Gannaway v. Prime Care Medical, Inc.

MEMORANDUM

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY... 521

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW... 523

III. DISCUSSION...524

A.PrimeCare Medical ‘ Defendants’ Motion for Summary' Judgment (ECF Nos.' 92 & 93)... . 524

1. Eighth Amendment Violation Based on Inadequate' Medical Care Against Defendants' Dillman and Gessner., .525

2. Eighth Aniendment Violation Based on Inadequate Medical Care Against Defendant PrirheCare Medical.. .530

3. State Law Negligence Claim Based on Inadequate Medical Care Against Defendants PrimeCare Medical, Dill-man, and Gessner... 530

B. Defendants ADAPPT, Inc., and William Tillman’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 97 & 98).. .531 '

C. Defendant Berks County Public Defender’s Office’s Motion for Summary Judgment (EOF No. 99)... 533,

D. Defendant Osmer .Deming’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 102)...536

1. Section 1983 Claims Against Défen-dant Deming.. .537

2. Legal Malpractice Claim Against Defendant Deming.. .538

E. Commonwealth Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 113 & 114)...539

1. Eighth Amendment Claim Against All Commonwealth Defendants.. .545

2. Violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment Claim Against, All Commonwealth Defendants ...549

3., First Amendment Retaliation Claim Against All Commonwealth Defendants ... 552

4. Violation ' of Right of Access ' to Courts Claim Against All Commonwealth Defendants.; .554

IV. PLAINTIFF’S REPEATED REQUESTS FOR COUNSEL... 555

V. REMAINING' DEFENDANTS...556

VI." CONCLUSION...557

Plaintiff Shakur Gannaway, currently an inmate at Pennsylvania State Correctional *521Institution (“SCI”) at Rockview, brings this pro se civil rights action' under 42 U,S.C. § 1983 against seventy-four defendants, including fifty-four- agencies and employees of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, private companies and healthcare' professionals contracted to provide medical services to the state correctional institutions, and other non-state defendants, including his court-appointed attorneys.

Although Plaintiffs Amended Complaint is disorganized, rambling, and often difficult to decipher, the heart of Plaintiffs allegations is that he received inadequate medical treatment throughout his incarcer-1 ation in 'Violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and state medical malpractice laws. Plaintiff also appears to bring several other constitutional claims under § 1983, including claims concerning First Amendment retaliation, violations of due process, and denial of access to the courts.

The Court ordered Plaintiff to be deposed, and following Plaintiffs deposition on June 19, 2014, Defendants moved for summary judgment, attaching as exhibits Plaintiffs deposition, entire file of medical records, and entire grievance file, among other things. After the Court granted Plaintiff several extensions to respond to these motions, Plaintiff has finally submitted “objections,” which the Court will construe as responses to Defendants’ motions. Accordingly, the five pending summary judgment motions are now ripe for disposition. After an exhaustive review of the record, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant Defendants’ motions for summary judgment as to all claims against all defendants.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff is currently in thé custody of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. (“DOC”), serving a sentence of fifteen to thirty years for a conviction related to a 2009 armed robbery. Before his criminal trial, Plaintiff was detained at the Berks County Prison to await the disposition of the robbery charges and also pursuant to a probation/parole detainer attached to an 'earlier offense. Still before then, Plaintiff, while on parole for yet another offense, was assigned to a treatment program at ADAPPT House, a residential facility contracted by the DOC.

Because Plaintiff brings claims against a myriad of defendants concerning a legion of events, the .facts pertinent to each claim will be addressed in the discussions of Defendants’ summary judgment- motions below.

Plaintiff initiated this action on March 5, 2012, by filing an application to proceed in forma pauperis. ECF No. 1. On March 29, 2012, the Court granted Plaintiffs application, requiring him ,to pay the full filing fee in installments pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. ECF No. 4. In the same order, the Court directed Plaintiff to file an Amended. Complaint,, noting that the statute of limitations limited Plaintiff to raising claims that occurred .within the two-year period before March 5, 2012, and directing Plaintiff to describe as clearly, briefly, and legibly as' possible the specific events that violated his constitutional rights, how each defendant was involved in his claims, and the harm he suffered from each violation. Id. at 2. Thereafter, Plaintiff asked the Court for several of extensions of time to file an Amended Complaint, which the Court granted. See ECF Nos. 10, 11, 14. Plaintiff finally filed his Amended Complaint on May -13, 2013. ECF No. 15. In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff is unclear as to his requested relief. , .

*522After the U.S. Marshal served the defendants,1 four motions to dismiss were filed.2 On April 25, 2014, the Court denied these motions without prejudice, granted Defendants leave to take Plaintiffs deposition so Defendants could respond accurately' to Plaintiffs allegations, and set deadlines for Defendants to file motions for summary judgment and Plaintiff to respond thereto. ECF No. 63. These deadlines were subsequently extended. ECF No. 77.

On May 1, 2014, the Commonwealth Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 66. The Court granted the motion in part, dismissing SCI-Camp Hill, SCI-Greene, and SCI-Rockview, .as well as all claims against those Commonwealth Defendants sued in their official capacities. ECF No. 74.

Plaintiffs deposition was taken on June 19, 2014, and various defendants filed motions for summary judgment thereafter. Specifically, summary judgment motions were filed by (1) PrimeCare Medical, Inc., Paula Dillman, and Victoria Gessner, M.D. (collectively, “PrimeCare Medical Defendants”) (ECF Nos. 92 & 93); (2) ADAPPT, Inc., and William Tillman (collectively, the “ADAPPT Defendants”) (ECF Nos; 97 & 98); (3) the Berks County Public Defender’s Office (ECF No. 99 & 138); (4) Osmer Deming (ECF No. 102); and (5) the Commonwealth Defendants (ECF No. 113 & 114).

Plaintiff initially filed two responses to the PrimeCare Medical Defendants’ motion (ECF Nos. 104 & 105) but did not file responses to the others. After the most recent status and scheduling conference held on July 15, 2015, the Court directed the Clerk of Court to serve copies of all of the pending summary judgment motions, together with their supporting documents, to Plaintiff. See ECF No. 128. The Court then gave' Plaintiff until September 14, 2015, to file responses to Defendant’s motions for summary judgment. Id,

Thereafter, Plaintiff submitted a series of requests for extensions of time to respond to Defendants’ pending motions for summary judgment and for appointment of counsel. ECF-Nos. 133, 135, 136. By Order dated October 13, 2015, the Court denied these requests, noting that the Court had previously granted Plaintiff a number of extensions to file his responses to Defendants’ motions for summary judgment and that some of the Defendants’ motions had been pending for nearly one year. ECF No. 141. The Court also explained that it would reassess Plaintiffs request for appointment of counsel after the parties. fully briefed the summary judgment motions. Id. Even after this Order, Plaintiff submitted an additional request for an extension of time and appointment of counsel, purportedly due to mail *523tampering at SCI-Rockview and his ongoing medical issues. ECF No. 145.

Although Plaintiff requested and the Court denied an extension of time to respond to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff recently filed several documents which he calls “objections” to Defendants’ summary judgment motions. ECF Nos. 132, 137, 143, 144, 146, 147,148.3 The Court will treat these documents as Plaintiffs opposition to the pending summary judgment motions. Plaintiff also recently filed a document which he titles “Request for Summary Judgment, Default Against SCI-Rockview Defendants for the Following Reasons,” ECF No. 149, which the Court will construe as an -additional response to the Defendants’ summary judgment motions.4

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A motion for summary judgment -will not be defeated by ‘the mere existence’ of some disputed'facts, but will be denied when there is a genuine issue of material fact.” Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 581 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). A fact is “material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence might affect the outcome of the litigation, and a dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

The Court will view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. “After making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving ‘ party’s favor, there is a genuine issue of material fact if a reasonable jury could find' for the nonmoving party.” Pignataro v. Port Auth., 593 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir.2010). While the moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material *524fact, meeting this obligation shifts the burden to the nonmoving party who must “set forth specific facts shpwing.that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

A document filed pro se is to be “liberally construed” and “a pro se complaint, however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976)). Courts are especially “flexible when dealing with imprisoned pro se litigants [who] often lack the resources and freedom necessary to comply, with the technical rules of modern litigation.” Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 244-45 (3d Cir.2013). However, in summary judgment motion practice, “[t]he burden remains on the nonmoving party, not the court, ..to identify sufficient facts from the récord that show the existence of a genuine issue for trial.” St. Louis v. Morris, 573 F.Supp.2d 846, 852 (D.Del.2008) (providing the standard for analyzing a defendant’s motion , for summary judgment against a pro se plaintiff). And “[a]t the end of the day, [imprisoned pro'se litigants] cannot flout procedural rules — they must abide by the same rules that apply' to all other litigants.” Mala, 704 F.3d at 245.

III. DISCUSSION

A. PrimeCare Medical Defendants’ Motion for, Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 92 & 93)

The Court first addresses the Prime-Care Medical Defendants’ summary judgment motion. ECF Nos. 92 & .93- The facts pertinent to Plaintiffs claims against the PrimeCare Medical Defendants appear to be as follows:

Plaintiff was incarcerated at Berks County Prison from May 25, 2009, to August 24,'2010, while awaiting the disposition of the robbery charges against him and also pursuant to a probation/parole detainer attached to an earlier offense. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Gannaway Dep. at 80:13-16, 108:li — 22, June 19, 2014 [hereinafter '“Gannaway Dep.”]. During all relevant times', the prison contracted a private vendor, Defendant PrimeCare Medical, Inc., to provide medical services to inmates. PrimeCare Defs.’ Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 8/ The crux of Plaintiffs claims against the PrimeCare Medical Defendants concerns some sort of “intérrial stitch” or “medical device” allegedly inserted prior to his incarceration at Berks County Prison, which Plaintiff claims requires surgical removal. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 12, 17, 20,! 23, 29, 31-32; Gannaway Dep. at 67:1-20. This stitch or device was purportedly left in Plaintiffs abdomen during a surgery he underwent after he was stabbed with a knife roughly fifteen years ago and has not been removed to date. Gannaway Dep. at 120:22-121:19. Plaintiff alleges that he suffers pain, as well as other symptoms including constipation and difficulty breathing, as a result of this “internal stitch.” Gannáway Dep. at 84:3-17.

During his deposition, Plaintiff testified that he had “a lot of physicals while [he] was at Berks County” and was “seen by a lot of people.” Id. at 85:21-24. Indeed, during his detention at Berks County Prison, which spanned a period of roughly one year and three months, Plaintiff submitted at least thirty-six sick call requests, all of which were addressed in some form by PrimeCare Medical staff. See generally PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C, Sick Call Requests. Specifically, Plaintiff was seen by a medical provider in response ;to at least nine of these requests. See id. Ex. D, Medical Sick Call Notes. During his deposition in another lawsuit that he filed against the Berks County Prison, Plaintiff admitted that he was seen *525by PrimeCare Medical staff about thirty to forty times during his incarceration at Berks County: Prison, and during certain time periods, he was seen by the médical department on a daily basis. See id. Ex. B, Gannaway Dep. in Action Nos. & 09-2688, at 235:19-24, 265:17-266:1, June 14-15, 2010.

‘While at Berks County Prison, Plaintiff was given laxatives for his complaints of constipation. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Gannaway Dep. at 102:21-22. PrimeCare Medical staff also ordered various medical tests for Plaintiff, including blood tests, urine analysis, analysis of stool samples, and x-rays of Plaintiffs abdomen. Id. at 102:23-103:6. Overall, Plaintiff was prescribed and given medication for his various complaints nearly every day during his incarceration at Berks County Prison. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. F, Medication Admin. R.

At times, Plaintiff was" noncompliánt with treatment prescribed by the Prime-Care Medical staff. For instance, he refused sick appointments or was unavailable when called by medical staff on at least nine occasions. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. E, PrimeCare Med. Chart Notes. Plaintiff also complained of blood in his stool, but consistently refused to provide medical staff with stool samples for analysis. Id.

During his deposition, Plaintiff admitted that he cannot specifically recall the two PrimeCare Medical employees he named in his Amended Complaint, Defendants Dillman and Gessner, and cannot offer any factual evidence that either violated, his constitutional rights. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Gannaway Dep. at 86:10-88:23.

Although less than pellucid from Plaintiffs Amended Complaint, based on these facts, the Court will. construe Plaintiffs claims against the PrimeCare Medical Defendants as (1) a claim for deliberate indifference to Plaintiffs serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution,5 or in the alternative, (2) state law claims of medical negligence. The PrimeCare Medical Defendants move for summary judgment on both claims. Plaintiff opposes summary judgment, claiming that Defendants Dill-man and Gessner were “in charge” and “failfed] t[o] supervise their staff,” so “Dr[.][sic] Paula Dillman and Dr[J Victoria Gessner should provide or. mention who they instructed on the follow-up [on Plaintiffs internal stitch] if they claim they saw the records and only prescribe medication then they should be accountable of deliberate indifference.” Pl.’s “Objection to the Public Defender’s and the PrimeCare Medical Inc. Summary Judgment Being Granted with the Following Circumstances of Plaintiff Learning the Outcome of Going to the Temple University Hospital at Temple Between 10/1/15 and 10/15/15” ¶2, ECF No. 143 [hereinafter “PL’s Obj.”].

1. Eighth Amendment Violation Based on Inadequate Medical Care ■ Against Defendants Dillman and Gessner

As a threshold matter, it is unclear whether Plaintiff has exhausted adminis*526trative procedures as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA) with respect' to his claims against the PrimeCare Medical Defendants. The PLRA prohibits an inmate from bringing a civil rights suit alleging specific acts of unconstitutional conduct by prison officials until the inmate has exhausted available administrative remedies. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The exhaustion requirement of the PLRA applies to grievance procedures “regardless of the relief offered by the administrative procedures.” Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741, 121 S.Ct. 1819, 149 L.Ed.2d 958 (2001); see also Nyhuis v. Reno, 204 F.3d 65, 67 (3d Cir.2000) (explaining that “the PLRA amended § 1997e(a) in such a way as to make exhaustion of all administrative remedies mandatory — whether or not they provide the inmate-plaintiff with the relief he says he desires in his federal action”). During his deposition, Plaintiff claimed that he filed grievances as required by the PLRA, Gannaway Dep. at 52:19-24, but Plaintiff has not put forth any other evidence to establish that he fully exhausted administrative procedures, such as all levels of administrative appeal, with respect to all of his medical care claims. Even though Plaintiff is no longer incarcerated at Berks County Prison and is now held at SCIRockview, in at least one nonprecedential case, “the Third Circuit has found that transfer to another prison facility does not excuse the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement.” In re Bayside Prison Litig., No. 97-5127, 2008 WL 2387324, at *4 (D.N.J. May 19, 2008) (citing Williamson v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 131 Fed.Appx. 888, 890 (3d Cir.2005) (nonprecedential)). In their motion for summary judgment, the PrimeCare Medical Defendants have not addressed the issue of exhaustion. Therefore, Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment claims may not be properly before the Court.

However, for the sake of completeness— and because the Third- Circuit -has held that exhaustion under the PLRA is not a jurisdictional requirement, such-that failure to comply with § 1997(e) would deprive the federal courts of- subject matter jurisdiction, Nyhuis, 204 F.3d at 69 n. 4— the Court will consider Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment: Claims on the merits. The Court also notes that 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(2), enacted as part of the PLRA, provides that

[i]n the event that a claim is, on its face, frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim ■upon which relief can be granted, or sééks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief, the court may dismiss the underlying claim without "first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies.

Plaintiff brings a claim for inadequate medical care in violation of the Eighth - Amendment under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To prevail on a § 1983 claim, the plaintiff must establish two elements: (1) that the conduct,- complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2), that the conduct deprived the plaintiff of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Kaucher v. County of Bucks, 455 F.3d 418, 423 (3d Cir.2006); Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 184 (3d Cir.1993). It is well-established that civil rights claims cannot be premised on a theory of respondeat superior. Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir.1988). Thus, individual liability can be imposed only if the state actor played an “affirmative part” in the alleged misconduct, either through personal direction of or actual knowledge and acquiescence in the deprivation. Chinchello v. Fenton, 805 F.2d 126, 133 (3d Cir.1986) (quoting Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 377, 96 S.Ct. 598, 46 L.Ed.2d 561 (1976)). Alleging a mere *527hypothesis that an individual defendant had personal knowledge of or involvement in depriving the plaintiff of his rights is insufficient'to establish personal involvement. See Rode, 845 F.2d at 1208.

Here, Defendants Dillman and Gessner, although employed by a private healthcare provider, were acting under col- or of state law. In West v. Atkins, the Supreme Court ruled that private physicians contracted to perform services to a state prison within prison confines are acting under color of state law for the purposes of a § 1983 claim. 487 U.S. 42, 57, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988). The next question is therefore whether Defendants Dillman or Gessner were directly involved in or had actual knowledge and acquiescence in an Eighth Amendment violation.

To establish a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment based on medical care,6 a plaintiff must show deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). A serious medical need is “one that has been diagnosed by a physician as requiring treatment or one that is so obvious that a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Monmouth Cty. Corr. Inst. Inmates v. Lanzaro, 834 F.2d 326, 347 (3d Cir.1987). To act with deliberate indifference to such a medical need is to recklessly disregard “a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 839, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994); Giles v. Kearney, 571 F.3d 318, 330 (3d Cir.2009). Deliberate indifference may be shown by “intentionally denying or delaying medical care.” Giles, 571 at 330, (quoting Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104, 97. S.Ct. 285). “The question under the Eighth Amendment is whether prison officials, acting with deliberate indifference, exposed a prisoner to a sufficiently substantial ‘risk of serious damage to his future health.’ ” Id. (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 843, 114 S.Ct. 1970).

The ’ deliberate indifference test “affords considerable latitude to prison medical authorities in the diagnosis and *528treatment of the medical problems of inmate patients.' Courts'will-‘disavow any attempt to second-guess the propriety or Adequacy of a particular-'course of treat* ment ... [which] remains a question of sound professional judgment.”’ Inmates of Allegheny Cty. Jail v. Pierce, 612 F.2d 754, 762 (3d Cir.1979) (quoting Bowring v. Godwin, 551 F.2d 44, 48 (4th Cir.1977)). Under this test, “courts have consistently rejected Eighth Amendment claims where an inmate has received some level of medical care.” Clark v. Doe, No. 99-5616, 2000 WL 1522855, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 13, 2000). Accordingly, “mere allegations of- malprActice do not raise issues of constitutional import,” nob does an inmate’s “mere disagreement as to the proper medical treatment.” Monmouth Cty. Corr. Inst. Inmates, 834 F.2d at 346.

Here, the record shows that the PrimeCare Medical Defendants consistently provided Plaintiff with medical care throughout his time at Berks County Prison. Plaintiffs treatment included examinations and visits by doctors and other medical staff, blood tests, urine and stool sample analysis, x-rays, and the disbursement of various over-the-counter and prescription medications. During his deposition, Plaintiff "could not recall Defendants Dillman or Gessner, much less point to specific deficiencies or omissions in the treatment these medical professionals provided to him. See Gannaway Dep. at 86:10-15 (“Q: Do you remember Nurse Dillman? A: I only remember her signature. I don’t remember her physical features, no. Q: Would you be able to pick her out of a line up? A: No, I would not.”); id. at 86:22-24 (“Q: Would you be able to pick Dr. Gessner out of a line up? A: No, I would not. Not at all.”). He stated that he named them as Defendants in this case only because their names appeared on some of the medical records he had in his possession. Id. at 86:16-21 (“Q: How is it that you know she ’[Nurse Dill-man] was -involved in--your care? A: I think -it was the. documentation with her signature on it¿. and Victoria Gessner, those was [sic] the individuals’ names that was on some paper I had.”).

Plaintiff seems to allege that Defendants Dillman and Gessner held a supervisory role in the medical department. See Gannaway Dep. at 106:4-11 (“I could say these individuals that' you’re describing, Paula Dillman and Mrs. Victoria Gessner, they like — these individuals is pawns un-dér them. I know they was in charge bécause these individuals came, by on numerous occasions while I was in restricted housing unit and was pleading to say, give him some food, do this, or do that.”); Pl.’s Obj. ¶ 2 (suggesting thAt these individuals were supervisors). However, he has failed to present any evidence raising a genuine dispute of material fact concerning whether they knew of and acquiesced in the deprivation. And Plaintiff has not put forth any evidence to establish that anyone else in the prison medical department, such as an employee who worked under Defendants Dillman and Gessner, was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiffs health concerns.

Further, in his “objections” to the PrimeCare Medical Defendants’ motion, Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence that he suffered from a “serious medical condition” while at Berks County Prison. He claims complications that resulted from an “internal stitch” of some sort, but he does not point to any evidence in the record to help clarify what this “internal stitch” is, how it relates to the symptoms of which he complains, and whether the stitch actually requires surgical removal. Indeed, Plaintiff claims that he - did not even know about the stitch until a doctor at SCI-Rockview pointed it out to him in 2011. PL’s Obj. ¶ 1. The Court will not *529second guess treatment provided by the prison based on such vague allegations.

Plaintiff also alleges that he lost forty-five pounds while incarcerated at Berks County Prison, because he refused to eat the “food loaf’ provided to him while in the Restrictive Housing Unit (“RHU”). Gann-away Dep. at 87:23-88:21, 91:1-15. Hé therefore suggests that PrimeCare Medical staff should have ordered prison officials to feed him a “shake” or another type of diet. Id. at 91:8-11. However, Prime-Care Medical records show that Plaintiff weighed 176 pounds when he entered Berks County Prison in May 2009, weighed 176 pounds in November 2009, and weighed 174.5 pounds on December 10, 2009 — on which date he complained to medical staff that he had lost thirty pounds. PrimeCare Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex.- E, PrimeCare Medical Chart Notes at 1, 8. Moreover, Plaintiff has not shown that PrimeCare Medical staff — much less Defendants Dillman and Gessner — had any decisionmaking authority with respect to the food provisions proffered to prisoners in disciplinary confinement, so as to raise an issue .of fact for trial.7. ,

For the' above reasons, the PrimeCare Medical Defendant’s motion for summary *530judgment will be granted as to this claim. Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment claim against Defendants Dillman and Gessner will be dismissed.

2. Eighth Amendment Violation Based on Inadequate Medical Care Against Defendant PrimeCare Medical

The Court next turns to Plaintiffs claims against Defendant PrimeCare Medical and the question whether actions by PrimeCare employees can be attributed to PrimeCare Medical itself. Under § 1983, a private corporation contracted by a prison to provide healthcare for inmates cannot be held liable oh a respondeat superior theory; rather, pursuant to Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690-92, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), a private corporation can be held liable for constitutional violations only if it has a custom or policy exhibiting deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical needs. Natale v. Camden Cty. Corr. Facility, 318 F.3d 575, 583-84 (3d Cir.2003); see also Weigher v. Prison Health Servs., 402 Fed.Appx. 668, 669-70 (3d Cir.2010) (nonprecedential) (noting that a private corporation providing medical service at a state correctional facility cannot be held liable under a theory of respondeat superior in a § 1983 suit).

Under the Monell Une of jurisprudence, there are three situations where acts of a government employee may be deemed to be the result of a policy or custom of the governmental entity for whom the employee works, thereby rendering the entity liable under § 1983. Natale, 318 F.3d at 584. The first occurs when “the appropriate officer or entity promulgates a generally applicable statement of policy and the subsequent act complained of is simply an implementation of that policy.” Id. (quoting Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 417, 117 S.Ct. 1382, 137 L.Ed.2d 626 (1997) (Souter, J., dissenting)). The second occurs when “no rule has been announced as policy but federal law has been violated by an act of the policymaker itself.” Id. (quoting Bryan County, 520 U.S. at 417, 117 S.Ct. 1382). Third, a policy or custom may exist where “the policymaker has failed to act affirmatively at all, [though] the need .to take -some action to control the agents of the government ‘is so obvious, and the inadequacy of existing practice so likely to result- in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymaker can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.”’ Id. (quoting Bryan County, 520 U.S. at 417-18, 117 S.Ct. 1382).

Here, Plaintiff has not pointed to anything in the record to support an allegation of deliberate indifference on the part of the named PrimeCare Medical employees, Defendants Dillman and Gessner. Moreover, Plaintiff makes, no allegations concerning policies or procedures issued by PrimeCare Medical with regard to the provision of medical care at Berks County Prison. Accordingly, Plaintiffs § 1983 claim against PrimeCare Medical fails, and summary judgment will be granted in favor of Defendant PrimeCare Medical.

3. State Law Negligence Claim Based on Inadequate Medical Care Against Defendants PrimeCare Medical, Dillman, and Gessner

The Court will also construe cértain. allegations raised in Plaintiffs Amended Complaint and at his deposition-as a state law claim for medical- negligence against Defendants PrimeCare Medical,’ Dillman, and Gíessner. See, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶ 9; Gann-away Dep. at 147:23-25, 158:3-6 (alleging “negligent” conduct or “negligence” on the part of the PrimeCare Medical Defen*531dants). Plaintiffs negligence claim fails, because he has not filed a Certificate of Merit as required by Pennsylvania'Rule of Civil Procedure 1042.3(a).

The Certificate of Merit is a prerequisite to all Pennsylvania medical malpractice claims, even those brought in the federal courts through diversity or supplemental jurisdiction. See Liggon-Redding v. Estate of Sugarman, 659 F.3d 258, 265 (3d Cir.2011) (finding that Pennsylvania’s requirement of. a Certificate of Merit in professional negligence claims is substantive law under the Eñe doctrine and therefore must be applied by federal courts).

After previously granting Plaintiff several extensions to obtain the Certificate of Merit, the Court gave Plaintiff a final deadline of January’ 20, 2015, to file a Certificate of Merit or risk the dismissal of all of his medical malpractice claims. See Order dated Nov. 19, 2014, ECF No. 100. Plaintiff has not filed a Certificate of Merit to date, and this lawsuit hap been pending for over three years. Accordingly, the PrimeCare Medical Defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted on this issue, and Plaintiffs medical negligence claim will be dismissed as to Defendants PrimeCare Medical, Dillman, and Gessner.

B. Defendants ADAPPT, Inc., and William Tillman’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 97 & 98)

The Court turns next to the summary judgment motion filed by the ADAPPT Defendants. ECF Nos. 97, 98. The relevant facts are as follows:

ADAPPT is a residential facility contracted by the DOC to provide both chemical dependency treatment and group home services for pre-release and parole candidates. Defendant William Tillman was the Director of ADAPPT at all relevant times.8

Plaintiff was assigned to stay at the ADAPPT facility' on two separate time periods, first from December 2005 until some point in 2006 and later from May 17, 2007, to June .5, 2007. Gannaway Dep. at 51:16-19, 55:6-9, 57:2-5;. ADAPPT & Tillman's Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Entry & Discharge Papers. Participation in the program was a condition of his parole after serving sentences in Northampton County Prison, because he had a history of drug use. Gann-away Dep. at 65:10-16.

While Plaintiff successfully completed ADAPPT’s treatment program during his first stay, Gannaway Dep. at 50:22-25, he was expelled early during his second stay for “failing to comply with the rules and policies of thé ADAPPT program” arid “continuing] to be defiant regardless of staff direction.” ADAPPT & Tillman’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Entry & Discharge Papers. Plairitiff acknowledges that his ¿negations against Defendahts ADAPPT and Tillman in the instant matter entirely concern his 2007 stay at the facility. Gannawhy Dep. at 54:14-18,192:10-14;

Plaintiffs claims against ADAPPT and Tillman appear to concern three issues related to medical cáré:

First, Plaintiff alleges that he did not receive adequate care for an injury he obtained while at the facility. While he was opening a window in the basement of the facility, the window slammed on his *532hand. Gannaway Dep. at 59:2-12.. .Plaintiff alleges that ADAPPT. personnel thought he was trying to escape and- refused to let him go to the hospital or obtain medical treatment,' even though he was bleeding due to a broken fingernail. Id. at 58:8-12, 61:22-62:3. Instead, the staff simply gave him Band-Aids. Id. at 59:18-19. As a result, Plaintiff alleges he suffered permanent injury, specifically a “crooked” pinky finger. Id. at 61:1-2, 20-21. Plaintiff testified that he filed some sort of grievance or complaint after speaking with Defendant Tillman concerning this incident. Id. at 60:8-11.

Second, Plaintiff claims that he complained of pain stemming from .the .“incision” in his stomach -and requested pain medication on multiple occasions during his stay at ADAPPT. Id. at 63:7-11, 64:11-15. Plaintiff alleges that he spoke •with Mr. Tillman, as. well as other staff, about his pain, including constipation and the development of fluid in his .lungs, but they refused to help him. Id. at 65:19-23, 66:10-15. During his deposition, Plaintiff first alleged that Mu. Tillman and unspecified others refused to help, him, id. at. 66:3-6, although he later said they provided “a means of trying to get [a] prescription for pain medication” but Plaintiff did not have the money or insurance coverage :to get it. Id. at 68:3-10. Plaintiff also later admitted that a nurse aide at the facility provided “some painkiller pills” to him, although “[t]hey didn’t do much of anything.” Id. at 69:18-24. He suggests that ADAPPT staff should have “call[ed] the ambulance” or sent him to a “real hospital.” Id. at 69:22-24, 70:2-8.

Finally, Plaintiff alleges that ADAPPT staff did not provide’himwith 'certain medications that he was taking prior to entering the ADAPPT residence. Id. at 193:2-6.

During his deposition, Plaintiff clarified that he is bringing the same claims against ADAPPT and Tillman. Id. at 193:12-15. The Court will construe Plaintiff’s claims as one for deliberate indifference to Plaintiffs medical needs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §' 1983. Since ADAPPT has a contractual relationship with the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections and Plaintiff participated in ADAPPT’s program while on parole, ADAPPT and Tillman were acting under color of state law in connection with.the events at issue in this case.

In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants ADAPPT and Tillman correctly point out that. Plaintiffs claims against them are time-barred. Claims arising under § 1983 are subject to state statutes of limitations governing personal injury actions. Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 249-50, 109 S.Ct. 573, 102 L.Ed.2d 594 (1989); Garvin v. City of Philadelphia, 354 F.3d 215, 220 (3d Cir.2003). The applicable Pennsylvania statute of limitations' for a personal injury action is two years. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 5524(7). Although state law determines the duration of the limitations period, federal law determines when the cause of action accrues, thus starting the clock on the statute of limitations. Montgomery v. De Simone, 159 F.3d 120, 126 (3d Cir.1998). A § 1983 cause of action begins to accrue when the plaintiff knows, or has reason to know, of the injury on which the action is based. Id.

Here, Plaintiffs claims are barred by the statute of limitations, since Plaintiffs claims arise from his time at ADAPPT’s residential facility from which Plaintiff was discharged on June 5, 2007. Plaintiff initiated the instant case in March 2012 — nearly five years after his discharge from ADAPPT. In granting Plaintiff leave to file the Amended Complaint, the *533Court specifically explained that Plaintiff was limited to raising claims that occurred within the two-year period before March 5, 2012. See Order dated Mar. 30, 2012, at ¶ 3, ECF No. 4. The record suggests that Plaintiff was immediately aware of the alleged constitutional violations by Defendants ADAPPT and Tillman, because he testified that he made complaints and grievances about these issues during his stay at ADAPPT. Gannaway Dep. at 60:8-11, 70:16-25. In response to Defendant ADAPPT and Tillman’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff does not address the statute of limitations, instead saying simply that “they w[]ere mostly worrying about enforcing the rehab drug program 12 steps rules as oppose[d] to[ ] the plaintiff’s] serious medical needs.” PL’s Obj. ¶ 10. Accordingly, the motion for summary judgment by Defendants ADAPPT and Tillman will be granted, and both Defendants will be dismissed from the case.

C. Defendant Berks County Public Defender’s Office’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 99)

The Court next considers, the motion for summary judgment filed by the Berks County Public Defender’s Office (“Defender’s Office”), which argues that Plaintiff failed to include any facts to support the inclusion of the Defender’s Office as a defendant. ECF No. 99. In Plaintiffs Amended Complaint, the only mention of the Defender’s Office is as follows:

Defendants Nicholas Stroumbakis, Os-mer Deming, and Williams Bispels under the 13th and 14th Amendment rights, [sic] violated those rights by claiming to represent petitioner to the fullest professional responsibility under his right to ’ confront all witness. Ms. Jane Doe who[ ] is also a part of the Public Defender[’]s Office of Berks County, also violated petitioner's] civil rights. This violation was when Shakur C. Gannaway corresponded to them and they never responded back, about the meritable [sic] issues as well as the miscarriage, of justice the petitioner received. Petitioner would like to confirm all of the correspondence, and that they were part of the corrupt[ ] . actions against people of color with the intent on neglecting their oaths that they took , to uphold their professional responsibility. They were also aware of. the Petitioner’s cry for. medical care, but. -they (The Defendants) biasly [sic] ignored petition-erf’s] (Shakur, C. G,annaway) .Cruel and Unusual punishment plea to Judge James M. Bucci..

Am. Compl. at 25. The Amended Complaint contains no additional factual allegations against the Defender’s Office.

During his deposition, Plaintiff seemed to allege that his claims against the Defender’s Office stem from his arrest and criminal conviction related to the 2009 armed robbery for which he is still serving his sentence. However, the Defender’s Office did not represent Plaintiff during that criminal matter. Plaintiff acknowledged during his deposition that he initially applied for representation by the Public Defender’s Office, but the Defender’s Office withdrew early in the case due to a conflict. Gannaway Dep., at 34:10-25; Defender’s Office’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, Glenn D, Welsh Aff. at ¶8. Thereafter, Plaintiff was represented by several private attorneys who are often appointed by the court to represent indigent persons that the Defender’s Office is unable to represent due to a conflict or for other reasons. Id. at -¶ 7. The private attorneys who represented Plaintiff during the criminal proceedings in connection with the armed robbery and during later post-conviction relief proceedings were Nicholas Stroumbakis, Osmer Deming, and William *534Bispels — all of whom are named as defendants in this case. Id. The Defender’s Office had no further involvement in Plaintiffs armed robbery case.

Plaintiff continues to maintain that inclusion of the Defender’s Office as a defendant in this matter is proper based on some relationship between the Defender’s Office and court-appointed counsel. Plaintiff testified,

I’m assuming all of them [meaning Bis-pels, Stroumbakis, and Déming] work for the Public Defender’s Office. You’re saying they have their own private practice. To me, 'in my eyes, they [are] still public defenders. That’s how I perceived them. Any time you’re appointed by the Court and I’m not paying you, the individual you represent, that’s what I perceive it as. Where I’m from that’s what we consider a public defender or a legal aide.

Gannaway Dep. at 37:9-19.

Plaintiff also testified that he wrote, to the Defender’s Office regarding the purportedly inadequate care he received while at Berks County Prison, and the Office failed to respond to his letters or take action to help him. Id. at 45:1-12.

Based on these allegations, the Court will construe Plaintiffs claims against the Defender’s Office as various civil rights violations — specifically violations of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, his Thirteenth Amendment right to be free from involuntary servitude, and his procedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment — pursuant to § 1983. Plaintiffs claims against the Defender’s Office fail for at least three reasons.

First, the Defender’s Office and its employees are not state actors under § 1983, at least with respect to the representation of criminal defendants. As stated above, a § 1983, claim has two essential -elements: (1) the conduct complained of must be committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2) this conduct must deprive the plaintiff of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws-of the United States. Kaucher, 455 F.3d at 423; Kost, 1 F.3d at 184. In Polk County v. Dodson, the Supreme Court held that a public defender’s - representation of ■ an indigent criminal defendant was not under color of state law.9 454 U.S. 312, 318, 102 S.Ct. 445, 70 L.Ed.2d 509 (1981). The Supreme Court reasoned that although a public defender is employed and paid by the state, when representing a criminal defendant he acts not for the state, but rather as an adversary of .the state. Id. Likewise, he does not act under color of state law, but rather pursuant to the attorney-client relationship, in which he owes undivided loyalty to his client. Id. Similarly, court-appointed attorneys — such as Defendants Stroumbakis, Deming, and Bispels in this case — are not state offíciáls at all, because such attorneys “have control over their own caseloads and representations,” “de*535pend on the State only for a fee,” and have “no real day-to-day involvement” with the state. Id. at 333 n. 4, 102 S.Ct. 445. And finally, “[a]lthough states license lawyers to practice, and although lawyers are deemed ‘officers of the court,’ this is an insufficient basis for concluding that lawyers act under color .of state law for the purposes of [§ 1983].” Henderson v. Fisher, 631 F.2d 1115, 1119 (3d Cir.1980).

Second, Plaintiff has failed to proffer any evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact as to whether his court-appointed attorneys — Defendants Stroumbakis, Deming, and Bispels — were employed by the Defender’s Office or whether the Defender’s Office maintained any sort of policy or custom applicable to those three attorneys during the relevant time period. “When a suit against a municipality is based on § 1983, the municipality can only be liable when the alleged constitutional transgression implements or executes a policy, regulation or decision officially adopted by the'governing body or informally adopted by custom.” Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966, 971 (3d Cir.1996) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018). In other words, a ‘municipality may not be held liable for constitutional torts under § 1983 on a vicarious liability theory rooted in respondeat superior, but “it can be held responsible as an entity when the injury inflicted is permitted under its adopted policy ’ or custom.” Id. There is therefore a “two-path track to municipal liability under § 1983,. depending on whether the allegation is based on municipal policy or custom.” Id. A. “[policy is made when a decisionmaker possessing] final authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action issues an official proclamation, policy, or edict.” Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1480 (3d Cir.1990) (alterations in original) (quoting Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 481, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986)). Alternatively, “[a] course of conduct is considered to be a ‘custom’ when, though not authorized by law, such practices of state officials [are] so permanent and well-settled as to virtually constitute law.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690, 98 S.Ct. 2018). Custom may also be established “by evidence of knowledge and acquiescence.” Beck, 89 F.3d at 971.

Here, Plaintiffs supposition that a public defender and a court-appointed attorney are one and the same is insufficient to show some connection between the Defender’s Office and these attorneys. Further, Plaintiff has not presented any evidence as to specific deficiencies in his court-appointed . attorneys’ conduct, let alone a policy or custom of the Public Defender’s Office that brought about those deficiencies. And with respect to Plaintiffs claims that he reported the inadequate medical care provided at the Berks County Prison to certain employees of the Defender’s Office, Plaintiff has not shown that his court-appointed attorneys or anyone at the Defender’s Office is responsible for overseeing the provision of medical care at the prison. .

Third, the Berks County Public Defender’s Office is not a suable entity under Pennsylvania law. Under Federal Rule Civil Procedure 17(b), the capacity of an entity to be sued is determined by state law — here, Pennsylvania law. Johnson v. Montgomery Cty. Pub. Def. Office, No. 91-7615, 1992 WL 3593, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 7, 1992). The Pennsylvania Public Defender Act creates an office or position to be filled by a person for each county of Pennsylvania (with the exception of Philadelphia); it does not create a governmental entity having an existence separate from the person who fills it. 16 Pa. Cons.Stat. § 9960.3; Johnson, 1992 WL 3593, at *1-. According*536ly, the Defender’s Office itself lacks-judicial personality and is not a suable entity, Johnson, 1992 WL 3593, at *1.

- For the' above reasons, the Court will grant Defendant Public Defendér’s Office’s motion for summary judgment and- will dismiss all claims against it.

D. Defendant Osmer Deming’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 102) '

Defendant Deming,; Plaintiffs court-appointed attorney in connection with-,his state -post-conviction ■ proceedings,-, also moves for summary judgment. ECF No.-102. The facts relevant to Plaintiffs claims against Defendant Deming are as follows: • . .

On May 26, 2010, following á jury trial in the Court of Common Pleas of- Berks County, during which Plaintiff- was represented by court-appointed attorney Defendant Stroumbakis, Plaintiff was found guilty of robbery, theft, receiving stolen property, terroristic threats, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit theft, conspiracy to receiye stolen property, and conspiracy to • commit terroristic threats. Deming’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. F,‘ ECF No. 102; Gannaway Dep. at 123:14-20,125:5-8. Plaintiff took.the.stand in his own defense at trial and testified -that he was a hapless bystander who did not participate in the robbery. Id., at 127:6T14. On August 4, 2010, Plaintiff was sentenced to a term of fifteen to thirty years’ imprisonment. Deming’s Mot. Summ,. J. Ex.. F.

Thereafter, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed a petition under Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 9541-9546, in August 2010. Id. In October 2010, Judge Bucci of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas of Berks County appointed Defendant Deming to represent Plaintiff with respect to his PCRA petition.- 'Deming’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A. Judge Bucci orderéd Defendant Deming to file a petition detailing Defendant’s eligibility for relief-or a “no merit” letter requesting to withdraw from representation pursuant to Commonwealth v. Finley, 379 Pa.Super. 390, 550 A.2d 213 (1988) and Commonwealth v. Turner, 518 Pa. 491, 544 A.2d 927 (1988); Deming’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A.

On October 7, 2013, Defendant Deming filed a seventeen-page “no merit” letter, together with a. motion to withdraw as counsel, after he reviewed the record of the criminal proceedings and determined that Plaintiffs PCRA petition was merit-less. Deming M,ot. Summ. J. Exs. B, E. Defendant Deming also sent Plaintiff a a letter advising him of his right to continue pursuing post-conviction relief pro. se or with privately-retained counsel. Id. Ex. C. In November 201-3, Plaintiff filed an objection to Defendant Deming’s “no . merit” letter, Gannaway Dep. at 131:20-23. • Later, in December; 2013, Plaintiff filed his own amended.petition for post-conviction relief. Id. at 134:5-8.,- As of November 24,. 2014, when Defendant Deming filed his motion for summary judgment, the Court of Common Pleas had not yet ruled on Plaintiffs PCRA petition or decided Defendant Deming’s motion to withdraw, Deming’s Mot.- - Summ. J. at 3-t4; Ganna-way Dep. at.l28;20-129:L •

In his Amended Complaint, -Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Deming, as well as his other court-appointed attorneys, violated Plaintiffs Thirteenth and" Fourteenth Amendment rights “by claiming to represent' petitioner to the fullest professional responsibility .under his right to confront all witnesses.” Am. Compl. at 20. He further alleges that “[tjhis violation was When [Plaintiff] corresponded to them- and they never responded back,, about the mer-itable [sic], issues as well as the miscarriage of-justice [Plaintiff]. received.” Id. *537With respect to his court-appointed attorneys, including Defendant Deming, Plaintiff also alleges that he “would like to confirm all correspondence, and that they were a part of the corrupted actions against people of color with the intent [of] neglecting their oaths that they took to uphold their professional responsibility.” Id. Finally, Plaintiff contends that these attorneys “were also aware of [Plaintiffs] cry for medical care, but they ([t]he Defendants) biasly [sic] ignored [Plaintiffs] Cruel and Unusual punishment plea to Judge James M. Bucci.” Id.

During his deposition, Plaintiff further explained, his allegations against Defendant Deming, which appear to stem from two deficiencies.

First, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Deming’s “no merit” letter was ineffective, because he failed to include a number of meritorious issues in the letter, including the following: the jury at Plaintiffs criminal trial included a woman Plaintiff knew from the community; Plaintiffs DNA was illegally obtained as the result of an earlier conviction and that DNA was planted on him in connection with the instant crime; there were various unspecified instances of prosecutorial misconduct during the trial; defense counsel failed to cross-examine a witness named Rashad Bain, who has since admitted that he committed perjury while testifying against Plaintiff; there were numerous instances of ineffective trial counsel; a certain preliminary hearing was not transcribed; an exculpatory recorded phone conversation was withheld from the jury; and a witness who would have provided testimony favorable to Plaintiff was never located. Gannaway Dep. at 129:5-131:10. During his deposition, Plaintiff acknowledged that he had the opportunity to present all of these issues to the PCRA court in his objections to Defendant Deming’s “no merit” letter, as well as in his amended PCRA petition. Id. at 131:11— 132:9. Still, Plaintiff continues to maintain that Mr. Deming “ignore[d] the facts in-volvefd] [i]n the wrongful criminal conviction” and “ha[d] the nerve to file a [F]in-ley/No Merit letter despite all the civil and constitutional violations.” . PL’s Obj. ¶ 13. As a result, Plaintiff has “been incarcerated nearly 6 and [a] half years on ■ this wrongful conviction.” Id.

Second, Plaintiff testified that he “constantly” wrote to Defendant Deming during the course of their attorney-client relationship and received only four or five letters from Mr. Deming in response. Id. at 133:6-25. In his letters, Plaintiff purportedly disclosed information to Defendant Deming concerning the “inhuman[e] treatment” he received while in prison, and Defendant Deming did nothing. PL’s Obj. ¶11.

Based on the Complaint and Plaintiffs deposition testimony, the Court will construe Plaintiffs claims against Defendant Deming as (1) violations of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution pursuant to § 1983 and (2) a Pennsylvania state law legal malpractice claim.

1. Section 1983 Claim Against Defendant Deming

With respect to Plaintiffs § 1983 claim against Defendant Deming, as explained more fully above, criminal defense attorneys, including, public defenders and those appointed by the court, do not act “under color of state law” and are not liable under § 1983 when performing traditional functions as defense counsel. Polk County, 454 U.S. at 321, 324, 102 S.Ct. 445. Although a court-appointed attorney could be subject to § 1983 liability if he conspired with state officials to deprive his client of federal rights, see Figueroa, 810 F.Supp. at 616, Plaintiff has not alleged *538facts supporting such a .conspiracy here. He merely says that “all court appointed attorneys insi[s]t upon allowing corruption [to] remain unresolve[d]” and “condon[ed] the acts of.the Berks County court officials of Reading projecting Jim Crow acts.” PL’s Obj. ¶¶ 12, 13. Such vague statements do not raise a genuine issue as to whether Defendant Deming conspired with state actors to violate Plaintiffs constitutional rights. Thus, as a matter of law, Plaintiffs § 1983 claim against Defendant Deming must be dismissed.

Moreover, to the extent Plaintiffs claims against Defendant Deming concern Plaintiffs belief that his criminal conviction should' be overturned, a § 1983 action is not the proper vehicle. In Heck v. Humphrey, the Supreme Court held that a state prisoner could not maintain an action for damages under the civil rights laws if “a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his- conviction or sentence ... unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.” 512 U.S. 477, 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994). In Edwards v. Balisok, the Supreme Court extended this principle and found a claim for declaratory relief not cognizable under § 1983 because it would “necessarily imply the invalidity of the punishment imposed.” 520 U.S. 641, 648, 117 S.Ct. 1584, 137 L.Ed.2d 906 (1997). More recently, the Supreme Court announced that a “state prisoner’s § 1983 action is barred (absent prior invalidation)—no matter the relief sought (damages or equitable relief), no matter-the target of the prisoner’s suit (state conduct leading to conviction or internal prison proceedings)—if success in that action would necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of confinement or its duration.” Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 81-82, 125 S.Ct. 1242, 161 L.Ed,2d 253 (2005).

2. Legal Malpractice Claim Against Defendant Deming

If the Court were to construe Plaintiffs claim against Defendant Deming as a state-law legal malpractice claim, it too would fail.' As a threshold matter, a plaintiff bringing a professional liability claim against an attorney under Pennsylvania law is required to file a Certificate of Merit, indicating that the “appropriate licensed'professional”—here, an attorney— “has supplied a written statement that there exists a reasonable probability that the care, skill or knowledge exercised or exhibited in the ... work that is the subject of the complaint, fell outside acceptable professional standards and that such conduct was a cause in bringing about the harm.” Pa. R. Civ. P. 1042.1, 1042.3. Plaintiff has filed no such Certificate of Merit in this case.

Moreover, Plaintiff has not made out a legal malpractice claim. Under Pennsylvania law, the elements of a legal malpractice claim vary based on whether the underlying representation was civil or criminal. Bailey v. Tucker, 533 Pa. 237, 621 A.2d 108, 112 (1993). While the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has not addressed the issue, at least one Pennsylvania intermediate-level appellate court has applied the elements of a legal malpractice action arising out of a criminal matter to a legal malpractice action arising out of a PCRA matter. Slaughter v. Rushing, 453 Pa.Super. 379, 683 A.2d 1234, 1234-36 (1996); see also Williams v. Sturm, 110 F.Supp.2d 353, 358-59 (E.D.Pa.2000) (reviewing Slaughter and explaining the rationale for extending" the legal malpractice standard for criminal matters to habeas corpus petitions).

A plaintiff seeking to bring a professional malpractice claims against an attorney resulting from the representation *539of the plaintiff in criminal proceedings must establish the following elements:

(1) The employment of the attorney;

(2) Reckless or wanton disregard of the defendant’s interest on the part of the attorney;

(3) The attorney’s culpable conduct was ■the proximate cause of an injury suffered by the defendant/ plaintiff, i.e. “but for” the attorney’s conduct, the defendant/plaintiff would have obtained an acquittal or complete dismissal of the charges;

(4) As the result of the injury, the criminal defendant/plaintiff suffered damages; and

(5) Moreover, a plaintiff will not prevail in an action in criminal malpractice unless and until her has pursued post-trial remedies and obtained relief which was dependent upon attorney error[.]

Slaughter, 683 A.2d 1234, 1235-36 (quoting Bailey, 621 A.2d at 115). To establish the requisite causation for a legal malpractice claim, “a plaintiff must prove ... that he did not commit any unlawful acts with which he was charged as well as any lesser offenses included therein.” Bailey, 621 A.2d at 113. Where a plaintiff fails to show that he is. innocent of all the charges against him, he has not stated a cause of action for legal malpractice in the criminal context under Pennsylvania law. Slaughter, 683 A.2d at 1236.

Here, Plaintiff has not shown that he is innocent of all charges against him. He lists a number of issues that he believes -.Defendant Deming should have raised in a PCRA petition, but he does not establish that “but for” Defendant Deming’s failure to raise these issues, Plaintiff would have obtained any relief pursuant to the PCRA, much less a complete dismissal of all criminal charges. In addition, Plaintiff has not .shown that he has exhausted possible remedies under the PCRA, much less that he. obtained relief based on one of the grounds that Defendant Deming failed to raise in a PCRA petition or concluded had no merit in his “no merit” letter. Indeed, when Plaintiff filed the Amended Complaint in this matter through the time when Plaintiff’s deposition was taken in June 2014, the PCRA court had not yet ruled on Plaintiff’s PCRA petition.10

For i these reasons, summary judgment will be ■ granted in Defendant Deming’s favor as ,to the legal malpractice claim as well.

E. Commonwealth Defendants’Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 113 & Ilk)

Lastly, the Court turns to the Commonwealth Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. ECF Nos. 113 & 114. In this case, tPlaintiff brings claims against fifty-four Commonwealth of Pennsylvania employees.; Thirty-three Commonwealth employees join in the-motion for summary judgement.11

*540.Plaintiffs claims against the various Commonwealth Defendants in this case concern his current period of incarceration with the DOC beginning in September 2010. .Commonwealth Defs.’ Statement of Undisputed Facts at ¶¶ 11-12, ECF No. 114. While serving his current ¡sentence, Plaintiff has been transferred between, several' different state correctional institutions. Id, at-¶ 12.

Plaintiffs allegations related to • the Commonwealth Defendants, together with the relevant facts and organized by state correctional institution, are as follows:

SCI-Camp Hill

Plaintiff was incarcerated at SCI-Camp Hill from September 15, 2010, to November 8, 2010. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. B. While at SCI-Camp Hill, Plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to the following constitutional violations: inadequate medical treatment, including failure to remove an internal' stitch in his stomach and denial of certain medication; denial of access to the law library; incorrect charges for an overdue library book without due process; and transfer to SCI-Greene in retaliation for filing grievances. Gannaway Dep. at 142:13-147:1, 164:2-16.

With respect to his medical treatment, Plaintiff alleges that he suffered severe pain in his side as a result of the “internal stitch” left in his abdomen. ’ Id.' at 114:1—

17, 118:16-119:10. ■ However, Plaintiff never complained about the stitch while incarcerated at SCI-Camp Hill. Upon transfer to SCI-Camp Hill, Plaintiff underwent a medical screening, during which he complained of back pain and bloody stool but did not complain of abdominal pain. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C-2, at 50. While at SCI-Camp Hill, Plaintiff had multiple medical visits, id. at Ex. C-3, at 22-26, and received various prescriptions to treat high blood pressure, constipation, acid reflux, and pain, id, at 32-70. Medical records from SCI-Camp Hill show that Plaintiff did not complain about the internal stitch during medical visits. Id. at 22-26. In addition, Plaintiff filed no grievances complaining of inadequate medical treatment or failure to remove the internal stitch. See generally Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-l to D-7.

Plaintiff also alleges that he was denied access to the law library while at SCI-Camp Hill. Ganniaway Dep. at' 144:7-20. As a result, he alleges that was unable to submit timely and meaningful responses to the’court, and the excessive force lawsuit he was pursuing at the time was dismissed. Id. Plaintiff claims- that a “range of people” were involved in denying him access to the law library and that he could not remembér specific ’actions taken by *541any of the Commonwealth Defendants employed at SCI-Camp Hill. Id. at 163:7-20.

Plaintiff presumably refers to a civil rights suit he brought in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in 2009 against the Borough of Reading, its police officers, and a hospital, among others, alleging constitutional violations arising from his being tackled on the street prior to his arrest and his treatment as a pretrial detainee, Gannaway v. Karetas, No. 09-2688. Commonwealth Defs,’ Mot. Summ. J, Ex. E. The defendants in that matter filed a motion for summary judgment in August 2010. Id. at 10. Plaintiff was initially given three months to respond to the motion and was later granted an extension of two additional months to respond. Id. at 11. Plaintiff then filed a response to the motion, and summary judgment was ultimately entered in favor of the defendants on all claims. See generally Gannaway v. Karetas, No. 09-2688, 2011 WL 1196872 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 31, 2011) (Robreno, J.). Plaintiff appealed to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, which found no substantial issue on appeal and affirmed the district court’s judgment. Gannaway v. Karetas, 438 Fed.Appx. 61, 68 (3d Cir.2011) (nonprecedential).

During his time at SCI-Camp Hill, Plaintiff filed only one grievance, No. 342419, which concerned denial of access to the law library. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. D, pt. 7 at 28-29, ECF No. 114-12. The grievance was denied, because law library records showed regular visits by Plaintiff. Id. at 28. Plaintiff did not further appeal this grievance. Id.

Next, Plaintiff alleges that his due process rights were violated by SCI-Camp Hill personnel when he was improperly charged a fine for failing to return a library book that certain correctional officers would not permit him to return on the day of his transfer to SCI-Greene, but he does identify specific defendants who were involved. Gannaway Dep. at 164:2(N 166:17; - Am. Compl. ¶¶14, 28. Plaintiff also wavers on the amount of the charges, first alleging $47, Am. Comp;' ¶ 14, then $37, id. ¶ 28, and finally $70 to $80, Ganna-way Dep. at 165:1-3. Plaintiff did not file a grievance disputing the book charges. See generally Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. D.

Finally, with, respect to his time at SCI-Camp Hill, Plaintiff alleges that he was transferred from SCI-Camp Hill to SCI-Greene in retaliation for filing grievances. Gannaway Dep. at 144:24-145:2. However, Plaintiff filed only one grievance, which was dated October 27, 2010, while incarcerated at SCI-Camp Hill. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. D, pt. 7 at 29, ECF No. 114-12. The decision to initiate Plaintiff’s transfer to SCI-Greene was made on October 25, 2010 — two days before Plaintiff filed the "grievance. Commonwealth Défs.’ Mot. Summ. :J. Ex. F, Debora Alvord Decl. ¶ 4. During his deposition, Plaintiff conceded that he was re-peatédly told that SCI-Camp Hill was not his “home jail” and that his incarceration there was temporary. See, e.g., Gannaway Dep. at 110:3-5,113:21-22,148:11-14.

SCI-Greene

On November 8, -2010, Plaintiff was transferred to SCI-Greene, where he remained incarcerated until April 29, 2011. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. B. During his time at SCI-Greene, Plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to the following constitutional violations: inadequate medical treatment, namely the failure to remove the internal stitch and provide certain medication; denial of access to the courts; and transfer in retaliation for filing grievances. Gannaway, Dep. at 168:3-170:1.

*542With respect to medical treatment, Plaintiff had a medical screening immediately upon transfer to SCI-Greene, at which time he complained of lower back pain, high blood pressure, acid reflux, constipation, and hemorrhoids, but not abdominal pain. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ, J. Ex, C-2, at 48-49. Throughout his time at SCI-Greene, Plaintiff received prescriptions for high blood pressure, constipation, acid reflux, and pain. Id. Ex. C-3, at 32-70; Gannaway Dep. at 170:12-22, 172:6-10. Plaintiff had a number of medical visits while at SCI-Greene, during which he never complained of abdominal pain. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C-3, at 17-20. He submitted four grievances related to medical treatment, but none mentioned the internal stitch. See generally Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J, Ex. D.

Plaintiff also filed several grievances about being charged for medication,' all of which were denied because the charges were made in accordance with DOC policy. Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-7, at 10-29, Grievance No. 347042; D-7, at 5-9, Grievance No. 348752; D-6, at 57-60, & D-7, at 19-21, Grievance No. 353111; Ex. F, DOC Policy DC-ADM 820, Co-Payment for Medical Services. Plaintiff did not complete the final appeal process for any of these grievances. See id. Exs. D-7, at 10-29, Grievance No. 347042; D-7, at 5-9, Grievance No. 348752;' D-6, at 57-60, & D-7, at 19-21, Grievance No. 353111.

Plaintiff next alleges that he was denied access to the courts while incarcerated at SCI-Greene. At the time, Plaintiff had three lawsuits pending in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania: Gannaway v. Berks County Prison, No. 09-4501; Garcia v. Berks County Prison, No. 10-0240; and Gannaway v. Marsh, No. 11-4748., Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs.HJ.12 The dockets from these lawsuits suggest that the courts granted Plaintiff extensions of time when requested, and Plaintiff did not fail to make any necessary filing during his- time at SCI-Greene. Id.

While at SCI-Greene, Plaintiff filed three grievances that his legal mail was opened or “cut-up with a razor” and access to the law library was denied. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-6, at 45-46, Grievance No. 362082; D-6, at 43-44, Grievance No.'362621; D-6, at 38-39, Grievance No. 362623. These grievances were dented for two reasons. First, the mail at issue did not meet the requirements for privileged legal mail under DOC Policy DC-ADM 803, as’ they were directed to the Inmate Accounting Department, and Plaintiffs mail was otherwise processed in accordance with that policy. Id. D-6, at 43. Second,’ Plaintiff was’ given access to the law library but was denied extra library time outside of regular hours because he did not have pending court deadlines, as required by DOC policy. Id. at 36. Plaintiff did not further appeal any of these grievances.'

In total, Plaintiff filed thirteen grievances while at SCI-Greene, the earliest dated November 13, 2010, and the latest dated April 22, 2011. Id. Exs. D-6, at 39-60; D-7, at 1-27. After Plaintiffs transfer to SCI-Rockview, he filed one additional grievance regarding the time he was incarcerated at SCI-Greene.' Id. Ex. D-6, at 33-35.

*543 SCI-Rockview

Plaintiff was transferred to SCI-Rock-view on April 29, 2011, and remains' there to date. Id. Ex. B. Plaintiff alleges he was subjected to the following constitutional violations at SCI-Rockview: inadequate medical treatment, namely failure to'remove the internal stitch and provide certain medication; denial of access to the courts; fabricated disciplinary charges in violation of due process; destruction of his property without due process; and disciplinary charges, in retaliation for filing grievances. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8, 19-20; 24, 32-33, pp. 15,19, 26.

Plaintiffs medical care at SCI-Rockview includes frequent medical visits; medication for high blood pressure, constipation, pain, and acid reflux; and diagnostic testing, including x-rays, sonograms, and echocardiograms. Gannaway Dep. at 116:1-118:4, 175:9-176:19; see '< generally Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. C — 1; C-2, at 1-47; C-3.

Plaintiff alleges that he was diagnosed with the “internal stitch” for the first time while at Rockview. PL’s Obj. ¶2. The earliest mention in Plaintiffs medical records of Plaintiffs complaints about the internal stitch is a physician assistant’s notation on November 21, 2011, that Plaintiff requested to have an “internal suture” removed. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C-3, at 8. Plaintiff then had a follow-up visit with John Symons, M.D. on December 5, 2011, during which Dr. Symons examined Plaintiff and noted that Plaintiff may have internal scarring — from the earlier stabbing incident — that might cause pain, but that no surgery was need. Id. at 9. Dr. Symons ordered medication to address Plaintiffs pain and constipation; recommended a follow-up visit, and revised Plaintiffs medical clearances and restrictions. Id. Ex. C-2, at 25. Plaintiff had another visit with Dr. Symons on March 29, 2012, during which he again complained of abdominal pain and requested surgery, to remove the stitch. Id. Dr. Symons again examined Plaintiff and determined there was no “obstructive problem” warranting surgery, but referred Plaintiff for two outside medical consultations to further investigate Plaintiffs complaints. An abdominal ultrasound and an upper gastrointestinal and small bowel x-ray series were conducted in April and May of . 2012, and neither test returned abnormal results. Id. Ex. C-Í, at 34-37.

Plaintiff had another sick visit on August 28, 2012, during which he again requested surgery for the internal stitch. Id. Ex. C-2, at 18. The examining doctor, Christina Doll, M.D.., explained to Plaintiff that no surgery was planned. Id. Plaintiff later filed a grievance on November 4, 2011, complaining that the surgery to remove the internal stitch , had been delayed for two years. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. D-5, at 54, Grievance No. 388149. The responding officer reported that after a review of Plaintiffs medical records, he could “find no record .of an internal suture that required removal.” Id. at 53. Plaintiff did not appeal this grievance.

On February 22, 2013, Plaintiff visited the nursing station, complaining that his medications had not been renewed. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C-2, at 10.' During this visit, a nurse explained to Plaintiff that his medication was not renewed because he had missed two scheduled sick visits and that he was required to follow-up with a sick call visit to a doctor to. have his prescriptions renewed. Id.

Throughout his incarceration at SCI-Rockview, Plaintiff filed several grievances complaining about copayment charges for his medical visits and medications. • See, e.g., Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-l, at 18-19, Grievance No. 526174; *544D-l, at 55-59, Grievance No. 517119. In response, Plaintiff was repeatedly informed that he was appropriately charged for medications and doctor’s visits pursuant to DOC policies. E.g., Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-l, at L8, Grievance No. 526174; D-l, at 55, Grievance No. 517119.

" Pláintiff also alleges that Defendants Dougherty and Riggall, correctional officers at SCI-Rockview, denied him access to the courts, namely that they denied him access to the law library, paralegal 'assistance, and free postage and copies for legal documents. Am. Compl.- ¶ 14, pp: 18-19, 26. Library records, however, show that- Plaintiff regularly visited' the law library, although there were times he was denied extra time because he did not have a pending court deadline, as required for additional time pursuant to DOC policy. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-6, at 36, Grievance No. 364705; D-1, at 26, Grievance No. 522695. In addition,-DOC Policy DC-ADM-007, Access to Provided Legal Service, provides that paralegal' assistance’ is available to only illiterate or non-English-speaking inmates. Id. at Exs. D-6, at 2, Grievance No. 385621; D-5, at 55, Grievance No. 387788. Finally, records show that on several occasions, Plaintiff was granted a package of free postage, envelopes, and copying credits based on his indigent status. Id. Exs. D-5, at 46, Grievance No. 396358; D-4, at 44, Grievance No. 431312; D-2, at 16, Grievance No. 510958; D-2, at 4, Grievance No. 514722. , ’ .

Next, Plaintiff alleges that correctional officers Defendants McHenry and Detwiler violated his due process rights by fabricating misconduct,charges against him!and that Defendant Hex, the hearing examiner, also violated his due process rights by finding.him guilty of the charges. ■ Am. Compl. ¶ 36 & p. 19. During the time period at issue in this case, four misconduct charges were sustained against Plaintiff, after evidentiary hearings. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. K at 1, DOC Misconducts R. (listing misconduct incidents involving Plaintiff on August 22, 2011; June ,23, 2012; July 16, 2012; and March-19, 2014). Plaintiff was sanctioned to thirty to ninety days in the restricted housing unit ,(i‘RHU’’) for each offense. Id. Plaintiff appealed three of the misconduct charges, and the hearing examiner’s decision was upheld each time. Id.

: Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants McHenry, Detwiler, and Sutton violated his due process rights by taking and destroying his property. Am. Comp. ¶ 24; ECF No. 62, at 4. Several grievances appear to be relevant to this claim. First, Plaintiff filed a grievance complaining that Defendants McHenry and Detwiler wrongly confiscated Plaintiff’s art supplies during , a cell search on ■ August 22, 2011, Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex, D-6, . at 13, Grievance No. 378425. This grievance was denied as unfounded because Plaintiff did not have a valid art permit, meaning the art supplies were confiscated as contraband. Id. at 12. Plaintiff did not pursue further administrative appeal of this grievance. Id.

Second, Plaintiff filed a grievance complaining that Defendant McHenry destroyed his property, including food items, a book, and thermal underwear, when Plaintiff was sent to the RHU..M Ex. D-5, at -13, Grievance No. 421116. This grievance was denied after an investigation showed that. upon entering the RHU, Plaintiff had signed a property inventory sheet that did not list any of the items that Plaintiff claimed Defendant-McHenry destroyed, and Plaintiff had signed another inventory sheet upon leaving the RHU that did. not note any missing property. Id. This grievance was upheld upon appeal *545to the facility manager, and Plaintiff did not pursue final administrative appeal of this decision. Id. at 8.

Third, and finally, Plaintiff filed a grievance complaining that Defendant McHenry destroyed his property when he was sent to the RHU, and that Defendant Sutton condoned these actions. Id. at 53, Grievance No. 504672. The grievance was denied as unfounded after an investigation showed that most of the items Plaintiff claimed were destroyed were listed on Plaintiffs property inventory sheet or on a confiscation receipt having been identified as contraband, and there was no evidence that Plaintiff ever possessed the remaining items. Id. at 52. This grievance was upheld upon appeal .to the facility manager, and Plaintiff did not pursue final appeal of this decision. Id. at 49.

Based on Plaintiffs liberally construed allegations' and the above facts, the Court will construe Plaintiffs claims against the Commonwealth Defendants as the following: (1) deliberate indifference to Plaintiffs medical conditions in violation of the Eighth Amendment; (2) violation of Plaintiffs due process rights; (3) denial of access to the courts; and (4) retaliation in violation of the First Amendment.

Prior to discussing the merits of Plaintiffs constitutional claims against the Commonwealth Defendants, the Court notes that Plaintiff appears to have failed to exhaust the DOC’s administrative remedy process for the vast majority, if not all, of his claims ■ against the Commonwealth Defendants, as-required by the PLRA 42 U.S.C. § 1997(e). Therefore, the claims against the Commonwealth Defendants are not properly before the Court.13 However, for the sake of completeness — and because it is difficult to discern the lengthy, rambling, handwritten grievances that Plaintiff has provided to the Court — the Court will review these claims ori'the merits as if exhausted. ' See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(2) (“In the event that a claim is, on its face, frivolous, malicious, [or] fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted ... the court may dismiss the underlying claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies.”).

1. Eighth Amendment Claim Against All Commonwealth Defendants

In his Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that the Commonwealth Defendants violated the Eighth Amendment by failing to remove the “internal stitch,” which was purportedly left in his abdomen from a surgery he received prior to his DOC custody and has caused him continued pain and difficulty moving his bowels. Am. Compl. ¶ 6; Gannaway Dep. at 114:1-17, 118:18-119:10. Plaintiff claims that all of more than fifty individual Commonwealth Defendants listed are liable for violating the Eighth Amendment, but he has not presented facts showing how each defendant was personally involved in the allegedly inadequate medical care. At his deposition, Plaintiff could not recall what each specific Commonwealth defendant had done to violate his constitutional rights, instead stating that he named each person listed in the Amended Complaint because he or she was in a “supervisory or authoritative position,” Gannaway Dep. at 153:5 — 154:9, had “some control or [was] in control” somehow, id. at 165:19-23, or oth*546erwise was “part of that one corrupted body,” id. at 158:2-3. In his opposition to Defendants’ motions for summary judgment, Plaintiff continues to . maintain that “all defendants ignor[ed] the medical records to[ ] remove the incision.” Pl.’s Obj. ¶ 2.

To impose liability on individual defendants under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that each one personally participated in the alleged constitutional violation or approved of it. C.N. v. Ridgewood Bd. of Educ., 430 F.3d 159, 173 (3d Cir.2005); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (finding that in a § 1983 suit, “each Government official, his or her title notwithstanding, is only liable for his or her own misconduct”). Liability “cannot be predicated solely on the operation of respondeat superior.” Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 353 (3d Cir.2005) (citing Rode v. Dellarciprete, 845 F.2d 1195, 1207 (3d Cir.1988)). Personal involvement can be shown through proof of personal direction or actual knowledge and acquiescence. Evancho, 423 F.3d at 353 (citing Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207). Acquiescence requires both contemporaneous knowledge of the alleged wrongdoing and direct supervisory authority over the subordinate actor. Rode, 845 F.2d at 1207-08.

Plaintiff has not articulated any facts concerning the role that each Commonwealth defendant played in his defective medical treatment, specifically the failure to remove the internal stitch. Plaintiff merely states that all of the Commonwealth . Defendants were “generally responsible for' ensuring the- provision of medical care to [p]risoners,” Am. Compl. ¶ 6, and- “deliberately just ignore[d] it,” meaning the stitch, Gannaway Dep. at 157:8-158:6, or that all of these defendants “condone[d] the medical department[’]s negligence,” Am. Compl, ¶ 8. At his deposition, Plaintiff was asked to describe what role each defendant played in the Eighth Amendment violations, but he was unable to recall any individual’s role.14 See, e.g., Gannaway Dep. at 153:1-154:9, 156:15-22, 157:5-15. Moreover, only two of the Commonwealth defendants, nurses Elaine Coff-man and Erica Foose, had direct involvement in providing, medical care to Plaintiff. Commonwealth Defs.’ Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶4, ECF No. 114. The remaining defendants “span prison personnel as diverse as superintendents and corrections officers to mailroom supervisor and school principal.” Id. Accordingly, Plaintiff has not shown the personal involvement of each defendant in the violation of his Eighth Amendment rights required to bring a § 1983 claim.

Even if the Court were to construe Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment claims as confined to those Commonwealth employees who denied his grievances concerning medical treatment and Plaintiff could establish that the denials were inappropriate, denial of a grievance does not rise to the level of personal involvement required for § 1983 liability. See Brooks v. Beard, 167 Fed.Appx. 923, 925 (3d Cir. *5472006) (nonpreeedential) (finding that allegations that the defendants responded inappropriately to the plaintiffs grievances about his medical treatment did not establish the defendants’ involvement in the medical treatment itself for an Eighth Amendment claim); Kuehner v. Beard, No. 08-1319, 2010 WL 49455, at *5 (W.D.Pa. Jan. 6, 2010) (finding that “the filing of a grievance is not sufficient to show the actual knowledge necessary for personal involvement”).

In addition, Plaintiff fails to set forth facts showing that the Commonwealth Defendants “were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs,” as required to make out an Eighth Amendment claim based on inadequate medical care. The Court set out the standard for evaluating such a claim above in connection with its discussion of the medical care provided by the PrimeCare Medieal Defendants and incorporates the standard here. See subsection IV.A1.

Plaintiff conceded during his deposition that he received extensive medical treatment while in DOC custody, including regular medical visits; prescriptions for medication to treat pain, acid reflux, high blood pressure, and constipation; and various diagnostic testing, including x-rays and sonograms. With regard to the internal stitch that appears to be the crux of Plaintiffs medical claims, Plaintiff made no complaints about the stitch while he was in custody at SCI-Camp Hill or SCI-Greene, Indeed, Plaintiff admitted during his deposition that he did not learn that the internal stitch required removal until around November 2011 — six months after his transfer to SCI-Rockview. Gannaway Dep. at 75:12-23; PL’s Obj. ¶ 2.

The medical records show that' Plaintiff first complained about the stitch on November 21, 2011, and Rockview medical staff took prompt steps to investigate his complaint. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. C-3, at 8. For example, on December 5, 2011, Dr. Symons examined Plaintiff, and noted that Plaintiffs medical history involved two prior stabbings in the abdomen, and after the last stabbing, Plaintiff developed a draining sinus secondary to a stitch granuloma, which had previously been removed. Id. Ex. C-3, at 9. Dr. Symons also noted that Plaintiff had a small ventral hernia that was not distended and concluded that Plaintiffs prior stabbing injury may have resulted in internal scarring that might cause pain. Id. However, he concluded that no further surgery was warranted' at' the time, although he did prescribe medications for paiil and constipation. Id.

Plaintiff then had a follow-up visit regarding the hernia with Dr. Symons on March 29, 2012. Id. Ex. C-2, at 24. Again, Plaintiff requested surgery, and in response, Dr. Symons explained that Plaintiff had already undergone the granu-loma sürgery and that his current condition did not warrant additional surgery. Id. Dr. Symons also examined Plaintiff and concluded that there were no changes to his abdomen, the wound from the granulo-ma surgery was well healed, the ventral hernia showed no protruding viscera, and although there may be internal scarring causing Plaintiff páin, no surgery was warranted because there were no signs of an obstructive problem. Id. at 25. Dr. Sym-ons also referred Plaintiff for an abdominal ultrasound and upper gastrointestinal and small bowel x-ray series, which showed no abnormalities. Id. at 25, 33-37. Plaintiff made the same complaint again in August 28, 2012 — this time to a different doctor, who again advised Plaintiff that no surgery was planned. Id. Ex. C-2, at 18.

Plaintiff wholly dismisses the comprehensive medical treatment he has received. He contends that he should have received *548surgery to remove the “internal- stitch,” but where an inmate simply disagrees with the course of treatment provided to him, courts have consistently precluded the provider’s liability. Monmouth Cty. Corr. Inst. Inmates, 834 F.2d at 346; see also Innis v. Wilson, No. 07-1343, 2008 WL 4722404, at *3 (W.D.Pa. Oct. 24, 2008). Even if some medical professionals would disagree, as to the appropriate treatment for Plaintiffs condition,15 the treatment selected by DOC medical providers would not rise to the level of deliberate indifference. White v. Napoleon, 897 F.2d 103, 110 (3d Cir.1990) (“If a plaintiffs disagreement with a doctor’s professional judgment does not state a violation of the Eighth Amendment, then certainly no claim. is stated when a doctor disagrees with the professional judgment of another doctor. There may, for example, be several acceptable ways to treat an illness,”).

Moreover, all of the Commonwealth Defendants — with the exception of Defendants Erica Foose and Elaine Coff-man, who are nurses — are non-medical personnel, so they were justified in believing Plaintiffs medical care was adequate. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at 14. The Third Circuit has held that “[i]f a prisoner is under the care of medical experts ..., a non-medical prison, official will generally be justified in believing that the prisoner is in capable hands.” Spruill v. Gillis, 372 F.3d 218, 236 (3d Cir.2004). Therefore, “absent a reason to believe (or actual knowledge) that prison doctors or their assistants are mistreating (or not treating) a prisoner, a non-medical prison official ... will not be chargeable with the Eighth Amendment scienter requirement of deliberate indifference.” Id.; see also Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970 (holding that “a* prison official cannot be found liable under the' Eighth Amendment for denying an inmate humane conditions of confinement' unless the official knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety” and is “both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists[ ] and ... also draw[s] the inference”).

Accordingly, without more, Plaintiffs allegations that the Commonwealth Defendants denied or ignored his medical grievances do not establish deliberate indifference under the Eighth Amendment standard. See, e.g., Durmer v. O’Carroll, 991 F.2d 64, 69 (3d Cir.1993) (finding that a non-physician prison official cannot be considered deliberately indifferent in failing to. respond to medical complaints of a prisoner already under treatment by the prison’s medical experts); Burnside v. Moser, 138 Fed.Appx. 414, 416 (3d Cir.2005) (nonprecedential) (finding that a non-physician prison official’s failure to process a prisoner’s medical grievances failed to demonstrate the requisite level of deliberate indifference).

To the extent that Plaintiff also suggests that charging him for medical cbpayménts or medications is inappropriate under the Eighth Amendment, such a. claim also fails as a matter of law. Such charges - are required by DOC policy. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at Ex. G, DOC Policy Statement DC-ADM 820, 'Co-Payment for Medical Services. *549The Third Circuit has held that charging an inmate for medical services or medication does not violate the Eighth Amendment so long as such a policy does not “condition provision of needed medical services on an inmate’s ability to pay.” Reynolds v. Wagner, 128 F.3d 166, 174 (3d Cir.1997) (quoting Monmouth Cty. Corr. Inst. Inmates, 834 F.2d at 347). In Reynolds v. Wagner, the Third Circuit explained that “[a]lthough it is possible that ... fee-based programs [such as this one] may cause some prisoners to refrain from seeking medical treatment as early as they might otherwise do so, the deliberate indifference standard of Estelle does not guarantee prisoners the right to be entirely free from the cost considerations’ that figure in the medical-care decisions made by most non-prisoners in our society.” Id. at 175. Here, Plaintiff has not alleged that the medical fees rendered him unable to obtain treatment for serious medical needs and indeed the record shows that Plaintiff received a great deal of medical treatment throughout his incarceration.

Similarly, Plaintiff appears to suggest that prison medical staff withheld or delayed certain medical treatments due to cost considerations. See, e.g., Gannaway Dep. at 72:9-17 (“Q: Do you know why you haven’t gotten that staple- removed from your incision today? A: They insist that it’s too costly .....”); id. at 118;8-14 (“At one point in time they had it set up where they was going to send me to an outside doctor. Then, they decided — I don’t know if it was too financial burden, too costly. They just decided not to ■ do it”). Plaintiff maintains this position in his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motions, stating that he is entitled to the “same standard of care” as an “individual in a priv[ ]ate hospital” and that Defendants’ efforts to “save money is an act of deliberate indifference.” Pl.’s Obj.-¶ 4. This claim also fails as a matter of law, because weighing costs when -making decisions about a prisoner’s medical treatment’does not show deliberate indifference.

The Third Circuit has held that prisoners do not have a constitutional right to limitless medical care, free of the cost constraints under which law-abiding citizens receive treatment. Reynolds, 128 F.3d at 175 (“[T]he deliberate indifference standard of Estelle does not guarantee prisoners the right to be entirely free from the cost considerations that figure in the medical-care decisions made by most non-prisoners in our Society.”); Caines v. Hendricks, No. 05-1701, 2007 WL 496876, at *8 (D.N.J. Feb. 9, 2007) (“[I]t is not a constitutional violation for prison authorities to consider the cost implications of various procedures, which inevitably may result in various tests or procedures being deferred unless absolutely necessary.’’), cited with approval in Winslow v. Prison Health Servs., 406 Fed.Appx. 671, 674-75 (3d Cir.2011) (nonprecedential).

For the above reasons, Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim fails as a matter of law, and summary judgment will be granted in favor of the Commonwealth Defendants on this issue.

2. Violation of the Due Process Clause . of the Fourteenth Amendment Claim Against All Commonwealth Defendants

As an initial matter, while Plaintiff appears to bring a due process claim against ■all of the .Commonwealth Defendants, he makes specific allegations only as to Defendants McHenry, Detwiler, Sutton, and Hex. Because § 1983 claims cannot proceed against a state actor unless he or she had personal involvement in the alleged violation and there is no dispute of -fact as to whether any of the remaining Common*550wealth Defendants had any personal involvement in the alleged due process violations, those remaining Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on any Fourteenth Amendment claim. Accordingly, summary judgment will be granted in favor of all Commonwealth Defendants with the exception of Defendants McHenry, Detwiler, Sutton, and Hex on this ground.

The due process violations alleged by Plaintiff seem to stem from two different issues: (1) falsified misconduct charges that resulted in Plaintiff being placed in the restricted housing unit, and (2) the confiscation and destruction of Plaintiffs property. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 14, 24, 28, 36; Gannaway Dep. at 164:17-166:20.

First, Plaintiff claims that his due process rights were violated when Defendants McHenry and Detwiler made false misconduct charges against him, and Defendant Hex upheld those false charges and sentenced Plaintiff to the RHU.

The Fourteenth Amendment provides that no State shall “deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1. When bringing a § 1983 suit based on a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, the plaintiff must identify or allege the deprived protected interest. Sample v. Diecks, 885 F.2d 1099, 1113 (3d Cir.1989). Without thé presence of a protected interest, a § 1983 due process claim simply cannot stand. Id. The Third Circuit has recognized that “inmates are generally not entitled to procedural due process in prison disciplinary hearings because the sanctions resulting from those hearings do not usually affect a protected liberty interest.” Burns v. Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 642 F.3d 163, 171 (3d Cir.2011) (citing Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483-84, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995)). Only if the sanction “imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life” is a protected liberty interest implicated. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.E.2d 418 (1995). The Third Circuit has found in a nonprecedential decision that sanctioning .an inmate to as much as 360.days in the restricted housing-unit for misconduct does, not implicate due process. Diaz v. Canino, 502 Fed.Appx. 214, 218 (3d Cir.2012), (nonprecedential).

Here, Plaintiff received four misconduct charges during .his incarceration at SCI-Rockview and was sanctioned to disciplinary custody in the. RHU for periods between thirty to ninety days for each incident — timespans far below the 360-day sanction found not to trigger a liberty interest in Diaz, Moreover, in his Amended Complaint and during his deposition, Plaintiff did not provide any bases for comparing the conditions of RHU custody with general prison population conditions such that the Court .could determine that conditions he experienced while in the RHU were “atypical” of “the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293. Accordingly, because Plaintiff has-not shown any material facts suggesting that his liberty interests were affected by confinement in the RHU, his Fourteenth Amendrhent claim on these grounds fails as a matter of law.

Next, to the extent that Plaintiff claims that Defendants McHenry and Detwiler falsified misconduct reports, such conduct does riot qualify as a constitutional violation. The Third Circuit has held that “due process is satisfied where an inmate is afforded an opportunity to be heard and to defend against the allegedly falsified evidence and groundless misconduct- reports.” Smith v. Mensinger; 293 F.3d 641, 653-54 (3d Cir.2002). Therefore, “so long *551as certain procedural requirements are satisfied, mere allegations of falsified evidence or misconduct reports*, without more, are not enough to state a due process claim.” Id. Here, Plaintiff was afforded a hearing for each misconduct charge, and DOC policy provided him the opportunity to appeal his disciplinary confinement. Accordingly, Plaintiffs mere allegations of falsified reports by Defendants McHenry and Detwiler are insufficient to make out a due process claim against them.

The Court next turns to Plaintiffs allegations that certain Commonwealth Defendants confiscated his property without affording him due process. The Supreme Court has held that “an unauthorized intentional deprivation of property by a state employee does not constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for the loss is available.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533, 104 S.Ct. 3194, 82 L.Ed.2d 393 (1984). Thus, “the state’s action is not complete until and unless it provides or refuses to provide a suitable postdeprivation remedy.” Id. The Third Circuit has previously found, in a nonprecedential opinion, that the DOC’s grievance system is an adequate post-deprivation remedy. See, e.g., Dockery v. Beard, 509 Fed.Appx. 107, 114 (3d Cir.2013) (nonprecedential) (“We agree that [Plaintiff] received adequate due process for the deductions ... taken from his account because he took advantage of an adequate post-deprivation remedy — the grievance process — to challenge these ás-sessments.”). Moreover, where inmates have alleged they were deprived of their in-cell property.and the property has, not been returned to them through the grievance process, the Third Circuit has noted that adequate post-deprivation remedies are available to those inmates through state tort law, such as a conversion action. Id. at 113-14 (citing Daniel v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986); Hudson, 468 U.S. at 517, 533, 104 S.Ct. 3194); see also 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann, § 8522(a), (b)(3) (waiving sovereign immunity with respect to a common law action for conversion against the Commonwealth).

Here, Plaintiff alleged that he was wrongly charged somewhere between $37 and $80 for failing to return a library book upon leaving SCI-Camp Hill; Defendants McHenry and Detwiler confiscated his art supplies during a cell search; Defendant McHenry destroyed Plaintiffs food items, books, and long underwear while he was in the RHU; and Defendant McHenry later destroyed Plaintiffs food items, sneakers, and art supplies while he was in the RHU on a separate occasion.

As an initial matter, Plaintiff has not proffered any evidence to suggest that his property was .actually taken* whether intentionally or negligently.16 But even if Plaintiff had demonstrated that his property, was seized by certain Commonwealth Defendants, Plaintiff was provided an adequate post-deprivation remedy — the prison grievance system. The record shows that Plaintiff actually filed grievances with re*552spect to all of the property he claims was taken, with the exception of the library book fees. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-6, at 13, Grievance No. 378425; D-5, at 14, Grievance No. 421116; D-2, at 52, Grievance No. ■ 504672. Although these grievances were denied as unfounded, Plaintiff had the option to-pursue further appeals but elected not to do so in all but one instance.

For the reasons discussed above, summary judgment will be granted in the Commonwealth Defendants’ favor as to Plaintiffs ' Fourteenth Amendment due process claims.

3. First Amendment Retaliation Claims Against All Commonwealth Defendants

Once again, as an initial matter, Plaintiffs general First Amendment retaliation claims against all of the Commonwealth Defendants must fail, because a § 1983 claim cannot proceed against a state actor unless he or she has personal involvement in the alleged violation. With respect to his retaliation claims, Plaintiff makes specific allegations against only Defendants Notarfrancesco, Detwiler, McHenry, Klaus, Gimble,-Homer, and Guyton. He did not mention any other defendant in his Amended Complaint or at his deposition. Accordingly, Plaintiffs retaliation claim as to all other Commonwealth Defendants must be dismissed as a matter of law.

The Court now considers the substance of Plaintiffs remaining retaliation claims. Plaintiff appears to allege that his transfer from SCI-Camp Hill to SCI-Greene, his later transfer from SCI-Greene to SCI-Rockview, and the fabrication of misconduct charges against him at SCI-Rockview were done in retaliation for grievances he filed.

To prevail on a retaliation claim, the plaintiff must prove that: (1) he engaged in constitutionally protected activity, (2) he suffered an adverse action sufficient'to deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising his "constitutional rights; and (3) his protected conduct was a substantial or motivating factor in the decision to discipline- him. Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 333-34 (3d Cir.2001). Once a prisoner-demonstrates that his exercise of a constitutional right was a substantial or motivating factor in the challenged decision, the burden shifts to prison officials, who “may still prevail by proving that they would have made the same decision absent the protected conduct for reasons reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest.” Id. at 334. The Third Circuit in Rauser. therefore set forth a “deferential standard” meant to take into account “that the task of prison administration is difficult, and that courts should afford deference to decisions made by prison official, who possess the necessary expertise.” Id. (citing Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987)).

First, a prisoner’s ability to file grievances and lawsuits against prison officials is, a protected activity for purposes of a retaliation claim. Wicker v. Shannon, No. 09-1629, 2010 WL 3812351, at *6 (M.D.Pa. Sept. 21, 2010) (citing Milhouse v. Carlson, 652 F.2d 371, 373-74 (3d Cir.1981)). Plaintiff therefore meets the constitutionally protected activity prong.

Second, the Third Circuit has found that “several months in disciplinary confinement would deter a reasonably firm prisoner from exercising his First Amendment rights,” Mitchell v. Horn, 318 F.3d 523, 530 (3d Cir.2003); see also Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 653 (3d Cir.2002) (“We have ... held that falsifying misconduct reports in retaliation for an inmate’s resort to legal process is a violation of the First Amendment’s guarantee of access to *553the courts.”); Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 225 (3d Cir.2000) (holding that an allegation that a prisoner was kept in administrative segregation as punishment for filing civil rights complaints stated a retaliation claim). Therefore, although Plaintiff has not proffered support for his assertion that his transfers to other correctional institutions constituted adverse action (e.g., that he was transferred to facilities located farther away from his family and they therefore could not visit him), Plaintiffs allegations that certain correctional officers lodged false misconduct complaints against him resulting in Plaintiffs placement in the RHU satisfy the adverse action prong.17

The Court turns next to Rau-ser’s third prong, which concerns causation. To show a causal link between his constitutionally protected activity and the adverse action, a prisoner must prove “that his constitutionally protected conduct was ‘a substantial or motivating factor’ in the decision to discipline him.” Rauser, 241 F.3d at 333. To establish the requisite causal connection, the plaintiff usually must prove one of two things: (1) “an unusually suggestive temporal proximity between the protected activity and the allegedly retaliatory action” or (2) “a pattern of antagonism coupled with timing to establish a causal link.” Lauren W. ex rel. Jean W. v. DeFlaminis, 480 F.3d 259, 267 (3d Cir.2007). If neither showing is made, then the plaintiff must show that, from the evidence in the record as a whole, the trier of fact should infer causation. Id.

Here, Plaintiff has not set forth any evidence to suggest that his griev-anees were substantial or motivating factors in any of the prison officials’ decisions that he challenges. Nor has he shown an “usually suggestive” proximity in time or “a pattern of antagonism coupled with timing” between any of his grievances and the transfers of-misconduct charges. With respect to Plaintiffs transfer from- SCI-Camp Hill to SCI-Greene, the decision to transfer Plaintiff was made one day prior to Plaintiffs filing of his first and only grievance while at SCI-Camp Hill. Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. -Ex. F, Deborah Alvord Decl. ¶ 4. Accordingly, the grievance .could not have been-a factor in the transfer decision. Moreover, during his deposition Plaintiff conceded that SCI-Camp Hill was never intended- to be his “home jail” and his placement there was always intended to be temporary. Ganna-way Dep. at 110:3-5, 113:21-22, 148:11-14. With respect to Plaintiffs -transfer from SCI-Greene to SCI-Rockview, the timing of the transfer does not support a causal link, since Plaintiff began submitting grievances at SCI-Greene in or about November 2010 but he was not transferred until late April 2011.

The timing of the misconduct charges also fails to suggest a causal link. None of Plaintiffs misconduct charges • at SCI-Rockview occurred after Plaintiff filed a grievance against the officers who initiated the misconduct reports. Plaintiff filed grievances against these officers only after the misconduct charges had been lodged against him for the very purpose of complaining about the allegedly false misconduct charges. See generally Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Ex. K.

*554Finally, even if Plaintiff had satisfied his burden, there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning whether the same decision would not have been made absent Plaintiffs filing of a grievance. Plaintiffs transfers between various state correctional institutions were the product of the DOC’s normal procedures for moving inmates. Likewise, the misconduct charges against Plaintiff were sustained after an evidentiary hearing and upheld on appeal as violations of DOC policy concerning inmate conduct. There is nothing in the record that would permit a reasonable inference that the decisions concerning Plaintiffs transfers and placements in the RHU would have been any different absent his filing of grievances. Thus, Plaintiff has not raised a genuine issue of material fact as to Rauser’s causation element. As such, summary judgment in favor of the- Commonwealth Defendants is appropriate as to this claim.

4. Violation of Right of Access to Courts Claims Against All Commonwealth Defendants

Yet again, as an initial matter, Plaintiffs general allegations that all of the Commonwealth Defendants violated his right of access to the courts will not suffice, since a plaintiff must show personal involvement by a state actor to proceed with a § 1983 claim against that person. Here, Plaintiff identifies only Defendants Dougherty, Hex, and Riggall in connection with his access to courts claim. Therefore, summary judgment will be granted as to all other Commonwealth Defendants on this claim due to Plaintiffs failure to allege their personal involvement.

Plaintiff’s access to courts claim seems to stem from three doings by certain prison employees: (1) denying Plaintiff access to the law library, (2) denying Plaintiff paralegal assistance, and (3) denying Plaintiff fee postage and photocopies.

Although “there is no First Amendment right to subsidized mail or photocopying,” Reynolds, 128 F.3d at 183, prisoners have a right of meaningful access to the courts, Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350-51, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996). But the right is “not ... an abstract, freestanding right to a law library or legal assistance,” and “an inmate cannot establish relevant actual injury simply by establishing that his prison’s law library or legal assistance program is sub-par in some theoi’etical sense.” Id. at 351, 116 S.Ct. 2174 (referencing Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 825, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977)). Rather, to establish a cognizable access to courts claim, a prisoner must show that he was actually injured, that is, that he was actually hindered in his efforts to pursue a legal claim. Id. An actual injury is shown only where a non-frivolous, arguable claim is lost. Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415, 122 S.Ct. 2179, 153 L.Ed.2d 413 (2002).

Here, the summary judgment record shows that Plaintiff made regular and frequent visits to the law library. See Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. Exs. D-7, at 28, Grievance No. 342419; D-6, at 38, Grievance No. 362623; D-6, at 36, Grievance No. 364705; D-1, at 29, Grievance No. 522695. Although Plaintiff was denied access to the law library at certain times, denial was generally due to his own failure to report for a library pass in accordance with prison procedures. E.g., id. Ex. D-l, at 16. At other times, Plaintiffs requests for extra time outside of normal library hours were denied, because pursuant to DOC policy, extra time was afforded to only those inmates with impending court deadlines. See, e.g., id. Ex. D-6, at 36, Grievance No. 364705. With respect to paralegal assistance, DOC policy provides *555that paralegal assistance is available to only those inmates who are illiterate or who do not speak or read English. See at Exs. D-6, at 2, Grievance No. 385621; D-5, at 55, Grievance No. 387788.

Moreover, Plaintiff has not shown that he suffered any actual injury from denial of access to the law library or paralegal assistance. Dockets from Plaintiffs civil rights cases show that the courts granted Plaintiff extensions of time to file documents whenever requested, and' Plaintiff does not allege that he was unable to complete specific filings in these cases. See Commonwealth Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. at Exs. H-J. While Plaintiff suggests that his excessive force case against the Reading Police Department was dismissed for his inability to prosecute the case, the summary judgment record shows otherwise. Plaintiffs case, Gannaway v. Karetas, was dismissed after Plaintiff responded to the defendants’ motion for summary judgment and the court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants as to all claims. Gannaway v. Karetas, No. 09-2688, 2011 WL 1196872, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 31, 2011). Summary judgment in favor of the defendants in that case was ultimately affirmed by the Third Circuit. Gannaway v. Karetas, 438 Fed.Appx. 61, 68 (3d Cir.2011) (nonprecedential).

For the above reasons, summary judgment will be granted in favor of the Commonwealth Defendants on Plaintiffs access .to courts claim.

IV. PLAINTIFF’S REQUESTS FOR COUNSEL

Throughout this case, Plaintiff has made repeated requests for the appointment of counsel. - The Court has stated that it would reassess Plaintiffs requests after Defendants’ motions for summary judgment had been fully briefed, at which time it would be able’ to properly consider the factors for appointment of counsel in a civil action set forth in Tabron v. Grace, 6 F.3d 147, 155-57 (3d Cir.1993). See, e.g., Oct. 14, 2015 Order at 1 n.2 (ECF No. 141). Therefore, these .requests are now ripe for disposition.

A federal district court has broad discretion in determining whether an indigent civil litigant'should be appointed counsel. Montgomery v. Pinchak, 294 F.3d 492, 498 (3d Cir.2002). In Tabron v. Grace, the Third Circuit set forth criteria that district courts should use when determining if appointment of counsel is appropriate. 6 F.3d at 155-57. As a threshold matter, the court must determine if the plaintiffs case has “some merit in fact or law.” Id. at 155. Thereafter, the court must assess the following:

(1) the plaintiffs ability to present his or her own case;

(2) the difficulty of the particular legal issues;

(3) the degree to which factual investigation will be necessary and the ability of the plaintiff to pursue investigation;

(4) the plaintiffs capacity to retain counsel on his or her own behalf;

(5) the extent to which a case is likely to turn on credibility determinations; and

(6) whether‘the case will require testimony from expert witnesses.

Id. at 155-57. „

Upon examination of the Tabron factors, the Court concludes that the appointment of counsel is not warranted in this case. Having granted summary judgment in favor of the moving defendants as to all claims, Plaintiff has not hurdled the initial threshold requiring the case to have arguable merit in fact or law.

*556V. REMAINING DEFENDANTS

Having dismissed all claims against those défendants who have joined in the summary judgment motions, the Court next turns to those defendants who have not yet responded. Defendants who have not responded fit into four categories:

1. Defendants upon whom the U.S. Marshal could not.effectuate service: Jeffrey Ditty, Fox, Emil Michael Razor, Gail Kelly, Teresa Law, Li-zhong, Marsh, John A. Palakovich, April Palumbo Rasch, Mark Silidk,er, Richard Southers, Weaver, Doris Weaver, MD Peter Binnion, Fisher, • ' Symons,. Goubran Theodore Vour-stand, and Ted W. Williams;

2. Defendants who were served but who have not entered an appear- . anee: Nicholas Stroumbakis and William Bispels;

3. Defendants on whom service was not attempted: “(PHS Correctional Healthcare) Most of State Prison,” Bernard, Sgt. Vargas, Deputy Horton," Deputy, O/O Moore, Kitchen ■ Worker Luss, and E. Mosser; and

4. Defendants who have not been identified: two- Jane Does- and. a John Doe.

Two statutes permit -the Court to consider the merits of Plaintiffs claims: against these defendants at this juncture.. First, as to actions filed by a plaintiff , proceeding in forma pauperis, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) provides that “the court shall dismiss at any time if the court determines that ... the action ... (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim .on which relief may be granted; or (Hi) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief,” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Second, the PLRA provides that

[t]he court shall on its own motion or on the motion of a party dismiss any action brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by '-a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility if the court is satisfied that the action is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from suit.

42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(1).'

As listed above, there remain a number of defendants who could not be identified. Additionally, the U.S. Marshal was unable to serve other defendants, because his or her purported employer — PrimeCare Medical or the Commonwealth — stated that the defendant was unknown to it or that it believed the defendant’s name was incorrectly pled. .See, e.g., Summons Returned Unexecuted, ECF No. 40.

It is appropriate at this juncture to dismiss without prejudice those defendants who have not yet been identified and served. The rules concerning pleading fictitious defendants seem applicable here: “[I]t clear that, if after a reasonable period of discovery a plaintiff has not identified the fictitious defendant, the court may dismiss the fictitious defendant.” Martin v. Comunale, No. 03-6793, 2006 WL 208645, at *13 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 18, 2006) (citing Agresta v. City of Philadelphia, 694 F.Supp. 117, 119 n, 1 (E.D.Pa.1988)).

Here, the summary judgment record suggests that even if afforded, discovery, Plaintiff would be unable to identify those defendants who remain unknown or to glean information that would help the U.S. Marshal to locate and serve those defendants. At his deposition, Plaintiff could not recall most of the individual defendants or what each had done to violate his constitutional rights. Instead, he' stated that he named each person listed in the Amended Complaint because he saw the *557person’s name on certain documents he had in his possession and he or she was in a “supervisory or authoritative position,” Gannaway Dep. at 153:5-154:9, had “some control or [was] in control” somehow, id. at 165:19-23, or otherwise was “part of that one corrupted body,” id. at 158:2-3. See also id. at 86:10-88:23 (indicating-that he could not recall those individual defendants employed by PrimeCare Medical). - Moreover, to the extent that Plaintiff alleges the same violations of his constitutional rights or brings the same state-law tort claims against the unidentified defendants as he does against those defendants who moved for summary judgment, the Court'has determined that Plaintiffs claims are without merit.

As for those defendants who were served but who have not filed anything in this case, Defendants Stroumbakis and Bispels — Plaintiffs court-appointed attorneys at various points during the armed robbery criminal proceedings — the Court will dismiss the claims against them for failure to state a claim. Although Plaintiffs allegations against them are not entirely clear, it seems unlikely that Plaintiff could sufficiently plead claims against Defendants Stroumbakis and Bispels. Court-appointed attorneys are generally not considered state actors for purposes of § 1983 liability, and Plaintiff would be hard-pressed to show that he was innocent of all criminal charges against him, as required to make out a claim for legal malpractice under Pennsylvania law in connection with representation in a criminal case. See supra subsections III.D.1-2 (discussing Plaintiffs § 1983 and legal malpractice claims against Defendant Deming).

For these reasons, the Court will dismiss all remaining claims against all remaining defendants based on 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(l).

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court will grant in full the motions'for summary judgment filed by the PrimeCare Medical Defendants, the ADAPPT Defendants, the Berks County Public Defender’s Office, Deming, and the Commonwealth Defendants. Plaintiffs requests for the appointment of counsel are denied. The Court will also dismiss the remaining twenty-nine defendants who have not been served, could not be identified, or failed to enter an appearance in this case under 28 U;S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(l).

ORDER

. AND NOW, this 21st day of December, 2015, upon consideration of the various pending motions in this case and for thfe reasons stated in the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED as follows: ■ • ‘

1. The PrimeCare Medical Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 92 & 93) is GRANTED and all claims against moving defendants are DISMISSED;

2. Defendants ADAPPT, Inc., and William Tillman’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 97 & 98) is GRANTED and all claims against moving defendants are DISMISSED;

3. Defendant Berks County Public Defender’s Office’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No; 99) is GRANTED and all. claims. against moving defendant are DISMISSED;

4. Defendant Osmer Deming’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 102)is GRANTED and all claims against moving defendant are DISMISSED;

5. The Commonwealth Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF Nos. 113 & 114) is GRANTED and all *558claims against moving defendants are DISMISSED;

6. Plaintiffs various requests for counsel throughout this case are DENIED;

7. ' To the extent that Plaintiffs pending filings18 might be construed as seeking leave to take discovery, such relief is DENIED;

8. To the extent that Plaintiffs pending filings might be construed as seeking additional time to respond to the defendants’ various motions for summary judgment, such relief is DENIED;

9. To the extent Plaintiffs pending filings might be construed as motions for summary judgment or for default, judgment against any defendant, summary judgment and default judgment is DENIED;

10. Plaintiffs claims as to all remaining defendants19 are DISMISSED pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(l); and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(l); and

11. The Clerk of Court is directed to mark this case as CLOSED.20

AND IT IS SO ORDERED.

JUDGMENT

AND NOW, this 21st day of December, 2015, it is hereby ORDERED that JUDGMENT is entered in favor of Defendants (1) PrimeCare Medical, Inc.; (2) Paula Dillman (3) Victoria Gessner; (4) ADAPPT, Inc.; (5) William Tillman; (6) Berks County Public Defender’s Office; (7) Osmer Deming; (8) Tonya Heist (misnamed “Tonya Hiet”. in the Amended Complaint); (9) Paul Leggore; (10) Jeffrey Witherite; (11) Edwin Shoop (named'.as “Ed- Shoop” in the Amended Complaint); (12) Emil Notarfrancesco .(misnamed “No-tafrifrancesco” in the Amended Complaint); - (13) Kenneth Klaus; (14) Robert Gimble; (15) John Horner; (16) Dan Davis; (17) David Ferrier; (18) Kerri Moore; (19) Michael Guyton; (20) Tracy Shawley; (21) John McAnany; (22) Michael Bell; (23) Erika Foose; (24) Elaine Coffman; (25) Francis Dougherty; (26) Barry Johnson; (27) Kuhn Hex; (28) John McHenry; (29) Barry Detwiler; (30) James Morris; (31) Marirosa Lamas; (32) Kevin Butler; (33) Christopher Lachat ’(misnamed “Sgt. Loquát” in the Amended Complaint); (34) Jeremy Luzier; (35) Lynne Eaton; (36) Diana Beatty; (37) Jef-fréy Rackovan; (38) Alan Riggall; (39) Tejeda Fernando; and (40) James Sutton and against Plaintiff.

AND IT IS SO ORDERED.