Markovsky, J. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co.

OPINION BY'

Appellant James C. Markovsky, Executor of the Estate of James Markovsky, deceased, appeals from the September 11, 2013 order of the Court of Common Pleas *752 of Philadelphia County, which granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee Crown Cork & Seal Co. 1 For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

On October 6, 2011, Appellant James Markovsky, now deceased, filed a complaint against, inter alia, Appellee alleging he contracted mesothelioma “caused by exposure to the asbestos products of Mun-det,” Appellee’s predecessor-in-interest. Complaint, 10/06/11, at ¶¶ lOad, 18. Specifically, Appellant alleged “he was exposed to asbestos fiber or asbestos products manufactured, sold, distributed, or otherwise placed'into the stream of commerce by [Appellee].” Id. at ¶ 11.

On June 25, 2013, Appellee moved for summary judgment against Appellant on the basis of, inter alia, 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1929.1 (Section 1929.1), Act of December 17, 2001, P.L. 904, No. 101 (Act 101 of 2001 or Act 101), which in part provides:

(a) Limitation on successor asbestos-related liabilities.—

(1) Except as further limited in paragraph (2), the cumulative successor asbestos-related liabilities of a domestic business corporation that was incorporated in this Commonwealth prior to May 1, 2001, shall be limited to the fair market value of the total assets of the transferor determined as of the time of the merger or consolidation, and such corporation shall have no responsibility for successor asbestos-related liabilities in excess of such limitation.

(2) If the transferor had assumed or incurred successor asbestos-related liabilities in connection with a prior merger or consolidation with a prior transferor, then the fair market value of the total assets of the prior transferor, determined as of the time of such earlier merger or consolidation, shall be substituted for the limitation set forth in paragraph (1) for purposes of determining the limitation of liability of a domestic business corporation."

(d) Application.—

(1) The limitations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) shall apply to mergers or consolidations effected under the laws of this Commonwealth or another jurisdiction consummated prior to May 1, 2001.

(2) The limitations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) shall apply to all asbestos claims, including existing asbestos claims, and all litigation, including existing litigation, and shall apply to successors of a domestic business corporation to which this section applies.

(3) The limitations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to workers’ compensation benefits paid by or on behalf of an employer to an employee pursuant to the act of June 2, 1915 (P.L. 736, No. 338), known as the Workers’ Compensation Act, or comparable workers’ compensation law of another jurisdiction.

(4) The limitations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to any claim against a domestic business corporation that does not constitute a successor asbestos-related liability.

(5) This section shall not apply to an insurance corporation as defined in section 3102 (relating to definitions).

(6) The limitations set forth in subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to any *753 obligations arising under the National Labor Relations Act (49 Stat. 449, 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.) or under any collective bargaining agreement.

(e) Definitions. — As used in this section, the following words and phrases shall have the meanings given to them in this subsection:

“Successor asbestos-related liabilities.” Any liabilities, whether known or unknown, asserted or unasserted, absolute or contingent, accrued or unaccrued, liquidated or unliquidated or due or to become due, related in any way to asbestos claims, that were assumed or incurred by a domestic business corporation or foreign business corporation as a result of or in connection with a merger or consolidation, or the plan of merger or consolidation related thereto, with or into another domestic business corporation or foreign business corporation effected under the laws of this Commonwealth or another jurisdiction or which are related in any way to asbestos claims based on the exercise of control or the ownership of stock of such corporation prior to such merger or consolidation. The term shall also include liabilities which, after the time of the merger or consolidation as to which the fair market value of total assets is determined for purposes of subsections (a) and (b), were or are paid or otherwise discharged, or committed to be paid or otherwise discharged, by or on behalf of the corporation, or by or on behalf of a transferor, in connection with settle-, ments, judgments or other discharges in this Commonwealth or another jurisdiction.

“Transferor.” A domestic business corporation or foreign business corporation from which successor asbestos-related.liabilities are assumed or incurred.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1929.1(a),(d) and (e).

In Johnson v. Am. Standard, 966 A.2d 573 (Pa.Super.2009), in explaining the purpose of Section 1929.1, this Court remarked:

[Section 1929.1] limits the asbestos-related liability of Pennsylvania corporations when that liability arises from a merger or consolidation. In general, [Section 1929.1] caps the successor corporation’s asbestos-related liability at the fair market value of the prior company as of the time of the merger or consolidation....

Id. at 576 (cited only for background purposes), rov'd on other grounds, 607 Pa. 492, 8 A.3d 318 (2010).

On July 12, 2013, Appellant filed a response to Appellee’s summary judgment motion. In its response, Appellant argued, inter alia, that Section 1929.1 was unconstitutional because it violated Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, the dormant Commerce Clause under the United States Constitution, and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2 Additionally, Appellant argued the manner in which legislation containing Section 1929.1 was enacted was constitutionally flawed. Specifically, Appellant challenged the legislation on the basis of Article III, Sections 1 (original purpose) and 3 (single subject) of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

On July 17, 2013, Appellee filed a reply to Appellant’s response to the summary judgment motion, specifically contesting *754 Appellant’s constitutional arguments. On September 11, 2013, the trial court issued an order granting Appellee’s summary judgment motion as a matter of law. Appellant filed a timely appeal to this Court. Although the trial court did not order Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal, it issued an opinion on January 8, 2014 in support of its order granting Appellee’s summary judgment motion. In its opinion, the trial court dismissed Appellant’s constitutional arguments as unpersuasive. 3 Before addressing the constitutional arguments, however, the trial court noted it granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee on the basis that Appellee was protected from liability under Section 1929.1. Specifically, the trial court found “[Appellant] acknowledges [Section 1929.1], on its face, would bar [its] claims against [Appellee].' There is no dispute [Appellee] has paid hundreds of millions of dollars on asbestos claims pertaining to Mundet products, and there is no dispute this amount far exceeds Mundet’s value at the time it merged into [Appellee].” Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 2.

Addressing Appellant’s dormant Commerce Clause argument, the trial court concluded that Appellant “has failed to show [Section 1929.1] violates the dormant aspect of the United ■ States Constitution’s Commerce Clause.” Id. at 4. The trial court further concluded “there is no apparent discrimination against interstate commerce. [Section 1929.1] merely protects Pennsylvania corporations from excessive liabilities. There is no indication this will encourage intrastate rather than interstate commerce.” Id. at 6.

The trial court next addressed Appellant’s argument under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United Stated Constitution. Relying upon legislative history, the trial court found:

[Section 1929.1] was meant to advance the Commonwealth’s basic governmental interest to make sure our corporate merger laws do not unfairly expose innocent companies to ruin solely because of a merger. [Section 1929.1] combats the unprecedented avalanche of asbestos-related claims threatening to destroy corporations like Crown [ (Appellee) ], which are exposed to liability based solely on their predecessors’ actions. [Section 1929.1] protects such corporations, which provide jobs to Pennsylvania residents and are integral to the Commonwealth’s economy. [Section 1929.1] only affects plaintiffs’ tort recoveries to the extent necessary to protect corporations exposed to excessive successor liabilities, noting the asbestos plaintiffs would still be adequately compensated by the plethora of other defendants.

Id. at 7-8 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The trial court thus concluded that “[Section 1929.1]' is rationally related to a legitimate purpose.” Id. at 8.

Addressing Appellant’s contention that Section 1929.1 violated Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution by creating a one-member class, the trial court found:

[Appellant] has not established the [s]tatute was intended to benefit [Appel-lee] alone. The [s]tatute’s legislative history reflects its sponsors used [Appel-lee] as an example of the [s]tatute’s purpose, all the while emphasizing the po *755 tential benefit to other similarly situated corporations throughout the Commonwealth.

More importantly, [Appellant] has not shown it is impossible or highly unlikely for other corporations to enjoy the [statute’s protections.

Id. at 10 (internal record citations omitted). Accordingly, the trial court concluded that the statute was not unconstitutional under Article III, Section 32.

The trial court lastly addressed Appellant’s challenge to the propriety of the underlying legislation giving rise to Section 1929.1. Specifically, the trial court addressed Appellant’s challenge to the legislation, ie., Act 101 of 2001, under Article III, Sections 1 (original purpose) and 3 (single subject) of the Pennsylvania Constitution. With respect to Article III, Section 1, the trial court found that the Act 101’s original purpose was “the regulation of asbestos-related liability.” Id. at 12.' In so finding, the trial court disagreed with Appellant’s contention that Act 101’s original purpose had to be construed narrowly. Id. at 11-12. Based on this finding, the trial court concluded the legislation did not violate the constitution, because the legislation’s “purpose remained intact when [it] was altered to limit successor liability and provide for certain judicial costs.” Id. at 1.2.

Regarding the constitutionality of the legislation under Section 3 of Article III, the trial court found that the legislation’s “single subject is the same as its original purpose, the regulation of asbestos-related liability.” Id. In so doing, the trial court rejected Appellant’s argument that Act 101’s limitations and successor liability were separate subjects. Id. The trial court thus concluded that the legislation was not violative of Article III, Section 3, because its “provisions pertaining to the statute of limitations and successor liability in asbestos eases are not distinct or independent. Rather, those provisions deal with sub-topics germane to regulating asbestos-related liability.” Id.

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, 4 challenging the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellee, Appellant raises five issues for our review. 5

I. Did the lower court err when it refused to rule that [] 15 Pa.C.S.[A.] *756 § 1929.1[ ] created a one-member, closed class in violation of Article III, § 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution?

II. Did the lower court err when it refused to rule that [ ] 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1929.1 violated Article III, § 1, the “original purpose” provision of the Pennsylvania Constitution?

III. Did the lower court err when it refused to rule that [] 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1929.1 violated of [sic] Article III, § 8, “single subject” provision of the Pennsylvania Constitution?

IV. Did the lower court err when it refused to rule that[ ] 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1929.1 violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution?

V. Did the lower court correctly rule that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to Mr. Markovsky’s exposure on a regular and frequent basis for decades to asbestos from products manufactured by [Appellee’s] predecessor-in-interest, Mundet Cork Company?

Appellant’s Brief at 4-5. 6

At the outset, we note:

acts passed by the General Assembly are strongly presumed to be constitutional, including the manner in which they were passed. Accordingly, a statute will not be declared unconstitutional unless it clearly, palpably, and plainly violates the Constitution. If there is any doubt that a challenger has failed to reach this high burden, then that doubt must be resolved in favor of finding the statute constitutional.

Pa. State Ass’n of Jury Comm’rs v. Commonwealth, 619 Pa. 369, 64 A.3d 611, 618 (2013) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The constitutional validity of a statute presents a pure question of law and, as with any question of law, our review of the trial court’s decision is plenary and de novo. See West Mifflin Area Sch. Dist. v. Zahorchak, 607 Pa. 153, 4 A.3d 1042, 1048 (2010).

A. Special Law

We first address Appellant’s argument that the trial court erred in granting Ap-pellee’s summary judgment motion, be *757 cause Section 1929.1 was violative of Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution to the extent Section 1929.1 created a one-member, closed class consisting solely of Appellee. In support of his argument, Appellant points out that Section 1929.1 creates a substantially closed class, because it sanctions membership into the class only when the following seven requirements have been fulfilled:

1. The business must be a corporation. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(a)(1).

2. The corporation must be a Pennsylvania corporation. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(a)(1).

3. The corporation must have been incorporated before May 1, 2001. 15 Pa. C.S. § 1929.1(a)(1).

4. The corporation must have been involved in a mergér or acquisition of a second corporation prior to May 1, 2001. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(d)(1).

5. The second corporation must have incurred asbestos-related liabilities prior to the merger or acquisition. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(a)(2).

6. The first corporation must have assumed, knowingly or unknowingly, the asbestos-related liabilities of the second corporation. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(a)(2).

7. Neither the first nor the second corporation can be an insurance company. 15 Pa.C.S. § 1929.1(d)(5).

Appellant’s Brief at 16. Appellant argues that the foregoing classifications were designed by the legislature for the exclusive benefit of Appellee and that no other company could meet the classifications. Id. at 20. Relying upon West Mifflin, Appellant contends that Section 1929.1 is per se unconstitutional, because it creates a one-member class that is either closed or substantially closed. Id. at 17-20. We disagree.

Article III, Section 32 provides in pertinent part that “[t]he General Assembly shall pass no local or special law in any ease which has been or can be provided for by general law[.]” Pa. Const, art. Ill, § 32.

It is well-settled that “a statute may be deemed per se unconstitutional if, under the classification, the class consists of one member and is closed or substantially closed to future membership.” See Pa. Tpk Comm’n v. Commonwealth, 587 Pa. 347, 899 A.2d 1085, 1098 (2006); accord Harrisburg Sch. Dist. v. Hickok, 563 Pa. 391, 761 A.2d 1132, 1136 (2000) (“[A] classification is per se unconstitutional when the class consists of one member and it is impossible or highly unlikely that another can join the class”). In Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, the Supreme Court concluded that the statute at issue was per se unconstitutional in that “the class [defined by the statute] will never open to more than one member because the General Assembly defined ‘public employer’ as ‘The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission.’ ” Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 899 A.2d at 1098. As our Supreme Court explained:

Pennsylvania’s proscription against local or special laws is currently found in Article III, Section 32, and was first adopted in the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1874. Like many constitutional provisions, it was adopted in response to immediate past abuses. The main purpose behind Article III, Section 32 was to put an end to the flood of privileged legislation for particular localities and for private purposes which was common in 1873. Over the years, the underlying purpose of Article III, Section 32 has been recognized to be analogous to federal principles of equal protection under the law and thus, special legislation claims and equal protection claims have *758 been reviewed under the same jurisprudential rubric.

The common constitutional principle at the heart of the special legislation proscription and the equal protection clause is that like persons in like circumstances should be treated similarly by the sovereign. Nonetheless, it is settled that equal protection principles do not vitiate the Legislature’s power to classify, which necessarily flows from its general power to enact regulations for the health, safety, and welfare of the community, nor do these principles prohibit differential treatment of persons having different needs....

The prohibition against treating people differently under the law does not preclude the Commonwealth from resorting to legislative classifications, provided that those classifications are reasonable rather than arbitrary and bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation. In other words, a classification must rest upon some ground of difference, which justifies the classification and has a fair and substantial relationship to the object of the legislation. Thus, there are a legion of cases recognizing that a legislative classification which appears to be facially discriminatory may nevertheless be deemed lawful if the classification has a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Furthermore, legislative classifications must be founded on real distinctions in the subjects classified and not on artificial or irrelevant ones used for the purpose of evading the constitutional prohibition. Finally, in analyzing a special legislation/equal protection challenge, a reviewing court is free to hypothesize reasons the General Assembly might have had for the classification of certain groups.

Pa. Tpk Comm’n, 899 A.2d at 1094-95 (internal citation, quotation marks and footnotes omitted).

In Hickok, the statute at issue provided for a classification that applied only to “ ‘a school district of the second class with a history of low test performance which is coterminous with the city of the third class which contains the permanent seat of government.’ ” Hickok, 761 A.2d at 1186. Rejecting appellant’s argument (as lacking merit) that the classification could apply to another school district because the capital could be moved to another third class city in the future, the Supreme Court concluded that the classification could apply only to the Harrisburg School District. Id. Accordingly, the court held the statute to be per se unconstitutional. Id.

Here, unlike the statutes in Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission and Hickok, Section 1929.1 is not per se constitutionally infirm under Article III, Section 32, because it does not contain an apparent class consisting of one member that is closed or substantially closed to future membership. Moreover, based on our review of the record, we conclude Appellant has not offered any relevant evidence suggesting that Section 1929.1 is limited to Appellee and that no other company could avail itself of the benefits of Section 1929.1. 7 It bears repeating that Appellant carries a heavy burden of proof for purposes of challenging the constitutionality of Section 1929.1 under Article III, Section 32, which Appellant fails to meet sub judi- *759 ce. See Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 899 A.2d at 1098. As the trial court aptly noted:

As a threshold matter, [Appellant] has not established the [sjtatute was intended' to benefit [Appellee] alone. The [s]tatute’s legislative history reflects its sponsors used [Appellee] as an example of the [s]tatute’s purpose, all the while emphasizing the potential benefit to other similarly situated corporations throughout the Commonwealth.

More importantly, [Appellant] has not shown it is impossible or highly unlikely for other corporations to enjoy the [statute's protection. It seems likely, or at least possible, a Pennsylvania (non-insurance) corporation besides [Appel-lee] acquired a predecessor with asbestos-related liabilities before May 1, 2001 and could eventually limit its liabilities under the [s]tatute. [Appellant] offers zero evidence to refute this. Accordingly, he has not shown [Appellee] is the only member of the protected class [under Section 1929.1].

Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 10 (emphasis added). In support of its conclusion, the trial court quoted the following passage from Judge Tereshko’s opinion in Asbestos Litig.:

[G]iven the actual number of Pennsylvania Defendants who may qualify and the lack of contrary evidence, and the clearly expressed basis for the Legislation, that is, the limiting of liability of an asbestos Defendant under a successor liability theory to the acquired assets, the Legislation fails the test for a special law and passes the rational basis test.

In re Asbestos Litig., 2002 WL 1305991, at *14. Addressing the same issue that is before us, the trial court found that “there are 7,293 Pennsylvania corporations” who may be subject to the protections of Section 1929.1. Id. at 13. Neither Appellant nor Appellee challenges the trial court’s reliance on Asbestos Litig., which the Supreme Court reversed on other grounds. 8 Given the fact that Section 1929.1, on its face, does not exclusively limit its protection to one entity (Appellee) ad infinitum, and Appellant otherwise has failed to offer any evidence that Section 1929.1 would apply only to Appellee, we conclude that the trial court did not err in holding Section 1929.1 was not a “special law” under Article III, Section 32.

Appellant’s reliance on West Mifflin is misplaced. Similar to Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission and Hickok, in West Mifflin, our Supreme Court concluded on stipulated facts that Act 45 of 2007, Act of July 20, 2007, P.L. 278, No. 45 (Act 45), was per se special legislation and thus unconstitutional. See West Mifflin, 4 A.3d at 1048 (noting that “a highly improbable convergence of events would be necessary for any school district ... to be affected by the legislative provisions at issue.”). As the Supreme Court recognized, only one school district met all of the criteria under the challenged legislative provisions of Act 45. Id. Additionally, only five other school districts could have been subject to the provisions of Act 45, and none of them operated under a special board of control. To enter the class, one of those districts would have to return to control-board governance for five consecutive years and eliminate their high schools without assigning their pupils to other school districts. Id. More important, no other *760 school district could benefit from Act 45, because remedial action had to be taken within fifteen days of the act’s effective date, ie., by August 14, 2007. Id. at 1048-49. Based on those facts, our Supreme Court concluded that “the class created by Section 1607.1 [of Act 45] is, at a minimum, ‘substantially closed’ to new members.” Id. at 1049.

In the instant case, unlike West Mifflin, there is no stipulation, much less any reliable evidence, that Section 1929.1 applies only to one entity, ie., Appellee. Accordingly, as stated above, the trial court did not err in concluding that Section 1929.1 was constitutional under Article III, Section 32.

B. Article III — Procedural Mandates

We next address Appellant’s second and third arguments that the legislation, ie., Act 101, giving rise to Section 1929.1, ran afoul of the procedural mandates of Article III of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

To put Appellant’s constitutional arguments under Sections 1 and 3 in context, we must provide a brief discussion of the legislative history of Act 101. The legislation originated in the Pennsylvania State Senate on January 31, 2001, with the introduction of Senate Bill 216 of 2001, P.N. 0223 (“S.B. 216, P.N. 223”). This single page bill contained two sections, one generally amending Section 5524 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5524, relating to a two-year statute of limitations, 9 and the other providing for an effective date of 60 days after enactment. This bill was passed by the Senate Judiciary Committee on February 13, 2001. Subsequently, it was considered by the full Senate on three separate occasions, with final passage in the Senate occurring on March 14, 2001.

S.B. 216, P.N. 223 was thereafter sent to the House of Representatives, and, upon approval by the House Judiciary Committee without amendment, it was considered twice by the full House. Following the second consideration, S.B. 216, P.N. 223 was referred to the House Appropriations Committee, which re-reported it on November 19, 2001, without amendment, and re-referred it to the House Judiciary Committee. On December 4, 2001, the House Judiciary Committee approved S.B. 216, P.N. 223 with amendments, affecting Sections 1725.1 (relating to costs) and 3571(c) (relating to costs in magisterial district judge proceedings) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 1725.1, 3571(c). In addition,' the House Judiciary Committee amended S.B. 216, P.N. 223 — specifically subsection 8 of Section 5524 of the Judicial Code. This amended legislation was redesignated S.B. 216, P.N. 1576. The full House passed this amended version of the bill on December 5, 2001, and sent it to the Senate for further deliberations.

In the Senate, the bill was referred to the Senate Rules Committee, which altered the legislation by amending the prefatory language of the bill, removing the amendments made in the House, adding Section 1929.1 (relating to limitations on asbestos-related successor liabilities), amending subsection 8 of 5524 of the Judicial Code, 10 and adding an amended Sec *761 tion 8128 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 8128. 11 The Rules Committee reported the amended version of the bill to the full Senate as S.B. 216, P.N. 1617. The Senate, thereafter, approved the bill on December 11, 2001.

The Senate sent S.B. 216, P.N. 1617 to the House on December 12, 2001, and the house voted to approve it on that date. Subsequently, the bill was sent to then-Governor Mark Schweiker who signed it on December 17, 2001, at which time it became Act 101 of 2001.

1. Original Purpose

We now address Appellant’s argument that S.B. 216, which eventually became Act 101, violated the strictures of Article III, Section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution 12 to the' extent it departed from its original purpose “as it passed through the legislature.” Appellant’s Brief at 82. In this regard, Appellant contends that the original purpose of S.B. 216 was changed in the final iteration of the bill. At the. core, Appellant argues the trial court erred in finding that “the original purpose always was ‘regulation of asbestos-related liability.’” Appellant’s Brief at 35. We disagree.

To determine whether a bill has deviated from its original purpose, our Supreme Court has adopted a two-part test:

First, the court will consider the original purpose of the legislation and compare it to the final purpose and determine whether there has been an alteration or amendment so as to change the original purpose. Second, a court will consider, whether in its final form, the title and contents of the bill are deceptive.

Pennsylvanians Against Gambling Expansion Fund, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 583 Pa. 275, 877 A.2d 383, 408-09 (2005) (‘PAGE ”). The challenged legislation must meet both parts of the test to pass constitutional muster. See id. at 409. Instantly, however, Appellant challenges Act 101 only on the basis of the first test, i.e., purpose comparison. Explaining the first test, the Supreme Court remarked:

Regarding the determination of the original purpose of the legislation, we recognize the realities of the legislative process which can involve significant changes to legislation in the hopes of ■ consensus, and the expectation that legislation will be transformed during the enactment process. Furthermore, our Court is loathe to substitute our judgment for that of the legislative branch under the pretense of determining whether an unconstitutional change in purpose of a piece of legislation has occurred during the course of its enactment. For these reasons, we believe *762 that the original purpose must be viewed in reasonably broad terms.

... It is helpful for a reviewing court to hypothesize, based upon the text of the statute, as to a reasonably broad original purpose. Given this approach of considering a reasonably broad original purpose, the General Assembly is given full opportunity to amend and even expand a bill, and not run afoul of the constitutional prohibition on an alternation or amendment that changes its original purpose. The original purpose is then compared to the final purpose and a determination is made as to whether an unconstitutional alteration or amendment, on Its passage through either house, has taken place so as to change its original purpose.

Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added).

With the foregoing principles in mind, like the court in PAGE, we consider the original purpose of Act 101 in reasonably broad terms, and compare it to its final purpose to assess whether the purpose has changed. Here, based upon our review of the legislative history, particularly the different versions of Act 101, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that “[t]he [legislation’s] original purpose is more appropriately construed as the regulation of asbestos-related liability.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 12. When Act 101, as S.B. 216, was introduced on January 31, 2001, its original purpose was to amend the Judicial Code by extending the two-year statute of limitations under Section 5524 to asbestos cases. Specifically, the bill’s original purpose was to “[amend] Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, further providing for limitations of actions.” Senate Bill 216, Printer’s No. 223 (emphasis added). That purpose, however, changed twice. The House first amended the bill’s purpose to read “[a]mending Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, further providing for costs, for Commonwealth portion of fines and for limitations of actions.” Senate Bill 216, Printer’s No. 1576 (emphasis added to show amendments). Thereafter, when the bill containing the House amendments reached the Senate, that body, in turn, amended the purpose of S.B. 216 to read:

Amending Title 15 (Corporations and Unincorporated Associations) and 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, providing for limitations on asbestos-related liabilities relating to certain mergers or consolidations; and further providing for certain statutes of limitations and for certain transfers.

Senate Bill 216, Printer’s No. 1617 (emphasis added). Thus, our review of the original and final versions of Act 101 confirms the trial court’s holding that the legislation was constitutional under Article III, Section 1, because its broad original purpose “remained intact when the [legislation] was altered to limit successor liability and provide for certain judicial costs.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 12. Limiting successor liability and providing for judicial costs both come under the umbrella of regulating asbestos-related liability. Accordingly, Appellant fails to satisfy the first prong of the PAGE test and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the General Assembly.

2. Single Subject

We next address Appellant’s argument that Act 101 runs afoul of Article III, Section 3 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. 13 Specifically, Appellant argues that *763 Act 101 violates the single subject rule of Article III, Section 3, because it contains “distinct subjects” that lack a “unifying scheme.” Appellant’s Brief at 24, 29. Differently put, Appellant claims that the varying subjects within Act 101 were not germane to each other. Additionally, Appellant claims

[t]he Crown Cork language [ (Section 1929.1) ] was attached to an unrelated bill [ (S.B. 216) ] that was further along in the legislative process with little opposition to its passage, and the final version rushed through the legislature before the December holiday recess before any objection to [the] language could be made by affected parties.

Id. at 29. We, disagree.

As our Supreme Court recently remarked:

the single subject rule of Article III, Section 8 was first included by the framers of our Commonwealth’s organic charter in 1864, and then readopted as part of the 1874 Constitution, in order to effectuate the electorate’s overall goal of curtailing legislative practices that it viewed with suspicion. In particular, there were two legislative practices the framers and the electorate sought to eliminate with their adoption of Article III, Section 3. The first involved the insertion into a single bill of a number of distinct and independent subjects of legislation in order to deliberately hide the real purpose of the bill. The second was the practice of logrolling which involves embracing in one bill several distinct matters, none of which could singly obtain the assent of the legislature, and procuring its passage by combining the minorities who favored the individual matters to form a majority that would adopt them all.

Our Court has additionally observed that Article III, Section 3 serves other salutary purposes furthering the efficiency of the legislative process. The requirement that each piece of legislation pertain to only one subject creates a greater likelihood that it will receive a more considered and thorough review by legislators than if it is aggregated with other pieces of legislation pertaining to different topics into a singular omnibus bill, thereby creating a jumbling together of incongruous subjects.

Additionally, and significantly, the single subject requirement proscribes the inclusion of provisions into legislation without allowing for fair notice to the public and to legislators of the existence of the same. It, thus, provides a vital assurance to residents of this Commonwealth that they will be able to make their views and wishes regarding a particular piece of legislation known to their duly elected representatives before its final passage, and it concomitantly ensures that those representatives will be adequately apprised of the full scope and impact of a legislative measure before being required to cast a vote on it.

Commonwealth v. Neiman, — Pa. -, 84 A.3d 603, 611-12 (2013) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).

It is settled that to determine whether a bill is violative of Article III, Section 3, a court must employ a two-prong test. “First, the title of the bill must clearly express the substance of the proposed law.... Second, the differing topics within the bill must be ‘germane’ to each other.” Jury Comm’rs, 64 A.3d at *764 616. Instantly, Appellant challenges Act 101 only under the second prong, ie., the various topics were not germane to each other. 14

In determining germaneness, our [Supreme Court] has acknowledged that some degree of deference to the General Assembly’s prerogative to amend legislation is required, due to the normal fluidity inherent in the legislative process, and, thus, [the Court has] deemed it is appropriate for a reviewing court to hypothesize a reasonably broad topic which would unify the various provisions of a final bill as enacted. However, [the] Court has also stressed the reasonable aspect of any proposed hypothetical unifying topic, in recognition of the fact that Article III, Section 3 would be rendered nugatory if such hypothetical topics were too expansive. [The Court] observed that, no two subjects are so wide apart that they may not be brought into a common focus, if the point of view be carried back far enough. Consequently, in determining whether a proposed unifying subject is sufficiently narrow so as to pass muster under Article III, Section 3, [courts] must examine the various subjects contained within a legislative enactment and determine whether they have a nexus to a common purpose. Stated another way, [their] task is to ascertain whether the various components of the enactment are part of a unifying scheme to accomplish a single purpose.

Neiman, 84 A.3d at 612 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). The requirements of Article III, Section 3 are fulfilled “where the provisions added during the legislative process assist in carrying out a bill’s main objective or are otherwise ‘germane’ to the bill’s subject as reflected in its title.” City of Philadelphia v. Commonwealth, 575 Pa. 542, 838 A.2d 566, 587 (2003).

In PAGE, the court concluded that the challenged legislation (Gaming Act) survived Section 3 scrutiny inasmuch as the law provided for the regulation of gaming. PAGE, 877 A.2d at 396. The court distinguished PAGE from City of Philadelphia, in which it previously held that Act 230 of 2002 was repugnant to the single subject rule, because the main objective of the act was to amend Title 53 (Municipalities) and “virtually all of local government is a municipality.” Id. In so distinguishing, the court noted “[t]he single topic of gaming does not encompass the limitless number of subjects which could be encompassed under the heading of municipalities.” Id.

Here, based on the record and legislative history, we conclude that Act *765 101 comports with the constitutional requirements of Article III, Section 3. The Act sub judies is similar to the Gaming Act in PAGE in that its single, unifying purpose is the regulation of asbestos-related liability. All sections of Act 101 are connected to this particular purpose. We, therefore, conclude that the trial court did not err in holding Act 101 constitutional under Article III, Section 3 on the basis that all provisions of Act 101 “deal with sub-topics germane to regulating asbestos-related liability.” 15 Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 12.

We also find that Appellant’s reliance upon Neiman to argue that Act 101 is unconstitutional under Section 3 is misplaced. Neiman is markedly distinguishable from the instant case. The Supreme Court in Neiman entertained a challenge (under Article III, Section 3) to Act 152 of 2004, which made various amendments to the Judicial Code. 16 As in City of Philadelphia, the court observed that the unifying subjects of Act 152 were too broad to meet the requirements of Article III, Section 3, because “such subjects are virtually boundless in that they could encompass, respectively, any civil court proceeding which could be brought in the courts of this Commonwealth, and any power of the judiciary to impose sanctions on, or order the payment of damages by, a party to civil litigation.” Neiman, 84 A.3d at 613 (emphasis in original). Declaring Act 152 violative of the single subject provision of Section 3, the court noted that it could not discern a “common nexus” bé- *766 tween the different provisions of the act. Id. Specifically, the court noted “we can see no reasonable basis under which deficiency judgment procedures, asbestos statutes of limitations, county police jurisdiction, and sexual offender registration requirements act together as ‘a unifying scheme to accomplish a single purpose.’” Id. As explained above, Act 101 sub judi-ce, unlike Act 152 in Neiman, contains provisions that are germane to each other because they embody the single unifying purpose of regulating asbestos-related liability.

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in rejecting Appellant’s constitutional challenges against Act 101 under Sections 1 and 3 of Article III.

C. Equal Protection

Appellant argues Section 1929.1 fails to withstand constitutional scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1, as well as Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. To support its argument, Appellant points out that similarly situated out-of-state corporations and Pennsylvania corporations that do not meet the classifications of Section 1929.1 aré subject to disparate treatment, because their asbestos-related liability is not capped. Appellant’s Brief at 39. More important, Appellant argues that Section 1929.1 facially discriminates against out-of-state corporations. Id. at 40.

To begin, as we noted above, our Supreme Court treats equal protection claims under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution the same as equal protection claims brought under Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. See Probst v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 578 Pa. 42, 849 A.2d 1135, 1143 (2004); see also Harrisburg Sch. Dist. v. Zogby, 574 Pa. 121, 828 A.2d 1079, 1088 (2003) (noting that “the meaning and purpose of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution ... and [Pennsylvania’s] Constitution’s prohibition against special laws ... are sufficiently similar to warrant like treatment, and that contentions concerning the two provisions may be reviewed simultaneously”). “The essence of the constitutional principle of equal protection under the law is that like persons in like circumstances will be treated similarly.” Curtis v. Kline, 542 Pa. 249, 666 A.2d 265, 267 (1995) (citation omitted). However, “[t]he prohibition against treating people differently under the law does not preclude the Commonwealth from resorting to legislative classifications, provided that those classifications are reasonable rather than arbitrary and bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation.” Id. at 268 (citations omitted).

Describing the equal protection analytical framework, our Supreme Court recognized

three different types of classifications calling for three different standards of judicial review. The first type — classifications implicating neither suspect classes nor fundamental rights — will be sustained if it meets a “rational basis” test.... In the second type of cases, where a suspect classification has been made or a fundamental right has been burdened, another standard of review is applied: that of strict scrutiny-Finally, in the third type of cases, if “important,” though not fundamental rights are affected by the classification, or if “sensitive” classifications have been made, the United States Supreme Court has employed what may be called an intermediate standard of review, or a heightened standard of review....

*767 Commonwealth v. Parker White Metal Co., 512 Pa. 74, 515 A.2d 1358, 1363 (1986) (quoting James v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth. (SEPTA), 505 Pa. 137, 477 A.2d 1302, 1306 (1984)).

Here, as Appellee correctly observes, Appellant does not claim that Section 1929.1 affects a fundamental right or a suspect class. Appellee’s Brief at 25. Instead, Appellant claims, inter alia, Section 1929.1’s disparate' treatment of Appellee compared to similarly situated out-of-state concerns and certain in-state companies that do not meet Section 1929.1’s classifications is not reasonable, but arbitrary. 17 See Appellant’s Brief at 41. Because this argument does not implicate a fundamental right or suspect class, we proceed to analyze Appellant’s equal protection claim under the rational basis standard.

This Court has observed:

Rational-basis review in equal protection analysis is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices. Nor does it authorize the judiciary to sit as a superlegisla-ture to judge the wisdom or desirability of legislative policy determinations made in areas that neither affect fundamental rights nor proceed along suspect lines. For these reasons, a classification neither involving fundamental rights nor proceeding along suspect lines is accorded a strong presumption of validity. Such a classification cannot run afoul of the Equal Protection Clause if there is a rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate governmental purpose.

In re Keyes, 83 A.3d 1016, 1027 (Pa.Super.2013) (quotation marks and citation omitted), appeal denied, — Pa. -, 101 A.3d 104 (2014).

It is settled that in applying the rational basis test, we apply a two-step analysis: 1) whether the challenged statute seeks to promote any legitimate state interest or public value and, if so, 2) whether the classification adopted in the legislation is reasonably related to accomplishing an articulated state interest or interests. Curtis, 666 A.2d at 269. As we have repeatedly stated herein, Appellant bears a heavy burden of proof for purposes of challenging the constitutionality of a statute, see Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 899 A.2d at 1098, especially where, as here, the challenged legislation concerns only economic issues to be examined under a rational basis standard. See also Hodel v. Indiana, 452 U.S. 314, 332, 101 S.Ct. 2376, 69 L.Ed.2d 40 (1981) (“[Sjocial and economic legislation is valid unless ‘the varying treatment of different groups or persons is so unrelated to the achievement of any combination of legitimate purposes that [a court] can only conclude that the legislature’s actions were irrational.’ This is a heavy burden_”). We resolve all doubts in favor of a finding of constitutionality. See Commonwealth v. Hendrickson, 555 Pa. 277, 724 A.2d 315, 317 (1999).

With respect to the first step of the rational basis test, we must determine whether the Commonwealth had any legitimate interest in enacting Section 1929.1. Our review of the record and legislative history indicates that the General Assembly indeed provided a purpose or rationale underlying the enactment of Section 1929.1. 18 As the trial court noted:

*768 [Section 1929.1’s] purpose was explained in detail by its sponsors, Senators Michael J. Stack, III, Robert M. Tomlinson, and Michael L. Waugh, before the General Assembly in 2001. Pa. Legis. Journal — Senate (December 11, 2001), 1230-33. [Section 1929.1] was meant to advance the Commonwealth’s “basic governmental interest to make sure our corporate merger laws do not unfairly expose innocent companies to ruin solely because of a merger.” Id. at 1231-32. [Section 1929.1] combats the “unprecedented avalanche of asbestos-related claims” threatening to destroy corporations like [Appellee], which are exposed to liability based solely on their predecessors’ actions. Id. at 1230-32. [Section 1929.1] protects such corporations, which provide jobs to Pennsylvania residents and are integral to the Commonwealth’s economy. Id. at 1230-33. [Section 1929.1] only affects plaintiffs’ tort recoveries to the extent necessary to protect corporations exposed to excessive successor liabilities, noting the asbestos plaintiffs would still be adequately compensated by the plethora of other defendants. Id. at 1232.'

Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/14, at 7-8. Accordingly, we find that Section 1929.1 in fact promotes a legitimate state purpose by providing protection to corporations— that provide jobs to state residents, which is integral to our economy — exposed to excessive successor liabilities.

Turning now to the second step under the rational basis test, we address Appellant’s assertion that Section 1929.1’s classification is arbitrary and not reasonable, because it is intended for the sole benefit of Appellee, as opposed to advancing a state interest. Appellant’s Brief at 41. Our review of Section 1929.1 and its legislative history does not reveal any basis for us to conclude that Section 1929.1’s classification of domestic business corporations is not reasonably related to the state interest sought to be advanced. As stated, the Commonwealth has a legitimate interest to ensure corporate merger laws do not unfairly expose domestic business corporations to ruin solely because of mergers. To this end, Section 1929.1 protects domestic corporations that provide jobs to Pennsylvania residents by not exposing the corporations to excessive successor liability. 19 The classification of domestic business corporations that employ Pennsylvania residents' is rationally related to the purpose to be achieved under the protection afforded by Section 1929.1. This basis alone is sufficient justification to find the legislative classification under Section 1929.1 is not arbitrary or unreasonable. As for Appellant’s argument that Section 1929.1 is unreasonable because it benefits only Appellee, it bears repeating, as the trial court aptly noted, that more than 7,000 Pennsylvania corporations may benefit from Section 1929.1. More important, the mere fact that the legislative classification under Section 1929.1 only partially ameliorates a perceived evil does *769 not render the classification in violation of equal protection. The General Assembly may take an incremental approach to addressing problems that are of statewide concern. See Pa. Tpk. Comm’n, 899 A.2d at 1097. This is so even if the class consists of only one member, so long as other members might come into the class. Id. States are accorded wide latitude in the regulation of their local economies, and rational distinctions may be made with less than mathematical exactitude. See Martin v. UCBR, 502 Pa. 282, 466 A.2d 107, 112 (1983). It is only invidious discrimination, or the wholly arbitrary act, which cannot withstand scrutiny under an equal protection analysis. Id. We find no such discrimination present in the instant case.

We also find Appellant’s reliance upon WHYY, Inc. v. Borough of Glassboro, 393 U.S. 117, 89 S.Ct. 286, 21 L.Ed.2d 242 (1968), to be misplaced. In WHYY a Pennsylvania nonprofit corporation operated a noncommercial television station in New Jersey and had registered and qualified to do business in that state. A New Jersey statute exempted nonprofit corporations from its real and personal property taxes, but this exemption applied only to New Jersey nonprofit corporations. The United States Supreme Court noted that it has consistently held:

[W]hile a State may impose conditions on the entry of foreign corporations to do business in the State, once it has permitted them to enter, the adopted corporations are entitled to equal protection with the state’s own corporate progency [sic], at least to the extent that their property is entitled to an equally favorable ad valorem tax basis.

Id. at 119, 89 S.Ct. 286 (citations omitted). In finding the statute denied WHYY, Inc. equal protection of the law, the Court held New Jersey had not advanced any distinction between the appellant and a domestic nonprofit corporation to justify the unequal treatment. In so holding, the Court rejected the argument that the legislative purpose could reasonably have been to avoid the administrative burden on the taxing authority to examine the laws of other jurisdictions to determine if a corporation’s nonprofit status satisfied New Jersey’s requirements. See id. at 120, 89 S.Ct. 286. None of the parties suggested there was any greater administrative burden in evaluating a foreign than a domestic corporation under New Jersey law. See id. Therefore, the inequality of treatment arose solely because of “the different residence of the owner,” rather than upon any “difference in (New Jersey’s) relation to a decisive transaction.” Id. (citation omitted).

The result in WHYY is in accord with Pennsylvania’s decisional law, which requires that a legislative classification be reasonable rather than arbitrary and bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation. See Curtis, supra. It became evident in WHYY that the legislative classification drawn by New Jersey (domestic nonprofits versus foreign New Jersey registered nonprofits) had no reasonable relationship to any legislative objective sought to be achieved under the taxing statute. Thus, equal protection was violated because the legislative classification was wholly arbitrary.

The instant matter is distinguishable from WHYY, because, as already stated, Section 1929.1’s legislative classification of domestic business corporations has a very real and reasonable relationship to Pennsylvania’s legislative objective to protect domestic business corporations, which employ Pennsylvania residents and are integral to its economy, from financial ruin *770 because of mergers. 20

Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err in determining that Section 1929.1 did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution or? Article III, Section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err as a matter of law in granting Appellee’s motion for summary judgment. 21

Order affirmed.