United States v. Jordan

OPINION AND ORDER

Defendant Joseph Ray Jordan (“Jordan”) was indicted on February 14, 2008, and is charged in a twelve-count superseding indictment (“Indictment”) filed on August 26, 2008. Trial on five of the counts, the counts related to witness tampering and transmitting threatening communications, began on October 6, 2008. 1 The jury reached its verdict on October 16, finding Jordan guilty on all five counts. Jordan has now moved pursuant to Rules 29 and 33, Fed. R.Crim. P, to set aside the verdict on these five counts and to dismiss the counts or, in the alternative, to grant a new trial. For the following reasons, the motion is denied.

The motion presents a myriad of issues, although it emphasizes three: that the Court deprived Jordan of his right to represent himself; that there was insufficient evidence to support the verdict on the three threat counts; and that defense counsel did not consult with Jordan sufficiently regarding the decision to testify at trial. This Opinion will therefore begin with a recitation of the defendant’s communications with the Court on the issue of self-representation before summarizing the evidence at trial.

BACKGROUND

I. The Defendant’s Representational History

Jordan was arrested on January 11 on a fugitive warrant from Connecticut, and was held in state custody until March 3, when he was brought into federal custody on the original indictment in this case, which had been filed on February 14. Fiona Doherty of the Federal Defenders was appointed on March 3 to represent Jordan. At a conference on May 8, Jordan was arraigned on the first superseding indictment and the parties requested a trial date in August. Trial was scheduled for August 4. On July 2, the Court held a conference with the parties to address the defendant’s request for an adjournment of the trial date so that a competency examination of the defendant could be undertaken. With the parties’ consent, the Court scheduled a suppression hearing for July 23 — a date that was later adjourned to August 21 — and adjourned the trial date to October 6. Ms. Doherty informed the Court that someone else from her office would have to take over the case because she would be starting maternity leave in September. The Court stated that it would “expect that person to take over immediately to join you today in representing the defendant.” Ms. Doherty agreed.

Julia Gatto of the Federal Defenders joined the case, and within a couple of weeks, Sabrina Shroff from the same office joined as well. At the next conference, held on July 30, both Ms. Gatto and Ms. Shroff were present along with Ms. Doherty. At the suppression hearing held on August 21, all three defense attorneys appeared, and Ms. Doherty continued to work on the case until at least the week of September 15.

Ms. Gatto and Ms. Shroff continued their representation of Jordan through the end of the October 6 trial. After the verdict was rendered and the jurors excused, the Court told the parties that it wished to appoint new counsel for the defendant. It explained, “At the latter stages of this trial, as the record reflects, the defendant had several complaints about his representation. I don’t find they *694 were well founded.... [B]ut I think it would be a burden on the defendant and defense counsel in these circumstances to continue with each other.” CJA attorney Henry Steinglass was assigned to represent the defendant that same day, and the parties met the next day — -with Ms. Gatto and Ms. Shroff present as well — to address Mr. Steinglass’s scheduling concerns and to settle on a schedule for the instant motion.

II. The Defendant’s Communications with the Court

Jordan sent numerous letters directly to the Court over the course of this case, despite repeated instructions from the Court informing Jordan that so long as he was represented by counsel any communications with the Court would have to come through his attorneys. The defendant’s letters are summarized here in the order in which they were received by this Court’s Chambers.

The first set of letters arrived soon after the defendant’s arraignment on the original indictment. One submission was dated March 7, 2008, and a second was dated March 10, 2008. They were received by the Court on March 12. Among other things, in these letters Jordan made several requests concerning his representation, the charges against him, discovery, and subpoenas he wished the Court to issue. 2

Next, on July 24, 2008, this Court’s Chambers received a letter dated July 18 from the defendant. 3 In it, he stated that he had “begun the process of making the decision as to whether or not to represent myself at trial. I understand that such a motion must be made in a timely fashion. Therefore, do kindly inform me as to the deadline date — if any- — for such a motion.” Jordan also noted that he anticipated filing other motions in his case and requested a copy of “the Attorney’s file.” The July 24 letter was the subject of a conference held with the parties on July 30. At the conference, the Court informed the defendant that he has a right under the Constitution to represent himself, but that in all instances in which a defendant wishes to represent himself, the Court must first conduct “a complete and thorough inquiry to make sure that a defendant is waiving or giving up his right to counsel in a way that is knowing and voluntary and intelligent.” The Court therefore instructed the defendant that, if he wishes to represent himself at trial, he should communicate that fact to one of his attorneys, who would then promptly notify the Court so that the necessary hearing could be scheduled and independent counsel could be appointed to advise the defendant with respect to that decision. The Court emphasized, however, that the trial date had already been moved once and “will not be moved again.”

*695 The next submission sent by Jordan to the Court was dated August 11, 2008, but postmarked August 20, received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on August 21, and received by this Court’s Chambers on August 22. The submission was addressed to the attention of “Administrative Justice,” and it included a typewritten letter with a handwritten “addendum” attached. In this submission, Jordan complained principally that he did not have enough information about the charges against him and that he did not believe he or his attorneys could be adequately prepared for the October 6 trial date.

Jordan also sent a second letter dated August 11, 2008. This seventeen-page handwritten letter was received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on August 25, and by this Court’s Chambers on August 26. 4 In this letter, which was also addressed to the attention of “Administrative Justice,” Jordan complained mainly about the limited access he had to voluminous discovery materials pertaining to Counts Four to Ten and his concern that he would not have time adequately to review the materials ahead of the October 6 trial date. Jordan also claimed to have received notice that the Federal Defenders would ask to withdraw from his case due to a conflict of interest. Finally, while not the focus of Jordan’s letter, the issue of his possible self-representation is mentioned as well. He stated that although he had notified the Court that he had begun the process of deciding whether to represent himself, “I feel restricted in my ability to do so by the fact that I have not had adequate opportunity to review discovery materials.” Additionally, Jordan wrote in a footnote, “Should I opt to represent myself at trial, my decision shall not be based on whether or not I am or am not satisfied with counsel’s ability to do so.”

The Court addressed the two letters from the defendant received on August 22 and August 26 at a conference held with the parties on August 26. The Court advised the defendant he should not be communicating with the Court ex parte, but should instead talk to his lawyers, who will then write to the Court or file motions on his behalf. Jordan was told that if he sent anything further to the Court, the Court would “send it back to him.” The Court also addressed the defendant’s references to the possibility of proceeding pro se, telling the defendant that it would not advise him of any deadline for that decision. The Court reiterated that the defendant “has certain rights in this regard, which, if he did make an application, I would discuss with him in great detail, but that application will not change the trial date should the defendant decide to proceed pro se.” With regard to the defendant’s reference to a possible conflict of interest for the Federal Defenders that would require their withdrawal from the case, the Court inquired of defense counsel whether they would indeed seek to be relieved. They responded that there was no conflict of interest and that their client “does understand that there is no conflict of interest.” The Court also inquired about the defendant’s references to the frequency of his meetings with counsel and the opportunities to review discovery material, and defense counsel represented that they spoke with Jordan after receiving a copy of his letter, “and he informed us that he is satisfied with the number of opportunities he’s had to meet representatives from our office, specifically in the last couple of weeks.”

*696 Subsequently, the Court received a letter from the defendant dated August 27, 2008 but addressed to his attorney. The letter was attached to a cover sheet titled “Copy Ex Parte to the Court To Be Kept in Case File 08-CR-124 / This Is Not A Letter To The Judge.” The submission was postmarked September 11, 2008, was received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on September 12, and by this Court’s Chambers on September 19 (“September 19 Letter”). The Court made a copy of the September 19 Letter, and by Order dated September 19, instructed the Pro Se Office to mail the September 19 Letter back to the defendant. 5

Jordan next sent two motions to the “U.S. District Court, Clerk,” with a letter dated September 12, 2008 explaining, “Although I have not yet made a decision as to whether or not to represent myself at trial, given the time constraints I must file these papers at this time.” These motions' — one titled “Defendant’s Request for Discovery or, in the Alternative, Motion for Discovery,” and the other “Ex Parte Motion for Order of Court To Secure Evidence for Trial” — were received by this Court’s Clerk’s Office on September 15 and entered onto the docket report for this action on September 24. They were received by Chambers on the morning of September 25, after they had been docketed. The Court provided the parties with copies of the two motions at a conference held the morning of September 25, and it stated, “I am not further addressing these. As I advised the defendant if there are motions to be made or communications to be made on his behalf, it will be through counsel.”

Another motion, this one dated September 20, 2008, was received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on September 23, and by this Court’s Chambers on October 1 (“October 1 Motion”). The October 1 Motion, titled “Ex Parte Notice to Court Regarding Right To Proceed Pro Se,” was attached to a cover sheet directing the Clerk of Court to file “the enclosed notice regarding self-representation,” and to “bring to the attention of the Court, at your earliest convenience.” Jordan requested in the submission that “in advance of the announcement of his decision on whether or not he will represent himself at trial ... that, should there be any question as to his mental competency to do so, the issue be addressed at this time.” Jordan stated near the end of the letter that “[h]e has not yet made the decision [to represent himself]— but he is leaning toward self-representation.”

The Court provided counsel with copies of Jordan’s October 1 Motion and scheduled a conference to address the submission. Later on October 1, the Court also received a letter from defense counsel dated October 1 requesting a status conference because Jordan had informed counsel that he wished to represent himself at trial. The conference was held on October 2. The Court asked defense counsel, “does the defendant, as you understand it right now, wish to represent himself at his trial?” Counsel stated that they had spoken to him briefly before the conference and that he told them “his mind was not made up.” The Court then explained that it had prepared a five-page detailed allocution “to pursue with the defendant if and when he decides he would like to represent himself at trial.” The Court further advised the defendant that if he wished to explore the issue further, he should discuss it with his counsel, and that, if the defendant wished, the Court “would be happy to appoint independent counsel to sit down and talk with him about that option. And the pros *697 and cons of making that decision.” The Court, however, reiterated that “our trial is going forward on Monday no matter what.” It also explained the basis for its own perception that the defendant was “being very ably represented in this case by counsel.” The Court then asked defense counsel to consult with Jordan once more as to “whether he wishes me to appoint independent counsel now to consult with him on this issue or whether he wants to proceed to trial pro se or not.” After consulting with their client, counsel represented that “he does not feel the need to consult with independent Criminal Justice Act Counsel at this time.” The Court inquired again whether the defendant was “asking me at this time to proceed pro se at trial.” Counsel consulted with Jordan once more and reported that “Mr. Jordan informs us that he has not yet made that decision.”

Four more motions, these dated October 1, 2008, were mailed by Jordan to the “Pro Se Clerk” on October 2, received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on October 3, and entered onto the case’s docket report on October 8. They were received by this Court’s Chambers on October 9. The first of these motions was to sever Counts One to Three from Counts Eleven to Twelve; the second was a motion to dismiss; the third was a “renewed motion to suppress evidence”; and the fourth was titled a “Motion for Continuance and Notice to Court.” In the last of these motions, Jordan, among other things, complained of problems with his representation and stated that “[h]e’s placed in a Constitutionally unfair position: He must proceed to trial with current counsel, and suffer the consequences of a partially-prepared defense; ... or represent himself without the opportunity to remedy first the significant shortcomings in trial preparation.”

The Court addressed these four motions before the trial resumed on the morning of October 14. 6 The Court repeated its instructions to the defendant that he should “not send anything to the court, clerk of court, me.... You have lawyers. They are the ones who should communicate on your behalf.” Defense counsel asked that the Court address on the record the defendant’s claims concerning the adequacy of his representation and his communications with counsel. Defense counsel represented that they had visited the defendant multiple times before and during the trial, and had reviewed all relevant documents with him. The Court stated its view that the defendant “has been represented aggressively by defense counsel during the pretrial period.” That representation “had a substantial effect on the shape of this trial. Counts were severed. Evidence was kept from being admitted in this trial.... The cross-examinations by defense counsel of the government’s witnesses have been vigorous and sustained, showing a detailed knowledge of the evidentiary record, including all the documents.”

With respect to the defendant’s discussion about his ability to proceed pro se, the Court stated that “[a]t no time before the trial period did he ever communicate through counsel to me that he wished to proceed pro se. I advised him from the time this first arose that if he wanted to proceed pro se, it was his right, but I would be conducting an inquiry to make sure that he understood the ramifications of that decision. He never asked for that inquiry to be undertaken.” The Court also referenced its repeated warnings to the defendant “from the beginning” that the *698 trial date, which had already been moved once to accommodate defense counsel’s request for a competency examination, would not be moved again. The Court advised the defendant that it would not interrupt the trial to conduct the necessary inquiry, and that “if the defendant wished to proceed pro se,” the Court could have conducted the inquiry during the five-day break in the trial; in any event, the Court still did not “have a clear statement from the defendant that he wishes to proceed pro se in this trial.”

Jordan’s counsel handed the Court two additional letters from Jordan during the course of the trial on October 15; they were marked as Court Exhibits. The first of these letters, marked as Court Exhibit 6, was a four-page typed letter titled “Request To Plead No Contest,” passed up to the Court just before the day’s lunch break. In this letter, dated October 10, 2008, Jordan provided several reasons for wanting to plead no contest, including a poor relationship with his counsel and his belief that the stipulation his counsel wished that he sign to eliminate the need for his ex-wife’s testimony'contained several falsehoods. Before handing this letter up to the Court, Jordan’s counsel informed the Court — after consulting with Jordan— that “he will stand by the stipulation.... [W]hat he tells me now is different than what is in the letter.” The second letter was given to the Court during the charging conference, which the Court held with the parties during the lunch break on October 15, and was marked as Court Exhibit 8. In this thirteen-page handwritten letter, dated October 14, 2008, Jordan again complained principally of his counsel, stating, “Let it be hereby known ... that I cannot proceed with current counsel — ■... I am convinced that they dislike me, I am convinced that I cannot communicate with them, and I am convinced that I cannot now ... willfully make any decisions in this case.” Elsewhere in the letter, Jordan wrote, “I want to testify, but am not prepared.”

At the end of the charging conference, the Court addressed the letter marked as Court Exhibit 6. It confirmed with defense counsel that they had advised their client that a plea of no contest in this district could only be entered with the consent of the Government. The Court then addressed Jordan’s complaints about counsel, and noted that he seemed “very well advised about the case,” and that independent counsel who had consulted with him earlier that day had also advised the Court that Jordan “thoroughly” understood his rights with respect to the decision to testify. 7 The Court further noted that the defendant “hasn’t suggested that there is any evidentiary surprise that has occurred during the course of this trial.” Moreover, “The letter identifies no line of cross that should have been undertaken that was not, no exhibit that should have been intro *699 duced that is not being introduced, no defense witness that should have been called that is not being called, no question that he put to counsel that has not been responded to.” The Court also noted defense counsel’s “vigorous” cross-examinations, and their thorough preparation and knowledge of the relevant documents and expected testimony.

The letter marked as Court Exhibit 8 was addressed by the Court the next day, after the verdict was read. Among other things, the Court noted that “at no time” had the defendant requested the opportunity to proceed pro se. Despite “frequent references in his communications to the fact that he was considering that decision,” and the Court’s explanations “on several occasions” [of] his right to take that step if he requests to do so, ... no request was ever made.” The Court, furthermore, found no basis from its observations for Jordan “to be feeling disappointed in the quality of his representation.” Rather, the Court attributed the defendant’s growing attacks on his counsel to “the weight of the government’s evidence [at trial], which was overwhelming,” and “the increasing likelihood that there would be a conviction here, that there was no real defense to the evidence which was in large part documentary and irrefutable.” The defendant thus became “desperate, so he lashed out at his counsel, complained that he wanted to testify but was unready or unprepared to testify, unprepared to proceed with his trial despite months of preparation by both him and his attorneys for this trial.” The Court also repeated an earlier request that defense counsel provide the Court with a history of their visitation and consultations with the defendant.

Finally, this Court’s Chambers received a “Notice of Motion Regarding Self-Representation” from Jordan on October 17 (“October 17 Motion”). 8 This submission — addressed to the Pro Se Clerk- — was postmarked October 6, received by this Court’s Pro Se Office on October 7, and entered on the docket report for this case on October 16, which was the day that the jury returned its verdict. The submission only came to the Court’s attention on the morning of October 17, after it was docketed by the Clerk’s Office. In the filing, Jordan gave “notice that he shall move the Court to allow him to represent himself at trial in this matter.” He wrote that he “shall orally make the motion for self-representation.”

The Court addressed the October 17 Motion at a conference held later that same day with the parties and Jordan’s newly appointed counsel. After it gave counsel copies of this submission, the Court explained to incoming counsel that “[p]rior to trial and during trial, ... the defendant either directly or through his attorney brought to my attention that he was considering making a request to represent himself, but he never actually made such a request.”

III. The Counts Tried

The first three counts tried at the October 6 trial addressed the period from December 2007 through January 11, 2008. Count One charged that the defendant knowingly transmitted by email, facsimile, *700 and through telephone calls threats to kidnap or injure a former girlfriend, Simone Thenault, or members of her family; Count Two charged that he knowingly threatened to assault and kidnap The-nault’s aunt, Glenda Morean-Phillip, who at that time was an ambassador from the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom and thus an “internationally protected person” as that term is defined under the law; and Count Three charged that he knowingly and with intent to harass Thenault and place her in reasonable fear of serious bodily injury made telephone calls that caused Thenault emotional distress and placed her in reasonable fear of serious bodily injury. This third count was limited at trial to the time period from December 5, 2007 and up to and including December 17, 2007.

The last two charges, which were tried at the October 6 trial as Counts Four and Five of a redacted Indictment, 9 concerned the period from February through June 2008. They were that the defendant knowingly used intimidation and threats with the intent of influencing or preventing the testimony of Thenault and Morean-Phillip, respectively, in this criminal prosecution.

IY. The Evidence at Trial

The trial lasted from October 6 to October 16, with a five-day break in the middle for holidays and the weekend. At the end of proceedings on October 8, when the five-day break was to begin, the Government represented on the record that it expected to rest no later than lunchtime on October 15. 10 During the six days of trial, the Government called fifteen witnesses, including Thenault, Morean-Phillip, The-nault’s mother Diane Dodson, Thenault’s sister Kyiana Patrice Adams, Thenault’s brother-in-law Roderick Adams, Thenault’s former boyfriend David Weller, Jordan’s friend Dr. Sebastian Mayer, and a notary named Frederick Ford, as well as several British and American law enforcement officers. Jordan did not put on a defense case.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the Government, the evidence presented at trial established the following. Jordan met Thenault at a bar in New York City in July 2007, and the two began to date shortly thereafter. Their relationship quickly became verbally and physically abusive. On one occasion, Jordan and Thenault were walking down a street when Jordan became agitated and directed The-nault to pick someone on the street for him to slash with the knife he carried. She refused. One night, Thenault attempted to lock herself in a bathroom to protect herself from Jordan’s violence, but he got into the bathroom and pushed Thenault into the bathtub, injuring her back. On another occasion, the defendant was out with Thenault when he became agitated and began threatening strangers on the street with his knife. He then took The-nault to a hotel room, and proceeded to beat her and force her to have sex with him. In addition to the abuse he inflicted, Jordan instilled fear in Thenault by telling her, for instance, that he had killed someone in Mexico and that he had spent time in prison for trying to get his children from his ex-wife. He told her that if she reported the abuse to anyone, he would take Thenault and her family “off the face of the planet.” Jordan’s abuse and The-nault’s fear escalated to the point that, on *701 December 2, Thenault told her mother that Jordan was abusing her and that she believed that she would die if she did not leave by the next day. Early on the morning of December 3, Thenault fled from Jordan, together with her mother, first to a friend’s home and then to her sister’s house in Virginia.

While she was in Virginia, Thenault received numerous telephone calls on her cell phone from the defendant at all hours of the day and night. The defendant also discovered the Adamses’ telephone number and repeatedly called their Virginia home, as well as calling Mr. Adams at work. Mr. Adams testified that Jordan stated to him during one of the calls, “I will have you wiped off the map.” Ms. Dodson testified that in one of the calls she received on her cell phone while in Virginia before changing her number, Jordan said “he will kill and take me off the face of the earth.” Also during this time, many strangers were calling the Adams house in response to advertisements for sex and for housing that Jordan had posted listing the Adamses’ home telephone number on the website Craig’s List. The Adamses changed their home telephone number as a result, but the defendant then began calling the new number. He also called Ms. Adams’s cell phone. Thenault, Dodson, Ms. Adams, and Mr. Adams each testified that they were afraid of what the defendant might do to them, and they feared that he had already or would soon come to Virginia. 11 Officers who spoke with the victims during this time testified that they were visibly shaken and distressed.

While Thenault was in Virginia, Jordan told her, among other things, that he would hurt her ex-boyfriend David Weller. Mr. Weller testified that during this time, he received telephone calls in which the caller threatened to hunt him down in the street and hire men to come get him, as well as calls from many strangers responding to Craig’s List and print advertisements for sex and housing.

Also during this time, on December 7, 2007, Jordan registered the domain name SimoneThenault.com, and on the publicly available website he described his relationship with Thenault. Among other things, he wrote, “I hurt her — both physically and emotionally,” and after she left, “I reacted with anger. I said angry words I would never mean, but I frightened her .... I also said foolish things to some members of her family ... people who have always treated me with kindness and respect.” He added, “For the past few days, without sleep, I have been researching ... domestic violence and anger management.” The jury was shown printouts of the website.

As the threats and harassment persisted, Thenault continued to fear for her life and, in about the middle of December, she fled to London, to the official residence of her aunt, Ambassador Glenda Morean-Phillip. By around December 27, Jordan began calling Morean-Phillip’s official residence, as well as her Embassy. When making these calls, Jordan purported to be — among other people — an ex-boyfriend of Thenault’s, David Weller. Upon being told of the content of one of the calls that her Embassy received, Morean-Phillip “immediately” called the police and, by December 31, had the telephone number of her official residence changed.

Morean-Phillip and Thenault then began receiving facsimiles at the Embassy, as well as e-mails and text messages, *702 which contained threats to attack Morean-Phillip’s official residence and to kidnap Thenault. Some of the facsimiles contained allegations of misconduct by More-an-Phillip’s husband Oscar. 12 The communications — which were shown to the jury— placed Thenault and Morean-Phillip in such fear that they turned these messages over to law enforcement. Law enforcement witnesses from London testified to the victims’ frightened demeanors. 13

Jordan was arrested by FBI agents on January 11, 2008. 14 He soon began to write letters in an effort to discourage or prevent Thenault and Morean-Phillip from testifying against him at trial. While Jordan sent some of these communications in his own name, he forged the names of others to several of them. 15 These communications included an affidavit purporting to be by his ex-wife, Robyn Foss (“Foss affidavit”), 16 stating that the years of her marriage to Jordan were “the happiest in [her] life,” and seeking to explain the circumstances that led to Jordan’s conviction for assaulting her and attempting to kidnap their children. 17 The affidavit also stated that she intended to testify at trial as to the defendant’s good character. These assertions, as well as Ms. Foss’s purported authorship of the affidavit and signature on it, were refuted by a testimonial stipulation of Ms. Foss, entered into by the Government, defense counsel, and Jordan himself. 18

Jordan also tried to send a letter to Thenault which purported to be from one of his sisters, Elyse Shoemaker. 19 This letter urged Thenault to “write to the judge and tell her that the allegation is a mistake,” because she would be “put through so much stress” and “trauma” at trial, and her mother would also “be under awful pressure at trial.” Another letter that was actually mailed to Thenault, which purported to be from Jordan’s sister Carol Nestlebush and which was postmarked May 3, 20 stated that Jordan’s de *703 fense team included private investigators who were being paid for “partly by his ex-wife Robyn,” and advised Thenault that “giving up on what you two had and loosing [sic] someone who is probably meant for you is something that will probably not work out well for anyone.” Among the letters that Jordan wrote to Thenault under his own name was one postmarked May 29 where he wrote, “Problem I see is you seem to be easily tricked or controlled by what others say or think.... No one respects or wants to be around a ‘victim.’ Even the cops are saying to me ‘what were you doing f. around with a (racial slur).’ Typical cops.” 21

The defendant also sought to interfere with Morean-Phillip’s participation at trial by sending fabricated documents to Trinidad and Tobago government offices. These communications included a purported “press release” from “Jordan Family Media Relations.” One such “press release” was sent in May 2008 to Trinidad’s consulate in New York, which then forwarded copies to Trinidad’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and to Morean-Phillip. The “press release” made defamatory allegations about Morean-Phillip’s husband and predicted that those allegations would be explored at Jordan’s impending trial, and it further stated that Morean-Phillip’s transfer to the United States “has been delayed pending discussions to resolve the legal case without trial — a trial that may prove a huge embarrassment for the government of Trinidad and Tobago.” 22 A copy of the same document was sent to “High Commissioner Trinidad and Tobago Press Secretary” in London. Morean-Phillip testified to the emotional distress and professional humiliation that these communications caused.

V. The Foss Stipulation

In a pre-trial motion, the defense sought, among other things, to preclude evidence of Jordan’s abusive relationship with his ex-wife, Ms. Foss. Jordan’s counsel argued that the Court should limit any testimony by Ms. Foss to the single question of whether she wrote, signed, or otherwise adopted the Foss affidavit. At a pre-trial conference on September 25, the Court noted that any limitation on Ms. Foss’s testimony would depend on the scope of cross-examination and whether it put her credibility in issue. The Court suggested that the parties consider entering into a stipulation to avoid Ms. Foss’s live testimony entirely. By the next pretrial conference, held on September 29, the parties had exchanged drafts of a proposed stipulation with respect to Ms. Foss’s testimony. They handed their respective versions of the stipulation to the Court. The defendant’s draft was marked as Court Exhibit 1, and the Government’s draft was marked as Court Exhibit 2. The Court noted that the parties had “made a lot of progress,” and that it seemed they would “be able to work through the remaining issues and that Ms. Foss will not need to be called as a witness.... I think this is very much in the defendant’s interest.”

In the second week of trial, on October 14, counsel for the defendant informed the Court that Jordan was “not inclined to sign the stipulation that would prevent Ms. Foss from taking the witness stand.” The Court responded that it was “not entirely surprised. The defendant has a right to refuse to stipulate. He has a right to stipulate.... [H]is stipulation would have had the impact of severely restricting the evidence that defense counsel have argued *704 could be harmful to the defendant in coming in.” Ms. Foss therefore flew into town and arrived at the courthouse on October 15 prepared to testify. On the morning of October 15, defense counsel informed the Court that the defendant had signed the Foss stipulation. 23 DISCUSSION

The defendant moves pursuant to Rules 29 and 33, Fed.R.Crim.P., to set aside the verdict, dismiss the five counts on which the defendant was convicted, or for a new trial. Rule 29 permits a defendant to move for a judgment of acquittal on the basis of the insufficiency of the evidence. Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(c). A judgment of acquittal should only be entered if the court concludes that “no rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Cassese, 428 F.3d 92, 98 (2d Cir.2005) (citation omitted). Rule 33 authorizes a district court to grant a new trial “if the interest of justice so requires.” Fed.R.Crim.P. 33(a). A motion for a new trial may be granted only “sparingly and in the most extraordinary circumstances.” United States v. Triumph Capital Group, Inc., 544 F.3d 149, 159 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). The motion should not be granted “unless the trial court is convinced that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or that the verdict is a miscarriage of justice.” Id. (citation omitted).

On this motion to set aside the verdict or grant a new trial, Jordan’s new counsel contends principally that the jury’s verdict was not supported by sufficient evidence, that the defendant’s fundamental right to represent himself was violated, that trial counsel was ineffective, that the trial was not fairly conducted, and that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. Counsel also attaches to his submission nearly 100 pages of documents that Jordan gave to him to be considered on this motion. These consist of an affidavit, several exhibits, and a memorandum. To his reply submission, defendant’s counsel has attached an additional 25-page memorandum prepared by Jordan. Along with the reply, Jordan’s counsel has also filed a motion for the District Judge’s recusal from this proceeding. As described in detail below, each of the defendant’s challenges, as well as his motion for recusal, is without merit. The challenges and then the motion for recusal are addressed in turn.

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

A defendant who challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction “bears a heavy burden.” United States v. Bullock, 550 F.3d 247, 251 (2d Cir.2008). In deciding such a motion, the court must “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor.” United States v. Lee, 549 F.3d 84, 92 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). The evidence is considered “in its totality, not in isolation, and the government need not negate every theory of innocence.” Id. (citation omitted). Under Rule 29, a district court must affirm the conviction if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Bullock, 550 F.3d at 251 (citation omitted).

*705 Jordan argues that each of the five counts tried in October should be dismissed for insufficiency of the evidence. He, however, offers no basis for his insufficiency challenge with respect to Counts Four and Five, the witness tampering counts. These counts were supported by irrefutable documentary evidence, which was, in addition, corroborated by the testimony of, among other witnesses, Dr. Mayer. The defendant having failed to identify any basis to set aside the verdict on these two counts, the discussion will address the three threat counts.

On Count One, Jordan asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support conviction on the first two of seven specific threats quoted by the Government in a bill of particulars. 24 Count One charged a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c), which provides in pertinent part: “Whoever transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another” shall be guilty of a crime. 18 U.S.C. § 875(c); see United States v. Francis, 164 F.3d 120, 121 (2d Cir.1999); United States v. Sovie, 122 F.3d 122, 125 (2d Cir.1997); United States v. Malik, 16 F.3d 45, 51 (2d Cir.1994); United States v. Kelner, 534 F.2d 1020, 1023, 1027 (2d Cir.1976). The seven threats alleged in the bill of particulars were made to Thenault or her family when she was in Virginia and then in Great Britain. The first two threats were in telephone calls made by the defendant to Thenault, Ms. Adams, and Ms. Dodson. The remaining five were quoted from facsimiles, text messages, and an e-mail that were sent to Morean-Phillip and to Thenault. The jury charge also listed the seven threats, 25 and instructed the jury that, to find the defendant guilty of Count One, it “must unanimously agree on at least one threat identified by the Government for Count One that satisfies each of the elements of Count One.”

“[T]he Supreme Court has held that a verdict should be affirmed when two theories of an offense are submitted to the jury and the evidence supports one theory but not the other.” United States v. Rutkoske, 506 F.3d 170, 176 (2d Cir.2007) (citing Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 56-60, 112 S.Ct. 466, 116 L.Ed.2d 371 (1991)). This is because, “[i]n such cases, courts assume that the verdict is based on the valid theory.” Id. Given that the defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on the remaining five threats listed in support of Count One-nor could he reasonably do so in light of the documentary evidence that established those threats at trial — the jury’s verdict on Count One must be upheld. 26

*706 With respect to Count Two, Jordan asserts without explanation that “willfulness was not shown beyond a reasonable doubt.” Count Two charged a violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 878, 112(a), and 1201(a)(4). Section 878 provides that “[w]hoever knowingly and willfully threatens to violate sections 112 ... or 1201” is guilty of a crime. 18 U.S.C. § 878; see United States v. Johnson, 14 F.3d 766, 768-69 (2d Cir.1994) (discussing “willfully” requirement in the substantially similar context of 18 U.S.C. § 871); United States v. Compton, 428 F.2d 18, 21-22 (2d Cir.1970) (same); United States v. Cooper, 865 F.2d 83, 85 (4th Cir.1989) (requiring “true threat” for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 878). Section 112(a) reads in pertinent part: “Whoever assaults, strikes, wounds, imprisons, or offers violence to [an] internationally protected person or makes any other violent attack upon the person ... of such person, or ... makes a violent attack upon his ... private accommodation” is guilty of a crime. 18 U.S.C. § 112(a). Section 1201(a)(4) makes it a crime to “unlawfully seize[ ][or] confine[ ] ... an internationally protected person.” 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(4); see 18 U.S.C. § 1116(b) (defining “internationally protected person” and incorporated by reference into 18 U.S.C. §§ 112, 1201).

Count Two alleged that Jordan violated these statutes when, during the period between December 2007 and up to and including January 11, 2008, he knowingly and willfully threatened to assault, wound, imprison, offer violence to, violently attack the person of, or make a violent attack on the private accommodation of Morean-Phillip, or knowingly and willfully threatened to seize or confine Morean-Phillip. The Government provided a bill of particulars that quoted five specific threats that Jordan communicated to Morean-Phillip or to Thenault by facsimile, e-mail, or text message while Thenault was in London with her aunt. The jury charge explained that a threat is made willfully “if the speaker intentionally makes a statement in a context or under such circumstances wherein a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be understood by the person to whom the speaker communicates it as a serious expression of an intent to act as described in the threat.”

The language of the threats at issue, which were shown to the jury through documentary evidence, was unambiguous. For example, in one facsimile, the defendant wrote that “two brothers hold hatred toward the former Attorney General of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago identified to be Glenda P. Morean-Phillip,” and “are now living in London awaiting right opportunity to get at Morean-Phillip .... Have maybe two AK-47 shipped Jamaica-Miami-UK via FedEx .... My friend believes they will wait and act when the opportunity arrives both against Morean-Phillip and her family.” In another facsimile sent to Morean-Phillip, Jordan wrote:

You are to immediately apologize by telephone call to the offended party. It is very likely that failure to do so will be regretted.... [I]n order to be able To go about your life in a secure and comfortable manner, ... and without the need albeit imperfect for increased security and overwhelming expense, you must prove that the young woman is safe, acting only of her own free will, and not being manipulated, controlled, or otherwise held against her own free will.... Basically, world news that you will not like can occur, or you can be wise and diplomatic.

Given the context of these threats— namely, that Thenault had fled from Jordan to the official residence of her aunt hoping to find safety — and the explicit language that was used, the evidence was more than sufficient for the jury to find that a reasonable person would foresee *707 that Morean-Phillip and Thenault would understand the communications as a serious expression of an intent to act as described in the threats. Indeed, the swiftness and seriousness with which Morean-Phillip and law enforcement responded to the threats corroborate such a finding. 27 The defendant’s motion offers no basis to question a finding of wilfullness.

Finally, on Count Three, the interstate stalking charge, Jordan argues that the evidence was insufficient because it failed to show that Jordan intended to cause Thenault to fear harm to herself or members of her immediate family. Rather, Jordan argues, he was only trying to convince Thenault to come back to him, and Thenault in fact indicated at times to Jordan that she wanted to return to him.

Count Three charged a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2), which provides:

Whoever with the intent,

(A) to ... injure, harass, ... intimidate, or cause substantial emotional distress to a person in another State; or

(B) to place a person in another State in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to—

(i) that person; or

(ii) a member of the immediate family of that person,

uses ... any facility of interstate ... commerce to engage in a course of conduct that causes substantial emotional distress to that person or places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to, any of the persons

just described shall be guilty of a crime. 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2); see 18 U.S.C. § 2266(8) (defining “State”); 18 U.S.C. § 2266(2) (defining “course of conduct”); 18 U.S.C. §§ 219(2), 1365(h)(3) (defining “serious bodily injury” and incorporated by reference into 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(6)); 18 U.S.C. § 115 (defining “immediate family member” and incorporated by reference into 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2)); United States v. Bell, 303 F.3d 1187, 1192 (9th Cir.2002). Count Three charged that Jordan violated this statute with respect to Thenault through his telephone calls to her during the time period that she was in Virginia. 28

The jury was instructed that if it found “beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant engaged in a course of conduct that caused Ms. Thenault substantial emotional distress or that placed her in reasonable fear” of the acts listed in the statute, it also had to determine

whether the defendant did so knowingly and with the specific intention either (1) to injure, harass, intimidate, or cause substantial emotional distress to Ms. Thenault, or (2) to place Ms. Thenault in reasonable fear of her death or serious bodily injury or the death or serious bodily injury of a member of her immediate family.

The jury was further instructed that to find the defendant guilty it had to be “unanimous as to which type of knowledge and intent the defendant acted.”

In his challenge on Count Three, the defendant argues only that the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate *708 that he intended to cause Thenault to fear harm to herself or members of her immediate family; he ignores entirely the alternative prong which requires intent to injure, harass, intimidate, or cause substantial emotional distress to another person. The jury was presented with abundant evidence of the harassing and intimidating conduct Jordan undertook against not only Thenault but also members of her family.

The evidence at trial proved Jordan’s conduct to be calculated and elaborate. 29 The evidence of the false internet postings offering sex and housing at the Adamses’ telephone number, as well as Thenault’s testimony that Jordan told her while she was in Virginia that he would beat up her ex-boyfriend David Weller and later “had put him in the hospital,” 30 amply supported the inference that Jordan acted with the intent to cause Thenault substantial emotional distress and reasonable fear of harm. Such behavior was not consistent with a theory that Jordan merely wished in good faith to persuade Thenault to return to him. Nor can a “motive” to get Thenault to return to him serve as a defense if Jordan also acted with the intention of causing Thenault substantial emotional distress or reasonable fear of the acts specified in 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2). Moreover, on the website SimoneThe-nault.com that he created, Jordan admitted to reacting to Thenault’s departure by saying “angry” and “foolish” things to The-nault and her family members. In sum, Jordan has not met his heavy burden in challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on the five counts, and his motion for an acquittal or new trial must be denied.

II. Right To Proceed Pro Se

Next, Jordan asserts that the Court violated his fundamental right to represent himself. “A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to waive the right to assistance of counsel and present his own defense pro se, if the decision is made knowingly and intelligently.” United States v. Oberoi, 547 F.3d 436, 458 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). But, “[t]he right to self-representation attaches only if it is asserted clearly and unequivocally.” Wilson v. Walker, 204 F.3d 33, 37 (2d Cir.2000) (citation omitted). Even “[o]nce asserted, ... the right to self-representation may be waived through conduct indicating that one is vacillating on the issue or has abandoned one’s request altogether.” Id. (citation omitted). However, a defendant “is not deemed to have equivocated in his desire for self-representation merely because he expresses that view in the alternative, simultaneously requests the appointment of new counsel, or used it as a threat to obtain private counsel.” Id. at 37 n. 3 (citation omitted). The Second Circuit has explained:

The purpose of requiring that a criminal defendant make an “unequivocal” request to waive counsel is twofold. First, unless the request is unambiguous and unequivocal, a convicted defendant could have a colorable Sixth Amendment appeal regardless of how the trial judge rules: if his request is denied, he will assert the denial of his right to self-representation; if it is granted, he will *709 assert the denial of his right to counsel. Second, the requirement of an unambiguous and unequivocal request inhibits any deliberate plot to manipulate the court by alternatively requesting, then waiving counsel.

Williams v. Bartlett, 44 F.3d 95, 100-01 (2d Cir.1994) (citation omitted).

“Assuming ... that a defendant’s request to proceed pro se is informed, voluntary and unequivocal, the right of a defendant in a criminal case to act as his own lawyer is unqualified if invoked prior to the start of the trial.” Id. at 99 (citation omitted). “After trial has begun, a trial court faced with such an application must balance the legitimate interests of the defendant in self-representation against the potential disruption of the proceedings already in progress.” Id. at 99 n. 1.

Jordan’s constitutional right to represent himself was not violated. He never communicated, either before or during trial, a clear and unequivocal assertion of a desire to proceed pro se. To the contrary, Jordan repeatedly wrote that he was considering that decision, and each time the Court addressed such statements at conferences by informing the defendant of his rights in this regard; advising him that if he were to make that decision it would have to conduct an inquiry to ensure that his decision was knowing and voluntary; instructing the defendant to discuss the decision with his counsel and notify the Court through them of any decision to proceed pro se; offering to appoint independent CJA counsel to discuss the decision with the defendant as well; and warning Jordan that the trial date would not be moved a second time regardless of the defendant’s decision.

When Jordan did request in his October 1 Motion that the Court address at that time any competency issues with respect to his ability to proceed pro se, the Court immediately contacted the parties to schedule a conference for the following day. Also on October 1, defendant’s counsel relayed to the Court what appeared to be the defendant’s first unequivocal decision to represent himself. But, when the Court sought to address these issues at the conference on October 2, the defendant informed the Court that he did not want independent counsel appointed at that time and that, in fact, he had not yet made the decision to proceed pro se.

The defendant’s contention that his fundamental right to represent himself was invoked in this case is based principally on two submissions that were not received by this Court either before or during the trial. The first is a letter (“New Letter”) that the defendant provided to his current counsel and attached to his post-trial affidavit as, purportedly, the September 19 Letter he sent and the Court returned to him by an Order of September 19. As explained in an Order of December 8, the New Letter is not the September 19 Letter received by the Court prior to the trial, and was first received by the Court with the December 5 motion for a new trial. 31 None of the excerpts from the New Letter upon which defendant’s counsel relies in making this motion were contained in the September 19 Letter. This includes, most importantly, a purported request that new counsel be assigned to Jordan, or in the alternative, that the Court allow Jordan to represent himself. Any contentions based on the New Letter need not, therefore, be considered further here. 32

*710 The second submission upon which the defense relies is the October 17 Motion, or Document No. 74 as the defendant refers to it. As already described in detail, although this submission was postmarked October 6, the first day of trial, it was not received by this Court’s Chambers until October 17. The Court provided the Government and the defendant’s new counsel with a copy of the submission at the conference on October 17, and it reiterated that during the trial the Court had no clear statement from the defendant that he wished to proceed pro se.

The October 17 Motion does not show that the defendant’s right to self-representation was violated. The defendant was in Court with his counsel every day of the trial, and yet at no point did he raise this issue with the Court or his counsel, nor did he notify his attorneys that he had sent this motion and had not yet heard a response. His silence was, moreover, contrary to the promise in the October 17 Motion that he “shall orally make the motion for self-representation.” Each time the Court received a submission from the defendant, it noted for the parties the date of the submission, its postmark date, the date on which it was received by the Pro Se Office if applicable, and the date on which it was received by the Court’s Chambers. The defendant was, therefore, well aware of the delays routinely involved in this chain of events, 33 and could have anticipated a similar delay, particularly since the defendant addressed the mailing containing the October 17 Motion to the “Pro Se Clerk” and not to the Court itself. 34 In sum, no inquiry on the defendant’s decision to proceed pro se was conducted during the trial because the Court never had an unequivocal statement from the defendant on the matter. The absence of an inquiry was not — as Jordan contends — due to an unwillingness to disrupt the trial.

Finally, Jordan asserts that, in light of his inquiries as to a deadline for an application to proceed pro se, it was error to refuse to provide him with a deadline or to explain that once trial began his rights in this regard would be more limited. Jordan cites no legal authority for the proposition that a court should set a deadline for this decision, and indeed in other passages in his submissions acknowledges that a defendant’s right to represent himself does not disappear with jury selection. Moreover, well ahead of the trial date the Court instructed the defendant that he should consult with his counsel regarding this decision, and it offered on at least two occasions to appoint independent counsel for additional consultation. The defendant declined those offers, including one made on the brink of trial. For these reasons, Jordan’s claim that his constitutional right to represent himself in this case was violated is denied.

*711 III. Assistance of Counsel

Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), a defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that: “(1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Contino v. United States, 535 F.3d 124, 128 (2d Cir.2008). The test has been described as “rigorous.” Parisi v. United States, 529 F.3d 134, 140 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted).

With respect to the first prong, “[t]o give appropriate deference to counsel’s independent decisionmaking,” courts should “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 141 (citation omitted). “Actions or omissions by counsel that might be considered sound trial strategy do not constitute ineffective assistance.” Henry v. Poole, 409 F.3d 48, 63 (2d Cir.2005) (citation omitted). “[Strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable, and even strategic choices made after less than complete investigation do not amount to ineffective assistance — so long as the known facts made it reasonable to believe that further investigation was unnecessary.” Id. (citation omitted).

On the second prong, “reasonable probability [is] one that undermines confidence in the outcome.” Lynn v. Bliden, 443 F.3d 238, 247 (2d Cir.2006) (citation omitted). The level of prejudice that the defendant must establish “lies between prejudice that had some conceivable effect and prejudice that more likely than not altered the outcome in the case.” Id. (citation omitted). If a defendant fails to show prejudice, the court “need not consider the objective reasonableness of counsel’s actions.” United States v. Guang, 511 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir.2007) (citation omitted).

“[A]n evidentiary hearing is not held to afford a convicted defendant the opportunity to conduct a fishing expedition.” United States v. Stewart, 433 F.3d 273, 306 (2d Cir.2006) (citation omitted). Where “it is not necessary to resolve the issues that might be the focus of an evidentiary hearing,” a district court does “not abuse its discretion in refusing to conduct an evidentiary hearing.” Id. at 302 (citation omitted). In deciding whether a hearing is required, a court may rely “on the motion and the files and records of the case.” Chang v. United States, 250 F.3d 79, 84 (2d Cir.2001) (citation omitted) (quoting standard in the context of petitions brought under 18 U.S.C. § 2255). The burden is on the defendant to identify with specificity material facts in dispute, the resolution of which requires a hearing:

In general, an evidentiary hearing need not be granted as a matter of course and must be held only if the moving papers allege facts with sufficient definiteness, clarity and specificity to enable the trial court to conclude that relief must be granted if the facts alleged are proved. General and conclusory factual allegations which are based upon mere suspicion or conjecture, however, will not suffice to necessitate a hearing. Moreover, if facts urged in support of a hearing would not entitle the moving party to relief as a matter of law, no evidentiary hearing is required.

Gentile v. County of Suffolk, 926 F.2d 142, 148 (2d Cir. 1991) (citation omitted) (quoting standard from criminal cases with approval).

Jordan claims that his trial counsel were ineffective principally because they compelled him to accept the testimonial stipulation for Ms. Foss; they decided not to *712 contest the issue of identity; they failed to prepare him adequately to testify and would have erroneously introduced evidence of a prior conviction that had been excluded by the Court; they failed to call certain witnesses he had identified for his defense; and, generally, they did not consult sufficiently with the defendant in preparation for the trial. Jordan contends that an evidentiary hearing should be held to address these issues, and that the Court should order the production of the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) logbooks so that the history of counsel’s visitation with Jordan can be properly assessed. Each of these contentions fails to satisfy the strict standard for ineffective assistance.

A. Foss Stipulation

First, Jordan contends that he was forced to accept the stipulation regarding Ms. Foss’s testimony because defense counsel would not listen to him regarding material that could be used to cross-examine her. As described above, Count Four, which charged Jordan with using intimidation and threats with the intent of preventing or interfering with Thenault’s testimony, rested in part on an “affidavit” that Jordan created and sent to Thenault purporting to be from his ex-wife, Ms. Foss. The Government intended to call Ms. Foss as a trial witness to explain that she had not signed the affidavit and that she did not agree with its contents. Defense counsel and the Government negotiated a stipulation that made her testimony unnecessary.

The advantage of a stipulation to the defense was obvious. The jury would not see a second woman with whom Jordan had had a severely troubled relationship and who might appear sympathetic, and it would not hear the details of that relationship, which would in all likelihood be admissible if cross-examination challenged the credibility of Ms. Foss’s denials that the affidavit reflected her views. The possibility of a stipulation in lieu of Ms. Foss’s testimony was under discussion with the defendant from September 25 to October 14. When the defendant indicated on October 14 that he would not sign the stipulation, Ms. Foss flew into town and arrived at the courthouse prepared to testify the next day. Then, on the morning of October 15, defense counsel informed the Court that the defendant had signed the Foss stipulation. Although letters from the defendant that were handed to the Court that day and marked as court exhibits expressed reservations about the Foss stipulation, Jordan represented to the Court that he stood by the stipulation he had signed just hours earlier. Ms. Foss was at the courthouse and ready to testify. If Jordan had any reservations about the stipulation, he was free to reject it and face Ms. Foss’s testimony instead.

Jordan claims that defense counsel would not listen to him regarding material that could be used for Ms. Foss’s cross-examination. But, he fails to identify that information. There is no basis to find, therefore, that the failure of defense counsel to consider the effectiveness of a particular line of cross-examination effectively deprived Jordan of the option of refusing to execute the stipulation. Indeed, it was sound trial strategy for counsel to work out a testimonial stipulation with the Government and to advise their client as to their belief that such a stipulation was in his best interest. “[TJrial decisions to offer or stipulate to certain evidence ... are primarily matters of trial strategy and tactics, and thus are virtually unchallengeable absent exceptional grounds for doing so.” United States v. Cohen, 427 F.3d 164, 170 (2d Cir.2005) (citation omitted).

Jordan has also failed to show that he was prejudiced by the purported failure to consider this unidentified line of cross-ex- *713 animation. Jordan’s complaint seems to be that the stipulation was damaging to him. But the choice was not between the stipulation and nothing at all; it was between the limited stipulation and Ms. Foss’s live testimony, with the very substantial risk that that testimony would have been far more damaging to Jordan. Thus, the defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of the stipulation is denied. 35

B. Authorship of the Communications

Jordan also complains that his counsel decided not to contest his authorship of certain of the communications at issue in this trial. He identifies three facsimiles: The first is GX 71, a facsimile that reads in part: “3-4 men ... living in London awaiting right opportunity to get at Morean-Phillip .... Have maybe two AK-47 shipped Jamaiea-Miami-UK via FedEx.” The second facsimile, GX 76, refers to a telephone conversation between Jordan and Morean-Phillip, and demanded that she “immediately apologize by telephone call to the offended party” or “failure to do so will be regretted.” It also asserted that, for Morean-Phillip “[t]o go about [her] life in a secure and comfortable manner ... without the need albeit imperfect for increased security,” she would have to prove that her niece was safe and “acting only of her free will,” or else “world news that you will not like can occur.” The third facsimile, GX 70, contained instructions on how Thenault could pick up her property, and described scandalous information about Morean-Phillip that “[e]m-bassies around the world ... are all being made aware.” Jordan also contends that he did not want to concede that he was the author of the internet and newspaper postings about which David Weller testified.

Although Jordan’s challenge seems to suggest otherwise, no stipulation or other admission of authorship was ever entered into by the defense for any of these communications. Instead, defense counsel did not actively contest that Jordan was the author of the communications sent to The-nault and Morean-Phillip. They did, however, make a limited effort to challenge that he was the author of the postings concerning Weller. 36 In any event, Jordan’s challenge fails to satisfy the rigorous Strickland test.

With respect to the first prong, counsels’ decision was reasonable and strategically sound, particularly in light of a preliminary ruling by the Court that if identity were contested, testimony and other evidence relating to the defendant’s harassment of a female law firm associate would be admissible. Jordan met the law firm associate at the same bar where he met Thenault, and only weeks before Jordan began dating Thenault; after the associate rebuffed Jordan’s advances, the harassment of the law firm associate was conducted in substantially the same manner and through the same mechanisms as Jordan’s stalking and harassment of The-nault and her family later that same year.

*714 Setting aside the likelihood that evidence involving the law firm associate would be admitted, counsel’s decision was also reasonable in light of the extensive corroboration of the defendant’s authorship of the communications. For example, copies of the text for GX 70 and GX 71 were found on Jordan’s computer and received into evidence. There was evidence that the mailing address for Mr. Weller’s cell phone bills had been changed to the defendant’s mailing address. Copies of photographs used in the internet postings concerning Weller were seized from the defendant’s apartment.

For this same reason, Jordan also fails to satisfy the second Strickland prong. He offers absolutely no explanation to suggest how he could have effectively disputed the Government’s multifaceted evidence of his authorship of these four items. Thus, Jordan’s assertion that counsel was ineffective for failing to contest the issue of identity at trial is merely conclusory, and he fails to establish any probability that, but for counsels’ decision not to contest authorship, the outcome at trial would have been different. The claim must, therefore, be denied.

C. The Defendant’s Right To Testify

A criminal defendant’s “right to testify is personal and, therefore, can be waived only by the defendant.” Chang, 250 F.3d at 82 (citation omitted). Accordingly, “regardless of strategic considerations that his lawyer concludes weigh against such a decision, a defendant who wishes to testify must be permitted to do so.” Id. at 83 (citation omitted). Defense counsel have a duty to inform their clients of their right to testify “and to ensure that clients understand that the ultimate decision belongs to them, not counsel.” Id. This “burden of ensuring that the defendant is informed of the nature and existence of the right to testify is a component of the effective assistance of counsel.” Id. (citation omitted). At the same time, “counsel has ... the professional duty[ ] to advise his client of the benefits and pitfalls of a decision to take the stand on his own behalf.” Brown v. Artuz, 124 F.3d 73, 78 (2d Cir.1997). To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on a violation of his right to testify, a defendant must satisfy the two-pronged Strickland test, including showing a reasonable probability that his testimony “would have altered the outcome at trial.” Rega v. United States, 263 F.3d 18, 21 (2d Cir.2001).

1. Jordan’s Awareness of His Right To Testify

On this motion, Jordan makes no suggestion that he was not informed it was his right to testify and his decision to make. Nor does he allege that counsel did not give him their best advice as to whether or not he should take the stand. Indeed, Jordan requested on October 15 to consult with independent CJA counsel regarding his right to testify, and the Court immediately undertook to make that appointment. After meeting with the defendant that morning, the CJA attorney, Mr. Kratt, reported to the Court that Jordan was aware of his right to testify or not, and that Jordan would inform his trial counsel of his decision on the matter. The Court also gave the defendant detailed instructions regarding his right to testify. It is, thus, clear from the record in this case that Jordan was thoroughly aware of his right to testify, and that the ultimate decision on the issue lay with him.

2. Jordan’s Allegation of Inadequate Preparation

Rather than asserting that he was not fully aware of his right to testify, Jordan complains that he did not testify because he was discouraged from doing so by counsel’s failure to prepare him adequately. *715 He identifies a single deficiency in this regard. He asserts that there was a reference to one of his prior convictions in Ms. Shroffs written outline for his direct testimony, specifically a 1992 conviction for assault with a dangerous weapon. 37 Jordan asserts that he saw this error in Ms. Shroffs outline on the morning of October 15, when Ms. Gatto “was involved in colloquy regarding the admissibility of certain prosecution evidence.” He asserts further that during a break in the testimony of FBI Agent Waller on October 15, he “attempted to discuss this problem and other matters with Ms. Shroff, who then became agitated.” 38 He claims that he, therefore, did not have a chance to discuss the issue with his counsel and he was forced “to make the decision about testifying ... in the midst of a severe breakdown in communications with[ ] defense counsel,” “not having been given enough time with counsel to deal with this situation, and ... with a complete loss of confidence in defense counsel.” Jordan asserts that his testimony was “necessary” for his defense in two ways: to rebut allegations of abuse and verbal threats and to show that other acts were not “willful.”

These allegations do not make out a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. To carry his burden of demonstrating prejudice under the second Strickland prong, Jordan must identify what he wished to state on the stand and how that would have affected the outcome. This Jordan has failed to do, and understandably so. As the defense itself acknowledged in its motion in limine to preclude cross-examination on the defendant’s prior convictions, much of the evidence at trial was documentary. Had Jordan testified, therefore, he would have been confronted with many facts he simply could not credibly dispute. It is thus unsurprising that Jordan has not been able to articulate why it would have been in his interest to take the stand. Jordan’s conclusory assertion that his testimony was “necessary” is insufficient to show a reasonable probability that his testimony would have altered the outcome at trial. 39

In any event, Jordan’s assertion that his counsel did not consult with him adequately to prepare his testimony is belied by the trial record. Jordan asserts that he sent to his trial counsel on September 10 an 80-page timeline as well as a shorter 20-page “Abbreviated Time Line” which indicated, based to some extent on discovery material, what Jordan “anticipated testifying to as of September 2008.” Jordan was aware on October 8, just before the trial entered a five-day break, that the Government had only a couple more witnesses and that it expected to rest shortly after the trial resumed the following week. One or both of his attorneys visited Jordan twice during the five-day break and spoke with him several more times over the telephone. By his own admission, Jordan was given a written outline of the questions his attorney planned to ask him during his direct testimony. It is apparent, therefore, that defense counsel and Jordan had prepared for his testimony, and that they had con- *716 suited many times during the relevant time period.

Moreover, Jordan’s account of his failed attempt to communicate with his counsel on October 15 about the single error in Ms. Shroffs outline is not supported by the trial record. Jordan asserts that he noticed the error during a colloquy regarding certain evidence. The colloquy that Jordan references occurred early on the morning of October 15, before the jury was brought into the courtroom. The Government reported at that time that it would be resting that morning and the Court scheduled the charging conference for 1:30 p.m. Defense counsel also relayed Jordan’s request to speak with separate counsel regarding his right to testify and “other matters.” Eventually, Ms. Gatto presented evidentiary objections to certain Government exhibits that were being admitted through the testimony of the FBI Agent that morning.

Jordan asserts that he tried to discuss the error with Ms. Shroff during the break in the agent’s testimony. The only break in Agent Waller’s testimony came at mid-morning, when the Government had finished its direct examination. During that mid-morning break, Jordan met with CJA attorney Mr. Kratt.

After the recess, Ms. Gatto cross-examined the agent. When that examination concluded and the Government’s final witness also completed her testimony, the jury was excused for their luncheon recess. The Court observed that the defendant and Ms. Shroff had been consulting with each other and inquired whether the defendant wished to present the Court with a letter to which Mr. Kratt had referred when reporting to the Court earlier in the day on his conversation with the defendant. Ms. Shroff then provided a detailed oral recitation of complaints that Jordan had given her about his attorneys and that he wished her to convey to the Court, including “that Mr. Jordan more vehemently would like us to reargue to the Court its prior ruling on what of his prior convictions would be admitted ... as evidence in the event he were to take the witness stand.” After the Court responded to the recitation, the defendant asked that his attorneys hand his letter to the Court. It was marked as Court Exhibit 6.

During the luncheon recess that followed, the defendant and defense counsel received the proposed jury charge. In addition, the defendant presented another lengthy missive to the Court, which was marked as Court Exhibit 8 during the conference on the charge. At the conclusion of the discussion of the charge, the Court responded to the issued raised by Court Exhibit 6, and Ms. Shroff reported that “my co-counsel and I have consulted with Mr. Jordan and he informs me at this time that he does not intend to take the stand.”

This record of events on October 15, and the contents of Court Exhibits 6 and 8, indicate that the reference to the conviction in the outline for the defendant’s direct testimony played no role in the defendant’s decision not to testify. There is no reference to the conviction or the outline for his direct testimony in either letter that he gave the Court that day. Moreover, Jordan consulted with Ms. Shroff at length that morning, and gave her a lengthy list of complaints about his counsel to convey to the Court. That list did not include any reference to the error about the conviction. Finally, there is no evidence that Jordan discussed this issue with Mr. Kratt, Ms. Gatto, or the defense team’s paralegal, all of whom were with him that morning.

The conclusion is inescapable that Jordan has latched onto this single error in a detailed outline prepared by his trial attorney for his direct testimony to create a *717 legal issue to undermine his conviction. Through his communications to the Court and the intricate timelines he prepared for his attorneys, Jordan showed himself to be — both before and throughout his trial-— fervently immersed in his defense and persistent in all of his efforts. It is, therefore, simply not credible that Jordan could not and did not communicate a significant concern that he had regarding his counsel’s written outline.

D. Proposed Defense Witnesses

Jordan points to eleven witnesses that he had identified in support of his defense, and he complains that his counsel failed to call these individuals to testify at trial. In applying the Strickland test, courts should be “especially deferential to defense attorneys’ decisions concerning which witnesses to put before the jury.” Greiner v. Wells, 417 F.3d 305, 323 (2d Cir.2005). “The decision not to call a particular witness is typically a question of trial strategy,” and, therefore, “counsel’s decision as to whether to call specific witnesses — even ones that might offer exculpatory evidence — is ordinarily not viewed as a lapse in professional representation.” Id. (citation omitted).

Jordan lists in his affidavit the eleven witnesses he had proposed for his defense and describes the testimony each would have provided. Included in this list are two people to whom Jordan had introduced Thenault because they might have been in a position to assist Thenault in furthering her career; several people who witnessed Thenault and Jordan together at bars or restaurants; one individual who drove Jordan to Ms. Dodson’s home; unidentified officers from a Queens precinct who told Jordan in December 2007 that he should not go to Ms. Dodson’s home to pick up his belongings without them; and two women whom Jordan had been seeing or dating in December 2007 and January 2008. Jordan also lists Thenault’s former husband Frederick. According to Jordan, Frederick and Thenault had accused each other of domestic violence, Frederick knew that Thenault had previously received medical treatment for various problems, and he had information about the nature of The-nault’s relationship with Weller.

Jordan does not provide affidavits from any of these individuals setting forth the testimony they would have provided. In any event, of the eleven witnesses that Jordan identifies, only two had any relevance to the crimes charged: Dr. Mayer, who the Government called to testify and whose testimony was quite damaging to Jordan; and Munther Nushiwat, to whom Jordan purportedly showed text messages he received from Thenault while she was in Virginia in December 2007. Jordan makes no showing that Nushiwat had any information to add that was not thoroughly explored during the cross-examination of Thenault. Thus, Jordan offers no reason to conclude that his counsel’s decision not to call any of the witnesses he listed reflected anything but sound trial strategy, and his claim of ineffective assistance on this basis must be denied.

E. Consultation with Jordan

Finally, Jordan contends that counsel failed to consult with him adequately. Jordan has not shown that there is any reason to find that he has been provided ineffective assistance of counsel based on a failure to consult with him. Jordan was thoroughly informed about the Government’s evidence against him and deeply engaged in all of the proceedings. His attorneys repeatedly demonstrated a mastery of the facts and their careful analysis of the legal issues. To the extent Jordan has been able to identify any particular deficiency in his counsel’s performance, that allegation is addressed in this *718 Opinion. 40 His request for a hearing to explore the nature and extent of the history of his communications with his attorneys is denied. 41

IV. Trial Fairness

Jordan identifies several reasons that he did not receive a fair trial. These include that the Government made certain improper remarks in its opening and closing statements; that David Weller’s testimony was overly prejudicial; that Jordan was convicted by jurors who had expressed fear of him; that the jury instructions on Count Three and on Counts Four and Five were improper; and that the jury rendered its verdict on Count Three before receiving an answer to a question it had asked about the conduct that was at issue. Each of these objections is addressed in turn. The remaining arguments that Jordan raises in connection with the fairness of his trial have already been addressed and rejected above.

A. The Government’s Opening and Closing Remarks

Jordan’s first contention concerning the fairness of his trial focuses on the statements made by the Government in its opening and closing remarks. A court assessing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct should consider “the severity of the misconduct, the measures adopted to cure it, and the certainty of conviction in the absence of the misconduct.” United States v. Parkes, 497 F.3d 220, 233 (2d Cir.2007) (citation omitted). “The government has broad latitude in the inferences it may reasonably suggest to the jury during summation,” and “[i]mproper summation statements violate a defendant’s due process rights only if they cause substantial prejudice to the defendant.” United States v. Edwards, 342 F.3d 168, 181 (2d Cir.2003) (citation omitted). A new trial is appropriate “only when the statements, viewed against the entire argument before the jury, deprived the defendant of a fair trial.” United States v. Bermudez, 529 F.3d 158, 165 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted).

Jordan was not deprived of a fair trial based on the Government’s statements in its jury addresses. He complains that — even though no sexual abuse was charged — the Government opened by stating that the case was “about physical, psychological and sexual abuse,” and referred to rape or sexual abuse four times. He also points to the Government’s description that Jordan bound Thenault’s hands with a wire hanger and then beat her, whereas the evidence at trial showed only that the defendant threatened to bind The-nault’s hands with the hanger when he beat her.

*719 Jordan’s physical and psychological abuse of Thenault was inextricably linked to the charged conduct. The Government’s statements describing the case as being about abuse were not improper and were amply supported by the trial evidence. Jordan has failed to show that the difference between threatening to use the hanger and using the hanger would be material to the jury or that the prosecutor lacked a good faith basis to anticipate that Thenault would testify as he described to the jury. 42

With respect to the Government’s summation, Jordan protests that the Government referred to him as “the face of evil,” and called him a “convict” who had “hurt people before.” None of these statements was the prosecutor’s characterization of the defendant. Each was a reference to trial testimony, including recitations of what Jordan had told Thenault of his past. The jury was, in any event, repeatedly instructed that anything said by counsel — for example, in opening statements or in closing arguments — was not evidence.

B. David Weller’s Testimony

Jordan complains that the testimony by David Weller “was so prejudicial that defense counsel in summation referred to what Mr. Jordan did as ‘awful, horrible, and maybe even a crime.’ ” Rule 403, Fed R. Evid., permits the exclusion of relevant evidence “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Fed.R.Evid. 403 (emphasis added). “The term ‘unfair prejudice,’ as to a criminal defendant, speaks to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different from proof specific to the offense charged.” United States v. Elfgeeh, 515 F.3d 100, 128 (2d Cir.2008).

Jordan has not shown that Weller’s testimony unfairly prejudiced him. It was admitted as inextricably intertwined with the charged criminal conduct. “[E]vi-denee of uncharged criminal conduct is not evidence of ‘other crimes, wrongs, or acts’ under Rule 404(b) if that conduct is inextricably intertwined with the evidence regarding the charged offense.” United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289, 309 (2d Cir.2007) (citation omitted). “In such circumstances, the uncharged crime evidence is necessary to complete the story of the crime on trial and, thus, appropriately treated as part of the very act charged, or, at least, proof, of that act.” Id. (citation omitted).

Before trial, the defendant sought to preclude David Weller’s testimony through a motion in limine pursuant to Rule 404(b). The Court ruled that Weller would be permitted to testify because the conduct against him was “highly probative,” “part and parcel of the conduct that underlies the crimes charged,” and “inextricably intertwined” with it. As the Court explained, “[t]he harassment ... occurred both before and during the time that the victim fled from the defendant and it’s therefore contemporaneous with the threatening activity that is the subject of Counts One and Three, and it’s absolutely relevant ... to the defendant’s intent, which is an element of Count Three.” Further, the Government had proffered that the evidence at trial would show “that the defendant told the victim of threats to her boyfriend and of harassing conduct, and the fact that he actually engaged in [the] harassing conduct makes it more *720 likely that the defendant did say those things to the victim.”

The evidence at trial did in fact show that, while Thenault was in Virginia, Jordan told her, among other things, that he had put Weller in the hospital. In light of the evidence presented at trial, Jordan offers no basis to conclude that David Weller’s testimony was unfairly prejudicial. Thus, for the reasons already stated on the record, the admission of David Weller’s testimony is not cause for a new trial and Jordan’s objection to it was properly denied.

C. Jurors’ Fear

Jordan claims that his trial was unfair because, a day before deliberations began, two jurors expressed fear of the defendant to the Courtroom Deputy and within earshot of several other jurors. Rule 24(c), Fed.R.Crim.P., vests a trial court with “broad discretion to replace jurors at any time before the jury retires for deliberations.” United States v. Agramonte, 980 F.2d 847, 850 (2d Cir.1992). “A district court’s investigation of juror misconduct or bias is a delicate and complex task,” and, therefore, “a trial judge has broad flexibility in such matters, especially when the alleged prejudice results from statements by the jurors themselves.” United States v. Peterson, 385 F.3d 127, 134 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted). A deferential standard of review applies “because the trial judge is in a unique position to ascertain an appropriate remedy, having the privilege of continuous observation of the jury in court.” Id. (citation omitted).

The incident to which Jordan refers occurred as the jurors were leaving to go home at the end of trial proceedings on October 15, after the close of evidence and when the Court had already read to the jurors a substantial portion of the jury charge, including all of the elements of the charged offenses. As the Court described to counsel the following morning, within earshot of other jurors two of the jurors indicated to the Courtroom Deputy “that they were concerned about the defendant having their personal information. They noticed that he writes a lot and they asked if he would be keeping the papers that he has had with him during the trial.”

The defendant moved for a mistrial and alternatively requested that each juror be individually interviewed to determine whether he or she could be an impartial juror. The application for a mistrial was denied. After consulting with the parties about what should be said to the jury, the Court brought in the jury and began the morning by addressing the prior night’s incident with them. It stated that it knew “of no reason, whatsoever, that any of you should have any concern” about the defendant having some personal information about you. It reviewed for them in detail the principles regarding the presumption of innocence and the Government’s burden of proof, and reminded them that jurors should base their decisions solely on the evidence and cannot “be swayed by bias or prejudice or fear or favor for or against the Government or for or against the defendant.” The Court then asked each juror to reflect on whether there was anything they wanted to discuss at sidebar or “to say that you think it would be better for you not to be a juror in this case.” As of that time, there were five alternate jurors available to deliberate.

The Court asked the two jurors who had made the remarks at issue to speak individually with the Court and counsel at sidebar. Each juror stated without hesitation that she had no doubt about her ability to serve as a fair and impartial juror in this case. No other juror indicated that he or she wished to speak with the Court at sidebar.

*721 Jordan has not objected to any passage in the Court’s lengthy discussions of this issue with the jury or to any procedure that the Court employed to address this issue. As the Court observed on the record, throughout the trial the jurors showed themselves to be “very diligent,” attentive, and “very dedicated.” In light of those observations and the unequivocal responses given by the jurors in response to the Court’s inquiries, it was apparent that they were not swayed by fear and that their verdict was based solely on the evidence. Jordan’s claim of unfairness on this basis is, therefore, without merit.

D. Jury Charge

Jordan asserts that the jury instruction on Count Three, which charged a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2), was improper because it permitted the jury to convict Jordan of the interstate stalking charge for “ ‘acts’ as minor or trivial” as Jordan twice returning a telephone call from Thenault or calling her twice without the telephone calls “going through.” He also contends that the jury was improperly instructed on the meaning of “attempt” under Counts Four and Five, the witness tampering counts. Both claims are without merit.

“A jury instruction is erroneous if it misleads the jury as to the correct legal standard or does not adequately inform the jury on the law,” and “an erroneous instruction, unless harmless, requires a new trial.” United States v. Hassan, 542 F.3d 968, 987 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). “An error is harmless only if it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error.” Id. (citation omitted). Challenged language in a jury charge is not reviewed “in isolation,” but instead the charge is considered “in its entirety to determine whether, on the whole, it provided the jury with an intelligible and accurate portrayal of the appliea-ble law.” United States v. Shamsideen, 511 F.3d 340, 345 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted).

The specific instruction to which Jordan appears to be objecting with respect to Count Three is the definition of the term “course of conduct,” to wit, “[a] course of conduct is a pattern of conduct composed of two or more acts, evidencing a continuity of purpose. Each use of the telephone constitutes a separate act.” The first part of this instruction is a direct quotation from the statute, which defines “course of conduct” for the purpose of the stalking statutes at 18 U.S.C. § 2266(2). The second part informed the jury that one telephone call cannot constitute multiple acts, such as the “act” of locating the telephone number and then, separately, the “act” of dialing the number. See Bell, 303 F.3d at 1192 (“[T]he preparation and sending of the ... fax should [not] be considered separate acts”).

Regardless, Jordan’s challenge disregards entirely the other instructions provided for Count Three. The charge listed three elements, each of which had to be found beyond a reasonable doubt in order for the jury to convict Jordan. The first element required the Government to prove that, during the time period when The-nault was in Virginia, Jordan “used a facility of interstate commerce to engage in a course of conduct that (1) caused substantial emotional distress to Ms. Thenault, or (2) placed her in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury either for herself or a member of her immediate family.” The second element required the Government to prove beyond a reasonable doubt,

That in doing so, the defendant acted knowingly and with the intent

(1) to injure, harass, intimidate, or cause substantial emotional distress to Ms. Thenault, or

*722 (2) to place Ms. Thenault in reasonable fear of her death or serious bodily-injury or the death or serious bodily injury of a member of her immediate family.

The charge further provided that, to find Jordan guilty, the jury had to find that Jordan acted with the “specific intention” to cause the wrongs described in either of these prongs, and that the jury had to be “unanimous as to which type of knowledge and intent the defendant acted.” Thus, had the jury found that Jordan’s “course of conduct” consisted of “minor or trivial” acts such as returning telephone calls or attempting to dial Thenault’s telephone number without success, it could not have concluded that the course of conduct satisfied each of the elements of the crime. Viewed as a whole, therefore, the instructions given on Count Three properly conveyed the law to the jury, and Jordan’s challenge to these instructions is without merit.

With respect to the attempt instruction for Counts Four and Five, Jordan asserts that it was improper because it did not require that the jury find “dangerous proximity to the criminal end.” He cites United States v. Andrello, 9 F.3d 247 (2d Cir.1993), which explains that under the New York Penal Code, “a conviction for attempt is proper only if the defendant has carried the project forward within dangerous proximity to the criminal end to be attained.” Id. at 249 (citation omitted).

In the federal context, “[t]he standard for establishing a criminal attempt is well settled”:

In order to establish that a defendant is guilty of an attempt to commit a crime, the government must prove that the defendant had the intent to commit the crime and engaged in conduct amounting to a “substantial step” towards the commission of the crime. For a defendant to have taken a substantial step, he must have engaged in more than mere preparation, but may have stopped short of the last act necessary for the actual commission of the substantive crime.

United States v. Douglas, 525 F.3d 225, 249 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). In accordance with this standard, the jury at Jordan’s trial was instructed that “[a] defendant attempts to intimidate, threaten, or corruptly persuade another person if he acts with the intent to do so and his conduct constitutes a substantial step towards committing the crime. A ‘substantial step’ requires more than mere preparation.” Because the crimes at issue — violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b) — were federal, the instruction given was proper, and no mention of “dangerous proximity” was necessary.

E. Unanswered Jury Note

Jordan complains that the jury did not wait for answers to its questions before reaching a verdict. Specifically, he speculates that the jury may have convicted Jordan on Count Three based on his internet postings, “disregarding the instruction that this count was limited to telephone use.” The jury note to which Jordan appears to refer was marked as Court Exhibit 12 and asked, “Is Internet posting considered interstate commerce (Craig’s List)?” The Court suggested to counsel that it would respond that “the only communications that are at issue with respect to Count Three are telephone calls,” and the parties had no objection. Before the jurors could be brought into the courtroom to receive answers to this jury note— which had been received at 2:42 p.m. — and an earlier note, however, the jurors notified the Court at 3:33 p.m. that they had reached a verdict.

Jordan cannot succeed on this challenge. Jordan does not dispute that the jury charge properly limited the acts *723 charged under Count Three to telephone calls. The Court must, therefore, assume that the jury followed these instructions. See Britt v. Garcia, 457 F.3d 264, 272 (2d Cir.2006) (“It is a fundamental proposition that a jury is presumed to follow the instructions of the trial judge.” (citation omitted)). Indeed, that the jury returned a verdict so soon after inquiring about the internet postings indicates that it found Jordan guilty on Count Three based on the telephone calls alone, and that it did not need to wait for an answer to its note.

V. Weight of the Evidence

Finally, Jordan asserts without explanation that even if the verdict is found to have been supported by sufficient evidence, a new trial is necessary because the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. “The weight [of the evidence] is a matter for argument to the jury.” United States v. Florez, 447 F.3d 145, 155 (2d Cir.2006) (citation omitted). “In considering whether to grant a new trial, a district court may itself weigh the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses, but in doing so, it must be careful not to usurp the role of the jury.” United States v. Canova, 412 F.3d 331, 348-49 (2d Cir.2005).

As already discussed in detail, the evidence was more than sufficient to support the jury’s verdict on all five counts. The credibility of each of the Government’s witnesses was supported by the accounts of other witnesses, as well as by a myriad of documentary evidence. Jordan does not point to any inconsistencies in the verdict, nor does he otherwise give any explanation for the basis of this challenge. It is, therefore, rejected.

VI. Motion for Recusal

With his reply on the motion to set aside the verdict, Jordan also filed a motion for the District Judge’s recusal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). Based upon the Court’s December 8 Order noting the discrepancy between the September 19 Letter received by the Court prior to the trial and the New Letter Jordan attached to his post-trial Rule 33 motion, Jordan’s counsel contends that there could be a substantial question regarding the appearance of the District Judge’s impartiality. He asserts that the District Judge has now become a victim of and witness to Jordan’s fraudulent submission of the New Letter, and that this issue will be pertinent to Jordan’s sentencing. These events do not suggest recusal.

Section 455(a) requires a judge to “recuse himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). “The district judge has discretion in the first instance to determine whether to disqualify himself.” In re Basciano, 542 F.3d 950, 956 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). In making this determination, the district court must “carefully weigh the policy of promoting public confidence in the judiciary against the possibility that those questioning his impartiality might be seeking to avoid the adverse consequences of his expected adverse decisions.” Id. (citation omitted). The test focuses on “whether an objective, disinterested observer, fully informed of the underlying facts, would entertain significant doubt that justice would be done absent recusal.” Id. (citation omitted).

The scope of 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) “is commonly limited to those circumstances in which the alleged partiality stems from an extrajudicial source.” United States v. Carlton, 534 F.3d 97, 100 (2d Cir.2008) (citation omitted). Accordingly,

opinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior proceedings, do not *724 constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible.

LoCascio v. United States, 473 F.3d 493, 495-96 (2d Cir.2007) (per curiam) (citation omitted). Even “a judge’s comments during a proceeding that are critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge.” Carlton, 534 F.3d at 100 (citation omitted).

Jordan offers no specific allegation of antagonism, let alone bias by the District Judge. The issues he raises stem entirely from events which occurred as part of current proceedings and do not constitute a basis for recusal. After all, any argument to the contrary might encourage a defendant to attempt to obtain a new judge by falsifying a pro se submission to the Court. See In re Basciano, 542 F.3d at 957 (“Requiring a judge to recuse himself because the defendant ... has plotted or threatened to kill the judge would provide any defendant who wanted a new judge with an effective, if in some cases dreadful, method to achieve that end. A defendant cannot be permitted to use such a plot or threat as a judge-shopping device.”).

CONCLUSION

The defendant’s December 5 motion to set aside the verdict on the five counts tried in October 2008 is denied. The defendant’s December 22 motion for recusal is also denied.

SO ORDERED.