Neuro-Communication Servs. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co.

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Neuro-Communication Servs., Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., Slip Opinion No. 

.]




                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.




                         SLIP OPINION NO. 

     NEURO-COMMUNICATION SERVICES, INC., v. CINCINNATI INSURANCE
                                   COMPANY ET AL.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as Neuro-Communication Servs., Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., Slip
                           Opinion No. 

.]
Insurance—Contract interpretation—Term “direct loss” in commercial insurance
        policy requires that there be physical loss or damage to covered property—
        Audiology-practice owner’s policy does not cover its loss of income due to
        closure during shutdown ordered by governor at beginning of COVID-19
        pandemic—Direct physical loss or damage to property does not arise from
        general presence of COVID-19 in community, presence of COVID-19 on
        surfaces at a premises, or presence on a premises of a person infected with
        COVID-19.
 (No. 2021-0130—Submitted February 8, 2022—Decided December 12, 2022.)
ON ORDER from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio,
 Eastern Division, Certifying a Question of State Law, No. 4:20-cv-01275-BYP.
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                                 ________________
       BRUNNER, J.
       {¶ 1} This case comes to us as a certified question from the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. In the underlying litigation, the
plaintiff—respondent, Neuro-Communication Services, Inc. (“Neuro”)—argues
that its commercial insurance policy entitles it to recover income it lost after it was
forced to cease almost all operations for the first several weeks of the COVID-19
(“Covid”) pandemic. Its insurers, defendants-petitioners, Cincinnati Insurance
Company, Cincinnati Casualty Company, and Cincinnati Indemnity Company
(collectively, “Cincinnati”), moved to dismiss the suit or, in the alternative, to have
the federal court certify a question of state law to this court. See S.Ct.Prac.R.
9.01(A) (providing that we may answer a question of law certified to us by another
court in an “order finding there is a question of Ohio law that may be determinative
of the proceeding and for which there is no controlling precedent in the decisions
of this Supreme Court”).
       {¶ 2} Neuro’s policy is governed by Ohio law and provides coverage for a
“direct ‘loss’ ” to certain property. The federal court concluded that whether this
provision covers a claim based on Covid-related business shutdowns is a question
of Ohio law for which there is no controlling precedent from this court. It also
observed the significance of the question, as a large number of suits seeking
coverage under the same or similar language are pending in state and federal courts
across Ohio, making an authoritative answer to the question desirable. The federal
court therefore certified the question to this court, and we agreed to answer it. We
now answer it in the negative.
                                   I. Background
       {¶ 3} On March 9, 2020, the governor of Ohio declared a state of emergency
in Ohio due to the outbreak of Covid. See Executive Order 2020-01D, available at
https://governor.ohio.gov/media/executive-orders/executive-order-2020-01-d




                                          2
                                 January Term, 2022



(accessed Nov. 26, 2022) [https://perma.cc/NX6D-6BFN]. The order authorized
personnel from state departments “to coordinate the State response to COVID-19,
and to assist in protecting the lives, safety, and health of the citizens of Ohio.” 

It also required the director of the Ohio Department of Health (“Health Director”)
to “create and require the use of diagnostic and treatment guidelines and provide
those guidelines to health care providers [and] institutions.” 

 In addition, it
required the Health Director to “issue guidelines for private businesses regarding
appropriate work and travel restrictions, if necessary.” 

        {¶ 4} Over the next several weeks, the Health Director issued a number of
orders, two of which are particularly relevant here. First, on March 17, 2020, the
Health Director issued an order stating that “all non-essential or elective surgeries
and procedures that utilized [personal protective equipment] should not be
conducted.”        Director’s    Order     non-essential     surgery,    available    at
https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/resources/public-health-orders/directors-order-non-
essential-surgery-3-17-2020 (accessed Nov. 26, 2022). Then, on March 22, 2020,
the Health Director issued an order requiring “all individuals currently living within
the State of Ohio * * * to stay at home” and stating that “[a]ll persons may leave
their homes or place of residence only” to participate in activities, businesses, or
operations as permitted in the order.          Director’s Stay-at-Home Order at ¶ 1,
available at https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/static/publicorders/DirectorsOrderStay
AtHome.pdf (accessed Nov. 26, 2022). This order also required all nonessential
businesses to “cease all activities” except as specifically identified in the order, and
it imposed conditions on essential businesses and operations. Id. at ¶ 2. We refer
to these two orders collectively as the “Shutdown Orders.”
        {¶ 5} Neuro owns and operates an audiology practice in northeast Ohio
under the name Hearing Innovations. Neuro provides hearing and balance services
to its patients, many of whom are elderly. On March 22, 2020, the American
Academy of Audiology’s Executive Committee stated that audiology practices are




                                           3
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




nonessential businesses and recommended that such practices shut their doors. In
response to the Shutdown Orders, Neuro therefore ceased almost all of its
operations, starting on March 23, 2020. It began to resume its operations on May 4,
2020.
         {¶ 6} Neuro holds an “all-risk” commercial-property insurance policy
issued by Cincinnati. It submitted a claim under the Building and Personal Property
Coverage Form of the policy seeking coverage for the revenue it lost as a result of
its complying with the Shutdown Orders.
         {¶ 7} The general-coverage provision of the Building and Personal Property
Coverage Form provides that Cincinnati will pay “for direct ‘loss’ to Covered
Property at the ‘premises’ caused by or resulting from any Covered Cause of Loss.”
The term “loss” is defined as “accidental physical loss or accidental physical
damage.”1 “Covered Causes of Loss” is defined as “direct ‘loss’ unless the ‘loss’
is excluded or limited” in that part of the policy.
         {¶ 8} The Building and Personal Property Coverage Form also contains a
coverage extension for business income (“Business Income Extension”).
Section A.5.b.1 provides: “[Cincinnati] will pay for the actual loss of ‘Business
Income’ * * * you sustain due to the necessary ‘suspension’ of your ‘operations’
during the ‘period of restoration’. The ‘suspension’ must be caused by direct ‘loss’
to property at a ‘premises’ caused by or resulting from any Covered Cause of Loss.”
“Period of restoration” is defined as “the period of time that * * * [b]egins at the
time of direct ‘loss’ [and] [e]nds on the earlier of: (1) [t]he date when the property
at the ‘premises’ should be repaired, rebuilt or replaced with reasonable speed and




1. The covered “premises” are Neuro’s offices in Boardman and Youngstown. The policy identifies
various types of property that qualify as “Covered Property,” including the buildings in which
Neuro’s offices are located, permanent fixtures and machinery in the buildings, and furniture and
equipment belonging to Neuro in the buildings. It also specifically identifies property that does not
constitute Covered Property.




                                                 4
                                January Term, 2022



similar quality; or (2) [t]he date when business is resumed at a new permanent
location.”
       {¶ 9} Three other coverage extensions are also relevant:
  •    Extra Expense Coverage Extension. Section A.5.b.2 provides, “[Cincinnati
       will pay for] necessary expenses you sustain * * * during the ‘period of
       restoration’ that you would not have sustained if there had been no direct
       ‘loss’ to property caused by or resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss.”
  •    Civil Authority Coverage Extension. Section A.5.b.3 provides, “When a
       Covered Cause of Loss causes damage to property other than Covered
       Property at a ‘premises’, [Cincinnati] will pay for the actual loss of
       ‘Business Income’ and necessary Extra Expense you sustain caused by
       action of civil authority that prohibits access to the ‘premises.’ ”
  •    Extended Business Income Coverage Extension. Section A.5.b.6 provides
       that if a “suspension” of operations entitling Neuro to coverage under the
       Business Income Extension occurs, Cincinnati will also “pay for the actual
       loss of ‘Business Income’ [the insured] sustain[s] and Extra Expense [the
       insured] incur[s]” after “ ‘operations’ are resumed.”
       {¶ 10} Cincinnati denied Neuro’s claim. It stated that the general-coverage
provision does not cover the claim, because the claim “does not involve direct,
physical loss to property at [Neuro’s] premises caused by a Covered Cause of
Loss.” Similarly, it stated that the claim does not fall within the extensions for
business income and extra expense, because those provisions require that there be
“direct physical loss or damage” to Covered Property and there was “no evidence
of any such physical loss or damage.”
       {¶ 11} Neuro then filed suit in the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio, alleging that Cincinnati had breached the Business
Income Extension as well as the Extra Expense, Civil Authority, and Extended
Business Income Extensions by refusing to provide coverage for its claim. See



                                          5
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




Neuro-Communication Servs., Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., N.D.Ohio No. 4:20-cv-
01275-BYP. Neuro also seeks to certify a nationwide class of insureds holding
similar policies that have also been denied coverage for losses related to the
pandemic. Overall, the complaint alleges that the Shutdown Orders caused Neuro
to suffer a direct physical loss to its property by requiring it to temporarily suspend
most of its operations and lose access to its property for business purposes.
       {¶ 12} Cincinnati moved to dismiss the suit or, in the alternative, to certify
a question of state law concerning the application of the policy to this court under
S.Ct.Prac.R. 9.03(A).      The federal court granted Cincinnati’s motion for
certification and certified the following question:


       Does the general presence in the community, or on surfaces at a
       premises, of the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2,
       constitute direct physical loss or damage to property; or does the
       presence on a premises of a person infected with COVID-19
       constitute direct physical loss or damage to property at that
       premises?


We agreed to answer the question. 

, 

, 

.
                                     II. Analysis
       {¶ 13} In interpreting a contract, we seek “to give effect to the intent of the
parties to the agreement.” Westfield Ins. Co. v. Galatis, 

, 2003-
Ohio-5849, 

. We review an insurance contract as a whole,
Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. CPS Holdings, Inc., 

, 

,

, and we presume that its language reflects the parties’ intent,
Kelly v. Med. Life Ins. Co., 

, 

 (1987), paragraph
one of the syllabus. When contractual language is clear, we look no further than




                                          6
                                 January Term, 2022



the writing itself to determine the parties’ intent. Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line
Co., 

, 

 (1978).
       {¶ 14} The certified question we agreed to answer asks us to determine
whether three factual scenarios involve “direct physical loss or damage to
property.” 

, 

, 

. That exact
language does not appear in the policy, but for present purposes we understand it
to refer to the general-coverage provision and the Business Income Extension. As
noted above, both provisions include the term “direct ‘loss,’ ” and the term “loss”
is defined as “accidental physical loss or accidental physical damage.” In our view,
this language is clear and unambiguous and does not encompass any of the three
factual scenarios identified in the certified question.
       {¶ 15} Cincinnati argues that the policy’s definition of the term “loss” as
“accidental physical loss or accidental physical damage” necessarily requires that
there be some physical damage to Neuro’s property. To be “physical,” it asserts,
there must be an “actual, tangible physical alteration” of property. According to
Cincinnati, neither the temporary presence of virus particles in the air or on surfaces
nor the temporary presence of an infected person on Neuro’s property involves any
such physical damage or loss to any part of the premises. Cincinnati contends that
these scenarios instead cause only a loss of use of a premises for the purpose of
conducting business operations, and it argues that a loss of use is not covered.
       {¶ 16} Neuro disagrees and argues that the term “loss” includes a loss of
use. It points to dictionary definitions of the terms “physical” and “loss” and argues
that they support reading the term “physical loss” as including the loss of the ability
to use the physical space of its offices for business purposes. For example, the term
“physical” can mean simply “material,” “substantive,” or “having an objective
existence, as distinguished from imaginary or fictitious,” and the term “loss” can
mean “deprivation” and “no longer having something or having less of it than
before.”




                                           7
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




        {¶ 17} We agree with Cincinnati. The definition of the term “loss” is clear:
for coverage to be provided, there must be loss or damage to Covered Property that
is physical in nature. Such loss or damage does not include a loss of the ability to
use Covered Property for business purposes.
        {¶ 18} In particular, we reject Neuro’s argument based on the various
dictionary definitions of the terms “physical” and “loss.” Specifically, by defining
“loss” as a particular type of loss—“accidental physical loss or accidental physical
damage” (emphasis added)—the policy distinguishes between losses to Covered
Property that are physical and those that are nonphysical. In our view, a loss of use
of a physical space falls into the latter category. As another court in Ohio
considering materially identical policy language recently put it, “[a] loss of use
simply is not the same as a physical loss.” Santo’s Italian Café, L.L.C. v. Acuity
Ins. Co., 

 (6th Cir.2021). “It is one thing for the government to
ban the use of a bike or a scooter on city sidewalks; it is quite another for someone
to steal it.” 

        {¶ 19} Our conclusion on this point is strengthened by the definition in
Neuro’s policy of the term “period of restoration.” As noted above, the Business
Income Extension provides coverage during the “period of restoration,” which
begins when a “direct ‘loss’ ” occurs and ends “on the earlier of: (1) [t]he date when
the property at the ‘premises’ should be repaired, rebuilt or replaced * * * ; or (2)
[t]he date when business is resumed at a new permanent location.” (Emphasis
added.) The policy’s use of the terms “repaired, rebuilt or replaced” contemplates
that the “direct ‘loss’ ” at issue involves some sort of physical alteration of Covered
Property. Quoting dictionary definitions of these terms, Neuro argues that they
require the period to be measured in relation to the time it takes for its property to
be “restored either to its prior condition or to a ‘sound or healthy state’—in other
words[,] put back to its intended use.” In our view, this stretches the terms
“repaired, rebuilt or replaced” too far. Resuming normal business operations did




                                          8
                                 January Term, 2022



not require any Covered Property to be “repaired, rebuilt or replaced.” It required
only that the Shutdown Orders be lifted. See Santo’s at 403 (“What the restaurant
needed was an end to the ban on in-person dining, not the repair, rebuilding, or
replacement of any of its property”).
        {¶ 20} Neuro also asserts that other policies now issued by Cincinnati
include language specifically excluding losses caused by viruses. The absence of
such an exclusion in Neuro’s policy, it argues, is therefore an indication that a
“direct ‘loss’ ” to Covered Property can occur even in the absence of a physical
alteration of that property. We disagree. The parol-evidence rule prohibits us from
considering other agreements containing virus exclusions. Under that rule, we may
not consider such evidence for the purpose Neuro seeks to use it here—to create
ambiguity in the contract. See Shifrin v. Forest City Ents., Inc., 

, 

 (1992) (“If no ambiguity appears on the face of the instrument,
parol evidence cannot be considered in an effort to demonstrate such an
ambiguity”).
        {¶ 21} Neuro also points to its policy’s Ordinance or Law exclusion, which
provides that there is no coverage for any loss caused by “the enforcement of or
compliance with any ordinance or law * * * [r]egulating the * * * use * * * of any
building or structure.” The exclusion also specifically states that it “applies whether
‘loss’ results from * * * [a]n ordinance or law that is enforced even if the building
or structure has not been damaged.” (Emphasis added.) According to Neuro, this
statement makes clear that a loss that does not involve a physical alteration of a
building can qualify as a covered “loss.” We see little relevance in this provision,
however, because it refers only to the “building or structure.” The policy provides
coverage when there is a “direct ‘loss’ to Covered Property” (emphasis added), not
just when there is a direct loss to the building or structure. As a result, the fact that
coverage for losses caused by certain ordinances or laws is excluded even when the
“building or structure” has not been physically damaged tells us little about whether




                                           9
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




a “direct ‘loss’ to Covered Property” must include a physical alteration of the
property.
       {¶ 22} Neuro also cites court decisions issued before the Covid pandemic
that it argues stand for the proposition that a direct physical loss does not require a
physical alteration of property. See Murray v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 

, 

 (1998) (finding direct physical loss to
house when boulders falling from property behind house had caused extensive
damage to two neighboring houses and additional boulders were predicted to fall,
rendering undamaged house uninhabitable); Gregory Packaging, Inc. v. Travelers
Prop. Cas. Co. of Am., D.N.J. No. 2:12-cv-04418, 

, *3-6 (Nov.
25, 2014) (finding direct physical loss when ammonia gas had made facility “unfit
for normal human occupancy and continued use”); Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Hardinger, 

 (3d Cir.2005) (finding that direct physical loss
would occur if contamination of house’s well-water supply with e-coli bacteria
made house uninhabitable); TRAVCO Ins. Co. v. Ward, 

 (E.D.Va.2010), aff’d, 

 (4th Cir.2013) (finding direct
physical loss when toxic gases released by defective drywall had rendered home
uninhabitable); W. Fire Ins. Co. v. First Presbyterian Church, 

,

 (1968) (finding direct physical loss when gasoline had accumulated
around and under church and both gasoline and gasoline vapors had infiltrated and
contaminated church’s foundation, halls, and rooms, resulting in its being rendered
uninhabitable and highly dangerous); Widder v. La. Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp., 

 (La.App.2011) (finding direct physical loss when lead-paint dust had
migrated into home’s walls, rendering it uninhabitable until gutted and remediated);
Matzner v. Seaco Ins. Co., Mass.Super. No. CIV. A. 96-0498-B, 

,
*3-4 (Aug. 12, 1998) (finding direct physical loss when carbon-monoxide buildup
caused by old pipe’s blocking chimney rendered unit in apartment building
uninhabitable); see also Essex Ins. Co. v. BloomSouth Flooring Corp., 

                                     January Term, 2022



399, 401-402, 404-406 (1st Cir.2009) (finding “physical injury to tangible
property” when chemical odors had emanated from newly installed carpet at
commercial offices and caused headaches and other ill effects, requiring
replacement of the carpet and other remedial work).
         {¶ 23} We are not persuaded that these cases are analogous to the present
case. As an initial matter, both TRAVCO and Essex involved policies expressly
providing coverage for loss of use. See TRAVCO at 702, 708; Essex at 401, 406.
Moreover, although the decisions cited by Neuro either reject or do not apply the
principle that direct physical loss requires a physical alteration of property, the
cases all involved an entirely different degree of harm. In each case, the property
at issue was rendered uninhabitable due to a condition that was hazardous to human
health. As a practical matter, the condition made the properties wholly inaccessible.
         {¶ 24} The harm here is different. While shut down, Neuro’s premises
“contained no hazardous flaw, akin to the threat of falling rocks or seepage of
poisonous fumes, which would be just as threatening to one person as to one
hundred,” Cosmetic Laser, Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 

, 409
(D.Conn.2021). Neuro’s premises were not wholly uninhabitable. Instead, they
were unsafe only to the extent that they served as an indoor space in which people
could gather and Covid could be transmitted. See id. at 409 (“in the COVID era,
being indoors is dangerous only insofar as other individuals share the space”).
Therefore, Neuro’s loss of the use of its premises for business purposes during the
shutdown is not akin to the total loss of access to the properties at issue in the cases
cited by Neuro.2


2. Neuro also cites cases involving contaminated food products. See Gen. Mills, Inc. v. Gold Medal
Ins. Co., 

 (Minn.App.2001) (finding coverage when cereal oats had been
tainted by pesticide); Marshall Produce Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 

, 

 (1959) (finding coverage when food items had been barred from sale due
to exposure to smoke from fire); Netherlands Ins. Co. v. Main St. Ingredients, L.L.C., 

 (8th Cir.2014) (finding coverage when instant oatmeal had been recalled because it
incorporated dried milk exposed to salmonella). Gen. Mills and Netherlands are unhelpful for the




                                                11
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




        {¶ 25} We thus conclude that the term “direct ‘loss’ ” requires that there be
some loss or damage to Covered Property that is physical in nature, and any
potential exception to this rule for situations like those presented in Murray,
Gregory, and the other cases cited above does not apply here. The term “direct
‘loss’ ” does not include Neuro’s Covid-related loss of the use of its offices for
business purposes.
        {¶ 26} Moreover, with respect to the three factual scenarios identified in the
certified question, we conclude that direct physical loss or damage to property does
not arise from (1) the general presence of Covid in the community, (2) the presence
of Covid on surfaces at a premises, or (3) the presence on a premises of a person
infected with Covid.
        {¶ 27} The certified question as to the first and third scenarios is relatively
straightforward to answer. The general presence of Covid in the community and
the presence on a premises of a person infected with Covid clearly do not involve
any physical alteration of Covered Property.
        {¶ 28} The answer to the certified question as to the second scenario—the
presence of Covid on surfaces at a premises—may seem less obvious, but once
analyzed, it is not appreciably different. The parties dispute whether the fact that
Covid particles may exist on property only temporarily makes a difference,
debating the application of a decision of the Eighth District Court of Appeals. See
Mastellone v. Lightning Rod Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 

,

 (8th Dist.) (holding that mold on house’s exterior did not
constitute direct physical loss, because its presence was temporary and could be
removed from siding without altering house’s structural integrity). We express no


same reason that the cases involving uninhabitable properties are unhelpful: the food products were
entirely unusable. See Gen. Mills at 150; Netherlands at 911-912. And Marshall and Netherlands
involved policies containing language different from the language at issue here. See Marshall at
410 (covering “loss or damage”); Netherlands at 914 (covering “[p]hysical injury to tangible
property, including all resulting loss of use of that property”).




                                                12
                                  January Term, 2022



opinion on that disagreement because regardless of whether Covid particles exist
on property only temporarily, the mere existence of Covid particles on Covered
Property does not involve any physical alteration of the property. See Verveine
Corp. v. Strathmore Ins. Co., 

, 1276, 

 (2022) (“mere
‘presence’ [of the virus] does not amount to loss or damage to the property”).
       {¶ 29} Finally, we note that the conclusion we reach here is consistent with
the clear trend in the law in other jurisdictions. Many other state and federal courts
considering insurance claims for business losses due to Covid and related shutdown
orders have concluded that the mere loss of use of a premises does not constitute a
direct physical loss. See, e.g., Uncork & Create, L.L.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 

 (4th Cir.2022) (citing decisions of United States Court of
Appeals for Second, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
Circuits applying various states’ laws); Wakonda Club v. Selective Ins. Co. of Am.,

, 554 (Iowa 2022), fn. 5 (citing state-court decisions). A few courts
have reached conclusions that support Neuro’s position. See, e.g., Huntington
Ingalls Industries, Inc. v. Ace Am. Ins. Co., 

, __ A.3d __, ¶ 42, 48;
Ungarean v. CNA & Valley Forge Ins. Co., __ A.3d __, 2022 Pa.Super. 204, 

, *5-10 (2022). But many of them are trial courts, which are subject
to appellate review, and at least two of the main decisions Neuro relies on have
since been vacated, see Henderson Rd. Restaurant Sys., Inc. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.,

 (N.D.Ohio 2021), vacated and remanded sub nom. In re Zurich
Am. Ins. Co., 6th Cir. No. 21-0302, 

 (Sept. 29, 2021); North State
Deli, L.L.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., N.C.Super.Ct. No. 20-CVS-02569, 

     (Oct.   9,   2020),    rev’d,   2022-NCCOA-455,      

(N.C.App.2022).
                                   III. Conclusion
       {¶ 30} For the above reasons, we answer the certified question in the
negative.




                                            13
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                                                                         So answered.
          O’CONNOR, C.J., and KENNEDY, FISCHER, DEWINE, and STEWART, JJ.,
concur.
          DONNELLY, J., dissents, with an opinion.
                                 _________________
          DONNELLY, J., dissenting.
          {¶ 31} This court should answer questions of law certified by a federal court
only if “there is a question of Ohio law that may be determinative of the proceeding
and for which there is no controlling precedent in the decisions of this Supreme
Court.” S.Ct.Prac.R. 9.01(A). This court already has a well-established body of
jurisprudence on basic contract interpretation. The federal courts can seek guidance
there to resolve the dispute between the parties to this case.
          {¶ 32} I would dismiss this certified question of state law as having been
improvidently accepted, and I therefore dissent.
                                 _________________
          Berger Montague, P.C., and Yechiel Michael Twersky; and Spangenberg,
Shibley & Liber, L.L.P., and Nicholas A. DiCello, for respondent.
          Baker & Hostetler, L.L.P., Michael K. Farrell, Daniel M. Kavouras, and
Rodger L. Eckelberry; and Litchfield Cavo, L.L.P., Daniel G. Litchfield, and
Laurence J.W. Tooth, for petitioners.
          Reed Smith, L.L.P., James M. Doerfler, John N. Ellison, and Richard P.
Lewis, in support of respondent for amicus curiae United Policyholders.
          Rutter & Russin, L.L.C., and Robert P. Rutter, in support of respondent for
amicus curiae Francois, Inc.
          Jenner & Block, L.L.P., Gabriel K. Gillett, and Rebecca R. Fate, in support
of respondent for amici curiae Restaurant Law Center and Ohio Restaurant
Association.




                                           14
                               January Term, 2022



       Wolterman Law Office, L.P.A., Matthew C. Metzger, and Steven R.
Wolterman; and Markovits, Stock & DeMarco, L.L.C., Terence R. Coates, W.B.
Markovits, Justin C. Walker, and Zachary C. Schaengold, in support of respondent
for amici curiae Queens Tower Restaurant, Inc., d.b.a. Primavista and Taste of
Belgium, L.L.C.
       Calfee, Halter & Griswold, L.L.P., and K. James Sullivan, in support of
respondent for amici curiae SITE Centers Corp., Brentwood Healthcare
Enterprises, L.L.C., and Strang Corporation.
       Rutter & Russin, L.L.C., Robert P. Rutter, and Robert A. Rutter, in support
of respondent for amici curiae Steelial Welding & Metal Fabrication, Inc.; Ohio
Hotel & Lodging Association; Scioto Society, d.b.a. Tecumseh Outdoor; Fish
Furniture; Dayton Coatings Technology; and Somco, L.L.C., d.b.a. J3 Clothing
Company.
       Plevin & Gallucci, Co., L.P.A., and Frank L. Gallucci III; Weisman,
Kennedy & Berris Co., L.P.A., R. Eric Kennedy, Daniel P. Goetz, and Brian E.
Roof; and Bashein & Bashein Co., L.P.A., W. Craig Bashein, and John P. Hurst, in
support of respondent for amicus curiae Kanan Enterprises, Inc., d.b.a. King Nut
and Brennan Industries, Inc.
       Susman Godfrey, L.L.P., William R.H. Merrill, Burton S. DeWitt, Seth
Ard, and Marc M. Seltzer; DiCello, Levitt, Gutzler, L.L.C., Adam J. Levitt,
Kenneth P. Abbarno, and Mark A. DiCello; the Lanier Law Firm, P.C., and Mark
Lanier; and Burns, Bowen, Bair, L.L.P., and Timothy W. Burns, in support of
respondent for amicus curiae Bridal Expressions, L.L.C.
       Crowell & Moring, L.L.P., Daniel W. Wolff, and Laura A. Foggan, in
support of petitioners for amici curiae American Property Casualty Insurance
Association and National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies.




                                       15
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




       Bricker & Eckler, L.L.P., Drew H. Campbell, David K. Stein, and Anne
Marie Sferra; and BatesCarey, L.L.P., and Adam H. Fleischer, in support of
petitioners for amicus curiae State Automobile Mutual Insurance Company.
       Koehler Fitzgerald, L.L.C., and Timothy J. Fitzgerald, in support of
petitioners for amicus curiae Ohio Insurance Institute.
       Carpenter, Lipps & Leland, L.L.P., Michael H. Carpenter, and Michael N.
Beekhuizen, in support of petitioners for amicus curiae Nationwide Mutual
Insurance Company.
                               _________________




                                         16