Ramirez-Lluveras v. Pagan-Cruz

OPINION AND ORDER

This is a civil rights action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1984 (“section 1983”) and Article 1802 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 5141 (“article 1802”) arising from the highly publicized death of Miguel A. Caceres-Cruz (“Caceres”). Before the Court is Juan Colon-Baez (“Colon”), Rafael Figueroa-Solis (“Figueroa”), Victor Cruz-Sanchez (“Cruz”), Edwin Rivera-Merced (“Rivera”) and Pedro Toledo-Davila’s (“Toledo”) (collectively, the “supervisory defendants”) motion for summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 (“Rule 56”). (Docket No. *169249.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS the supervisory defendants’ motion for summary judgment of the plaintiffs’ claims against them brought pursuant to section 1983 and article 1802.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. Procedural Background

Caceres’ wife, Evelyn Ramirez-Lluveras, and their three children, Jenitza Caceres, MC and MAC (collectively, the “plaintiffs”) filed an amended complaint on behalf of themselves and Caceres against several field officers in the Puerto Rico Police Department (“PRPD”), Javier Pagan-Cruz (“Pagan”), Carlos Sustache-Sustache (“Sustaehe”), Zulma Diaz (“Diaz”) (collectively, the “field officers”)1 and the supervisory defendants. (Docket No. 64.) Plaintiffs allege that their rights under the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution were violated when Caceres was forced to the ground by the field officers and was eventually shot and killed by then Officer Pagan in the Punta Santiago sector of Humacao, Puerto Rico. Id. They also seek damages pursuant to article 1802.

In an opinion and order dated October 3, 2011, the Court dismissed all claims against the supervisory defendants except for plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claim in their representative capacities, pursuant to section 1983 and article 1802. (Docket No. 332.) On February 18, 2011, the supervisory defendants filed their motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56. (Docket No. 249.) Plaintiffs opposed on March 15, 2011. (Docket No. 262.) On March 25, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion to supplement their opposition to add a reference to a case decided by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. (Docket No. 274.) The supervisory defendants replied to plaintiffs’ opposition on May 17, 2011. (Docket No. 297.) On May 25, 2011, plaintiffs submitted a sur-reply. (Docket No. 311.)

B. Factual Background

1. Preliminary Evidentiary Issues

The supervisory defendants argue that plaintiffs’ Statement of Material Facts (Docket No. 262) is defective because many of the documents on which they relied are not authenticated by and attached to an authenticating affidavit, and that plaintiffs’ exhibits Z, AA, BB, CC, DD, EE, which detail Pagan’s disciplinary history, constitute inadmissible hearsay. (Docket No. 296 at ¶¶ 5.3-5.13; Docket No. 297 at 4-5.)

Documents must be authenticated by and attached to an affidavit to be admissible to be considered to decide a motion for summary judgment. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e); Carmona v. Toledo, 215 F.3d 124, 131 (1st Cir.2000) (quoting Orsi v. Kirkwood, 999 F.2d 86, 92 (4th Cir.1993)). Plaintiffs did not provide an authenticating affidavit for many of the exhibits they rely upon in their Statement of Material Facts. (See, e.g., Docket No. 262 at ¶¶ 5.1-5.4.) “The Court has discretion to allow a party to cure deficiencies in supporting documentation.” Goguen ex rel. Estate of Goguen v. Textron, Inc., 234 F.R.D. 13, 17 (D.Mass.2006) (citing McMahon v. Digital Equipment Corp., 162 F.3d 28, 34 (1st Cir.1998)). Plaintiffs attempted to cure this defect by submitting a sworn statement by Judith Berkan, one of plaintiffs’ attorneys, declaring that the documents in question were produced during discovery. (Docket No. 311 at ¶¶ 9-10, *170Ex. D.) Documents produced in discovery are deemed authenticated.2 See Catala v. Dep’t. of Veterans Affairs, No. 08-1822, 2010 WL 1664884, at *2 (D.P.R. Apr. 21, 2010); Vachon v. R.M. Davis, Inc., No. 08-234, 2004 WL 1146630, at *1-3 (D.Me. Apr. 13, 2004) (internal citations omitted); Estes Exp. Lines, Inc. v. Macy’s Corp. Serv., No. 08-3582, 2010 WL 398749 at *5 (D.N.J.2010). Accordingly, plaintiffs cured the defect and the court will consider the exhibits.

The supervisory defendants’ argument that plaintiffs’ exhibits Z, AA, BB, CC, DD, and EE, which detail Pagan’s disciplinary history, constitute inadmissible hearsay is also unavailing. (Docket No. 296 at 5.3-5.13.) Under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(c), hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Here, the statements contained in the exhibits are not hearsay because they are not being used to prove that Pagan actually behaved in the manner described in the exhibits. See Gutierrez-Rodriguez v. Cartagena, 882 F.2d 553, 575 (1st Cir.1989). Rather, the exhibits are offered to establish whether or not the supervisory defendants acted with deliberate indifference in light of Pagan’s disciplinary records. Id. (holding that an officers’ disciplinary files were not hearsay because they were used to show the supervisors’ responses to complaints against an officer.) Accordingly, the Court will consider plaintiffs’ exhibits Z, AA, BB, CC, DD, and EE for that limited purpose.

2. Miguel Caceres’ Death

On August 11, 2007 the field officers were in the Punta Santiago sector of Humacao, Puerto Rico as part of the Impact Unit. (Docket No. 262 at 1.8, 2.38.) Defendant Rivera, the Humacao Area Commander from 2006 to 2007, had made the decision to create an Impact Unit to help fight crime in the area. Id. at ¶ 2.13; Docket No. 250 at ¶ 9. Defendant Cruz, the Director of the Humacao Tactical Operations Division (the “T.O.D.”), selected Diaz to be a part of the Impact Service. (Id. at ¶ 2.5.) Defendant Colon, the Assistant Director of the Humacao T.O.D. from March 2006 to February 2007 and again from July 2007 to August 2007, selected Pagan and Sustache for the Impact Unit. Id. at ¶¶ 1.4, 2.5.

The Punta Santiago Scooter Club (the “Club”) was also present at Punta Santiago on August 11, 2007. The Club was there to provide an escort for a girl celebrating her fifteenth birthday (her “quineeañero”). Id. at ¶¶ 2.24-2.25. Roughly eleven club members, dressed in yellow T-shirts, parked their scooters in front of the girl’s grandmother’s house. Id. at ¶¶ 2.25, 2.33. The scooters blocked a quarter of a road’s lane closest to the grandmother’s house. Id. at ¶ 2.34. Caceres, a member of the Club, assisted in directing traffic, letting one side of the traffic pass through at a time. Id. at ¶¶ 2.35-2.36, 2.37.

The field officers arrived in a PRPD Ford Explorer to the spot where Caceres *171was directing traffic. Id. at ¶ 2.38. After the Explorer was stopped for “a while,” Caeeres instructed it to move forward. Id. at ¶ 2.39. Pagan told Caeeres that they alone have the authority to tell someone to “move on” and informed Caeeres that the club members must move their scooters off the road within five minutes. Id. at ¶¶ 2.40-2.42. After Caeeres responded, Pagan said the scooters must be moved immediately. Id. at ¶ 2.42. The parties dispute what happened next. Id. at ¶ 2.46; Docket No. 296 at ¶2.46. According to Fermín Torres-Lopez, the President of the Club, the club members moved their scooters to the sidewalk. Id. at ¶2.46. But according to Hector M. Huertas-Marrero, the club members did not comply with the order. (Docket No. 296 at ¶ 2.46.)

In any event, after the exchange between Caeeres and Pagan, the field officers then left their vehicle and moved towards Caeeres. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 2.47; Docket No. 250 at ¶ 93.) Pagan pointed at Caeeres and said, “[y]ou are a charlatan.” (Id. at ¶ 2.49.) Caeeres retorted that “[i]f I am a charlatan, you are too.” Id. Officer Diaz then informed Caeeres that he was under arrest. Id. at ¶ 2.51. Caeeres moved backwards and said that he did not do anything to justify his arrest. Id. at ¶ 2.52. According to Hector M. HuertasMercado, Caeeres attempted to evade Officer Diaz and hit her, causing her to fall into a puddle. (Docket No. 295 at ¶ 2.52; Docket No. 322 at Ex. 26.)

After Pagan tried to grab Caeeres’ shirt, Caeeres pushed him. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 2.54.) Officers Pagan and Diaz enclosed Caeeres between a chain and the road. Caeeres fell down. Id. at ¶ 2.55. While Caeeres was on the ground, Pagan punched Caeeres in the face. Id. at ¶ 2.56. Then, Caeeres grabbed onto Pagan’s leg, touching his gun holster as he was trying to get up. Id. at ¶ 2.61. Pagan placed his hand on top of Caeeres’ hand and a struggle ensued. Id. at ¶¶ 2.61, 2.63. While Pagan’s gun was still in its holster, he shot himself in the leg. Id. at ¶ 2.67. Pagan then pulled the gun out of the holster and shot Caeeres several times in the back and head. Id. at ¶¶ 2.73-2.75. Caeeres died. See Id. at ¶¶ 2.22, 3.6.

Following the shooting, the field officers retreated to the Explorer and left the scene. Id. at ¶ 2.78. Lieutenant Rodriguez communicated with Officer Diaz twice through the PRPD radio. Id. at ¶ 3.2. Officer Diaz informed Lieutenant Rodriguez that Pagan was bleeding profusely but did not mention Caeeres having been shot. Id. at ¶¶ 3.2-3.4.

3. Pagan’s Disciplinary History

' Pagan’s “Personal History” record shows that, prior to Caeeres’ death, he had been subject to seven complaints.- Id. at ¶ 5.1. He was accused of (1) theft of government property that he left in the trunk of his personal vehicle; (2) domestic violence; (3) insubordination; (4) failing to appear after being subpoenaed; (5) reporting a “loss” in a stolen and recovered vehicle report; (6) failing to take action on a complaint filed by a citizen; and (7) assaulting a motorcyclist. (Docket No. 281 at Ex. Z.) Pagan received a warning for the theft of government property. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.2.) The insubordination complaint was “filed for future reference.” Id. The complaint for the stolen and recovered vehicle report is pending in the PRPD’s legal affairs office. Id. The complaint for assault of a motorcyclist was “filed in the record.” Id. There is no indication that any action was taken by the PRPD for the complaint that Pagan failed to appear after being subpoenaed. (Docket No. 281 at Ex. Z.) The accusation that he engaged in domestic violence was deemed substantiated. Id. at Ex. DD; Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.3.

*172Maria Cabrera-Santiago (“Cabrera”) had accused Pagan of domestic violence, stemming from three incidences. In the middle of 1998, Cabrera and Pagan entered into a consensual, intimate relationship. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.4.) Cabrera alleged that in August 1998, Pagan saw her speaking with another police officer. Id. at ¶ 5.5. Subsequently, Pagan slapped her in the face and pointed his police-issued firearm at her. Pagan purportedly said, “[i]f I catch you with another man, I’m going to kill you.” Id. at ¶¶ 5.2-5.3, 5.5, 5.7; Docket No. 281 at Ex. AA, CC. In the second incident, Cabrera alleged that Pagan stored an arrestee’s firearm and laser in Cabrera’s home for three days. Id. at ¶ 5.8; Docket No. 281 at Ex. CC. Pagan attached the laser to his police-issued firearm, pointed to the wall and swore that he was going to kill the arrestee. {Id.; Docket No. 281 at Ex. DD.) In the final incident, Cabrera alleged that after their relationship deteriorated, Cabrera sent Pagan a bill for a beeper she previously had given to Pagan as a gift. Id. at ¶ 5.5; Docket No. 281 at Ex. CC. That purportedly caused Pagan to “burst” into Cabrera’s home, question her about what she had done and assault her. Id. at ¶ 5.5; Docket No. 281 at Ex. CC.

The District Attorney decided not to file charges against Pagan because he didn’t think Puerto Rico Law 54, which addresses domestic violence, applied and/or because of Cabrera’s “lack of interest.” {Id. at ¶ 5.5; Docket No. 281 at Ex. AA, CC.) Pagan’s police-issued firearm was seized and he was referred to the Domestic Violence Division. (Docket No. 281 at Ex. BB.) On August 23, 2000, the Domestic Violence Division concluded that Pagan committed four violations of PRPD Personnel Regulations. {Id. at Ex. DD; Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.10.) On August 30, 2004, then PRPD Superintendent Augustin Cartagena found that Pagan committed six violations of PRPD Personnel Regulations. {Id. at Ex. CC; Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.11.) Cartagena wrote Pagan that he intended to expel him from the police force. {Id. at Ex. CC; Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.11.) In November 2004, however, Pagan was transferred to the “T.O.D.” to work as in a Special Response Team (the “S.R.T.”).3 Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.13.

According to a letter signed by Ramon A. Ortega-Rodriguez (“Ortega”) and with Toledo’s name appearing below the valediction, Pagan was once again notified of the intent to expel him from the PRPD. Id. at ¶ 5.22; Docket No. 281 at Ex. LL. An administrative hearing was held on October 8, 2005. Id. After the hearing, Pagan’s expulsion was modified. Id. Instead, he was suspended from employment without pay for sixty (60) days. {Id. at ¶ 5.23; Docket No. 281 at Ex. LL. Pagan served the suspension from August 23, 2006 to October 22, 2006. {Id. at ¶ 5.24.)

II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

The Court’s discretion to grant summary judgment is governed by Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 56 states, in pertinent part, that the court may grant summary judgment only if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” See *173also Santiago-Ramos v. Centennial P.R. Wireless Corp., 217 F.3d 46, 52 (1st Cir.2000).

Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” See Rule 56(c). The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).

Once a properly supported motion has been presented, the opposing party has the burden of demonstrating that a trial-worthy issue exists that would warrant the court’s denial of the motion for summary judgment. For issues where the opposing party bears the ultimate burden of proof, that party cannot merely rely on the absence of competent evidence, but must affirmatively point to specific facts that demonstrate the existence of an authentic dispute. See Suarez v. Pueblo Int’l., Inc., 229 F.3d 49 (1st Cir.2000).

In order for a factual controversy to prevent summary judgment, the contested facts must be “material” and the dispute must be “genuine.” “Material” means that a contested fact has the potential to change the outcome of the suit under governing law. The issue is “genuine” when a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party based on the evidence. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). It is well settled that “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence” is insufficient “to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. It is therefore necessary that “a party opposing summary judgment must present definite, competent evidence to rebut the motion.” Maldonado-Denis v. Castillo-Rodriguez, 23 F.3d 576, 581 (1st Cir.1994).

In making this assessment, the court “must view the entire record in the light most hospitable to the party opposing summary judgment, indulging in all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.” Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904 F.2d 112, 115 (1st Cir.1990). The court may safely ignore, however, “conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.” Medina-Muñoz v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir.1990).

III. DISCUSSION

Section 1983 permits a plaintiff to recover money damages from government officials who violate the plaintiffs constitutional rights. Camreta v. Greene, — U.S. ---, 131 S.Ct. 2020, 2024, 179 L.Ed.2d 1118 (2011).4 A section 1983 claim has two elements: (1) the defendant must have acted under color of state law; and (2) the defendant’s conduct must have deprived the plaintiff of rights secured by the United States Constitution or by federal law. Gagliardi v. Sullivan, 513 F.3d 301, 306 (1st Cir.2008) (citing Rodriguez-Cirilo v. Garcia, 115 F.3d 50, 52 (1st Cir.1997)); Lipsett v. Univ. of P.R., 864 F.2d 881, 901-02 (1st Cir.1988) (citing Voutour v. Vitale, 761 F.2d 812 (1st Cir.1985)). The supervisory defendants do not dispute *174that they were acting under color of state law.

Under the supervisory liability doctrine, a supervisor who does not directly engage in the unconstitutional behavior may be liable under section 1983. Camilo-Robles v. Hoyos, 151 F.3d 1, 6-7 (1st Cir.1998) (citing City of Okla. City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 105 S.Ct. 2427, 85 L.Ed.2d 791 (1985)). But, a supervisor is not liable for their subordinates’ unconstitutional conduct under the theory of respondeat superior.5 Id.; Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1948, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); Whitfield v. Melendez-Rivera, 431 F.3d 1, 14 (1st Cir.2005) (citing Barreto-Rivera v. Medina-Vargas, 168 F.3d 42, 48 (1st Cir.1999)). Rather, “[supervisors may only be held liable under § 1983 on the basis of their own acts or omissions.” Whitfield, 431 F.3d at 1. Accordingly, to establish the second element of section 1983 liability, two prongs must be satisfied: (a) the supervisor’s subordinate must have violated the plaintiffs constitutional rights; and (b) the supervisor’s “action or inaction” must be “ ‘affirmative[ly] linkfed] ... ’ to that behavior in the sense that it could be characterized as ‘supervisory encouragement, condonation, or acquiescence’ or ‘gross negligence amounting to deliberate indifference.’ ” Pineda v. Toomey, 533 F.3d 50, 54 (1st Cir.2008); Sanchez v. Alvarado, 101 F.3d 223, 227 (1st Cir.1996); Lipsett, 864 F.2d at 902 (citing Bohen v. City of East Chicago, 799 F.2d 1180, 1189 (7th Cir.1986)); Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582 (1st Cir.1994) (internal citations omitted). The supervisory defendants concede, for purposes of their motion, the first prong — that the field officers violated Caceres’ constitutional rights. (Docket No. 249 at 13.) At issue is the second prong — whether the supervisory defendants deprived plaintiffs of their Fourth Amendment rights by acting with deliberate indifference.

To establish that the supervisory defendants acted with deliberate indifference, plaintiffs must show (1) a grave risk of harm, (2) the supervisory defendants’ actual or constructive knowledge of that risk, (3) that the supervisory defendants failed to take easily available measures to address the risk, and (4) an “affirmative link” between the supervisory defendants’ deliberate indifference and the resulting violation committed by their subordinates. Figueroa-Torres v. Toledo-Davila, 232 F.3d 270, 279 (1st Cir.2000); Camilo-Robles, 151 F.3d at 7 (citing Manarite v. City of Springfield, 957 F.2d 953, 956 (1st Cir.1992)); Maldonado v. Fontanes, 568 F.3d 263, 275 (2009) (internal citations omitted); Sanchez v. Figueroa, 996 F.Supp. 143, 149 n. 7 (D.P.R.1998); Cruz-Acevedo v. Toledo-Davila, 660 F.Supp.2d 205, 216 (D.P.R.2009) (citing Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582).

The case law reveals two overarching theories sufficient to impose liability: where the supervisor knows of but disregards a subordinate’s risk of constitutional violations, and where a supervisor “formulat[es] a policy or engage[s] in a custom ... that leads to the challenged occurrence.” See McIntyre v. United States, 336 F.Supp.2d 87, 127 (D.Mass.2004) (describing many of the scenarios in which the First Circuit Court of Appeals found that supervisors acted with deliberate indifference); Barreto-Rivera, 168 F.3d at 49; Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582. The gravamen of plaintiffs’ claim is that the supervisory defendants were deliber*175ately indifferent because they: (a) had actual or constructive knowledge that Pagan posed a risk and failed to dismiss him from the PRPD; and (b) failed to establish adequate supervision policies when there was no specific record keeping and analysis of officer-involved shootings, had excessive delays in the disciplinary system, lacked supervisory staff at the Humacao T.O.D., and failed to hold officers accountable for misconduct.6 (Docket No. 262 at 34; See Docket No. 262 at ¶¶ 6.1-8.51; Docket No. 64 ¶¶ 4.13-4.34.) The supervisory defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment because their conduct did not inexorably lead to Caceres’ death.7 (Docket No. 249 at 2-3.) Specifically, the supervisory defendants contend that there is no issue of material fact (1) that the field officers posed a grave risk of harm; (2) that the supervisory defendants had actual or constructive know of the risk; and (3) that the supervisory defendants failed to take measures to address the risk. (Id. at 13.) The Court agrees.

A. Risk of Harm

It is axiomatic that prior to characterizing behavior as being “deliberately indifferent,” there must first be a problem. Lipsett, 864 F.2d at 902 (“One cannot make a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’ choice to act or not to act unless confronted with a problem that requires the taking of affirmative steps.”). Thus, the test for deliberate indifference is whether “it would be manifest to any reasonable official that his ... [a subordinate officer’s] conduct was very likely to violate an individual’s constitutional rights.” Hegarty v. Somerset County, 53 F.3d 1367, 1380 (1st Cir.1995) (quoting Febus-Rodriguez v. Be*176tancourt-Lebron, 14 F.3d 87, 92). In conducting this inquiry, the court’s duty is to determine whether the field officers’ “reasonably observable characteristics, behavior or conduct indicated an abnormally high likelihood that [they] posed a threat to violate the constitutional rights of citizens in the manner alleged.... ” Figueroa, 996 F.Supp. at 148-49 (D.P.R.1998) (citing Gutierrez-Rodriguez, 882 F.2d at 564-66); Camilo-Robles, 151 F.3d at 7.

Plaintiffs allege that the field officers violated Caceres’ constitutional rights when Pagan wrongfully shot and killed him during an arrest, failed to prevent the use of force and did not assure that Caceres received medical attention. (Docket No. 64 at ¶¶ 3.6-3.8.) Nevertheless, plaintiffs have not raised an issue of material fact that the field officers presented a grave risk to violate citizens’ constitutional rights.

Plaintiffs have not provided the court with evidence indicating that Sustache and Diaz were subject to any complaints or discipline prior to Caceres’ death on August 11, 2007. Plaintiffs have not even offered Diaz and Sustaehe’s disciplinary records. Accordingly, the court is unable to find that the supervisory defendants ignored any grave risk that Sustache’s and Diaz’s continued employment with the PRPD may have presented. Camilo-Robles, 151 F.3d at 7; See Cummings v. McIntire, No. 00-211-P-H, 2001 WL 30529, at *10-11 (D.Me. Jan. 11, 2001) (granting summary judgment because the plaintiffs did not produce evidence that police officer was subject to a complaint, discipline or negative performance review which would evidence a propensity to violence).

Moreover, the complaints filed against Pagan do not indicate that Pagan had a propensity to assault, shoot or kill a citizen during an arrest. Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582; See Gonzalez-Perez v. Toledo-Davila, 709 F.Supp.2d 125, 132 (D.P.R.2010). According to Pagan’s “Personal History,” Pagan had seven complaints pri- or to Caceres’ death. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.1.) Of those seven, only two related to crimes against a person: a domestic violence claim and an assault against a motorcyclist. Id. Of those two, only the domestic violence complaint was substantiated. (Id. at ¶ 5.3; Docket No. 281 at Ex. DD.) Cabrera alleged that Pagan slapped her in the face, threatened her with his police-issued firearm, stored an arrestee’s firearm in Cabrera’s home, told Cabrera that he was going to kill the arrestee, and burst into her home and assaulted her. There is no indication that Cabrera ever had a propensity to abuse citizens’ rights while on duty and acting under color of law. Thus, plaintiffs have not proffered evidence that, prior to Caceres’ death, the field officers were subject to discipline concerning unlawfully discharging firearms in the line of duty, much less complaints alleging violation of constitutional rights.

This case is on all fours with Burgos-Yantin v. Municipality of Juana Diaz, 669 F.Supp.2d 191, 198-199 (D.P.R.2009). In Burgos-Yantin, the plaintiffs filed a section 1983 suit against various PRPD officers and supervisors alleging that the PRPD officers used excessive force when they shot at the plaintiffs, fatally hitting one in the back of the head and the other in the knee. Id. at 194. The previous complaints against the officers revealed the use of a firearm in self-defense, an assault against another officer, a dispute with a supervisor and a domestic dispute. The Burgos-Yantin court held that the PRPD officers did not show a pattern of behavior evincing a likelihood of constitutional violations. Id. at 198. Here, like a defendant in Burgos-Yantin, Pagan was accused of domestic violence. Moreover, *177like the officers in Burgos-Yantin, Pagan did not have any substantiated prior incident displaying violent tendencies while acting under color of law as a member of the PRPD. Accordingly, plaintiffs have not proffered sufficient evidence to raise a question of material fact that Pagan possessed a propensity towards violence under color of state law.

Barreto-Rivera, 168 F.3d 42 is inapposite. There, the decedent’s relatives brought a section 1983 suit against a PRPD police officer and his supervisor. The First Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the district court’s grant of summary judgment. The court of appeals held that there was sufficient evidence to show the police officer’s propensity toward violent conduct, reasoning that the officer’s disciplinary history in the PRPD was “troubled” at best when he was disciplined 30 times for an abuse of power, and/or unlawful use of physical force. Id. There, the police officer’s supervisor recommended his dismissal because of the assaults and continued misbehavior despite imposing sanctions. Id. Here, unlike in BarretoRivera, of the seven complaints against Pagan, only two related to physical violence. The complaint against Pagan for allegedly assaulting of a motorcyclist was merely “filed in the record.” (Docket No. 281 at Ex. Z.) There is no indication that the complaint was substantiated. Although Cabrera’s domestic violence complaint was substantiated, Pagan’s disciplinary history, unlike the officer in BarretoRivera, does not evince a propensity to abuse citizens’ rights while on duty and acting under the color of law.

The fact that the police department disciplined Pagan is irrelevant. On two separate occasions, Pagan was informed of the “intent” to expel him from the PRPD. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.11; Docket No. 281 at Ex. CC; Docket No. 262 at ¶5.22; Docket No. 281 at Ex. LL.) After an administrative hearing, however, he was suspended from employment and pay for sixty (60) days. (Id. at ¶ 5.23; Docket No. 281 at Ex. LL.) While more could have been done, supervisors are not given the gift of perfect foresight. The court declines to charge supervisors with deliberate indifference whenever an officer is suspended and later commits an act of unforeseeable violence. Thus, the fact that Pagan was disciplined does not necessarily reflect that he had dangerous propensities or that he represented a grave risk of harm.

The Court cautions that the result it reached neither follows nor establishes a rule mandating that an officer is entitled to “one free bite.” (Id. at 34.) Rather, to impose supervisory liability it must be foreseeable that the field officers’ would violate Caceres’ constitutional rights “in the manner alleged.” Figueroa, 996 F.Supp. at 148-49. Mere isolated instances of unconstitutional conduct are insufficient, as a matter of law, for supervisory liability to attach. Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582. There is no genuine issue of material fact that the field officers presented such a risk. Accordingly, the supervisory defendants are entitled to summary judgment.

B. Actual or Constructive Knowledge of Risk

Even assuming, arguendo, that plaintiffs are able to show that the field officers represented a grave risk of harm, defendants Colon, Figueroa, Cruz and Rivera are also entitled to summary judgment because there is no issue of material fact as to whether they had knowledge of the field officers’ disciplinary history.8 (Dock*178et No. 250 at ¶¶ 56-67; Docket No. 250 at ¶¶ 55-67,100-111,148-159,199-211).

Pursuant to section 1983, “[a]ctual or constructive knowledge of a rights violation is a prerequisite ...” to finding liability. Feliciano-Hemandez v. Pereira-Castillo, 663 F.3d 527, 535 (1st Cir.2011). The supervisory defendants argue that they are also entitled to summary judgment because they did not have knowledge of the field officers’ dangerous tendencies, any problem with citizen interventions, or with any use of excessive force on citizens by agents operating with the Impact Unit prior to the incident. (Docket No. 248 at 13.)

Defendant Cruz did not know of administrative complaints filed against the field officers. (Docket No. 250 at ¶¶ 100-11.) Plaintiffs contend that the fact that defendant Rivera signed a letter stating that “P.O. Javier Pagan-Cruz 19664 was notified on August 23, 2006 of the 60-day employment and salary suspension” is sufficient to establish that defendant Rivera had knowledge of Pagan’s disciplinary history (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 56; Ex. TT.) This letter, however, does not indicate that Rivera had knowledge of the reasons underlying the suspension. A police officer may be subject to disciplinary actions for a myriad of reasons. Thus, the letter merely reflects defendant Rivera’s knowledge that Pagan was notified about his suspension, nothing more.

Similarly, defendant Figueroa stated in his deposition that he remembered serving Pagan with disciplinary papers regarding either the suspension or proposed expulsion. (Id. at ¶ 6.24.) Nevertheless, defendant Figueroa stated that his duty was merely to deliver the disciplinary papers; he did not investigate the reasons for the disciplinary action taken against Pagan. (Id. at ¶¶ 6.24, 8.24.) Likewise, there is also no evidence that defendant Colon had knowledge of the field officers’ dangerousness. Defendant Colon previously stated that he served Pagan with sanctions. (Docket No. 281 at Ex. J.) Defendant Colon believed that Pagan was suspended for 60 days for domestic violence. (Docket No. 281 at ¶ 190.) It is not established, however, that defendant Colon knew of this information prior to Caceres’ death. Rather, defendant Colon stated that the sanctions he served did not indicate that it was for domestic violence; only the intent to suspend was indicated. (Docket No. 291 at Ex. J.) The inferential step required to impute knowledge of an officer’s dangerousness upon supervisors merely by virtue of them having notice of a suspension is too tenuous, at best, to make at the summary judgment stage.

Moreover, there is no issue of a material fact that defendants Colon, Figueroa, Cruz and Rivera had constructive knowledge of a risk. A supervisor is liable even if he or she does not have actual knowledge of the unconstitutional behavior. See, Colon-Andino v. Toledo-Davila, 634 F.Supp.2d 220, 232 (D.P.R.2009) (citing Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582.) “Con*179structive knowledge ‘may be evidenced by the fact that the practices have been so widespread or flagrant that in the proper exercise of [their] official responsibility the [municipal policy makers] should have known of them.’ ” Bordanaro v. McLeod, 871 F.2d 1151, 1157 (1st Cir.1989) (internal citations omitted). Nevertheless, plaintiffs have not established that the supervisory defendants had constructive knowledge, precisely because they have not established that the field officers’ conduct was either widespread or flagrant. As the Court previously concluded, Pagan’s disciplinary history did not evince a risk of constitutional violations.

Plaintiffs point to the supervisory defendants’ lack of knowledge of Pagan’s disciplinary record and failure to look at agents with “repetitive conduct” as demonstrative of the supervisory defendants’ deliberate indifference. This contention, however, without more, is insufficient to attach liability. See Calderón v. P.R. Police Dep’t., No. 05-1722, 2008 WL 2960694 at *4 (D.P.R. Jul. 30, 2008) (holding that an allegation that defendants lacked knowledge of disciplinary record does not demonstrate “reckless disregard” by the defendants when the officers in question did not demonstrate a dangerous propensity to violate the Constitution).

C. Affirmative Link

Even assuming, arguendo, that the field officers were a grave risk and that the supervisory defendants had knowledge of that risk, “not every official who is aware of a problem exhibits deliberate indifference by failing to resolve it.” Feliciano-Hernandez, 663 F.3d at 536 (quoting Feliciano Hernandez, No. 09-1569, 2010 WL 3372527, at *11 (D.P.R. Aug. 24, 2010)). Plaintiffs have not established that the PRPD’s failure to expel Pagan from the force or a deficient policy was “affirmatively linked” to Caceres’ death. See Figueroa, 996 F.Supp. at 146.

“Deliberate indifference is not the be-all and the end-all of a section 1983 claim premised on supervisory liability ... there is a causation element as well.” (Id. at 149 (D.P.R.1998) (quoting Maldonado-Denis v. Castillo-Rodriguez, 23 F.3d 576, 582 (1st Cir.1994)); Camilo-Robles, 151 F.3d at 7. Plaintiffs must establish that had the supervisory defendants not acted with deliberate indifference, Caceres would not have been killed. Id. at 146 (holding that the court may not impose liability when proper screening or supervision mechanisms would not have prevented the constitutional violation) (citing Rodriguez-Cirilo, 115 F.3d at 52); Thayer v. Dion, No. 09-00435, 2010 WL 4961739, at *20 (D.Me. Nov. 30, 2010) (citing Sanchez v. Pereirar-Castillo, 590 F.3d 31, 40 (1st Cir.2009)); Maldonado, 568 F.3d at 274-75. The test is also satisfied when there is a “[A] pattern of misconduct sufficient to put the [defendant] on inquiry notice.” Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 583.

According to plaintiffs, the supervisory defendants caused Caceres’ death when they created an environment within the PRPD such that the field officers thought that they could act illegally with impunity and without consequence, not following policies regarding officers who return from suspension, lacked record-keeping and analyses of officer-involved shootings, conducted pro-forma evaluations, provided excessive delays in the disciplinary system and lacked supervisory staff at the T.O.D.

Speculation that a police officer felt like they could act with impunity and without consequence is too tenuous, as a matter of law, to establish liability. Febus-Rodriguez, 14 F.3d at 93 (1st Cir.1994). In Febus-Rodriguez, the plaintiffs filed suit against PRPD police officers and supervisors claiming that Febus-Rodriguez’s con*180stitutional rights were violated when the police officers assaulted him and denied him medical treatment during an arrest. Id. at 89. The plaintiffs contended that because the officer was not sanctioned for five prior incidents, he believed he could get away with assaulting the plaintiffs. Id. at 94. The district court denied the supervisor’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds of qualified immunity. Id. The First Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the district court and remanded. Id. The court of appeals reasoned that the supervisors were entitled to summary judgment, because, inter alia, “[t]he inference that because Officer Rodriguez had not been sanctioned with respect to these grave incidents, he could get away with anything, including assaulting [plaintiff], is too tenuous.” Id. at 94. Here, plaintiffs, like the plaintiff in Febus-Rodriguez, also claim that PRPD fostered a sense of impunity among the ranks which resulted in the killing of Caceres. Accordingly, here, like in Febus-Rodriguez, summary judgment must be granted.

Similarly, plaintiffs also fail to establish that the PRPD’s policy regarding officers involved in shootings caused Caceres’ death. Plaintiffs’ expert, Lou Reitner stated that the PRPD is the only major police force that does not have a policy for handling officer-involved shootings. Nevertheless, Reitner admitted that even if supervisors looked at officer-involved shootings, their effort would have been fruitless because the field officers never fired their firearms prior to August 11, 2007. Therefore, plaintiffs have not established that the failure to have a policy for officer-involved shootings caused Caceres’ death. See Rossi-Cortes v. Toledo-Rivera, 540 F.Supp.2d 318, 324 (D.P.R.2008) (“Allegations that a supervisor failed to train his subordinate officers and that he should be held liable for such failure, without identifying the factual underpinnings of such failure, nor identifying the casual nexus between the failed training and the subordinate’s misconduct, are not enough to sustain a claim of liability under Section 1983.”)

Plaintiffs’ contention that the supervisory defendants were linked to Caceres’ death because the Humacao T.O.D. lacked sufficient supervisory staff is also without merit. There is no indication that additional staff could have prevented Pagan from shooting Caceres to death during an arrest. Likewise, plaintiffs’ allegations that there are excessive delays in the PRPD disciplinary system and that the supervisory defendants gave pro-forma evaluations are also insufficient. Plaintiffs merely outline the PRPD disciplinary process without expanding on the manner in which the policy was deficient, how it was different than any other police department or how it caused Caceres’ death. Plaintiffs do argue that Pagan received the highest rank for “self-control” in an evaluation despite the proposals that he be expelled. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 6.43.) Nevertheless, the evaluation covered the period from July 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006. Id. Pagan was accused of domestic violence in 1998, a number of years earlier. (Docket No. 262 at ¶ 5.5.) Therefore, the domestic violence complaint was outside the scope of the evaluation. Plaintiffs’ entirely conclusory allegations, without more, are legally insufficient to survive summary judgment. See Medinar-Muñoz, 896 F.2d at 8. (“conclusory allegations ... and unsupported speculation” are insufficient.)

“The deliberate indifference standard was set deliberately high by the Supreme Court to insure that § 1983 did not become a front of constitutional tort liability.” Beal v. Blache, No. 02-12447, 2005 WL 352861 at *7 (D.Mass. Feb. 14, 2005). Even if the supervisory defendants’ conduct may have been negligent, to invoke *181section 1983 liability the plaintiffs must show more than mere negligence; they must show deliberate indifference. Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582 (“Proof of mere negligence, without more, is inadequate to ground supervisory liability.”). There is no issue of material fact that the supervisory defendants acted with deliberate indifference.

Accordingly, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is GRANTED.

D. State Law Claims Under Article 1802

Plaintiffs also brought supplemental state law claims under article 1802.9 (Docket No. 64 at ¶ 6.2.)

Article 1802 permits a plaintiff to recover damages for causes of action sounding in tort. Vazquez-Filippetti v. Banco Popular de P.R., 504 F.3d 43, 49 (1st Cir.2007). To recover damages, article 1802 requires a showing that the defendant “cause[d] damage to another through fault or negligence.” Id. To establish liability under article 1802, a plaintiff must establish: (1) plaintiffs physical or emotional injury, (2) defendant’s negligent act or omission (“breach of duty”), and (3) a causal nexus between the plaintiffs injury and defendant’s negligent act or omission (“proximate cause”). Id.

Article 1802 and section 1983 are composed of similar requirements. Rodriguez-Diaz v. Marrero-Recio, No. 10-1317, 2010 WL 4117214 at *8-9 (D.P.R. Oct. 20, 2010) (reconsideration granted on other grounds by Rodriguez-Diaz v. Marrero-Recio, No. 10-1317, 2010 WL 5375952 (D.P.R. Dec. 28, 2010)) (holding that if a plaintiff establishes causality under section 1983, the plaintiff is reasonably entitled to relief under article 1802). To invoke section 1983 liability, a plaintiff must show more than mere negligence, he must show deliberate indifference. Maldonado-Denis, 23 F.3d at 582 (“Proof of mere negligence, without more, is inadequate to ground supervisory liability.”). The Court need not address whether plaintiffs have satisfied the “breach of duty” element under article 1802 because, as explained below, plaintiffs have failed to establish the causation that article 1802 requires. Figueroa, 996 F.Supp at 149 (quoting Maldonado-Denis, at 582); Vazquez-Filippetti, 504 F.3d 43 at 49.

Plaintiffs have not established that the supervisory defendants were the proximate cause of Caceres’ death. Proximate cause is composed of two sub-elements: (a) actual cause and (b) foreseeability. Vazquez-Filippetti, 504 F.3d at 49 n. 5. “A defendant’s action may only be the proximate cause of plaintiffs injuries if they in fact caused the injuries and the defendant could have reasonably foreseen that the injuries (or related harms) would *182result from his actions.” Id. (citing Malave-Felix v. Volvo Car Corp., 946 F.2d 967, 971-72 (1st Cir.1991)). Here, the Court previously concluded that plaintiffs have not presented an issue of material fact that the PRPD’s acts or omissions were “affirmatively linked” to Caceres’ death. Moreover, the Court has stated that it was not foreseeable that former officer Pagan would violate Caceres’ constitutional rights by shooting and killing him, or that officers Diaz and Sustache failed to prevent the use of force, and did not assure that Caceres received medical attention. Therefore, the supervisory defendants did not cause Caceres’ injuries within the meaning of article 1802.

Accordingly, because plaintiffs’ have not established that the supervisory defendants behavior was casually related to Caceres’ injury, summary judgment is GRANTED as to plaintiffs’ article 1802 claim against the supervisory defendants.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the supervisory defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. Plaintiffs’ section 1983 and article 1802 claims against the supervisory defendants are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

IT IS SO ORDERED.