Baeshen v. Arcapita Bank B.S.C.(c) (In re Arcapita Bank B.S.C.(c))

*18Chapter 11

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

Before the Court is a motion (the “Motion”) by the above-referenced reorganized debtors (the “Debtors” or “Arcapita”), seeking to dismiss the Plaintiffs’ complaint (the “Complaint”) in the above-captioned adversary proceeding. The Complaint alleges that certain funds in the possession of the Debtors are not property of the estate, but rather belong to the Plaintiffs. The Debtors allege that the Plaintiffs’ Complaint is precluded under the doctrine of res judicata because the classification and treatment of the Plaintiffs’ monetary claims against the Debtors were conclusively determined in the confirmation order entered in this case in June 2013 [ECF No. 1262] (the “Confirmation Order”). For the reasons stated below, the Court agrees with the Debtors and dismisses the Complaint as an impermissible attempt to collaterally attack the Confirmation Order.

BACKGROUND

Founded in 1996, Arcapita was an alternative investment vehicle and investment bank offering Shari’ah-compliant investment opportunities.1 Compl. ¶ 26. Its headquarters were located in Bahrain. Compl. ¶ 28. The Plaintiffs entered into an investment account agreement with Ar-capita, placing a total of $10,262,957.36 for investment purposes in four bank accounts at Arcapita (collectively, the “Mudarib Accounts”). Compl. ¶¶2-3, 8. Of this total amount, $3,012,223.55 was never invested by Arcapita and remained in the Mudarib Accounts (the “Undeployed Placement”). Compl. ¶ 31. The Mudarib Accounts were governed by two agreements between the Plaintiffs and Arcapita: (1) the First Islamic Application and Agreement for the Opening of an Investment Account; and (2) the Arcapita Application and Agreement for the Opening of an Investment Account (together, the “IA Agreements”). Compl. ¶ 3. According to the IA Agreements, the relationship between the Plaintiffs and Arcapita was governed by Bahrai-ni law. Compl. ¶ 4.

The IA Agreements set forth the general conditions governing these investment accounts with Arcapita. Compl. Ex. A-B. Pursuant to the IA Agreements, Arcapita was appointed by the Plaintiffs to act as Mudarib — an investment manager — with respect to the funds in the Mudarib Accounts. Compl. ¶ 5, Ex. A-B. Under this arrangement, an investor retained title to its investments unless or until the funds were invested in or with third parties. Compl. ¶ 7. The IA Agreements provided that investors could retrieve balances, or parts thereof, upon written notice. Compl. Ex. A-B. The IA Agreements also provided that Arcapita would receive 0.50% per annum of profits . earned from investing cash balances in the Mudarib Accounts. Compl. Ex. B.

In December 2010, Arcapita commenced a Rights Offering to its shareholders, including the Plaintiffs, which offered each investor the opportunity to purchase up to 1,666,667 shares in Arcapita, potentially providing a total capital infusion of $500 million. Compl. ¶ 39, Ex. C. If the Rights Offering failed, shareholders would be notified and any affected subscription amounts, together with any profits, would *19be credited to the shareholders’ investment accounts. Compl. ¶ 46, Ex. C. The Plaintiffs participated and placed $462,568.00 with Arcapita (the “Rights .Offering Investment”). Compl. ¶40. As it turned out, the Rights Offering was ultimately unsuccessful and thus no shares were issued to subscribing shareholders, including the Plaintiffs. Compl. ¶¶ 42-43.

Arcapita and its affiliated the Debtors filed voluntary petitions for relief in this Court under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in early 2012. Compl. ¶ 55.2 In late August 2012, the Plaintiffs filed four proofs of claim that were designated as claim numbers 376, 377, 378 and 379 (the “Claims”). Compl. ¶ 58. The Claims sought payment in the total sum of $10,262,597.36, which constituted the aggregate amount that the Plaintiffs had invested in the Mudarib Accounts, including the Undeployed Placement and the Rights Offering Investment.3 Compl. ¶ 58. In early February 2013, the Debtors filed the first Joint Plan of Reorganization of Arca-pita Bank B.S.C.(c) and Related Debtors Under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “First Plan”) and the Disclosure Statement in Support of the Joint Plan of Reorganization of Arcapita Bank B.S.C.(c) and Related Debtors Under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “First Disclosure Statement”). Compl. ¶ 61.

The First Disclosure Statement explained how the claims of Arcapita investors were addressed in the Plan:

The Plan contemplates that a third-party investor’s [Unrestricted Investment Account] position, RIA position and/or Murabaha position with Arcapita at the Petition Date gives rise to general unsecured claims against Arcapita Bank (the "Investor Claims”).... The Investor Claims are classified in Class 5(a).4

First Disclosure Statement at 39. The Plaintiffs’ share of this class — essentially, the Plaintiffs’ Undeployed Placement — was *20approximately $3,012,223.55. Under the First Plan, therefore, $3,012,223.55 of the Plaintiffs’ Claims was classified as a general unsecured claim. First Plan, at 5.

The First Disclosure Statement further disclosed that, “[t]he rights of the Rights Offering Participants to receive the Area-pita Bank Shares contemplated by the Rights Offering give rise to Subordinated Claims against Arcapita Bank....” First Disclosure Statement, at 40. “The Rights Offering Claims are classified in Class 8(a).” Id. The Plaintiffs’ claims relating to the Rights Offering — their Rights Offering Investment — totaled $452,568.00. Under the First Plan, therefore, $452,568.00 of the Plaintiffs’ Claims was treated as a subordinated claim, meaning that such claims were subordinated in priority to all claims that were senior or equal to the claim. First Plan, at 7.

In late April 2013, the Debtors filed the Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization of Arcapita Bank B.S.C.(c) and Related Debtors Under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Second Plan”) and the Second Amended Disclosure Statement in Support of the Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization of Arcapita Bank B.S.C.(c) and Related Debtors Under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Second Disclosure Statement”). The treatment of the Plaintiffs’ claims remained the same. Compl. ¶ 63. Pursuant to the Second Plan, therefore, Class 5(a) claims remained classified as general unsecured claims and Class 8(a) claims against Arcapita remained classified as subordinated claims. Second Plan, at 6-7.

Another party with unspent funds in a Mudarib Account filed a limited objection to the Second Plan on May 30, 2013. Compl. ¶ 66. That party, Mounzer Nasr, was unrelated to the Plaintiffs here. Mr. Nasr’s objection argued that money in his account that was held in trust by the Debtors was not property of the Debtors’ estates. Id. To resolve the objection of Mr. Nasr, the Debtors included a carve-out in the Confirmation Order. That carve-out reserved Mr. Nasr’s right to argue that any property held by the Debtors or Reorganized Debtors was not property of the Debtors’ estates, and Mr. Nasr retained his right to pursue remedies in connection with this argument. See Confirmation Order ¶.65. While the Plaintiffs did not join in Mr. Nasr’s objection, they did actively participate in these bankruptcy cases by joining in an objection to the Debtors’ request for replacement postpetition financing, an issue that was scheduled for hearing one day prior to the hearing on confirmation of the Plan.5 The Plaintiffs’ objection was overruled.

On June 17, 2013, the Court entered the Confirmation Order. Compl. ¶ 68. On September 17, 2013, the Plan became effective. Compl. ¶ 70.

Almost five months after confirmation and two months after the Plan went effective, the Plaintiffs filed the Complaint in this case. The Complaint asserts that, under Bahraini law, the Debtors never held a legal or equitable interest in the Plaintiffs’ Undeployed Placement and the Rights Offering Investment that totaled approximately $3,464,791.66 (the “Funds”), and therefore, the Funds were never prop*21erty of the estate for purposes of Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code. Compl. ¶ 1. The Plaintiffs’ Complaint seeks a judgment: (1) declaring that the Funds are not property of the Debtors’ estates and never vested with the reorganized debtors; (2) compelling the reorganized debtors to turn over the Funds; and (3) awarding the Plaintiffs prejudgment interest. Compl. ¶ 15.

DISCUSSION

In analyzing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court looks to whether a plaintiff has pleaded “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). As is the case with any motion to dismiss, the Court accepts the allegations in the Complaint as true. See id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

A. The Legal Effect of the Conñrmation Order

A bankruptcy court’s “order of confirmation is treated as a final judgment with res judicata effect.” In re Indesco Int’l, Inc., 354 B.R. 660, 664 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2006). The doctrine of res judica-ta generally provides that parties cannot relitigate issues that have previously been decided by a court of competent jurisdiction. Thus, “any attempt by the parties or those in privity with them to relitigate any of the matters that were raised or could have been raised therein is barred under the doctrine of res judicata.” Sure-Snap Corp. v. State St. Bank & Trust Co., 948 F.2d 869, 873 (2d Cir.1991) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). Courts have considered “[t]he confirmation of a plan in a Chapter 11 proceeding [to be] an event comparable to the entry of a final judgment in an ordinary civil litigation.” Sil-verman v. Tracar, S.A. (In re Am. Preferred Prescription, Inc.), 255 F.3d 87, 92 (2d Cir.2001); see also Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761, 772 (6th Cir.2002) (finding as a general rule “the ‘[Confirmation of a plan of reorganization constitutes a final judgment in bankruptcy proceedings.’ ”) (alterations in original) (citations omitted). The preclusive effect of a confirmation order is limited “by the content of the reorganization plan and the confirmation order.” Maxwell Commc’n. Corp. v. Societe Generate (In re Maxwell Commc’n Corp.), 93 F.3d 1036, 1044-45 (2d Cir.1996).

Under Section 1141 of the Bankruptcy Code, a confirmation plan “bind[s] its debtors and creditors as to all the plan’s provisions, and all related, property or non-property based claims which could have been litigated in the same cause of action.” Sure-Snap, 948 F.2d at 873 (emphasis in original). If a party had adequate information about prospective claims prior to the commencement of a bankruptcy proceeding, that is evidence it could have brought the action in the first instance. See id.

However, “[r]es judicata does not apply when a cause of action has been expressly reserved for later adjudication.” Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.), 262 B.R. 604, 612 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2001) (citation omitted). For example, a debtor’s claim will not be precluded if the debtor has “sufficiently identified and reserved its contingent claims against the [creditors], in the Stipulation, its Disclosure Statement, Plan and the Confirmation Order....” Id. at 613. Claims holders are given the opportunity to object to the confirmation order only after Chapter 11 petitioners are required to file a “disclosure statement listing all ‘adequate information’ which would enable holders of claims to take an informed position on a *22proposed plan.” Sure-Snap, 948 F.2d at 873. Therefore, res judicata operates to preclude parties from “raising claims that they could have ... but failed to raise before confirmation.” In re Indesco, 354 B.R. at 664; see also In re Northwestern Corp., 2005 WL 2847228, at *5 (Bankr.D.Del. Oct. 25, 2005).

Under Section 541 of the Code, a debtor’s estate consists of “all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). “[E]xcept as otherwise provided in the plan or in the order confirming the plan, after confirmation of a plan, the property dealt with by the plan is free and clear of all claims and interests of créditors, equity security holders, and of general partners in the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 1141(c). All documents relating to a confirmation order are part of the plan and should be considered in interpreting a plan’s provisions. See In re WorldCom, Inc., 352 B.R. 369, 377 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 2006) (considering plan and supplement to debtors’ disclosure statement together “to ascertain the meaning of Plan provisions”). Together the plan and disclosure statement constitute a binding contract among the parties. See, e.g., CGO Invs., LLC v. AB Liquidating Corp. (In re AB Liquidating Corp.), 2006 WL 6810956, at *3 (9th Cir. BAP Dec. 22, 2006) (concluding “[g]enerally a chapter 11 plan should be interpreted as a contract”); In re Northwestern, 2005 WL 2847228, at *5.

To determine whether res ju-dicata bars a subsequent proceeding, a court will consider “whether 1) the prior decision was a final judgment on the merits, 2) the litigants were the same parties, 3) the prior court was of competent jurisdiction, and 4) the causes of action were the same.” Corbett v. MacDonald Moving Servs., Inc., 124 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir.1997) (citation omitted). Additionally, a bankruptcy court will ask whether “an independent judgment in a separate proceeding would ‘impair, destroy, challenge, or invalidate the enforceability or effectiveness’ of the reorganization plan.” Id. (citing Sure-Snap, 948 F.2d at 875-76).

“Generally res judicata is an affirmative defense to be pleaded in the defendant’s answer.” Day v. Moscow, 955 F.2d 807, 811 (2d Cir.1992) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c)). “However, when all relevant facts are shown by the court’s own records, of which the court takes notice, the defense may be upheld on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion without requiring an answer.” Id. (citation omitted). “Dismissal under Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) is appropriate when a defendant raises claim preclusion ... and it is clear from the face of the complaint, and matters of which the court may take judicial notice, that the claims are barred as a matter of law.” Conopco, Inc. v. Roll Int'l, 231 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir.2000).

B. The Plaintiffs’ Claims Are Barred by the Confirmation Order

The Debtors’ Motion argues that the Plaintiffs seek to collaterally attack the Confirmation Order’s treatment of the Plaintiffs’ claims. The Plaintiffs counter by arguing that the Confirmation Order does not bar their claims under the doctrine of res judicata. The parties do not dispute that the second and third elements of res judicata are satisfied as the litigants are the same parties and this Court was of competent jurisdiction. See Mot. to Dismiss at 8-10 [ECF No. 4]; Memo, of Law in Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss at 11-12 [ECF No. 10]. The parties instead dispute whether the first and forth elements are satisfied.

Turning to the first element, the Plaintiffs argue the Confirmation Order is not a final judgment on the merits because *23a plan confirmation cannot confer upon a debtor title to another’s property. See Plaintiffs’ Opp. at 11. But the Court disagrees with the Plaintiffs’ framing of the issue. While it is true that a party has the right to contest what constitutes property of the estate, this issue was resolved in the plan of reorganization that was approved by the Confirmation Order. This is hardly surprising, given that an understanding of what constitutes property of the estate is central to determining the distribution to creditors in any plan of reorganization. See, e.g., In re MF Global Inc., 478 B.R. 611, 618 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2012) (“Section 1123(a)(5) provides a means for the estate to transfer property as part of a confirmed plan, requiring that a plan of reorganization provide adequate means for implementation, including the ‘transfer of all or any part of the property of the estate to one or more entities....’”) (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 1123(a)(5)(B)); In re Loco Realty Corp., 2009 WL 2883050, at *4, 2009 Bankr.LEXIS 1724, at *14 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2009) (determining whether rental income constituted “property of the estate, such that the Debtor can use [it] to fund its proposed plan of reorganization.”); Enron Power Mktg., Inc. v. Nev. Power Co. (In re Enron Corp.), 2005 Bankr.LEXIS 3024, at *7 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2005) (“[I]t is important that property of the estate that is protected prior to confirmation of the Plan or its effective date should be protected after confirmation or effective date. Therefore, this Court used its power under [Sjection 105 to enjoin continuation of the FERC Hearing, as the Court determined that EPMI’s rights under the WSPP Agreement are property of the estate and remain important to effectuating the Plan. This is because the Plan contemplates distribution of all of the assets of the Debtors.”).

The Plaintiffs’ interests in the Funds were clearly delineated as claims under the Debtors’ plan. The First Disclosure Statement classified the Plaintiffs’ claims relating to the Undeployed Placement in the Mudarib Accounts as Class 5(a) claims, and the claims related to the Rights Offering Investment as Class 8(a) claims. First Disclosure Statement at 39-40. Under the First Plan, Class 5(a) claims were classified as general unsecured claims and Class 8(a) claims were classified as subordinated claims. First Plan at 5, 7. The Second Plan did not change the treatment of these claims. Second Plan at 67. See In re Indesco Int'l, Inc., 354 B.R. at 665 (finding claimants were barred by res judicata from claiming, post-confirmation, that treatment of their claims under the Plan was discriminatory).6

*24The Plaintiffs do not assert that they did not have adequate notice of the confirmation hearing or the proposed plans of reorganization. Thus, the Plaintiffs had adequate notice about the specific classification and treatment of its claims. Confirmation Order ¶ I; Confirmation Order Exhibit B. Nor do the Plaintiffs raise any issues with the way the confirmation hearing was conducted. Nor have Plaintiffs explained why they did not raise this claim prior to plan confirmation.7

In arguing that the Plan did not confer title upon the Debtors, the Plaintiffs rely on cases that are distinguishable. See Plaintiffs’ Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss at 5-6 (citing In re Toney, 349 B.R. 516 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.2006); Rutherford Hospital Inc. v. RNH Partnership, 168 F.3d 693 (4th Cir.1999); Winters Nat. Bank and Trust Co. of Dayton v. Simpson (In re Simpson), 26 B.R. 351 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1982); Estep v. Fifth Third Bank of N.W. Ohio (In re Estep), 173 B.R. 126 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1994); Gould v. Smith (In re Holywell Corp.), 118 B.R. 876 (S.D.Fla.1990)). All of these cases addressed far different circumstances. In In re Toney, for example, a foreclosure sale of the debt- or’s residence took place prior to the debt- or filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy relief. In re Toney, 349 B.R. at 518. The bankruptcy court in Toney concluded the foreclosure sale divested the debtor of his interest in the property and rejected the debtor’s argument that the confirmed Chapter 13 reinstated the mortgage and gave him back his residence. Id. Similarly, in In re Simpson, the debtor attempted to reinstate her ownership interest in property that was sold at a foreclosure sale by virtue of the confirmed plan. In re Simpson, 26 B.R. at 352-53. The debtors in Toney and Simpson were lawfully divested of their title to the property by a foreclosure sale and the bankruptcy process did not provide for a reinstatement of the debtor’s rights by collateral attack. The Plaintiffs’ reliance on Rutherford Hospital is also misplaced because Rutherford did not deal with a plan or confirmation order. Moreover, the property that the plaintiff in Rutherford claimed to own was not even in 'existence at the time of the bankruptcy sale. Rutherford, 168 F.3d at 699.

The lack of authority supporting the Plaintiffs’ position is not surprising given the real world consequences of permitting the Plaintiffs’ legal challenge. In short, it would wreak havoc. The Plaintiffs’ Complaint challenges a central premise of the Debtors’ confirmed plan: that approximately $320 million of Mudarib Funds are available for distribution to claimants on a pro rata basis under the classification scheme set forth in the Plan.8

*25Indeed, given concerns about the finality of a confirmed plan, it is well established that a confirmation order may be revoked only if it was procured by fraud. 11 U.S.C. § 1144. But the Plaintiffs do not allege any claim of fraud. Rather, the facts demonstrate that the Plaintiffs were aware the treatment that the Funds would receive under the Plan. A party cannot “attack[ ] a chapter 11 confirmation order by characterizing [its] action as an independent motion or cause of action....” In re BGI Inc., 2012 WL 5892208, at *4 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2012). To determine whether a party is attempting to revoke a confirmation order, a court considers “whether the relief sought would upset the confirmed plan, [and] negatively affect innocent parties and creditors.... ” Id. Much like the circumstances before this Court, the court in BGI found that allowing claimants in that case to receive their requested relief would result in a class of individuals filing untimely claims, resulting in a redistribution of estate assets — essentially revoking the confirmation order. Id. at *4. Of course, “[w]here a claim does not involve an attempt to ‘redivide the pie’ by a disgruntled participant in the Plan ...” and instead “involves a dispute about an additional asset that did not figure into the reorganization [p]lan ...” adjudication of the claim may be permitted. Farley v. Coffee Cupboard, Inc. (In re Coffee Cupboard, Inc.), 119 B.R. 14, 19 (E.D.N.Y.1990). But the Plaintiffs’ claims here do not involve “additional asset[s] ... not figure[d] into the reorganization Plan[.]” Id. Rather, the Plan made clear how these claims were to be addressed. Thus, the Plaintiffs’ Complaint is an improper attempt to “redivide the pie,” because granting the requested relief would dramatically increase the Plaintiffs’ payout under the Plan and significantly lessen the sum available for all other claimants.

The Plaintiffs try to avoid the res judicata treatment of the Plan by pointing to several provisions of the Plan that purportedly reserve this Court’s post-confirmation jurisdiction over certain issues. The Plaintiffs argue that these provisions specifically contemplate post-confirmation adjudication of disputes regarding whether particular assets are property of the estate.9 But all of the provisions cited by the Plaintiffs are generic clauses, none of which specifically address the treatment of the Funds in question. Under well-established contract principles, the specific language of the Plan relating to the treatment of the Plaintiffs’ claims trumps the general language contained in the reservations of this Court’s jurisdiction. See Silverman v. *26Central Equities Credit Corp., (In re 18th Ave. Realty, Inc.), 2010 WL 1849403, at *5, 2010 Bankr.LEXIS 1553, at *15 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. May 7, 2010) (“In construing a chapter 11 plan ... the Court should apply contract principles.”) (citing In re Shenango Group, Inc., 501 F.3d 338, 344 (3d Cir.2007)). Indeed, a basic principal on contract interpretation under New York law is that specific terms in a contract will override the general.10 See Bowmer v. Bowmer, 50 N.Y.2d 288, 294, 428 N.Y.S.2d 902, 406 N.E.2d 760 (1980); John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Carolina Power & Light Co., 717 F.2d 664, 669 n. 8 (2d Cir.1983) (“New York law recognizes that definitive, particularized contract language takes precedence over expressions of intent that are general, summary, or preliminary.”); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 203 (1981) (“In the interpretation of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, ... specific terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language.”).

When general and specific provisions of a contract are inconsistent, moreover, “the specific provision controls.” Muzak Corp. v. Hotel Taft Corp., 1 N.Y.2d 42, 46, 150 N.Y.S.2d 171, 133 N.E.2d 688 (1956); Israel v. Chabra, 12 N.Y.3d 158, 168 n. 3, 878 N.Y.S.2d 646, 906 N.E.2d 374 (2009) (stating that if contractual provisions are irreconcilable, “the more specific clause controls the more general”) (quoting 11 Samuel Williston & Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on'the Law of Contracts § 32:15 (4th ed. 1999 & Supp. 2010)); 11 Williston & Lord, supra, § 32.10 (“Where general and specific clauses conflict, the specific clause governs the meaning of the con-tract_”); 5 Margaret N. Kniffin, Corbin on Contracts § 24.23 (Rev. ed. 1998) (“If the apparent inconsistency is between a clause that is general and broadly inclusive in nature and one that is more limited and specific in its coverage, the more specific term should usually be held to prevail over the more general term.”); see also Barclays Bank PLC v. Giddens (In re Lehman Bros. Holdings Inc.), 761 F.3d 303, 313 (2d Cir.2014) (“To the extent that there appears to be conflict between these provisions, the specific governs the general.”)

The Plaintiffs’ Complaint also is barred because they failed to “expressly reserve” their cause of action.. See In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 262 B.R. at 612. The Plaintiffs rely upon the fact that another claim holder, Mounzer Nasr, reserved his rights on the same issues the Plaintiffs now raise. Confirmation Order ¶¶ 64-65. As a result of Mr. Nasr’s objection to confirmation (the “Nasr Objection”), the Confirmation Order reserved Mr. Nasr’s right to argue “that any property held by the Debtors ... is not property of the Debtors’ estate.... ” Confirmation Order ¶ 65. As there is no similar provision referring to the Plaintiffs, however, the Plaintiffs failed to reserve the issue and cannot raise it now. In re AB Liquidating Corp., 2006 WL 6810956, at *4 (“[i]f a creditor fails to protect its interests by timely objecting to a plan or appealing the confirmation order, it cannot later challenge the provisions of the confirmed plan, even if such provisions arguably are inconsistent with the Code.”) (citation omitted).11

*27The Plaintiffs contend that they are allowed to bring this cause of action despite not reserving their objection at confirmation. To support of this contention, the Plaintiffs rely on In re Maxwell Commc’n. Corp., 93 F.3d 1036 (2d Cir.1996). But Maxwell is easily distinguishable. At issue in Maxwell was whether litigation regarding pre-petition transfers by the debt- or to certain banks, including Barclay’s Bank, should be governed by United States bankruptcy law before an American bankruptcy court or should proceed overseas. Concluding that the doctrine of international comity supported deferring to the courts and laws of England, the Second Circuit affirmed the dismissal of adversary proceedings in the United States filed by the Chapter 11 debtor. Along the way, the Second Circuit rejected the argument that the plan and confirmation order in the Chapter 11 case bound the parties to litigate the pre-petition transfer issues in the United States bankruptcy court. More specifically, the Second Circuit concluded that nothing in the plan or confirmation order precluded the banks from challenging the applicability of United States bankruptcy law to the transfers in question. The Second Circuit further found that nothing in the plan or confirmation order had expanded the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction or purported to give the bankruptcy court exclusive jurisdiction over the transfer litigation in question. In short, the Second Circuit found that the plan or confirmation order were irrelevant to the issue before it. See id. at 1045 (finding that plan provision regarding jurisdiction was “not relevant.”).

Having reached that conclusion, the Maxwell court merely noted in dicta that the bankruptcy administrator’s position— that the bankruptcy court was the exclusive forum for this litigation — was inconsistent with the position that the bankruptcy administrator took before the bankruptcy court, where it had agreed that Barclay’s had reserved its rights on the issue. Id. at 1045 (citing bankruptcy administrator’s counsel’s statement that “[w]ith regard to ... the Barclays Bank objection to confirmation the provisions of the Plan in Article 10 ... were not intended to prejudice the merits of the arguments presented by Bar-clays.”). This casual observation aside, nowhere in Maxwell did the Second Circuit decide or even discuss whether a party in bankruptcy generally can rely on another party’s specific objection that was carved out in the confirmation order.12

Permitting the Plaintiffs to proceed with their challenge now despite failing to reserve their rights on this issue would cast a pall over the finality of confirmation proceedings. Confirmation'in large Chapter 11 cases is complex, with many multilateral negotiations occurring, often right up to the start of the confirmation hearing. *28Reservations of rights are common and allow specific parties to carve out defined issues for future litigation, if necessary, thus resolving objections that might otherwise bar confirmation. See, e.g., In re AMR Corp., Case No. 11-15463, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order Pursuant to Sections 1129(a) and (b) of the Bankruptcy Code and Rule S020 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure Confirming Debtors’ Fourth Amended Joint Chapter 11 Plan ¶ 19 (reserving rights of City of Fort Worth and Alliance Airport Authority, Inc. to object to the assumption or assignment of their leases or Debtors’ purchase of equipment), ¶ 57 (reserving rights of Clayton Plaintiffs to assert antitrust claims against the Debtors) [ECF No. 10367], The reasons for such compromises are complex. They inevitably include the monetary value for the estate — and all stakeholders — in achieving confirmation and exiting the costly bankruptcy process. The reasons also include a calculus of whether such issues need to be decided by a court or might otherwise find resolution outside of the courthouse.

In that environment, a bankruptcy court does not — and cannot — conduct an evaluation of the merits for all the issues expressly reserved by the parties. Moreover, it would be- impossible to determine how an issue reserved by one party might impact other parties not before the Court and the extent of such impact. Yet, a debtor might have no choice but to tackle such issues at confirmation if reservations were read expansively to cover parties not before the Court. But under those circumstances, it is unclear whether the court would have an actual case and controversy before it. See U.S. Dep’t of Treas. v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors, 475 B.R. 347, 357 (S.D.N.Y.2012) (“Article III of the United States Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to ‘cases’ or ‘controversies,’ as distinguished from advisory opinions.... [I]f there is no case or controversy, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the action.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Regardless of whether they are ripe for adjudication, confronting such issues would add immense expense and uncertainty to the confirmation process, resulting in precisely the situation that the doctrine of res judicata is designed to avoid. See Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980) (res judicata “relievefs] parties of the cost and vexation of multiple lawsuits, conserve[s] judicial resources, and, by preventing inconsistent decisions, encourage[s] reliance on adjudication.”).

Turning to the fourth and final element of res judicata, the Plaintiffs contend their cause of action is not identical to the issues considered in the Plan confirmation proceedings. To determine whether the causes of action are identical, a court will inquire whether “the second action ... involve[d] the same ‘claim’ or ‘nucleus of operative fact’ as the first....” Celli v. First Nat’l Bank (In re Layo), 460 F.3d 289, 292 (2d Cir.2006). As an aspect of this element, the bankruptcy court will consider “whether an independent judgment in a separate proceeding would ‘impair; destroy, challenge, or invalidate the enforceability or effectiveness’ of the reorganization plan.” Corbett, 124 F.3d at 88. The critical question for res judicata purposes, however, is “whether the party could or should have asserted the claina in the earlier proceeding.” In re Layo, 460 F.3d at 292 (quoting In re Howe, 913 F.2d 1138, 1146 n. 28 (5th Cir.1990)).

For the same reasons discussed above, the Plaintiffs could have raised the issue as part of these bankruptcy cases here — in which the Plaintiffs participated — at any time up to and including the confirmation *29process. Taken together, the disclosure statement and the confirmed plan control how the Funds would be handled. They provided adequate notice that the Funds were considered part of the Debtors’ estate property and would be used to pay cash distributions under the Plan and the Reorganized Debtors’ operations. They further provided adequate notice that parties like the Plaintiffs would be given claims in Class 5(a) and 8(a). The Plaintiffs could have contested all these issues at several points prior to confirmation. But they did not. Allowing the Plaintiffs’ claims would effectively disrupt the reorganization plan and open the door to numerous other claimants to belatedly make the same challenge. See Corbett, 124 F.3d at 88.

For the reasons discussed above, therefore, the Confirmation Order constitutes a final judgment that precludes the claims the Plaintiffs assert. As the Debtors have met the four requirements for the application of res judicata, the Plaintiffs are precluded from reasserting the same claims.13

CONCLUSION

Because the claims asserted in the Plaintiffs’ Complaint are barred by the doctrine of res judicata, the Debtors’ Motion to Dismiss is granted. The Debtors shall settle an order on three days’ notice.