any response regarding the
conditional or final forfeiture in Johnson. The State’s third witness, Dickson County
Circuit Court Clerk Pam Lewis, testified that the Company had not paid the bond as of the
date of the hearing.

       Ms. Lewis also testified that her office had not received a motion or telephone call
from the Company regarding the Johnson forfeiture, though she noted that there could be
occasional “glitches” with the fax machine. Each of these witnesses confirmed that the fax
number for the Circuit Court Clerk appeared on the coversheet of a September 23, 2021
motion asking for the Company to be relieved as surety in Johnson.

       With respect to the two remaining Dickson County forfeitures, Adams and Garcia,
the State presented the testimony of the Dickson County General Sessions Court Clerk,
Ms. Leslie Shelton. Ms. Shelton testified that the Company did not pay the final forfeitures
in either case until three or four days after the State sought to terminate the Company’s
bonding privileges. Ms. Shelton testified that in Adams, the Company received notice of
the final forfeiture on September 28, 2021. Although the Company filed a motion for
exoneration on October 5, 2021, the court denied the motion the next day, and the Company
did not pay the final forfeiture until November 19, 2021. Ms. Shelton testified that in
Garcia, the Company received the notice of final forfeiture on August 18, 2021. She
confirmed that, although the Company faxed a request for an extension to the general
sessions court on the next day, the court did not rule upon the motion.

        With respect to the Cheatham County forfeitures, Mayes, Palmer, Parker, and
Wakefield, the State called Judge Phillip Maxey from the Cheatham County General
Sessions and Juvenile Court to testify. Judge Maxey identified the orders of “final
forfeiture and scire facias” that he entered on October 21, 2021, in each of these cases. He
also testified that he signed exonerations of the Mayes, Palmer, and Wakefield bonds on
November 22, 2021, and that he granted an extension of the final forfeiture in Parker.




                                            -4-
       B.     THE COMPANY’S DEFENSE

        In defense of the motion, the Company called its president and co-owner, Mr.
Kenneth Holmes, to testify. Mr. Holmes first addressed the issue regarding the veracity of
the Company’s 2021 semi-annual reports. Mr. Holmes explained that, although he was
aware of the “discrepancy” in the semi-annual reports regarding the Company’s ability to
write bonds in the Tenth Judicial District, he had misunderstood the question, thinking it
“had to do with liability[.]” The Company “kept” the Tenth Judicial District on the report
because they had been suspended due to an administrative error in the amount of
outstanding bonds. After the error was corrected, the Tenth Judicial District reinstated the
Company’s ability to write bonds. According to Mr. Holmes, the Company included the
Tenth Judicial District on the semi-annual report “due to the fact that we had a lot of active
liability there,” and the Company planned to “open up back there” once the administrative
error was corrected.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Holmes acknowledged that the provision in question on
the semi-annual report stated, “The entity also writes bonds in the following districts.” Mr.
Holmes conceded that the provision did not include the word “liability.” He further
conceded that at the time the Company filed its December 31, 2020, and June 30, 2021,
semi-annual reports, the Company was suspended from writing bonds in the Tenth Judicial
District. Ultimately, Mr. Holmes acknowledged that the Company’s representation that it
wrote bonds in the Tenth Judicial District was a misrepresentation, but he insisted that the
statement was not an intentional misrepresentation.

        With respect to the final forfeitures in the seven cases at issue, Mr. Holmes testified
that “to the best of [his] knowledge,” the final forfeitures in Johnson, Adams, and Garcia
were not “served with proper service.” He explained that the State’s identification of the
cases in its motion to suspend the Company’s ability to write bonds “was the first time
we’re hearing about any of it[,]” and “we moved ahead immediately to satisfy it, as we
would with anything that we were informed about[.]” Mr. Holmes also said that the service
for one of the final forfeitures was “signed for [by] somebody that I have never heard of”
named “G. Thompson.” Mr. Holmes thought he had thirty days after he received the final
forfeiture to pay it.

       Mr. Holmes agreed that, except for one case, the Company had not sought relief in
the relevant cases until after a final forfeiture had been entered. As to the Johnson case,
Mr. Holmes said that he thought a motion for relief had been filed “due to [the defendant’s]
being in custody” and that he was ready to pay the outstanding bond forfeiture on the day
of the hearing. Mr. Holmes also testified that the Company did not receive the court’s
denial of its motion for relief in Adams, and he was unaware whether the court had ever
ruled on the similar motion filed in Garcia. Mr. Holmes agreed that the Company had not


                                             -5-
previously taken steps to determine whether courts had addressed its motions, though the
Company had since revised its procedures.

        Mr. Holmes stated that after the Company was informed of the conditional
forfeitures in the four Cheatham County cases, the Company’s attorney drafted motions to
relieve the Company of surety because the defendants were either deceased or in custody.
He maintained that “Cheatham County doesn’t want attorneys to present the motions and
orders there, they want the [bondsmen] to do it.” Accordingly, the bondsmen presented
the attorney’s motions to the court. Mr. Holmes thought the motions were “reintroduced”
after the State filed its motion to have the Company suspended from writing bonds.

       C.     THE TRIAL COURT’S RULING AND APPEAL

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court granted the State’s motion and
revoked its approval of the Company to operate as an approved bonding company in the
Twenty-Third Judicial District. In particular, the trial court found that the Company had
violated Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125 and Local Rule 24.04(c) by failing
to pay final forfeitures. The trial court noted that the Company was not relieved as surety
automatically by sending notice that a defendant was incarcerated and that it should have
ensured the trial court filed an order relieving it as surety. With respect to the Johnson
forfeiture in particular, the trial court declined to grant relief because no motion had been
filed with the clerk’s office, and it noted that the Company could request relief “by filing a
proper notice of the hearing and setting it for a hearing . . . .”

       With respect to the Company’s semi-annual reports, the trial court found that Mr.
Holmes was “less than forthcoming” in his testimony about the Company’s representations
in those reports. The court concluded that Mr. Holmes was arguing “to excuse his failure
to provide the information to this Court that accurately shows what districts he writes in.”
In the court’s later written order, the court found that “in its annual report to this District,
[the Company] showed that it was authorized to write bonds in [the Tenth Judicial] District,
when in fact it had been suspended.”

         In its written order, which was entered on January 19, 2022, the trial court observed
that the Company “may re-apply for approval upon resolution of all outstanding
forfeitures.” The Company filed its notice of appeal on December 7, 2021, shortly after
the oral announcement. Although premature, the notice of appeal is nevertheless timely,
as it is “treated as filed after the entry of the judgment from which the appeal is taken and
on the day thereof.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4. We respectfully affirm the judgment of the trial
court.




                                             -6-
                        STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW

        Our supreme court has recognized that “the first question for a reviewing court on
any issue is ‘what is the appropriate standard of review?’” State v. Enix, 

,
698 (Tenn. 2022). The principal issue in this case is whether the trial properly revoked the
Company’s authority to write bonds because a final forfeiture remained unpaid at the time
of the hearing and because the Company had filed two semi-annual reports containing a
false statement.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125(d) provides that an appeal from a trial
court’s suspension or revocation of a professional bondsman’s ability to write bonds “shall
be heard de novo.” This statute includes the present action, as a “professional bondsman”
is defined as meaning any “firm, partnership or corporation” that is “engaged for profit in
the business of furnishing bail, making bonds or entering into undertakings, as surety, in
criminal proceedings[.]” 

(4)(A). “Under this de novo
standard, the parties are entitled to a reexamination of the whole matter of law and fact.”
In re Cox, 

 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting State v. Cunningham,

 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          ANALYSIS

       It is well-established that “[a] trial court has full authority to determine who should
be allowed to make bonds in its court. . . . [And,] a trial court has the inherent power to
administer its affairs, including the right to impose reasonable regulations regarding the
making of bonds.” Hull v. State, 

 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976). The trial
court may “regulate the professional bondsmen executing bonds in its court, and it may
impose reasonable limitations on the total liability of such bondsmen’s undertakings in that
court.” In re Byrd, No. W2009-01257-CCA-R3-CD, 

, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Jan. 15, 2010) (citing 

 to 40-11-306).

        Generally, a bond “is valid and binding on the defendant and his sureties” until it is
time to appeal a finding of guilt to this Court, provided there has not been a disposition
such as an acquittal, agreement with the State, or retirement. In re Rader Bonding Co.,
Inc., 

, 859 (Tenn. 2019) (citing 

(a)(1), -
138(b)). If there has been no disposition and a defendant has failed to appear in accordance
with the bond agreement, a “trial court may enter a conditional judgment of forfeiture
against the defendant and the defendant’s sureties.” 

 (citing 

-
201). If the surety has failed to satisfy the court that it is entitled to relief within 180 days,
a trial court may enter a final forfeiture against the defendant and his sureties. 

 (citing

(b)). A surety may be exonerated from forfeiture by
surrendering the defendant before the payment of forfeiture is due or by filing a motion to


                                              -7-
be released from bond pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-204(a). Id.;
see also In re Paul’s Bonding Co., Inc., 

 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001).

        In this appeal, the Company challenges the trial court’s ruling, arguing that it had
paid all final forfeitures, or had requested other relief, by the time of the hearing. With
respect to the Johnson forfeiture, the Company argues that the trial court stated that it could
reset the motion to relieve the Company as surety. The State responds that revocation of
the Company’s ability to write bonds is appropriate because a final forfeiture remained
unpaid at the time of the hearing, and the Company had filed two false semi-annual reports.
Upon de novo review, we agree with the State.

       A.     UNPAID FINAL FORFEITURES

       The Company first argues that it should not be suspended because the “[p]roof
presented at the hearing shows that all forfeitures were satisfied.” Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-11-125(a) provides that a bondsman may be suspended from writing
bonds if the bondsman “[h]as a final judgment of forfeiture entered against the bondsman
which remains unsatisfied[.]” The Local Rules of Practice for the Twenty-Third Judicial
District are to the same effect. See Tenn. 23rd J. Dist. R. 24.04(c) (stating that if a bonding
entity does not pay a forfeiture within thirty days of the forfeiture becoming final, “the
bonding entity and its agents shall be suspended from making further bonds”).

        Although the Company argues that it may avoid suspension simply by paying an
overdue final forfeiture after the trial court sets a suspension hearing, the record fails to
show that the Company has paid all overdue final forfeitures. At the evidentiary hearing,
the State offered testimony from employees in the clerk’s office to establish that the
Johnson final forfeiture was sent to the Company on September 15, 2021, and that the
Company had neither paid nor filed a response with respect to that final forfeiture as of the
hearing date. Indeed, even Mr. Holmes acknowledged at the hearing that the Johnson
forfeiture was outstanding, though he stated that he was willing to pay the forfeiture at the
time of the hearing. No party has sought to supplement the record with post-judgment facts
for our consideration in this de novo review showing that the Company has satisfied the
Johnson forfeiture or has been granted other relief. See Tenn. R. App. P. 14(a).

        In response, the Company maintains that no forfeitures were outstanding because
the trial court said that the Johnson “motion could be reset.” We respectfully disagree for
two reasons. First, the proof at the hearing shows that the Company had not actually filed
any such motion with the clerk, whether to extend the final forfeiture in Johnson or to
relieve the Company as surety. And second, the trial court did not say that the Johnson
“motion could be reset.” It merely recognized that the Company could not obtain relief on
this forfeiture until the Company filed a proper notice and set the matter for a hearing. See


                                             -8-
Tenn. 23rd J. Dist. R. 24.04(d) (“No bonding entity shall be released or allowed to
withdraw from a bond without first filing a motion in writing with the Court and being
approved to withdraw.”).

       The record contains no indication that the Company has satisfied the final forfeiture
in Johnson or that it has been granted other appropriate relief with respect to this forfeiture.
As such, we affirm the trial court’s suspension of the Company on this basis.

       B.     STATEMENTS IN THE COMPANY’S SEMI-ANNUAL REPORTS

        The Company next argues “that they have not made or filed false semi-annual
reports.” Our general assembly requires that a bondsman file with the court clerk a report
of the bondsman’s assets and liabilities twice a year. See 

;
see also Tenn. 23rd J. Dist. R. 24.06(e). These semi-annual reports require the bondsman
to disclose, among other things, “[t]he full amount of the bondsman’s liability as surety on
bonds, bail, secured costs and fines,” and “[t]he full amount of the bondsman’s liabilities
on forfeitures of bonds or bail, in which either conditional or final judgments have been
entered against the bondsman in any court and which remain unsatisfied[.]” 

(a)(3), (4). If a bondsman has made and filed a false semi-annual report,
then the trial court may order that the bondsman be prohibited from executing bonds until
the court is “satisfied that the bondsman has complied with this part or the orders of the
court[.]” 

(4).

       At the evidentiary hearing, the State submitted copies of two semi-annual reports in
which it contended that the Company submitted false information. Both reports asked the
Company to identify the districts in which it “also writes bonds,” and the Company listed
the Tenth Judicial District, among others, as a district in which it “writes bonds.” However,
the undisputed proof shows that, at the time that the Company filed each of these semi-
annual reports, the Company had been suspended from writing bonds in the Tenth Judicial
District due to its writing bonds in excess of its authorized limits.

        At the hearing, Mr. Holmes acknowledged that the Company was suspended from
writing bonds in the Tenth Judicial District at the time the reports were filed. Although
Mr. Holmes explained his belief that this question asked about where the Company had
outstanding liabilities, this limited interpretation was not reasonable. The question asked
specifically for the Company to identify the districts in which it “also writes bonds.”
Clearly, the Company could only write bonds in those districts where a court had
authorized it to do so. 

(a). As such, the Company’s present-
tense representation that it “also writes bonds” in the Tenth Judicial District was objectively
false at the time the representation was made, as it had no authority to do so in that district.



                                             -9-
        No party contests that the trial court could properly request this information.
However, in response, the Company maintains that its suspension on this basis was
improper because “the listing of this district . . . was not meant to be purposely misleading
or falsifying a semi-annual report.” For two reasons, we respectfully disagree. First, a
principal purpose of requiring bondsmen to file semi-annual reports pursuant to section 40-
11-303 is to assist the trial court in its regulation of the companies that it has authorized to
conduct business. See In re Byrd, 

, at *1 (“It is the trial court’s function
to regulate the professional bondsmen executing bonds in its court, and it may impose
reasonable limitations on the total liability of such bondsmen’s undertakings in that court.”
(citing 

 to -306)). It is also clear that the prohibition on
making and filing false reports contained in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-
306(4) is meant to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in those reports
submitted for the trial court’s consideration.

        Section 40-11-306(4) does not require that an objectively false statement in the
semi-annual reports be made with an affirmative intent to deceive, and any judicial crafting
of an intent requirement would undermine the regulatory purpose furthered by the semi-
annual reports. When a bondsman supplies inaccurate information about its liabilities to a
trial court, the court’s ability to fulfill its regulatory responsibilities is impaired. This
impairment occurs irrespective of whether the misrepresentation is intentional or is the
result of neglect or inattention. As such, we decline to add an intent requirement that is not
evident in the plain language of the statute. See In re Rader Bonding Co., Inc., 592 S.W.3d
at 860 (“‘Our role in statutory interpretation is to carry out legislative intent without
broadening or restricting the statute beyond its intended scope.’” (quoting State v. L.W.,

 (Tenn. 2011))).

        Second, to the extent that the Company’s argument is based upon Mr. Holmes’s
testimony that he simply misunderstood what was being asked, we note that the trial court
did not credit that testimony with respect to the circumstances leading to the Company’s
filing of the semi-annual reports. On our de novo review of the transcript, exhibits, and
record as a whole, we agree with the trial court’s assessment. Cf. State v. Ellis, 

 (Tenn. 2015) (in the context of a de novo review of a trial by a successor judge
acting as thirteenth juror, stating that “[w]e reiterate that most components of witness
credibility may be determined from the record.”); Finney v. Franklin Special Sch. Dist. Bd.
of Educ., 

 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018) (discussing credibility
determinations in a de novo appeal under the Teachers’ Tenure Act based upon a review
of the record). As such, based upon our de novo review, we conclude that the Company’s
filing of an objectively false statement in two semi-annual reports also supports the trial
court’s decision to suspend the Company’s bonding privileges.

      Finally, the Company argues that it should not have been suspended on this basis
because, by the time of the hearing, the Company’s authority to write bonds in the Tenth

                                             - 10 -
Judicial District had been reinstated. Importantly, though, Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-11-306(4) prohibits the Company from “making and filing” false reports. Thus,
the focus of the Company’s conduct is properly placed on whether the information
contained in the semi-annual reports was false at the time the reports were filed. Because
the Company’s representations were objectively false at the time that it filed the semi-
annual reports, the trial court’s suspension of the Company on this basis was, and remains,
proper “until the court becomes satisfied that the bondsman has complied with this part or
the orders of the court.” 

.

       The record contains no indication that the Company has corrected the false
representations in its previously filed semi-annual reports. As such, we affirm the trial
court’s suspension of the Company on this basis.

                                    CONCLUSION

       In summary, after conducting a de novo review, we respectfully affirm the trial
court’s decision to suspend Tennessee Bonding Company’s bonding privileges pending a
petition for reinstatement after the Company resolves the Johnson forfeiture and comes
into compliance with Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-11-303 and -306.



                                         ____________________________________
                                               TOM GREENHOLTZ, JUDGE




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