Dccc v. Federal Election Commission

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DCCC, Plaintiff, v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, Civil Action No. 24-cv-2935 (RDM) Defendant, NRSC, Intervenor-Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION Plaintiff Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (“DCCC”) is a national campaign committee with the mission of electing Democratic Party candidates to the U.S. House of Representatives. Dkt. 28 at 6 (Am. Compl. ¶ 15). To further its mission, the DCCC makes contributions and expenditures in support of Democratic congressional candidates. Id. The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (“FECA” or “the Act”), 52 U.S.C. § 3010 et seq., imposes disclosure obligations and limits on both contributions to political candidates and political parties’ expenditures for campaign activities that are made in coordination with candidates. When a political party’s committee makes expenditures for campaign activities in coordination with a candidate, those expenditures are referred to as coordinated party expenditures, and, until recently, they were subject to contribution limits. The DCCC’s Amended Complaint alleges that, in the lead-up to the 2024 election, “the National Republican Senatorial Committee (‘NRSC’) began relying on an implausible reading of an agency regulation in order to circumvent statutory limits that Congress has placed on coordinated spending between political parties and their candidates,” and the DCCC’s competitor, “[t]he National Republican Congressional Campaign Committee (‘NRCC’) soon followed suit.” Dkt. 28 at 1 (Am. Compl. ¶ 1). In short, the NRSC and NRCC ran a coordinated campaign, the primary focus of which was expressly advocating for the election of the candidates they supported. But, because the ads included brief taglines asking supporters to “Give Today,” the NRSC and NRCC maintained that the ads were simply joint-fundraising efforts, which fall outside the then-existing coordinated-expenditure limits. Id. at 18 (Am. Compl. ¶ 55); see also id. at 2 (Am. Compl. ¶ 1). The NRSC and NRCC spent “tens of millions of dollars on” these ads “in full coordination with those candidates” and “far exceed[ed] the limits [on coordinated party expenditures] set forth in federal law.” Id. at 1–2 (Am. Compl. ¶ 1) (emphasis omitted). In September 2024, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (“DSCC”), which supports Democratic candidates for the U.S. Senate, sought an advisory opinion from the Federal Election Commission (“FEC”) on the question whether amounts spent on joint-fundraising advertisements like the ones funded by the NRSC and NRCC were subject to FECA’s coordinated expenditure limits. Pursuant to FECA, those subject to the Act may request advisory opinions from the FEC before taking action to confirm whether a “specific [proposed] transaction or activity by the person” is legally permissible. Ready for Ron v. FEC, No. 22-cv- 3282, 2023 WL 3539633, at *3 (D.D.C. May 17, 2023) (quoting 52 U.S.C. § 30108(a)(1)). Notably, a “favorable advisory opinion” approving the proposed action provides a “safe harbor” against any enforcement action under FECA. Id. Issuance of an advisory opinion requires “the affirmative vote of 4 members of the Commission.” 52 U.S.C. § 30106(c). If four of the commissioners cannot agree on the 2 substance of an advisory opinion, the FEC will issue a letter “stating that the Commission was unable to approve an advisory opinion by the required affirmative vote of 4 members.” 11 C.F.R. § 112.4(a). With respect to the DSCC’s request for an advisory opinion addressing whether ads like those paid for by the NRSC were subject to FECA’s limits on contributions and coordinated party expenditures, the FEC deadlocked, with three members voting in favor of one result and three in favor of the other. The FEC accordingly issued a Closeout Letter on October 10, 2024, informing the requesters that it had “concluded its consideration” of the request “without issuing an advisory opinion” because no opinion received the affirmative vote of four members. Dkt. 46 at 152–53 (AR 148–49). The DSCC did not seek judicial review of the FEC’s closeout of its advisory-opinion request. But its sister committee, the DCCC, filed this suit challenging the FEC’s decision not to render an advisory opinion as arbitrary and capricious and contrary to law under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (“APA”). Dkt. 1 at 27 (Compl. ¶ 93). The DCCC alleged that the agency “failed to administer and uphold FECA’s contribution and party expenditure limits . . . by failing to issue an [advisory opinion] making clear that expenditures to pay for a candidate’s television advertisements are ‘contributions’ under FECA that are subject to the statute’s limits,” and further alleged that the agency deprived the DCCC “of safe harbor protection for such excess expenditures to support” similar “advertising.” Id. Among other things, the DCCC sought a preliminary injunction and a declaration that expenditures made on the ads at issue qualify as “contributions” under the Act and are “thus subject to FECA’s limits.” Id. (Prayer for Relief). The same day that the DCCC filed suit, it moved for a preliminary injunction, Dkt. 6, and less than a week later, the NRSC intervened as a defendant, Dkt. 14 3 (motion for leave to intervene); Min. Order (Oct. 23, 2024) (granting intervention). On November 1, 2024, the Court denied the DCCC’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Dkt. 21. On December 20, 2024, the DCCC filed the currently operative, amended complaint. Dkt. 28. The FEC and the NRSC each moved to dismiss that complaint on various grounds, including that the DCCC lacked standing to challenge the FEC’s decision not to issue an advisory opinion in response to DSCC’s request and that the FEC’s October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter resulting from the deadlocked three-three vote was not a “final agency action” reviewable under the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 704. Dkt. 32 (NRSC); Dkt. 34 (FEC). The DCCC opposed both motions and cross-moved for summary judgment. Dkt. 36; Dkt. 37. Shortly after those motions were fully briefed, the Supreme Court granted the NRSC’s petition for a writ of certiorari in National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission, No. 24-621 (June 30, 2025), which raised a First Amendment challenge to FECA’s political-party coordinated-expenditure limits. The NRSC argued that this Court “should not proceed to the merits” of the instant dispute “without first receiving the Supreme Court’s direction on the First Amendment issues.” Dkt. 49 at 2. The Court agreed and stayed the case pending the Supreme Court’s decision. Min. Order (July 31, 2025). On June 30, 2026, the Supreme Court issued its decision in National Republican Senatorial Committee v. FEC, 146 S. Ct. 2404, 2413 (2026) (hereinafter “NRSC”), striking down “FECA’s limits on political parties’ coordinated expenditures.” In light of this development, the Court requested supplemental briefing addressing whether the Supreme Court’s intervening decision rendered the DCCC’s claim moot and whether the DCCC has an ongoing live interest in vacatur of the FEC’s October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter or a declaration that joint-fundraising 4 advertisements like the NRSC’s qualify as “contributions” for purposes of FECA’s disclosure requirements. Dkt. 57 at 62 (Tr. 62:1–6). In its supplemental briefing, the DCCC does not dispute that the reason for the DSCC’s advisory-opinion request—whether joint-fundraising advertisements like those run by NRSC are subject to FECA’s limits on coordinated party expenditures—no longer presents a live controversy for judicial review, after the Supreme Court’s decision in NRSC rendered those limits unenforceable. Instead, the DCCC has shifted course to focus on the NRSC’s failure to file contribution reports disclosing its spending on these ads as coordinated party expenditures. The DCCC argues that, had the FEC answered the DSCC’s advisory-opinion request in the manner that the DCCC contends FECA requires, that opinion would have established that the ads at issue qualify as coordinated expenditures and that, even if the contribution limits no longer apply, the coordinated-expenditure disclosure rules do. That matters, according to the DCCC, because the failure to report these coordinated expenditures under FECA has caused, and continues to cause, the DCCC a cognizable injury by depriving it of valuable information to which it has a statutory right. The DCCC now asks the Court to vacate the October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter and to issue a declaratory judgment answering a question that the DSCC never asked the FEC to decide in the first instance: whether advertisements like the ones at issue are subject to FECA’s reporting requirements for coordinated party expenditures, rather than its provisions governing the reporting of joint-fundraising communications. But even if there are some circumstances in which the FEC’s non-issuance of an advisory opinion presents a justiciable controversy upon which the Court may grant declaratory relief, see Ready for Ron, 2023 WL 3539633, at *3 n.3, those circumstances are not present in this case. For present purposes, the Court need not decide whether the DCCC has established a cognizable 5 informational injury resulting from the NRSC’s (and the NCCC’s) reporting of these ads as joint- fundraising communications rather as coordinated party expenditures, because the DCCC cannot clear other jurisdictional hurdles. Most notably, the DCCC has not established that its injury, if any, is traceable to the FEC’s non-issuance of a decision on a question that is now moot. Nor has the DCCC demonstrated that setting aside the FEC’s Closeout Letter would redress DCCC’s asserted injury, as vacatur of the letter would not require the FEC to issue any advisory opinion at all, let alone the advisory opinion that DCCC seeks. The DCCC’s claim, reframed as it has been in light of the Supreme Court’s intervening decision, presents a question that is unmoored from the request presented to the FEC and from the action—or nonaction—the agency actually took. In these circumstances, the claim does not present a judiciable controversy within the Court’s power to adjudicate. The Court will, accordingly, GRANT Defendant’s and Intervenor-Defendant’s motions to dismiss and DENY Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. I. BACKGROUND A. Statutory and Regulatory Background Congress enacted FECA “to remedy any actual or perceived corruption of the political process” by regulating financing of political campaigns. FEC v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11, 14 (1998). Among other things, FECA imposes disclosure and reporting requirements on candidates for public office and their campaign committees, 52 U.S.C. § 30104(b)(3), as well as limits on contributions to political candidates, including political committees’ expenditures in coordination with those candidates, id. § 30116(a)(1)(A), (a)(2)(A), (d)(3). For purposes of these limits, “contributions” are defined to include “any gift, subscription, loan, advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made by any person for the purpose of influencing any election for Federal office.” Id. § 30101(8)(A)(i). Contributions to a 6 candidate also include “expenditures made by any person in cooperation, consultation, or concert, with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, his authorized political committees, or their agents.” Id. § 30116(a)(7)(B)(i). Expenditures include “any purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or gift of money or anything of value, made by any person for the purpose of influencing any election for Federal office.” Id. § 30101(9)(A)(i). To avoid circumvention of these limits, candidates may not designate a “political committee” that “supports . . . more than one candidate,” id. § 30102(e)(3)(A), as an authorized committee “to receive contributions or make expenditures on behalf of [the] candidate,” id. § 30101(6). But notwithstanding this rule, candidates may “designate a political committee established solely for the purpose of joint fundraising by such candidates.” Id. § 30102(e)(3)(A)(ii). When candidates designate political committees for joint-fundraising efforts, FEC regulations require that the candidate and the committee “state a formula for the allocation of fundraising proceeds” in a written agreement and that each participant pay a percentage of the fundraising expenses equal to the percentage of the proceeds allocated to them by this formula. 11 C.F.R. § 102.17(c)(1)–(2), (7)(i)(A). When one participant in a joint- fundraising effort pays another participant’s expenses, that payment is treated as a contribution. Id. § 102.17(c)(7)(i)(B). The FEC has also promulgated regulations governing communications paid for by national political party committees in coordination with candidates. See 11 C.F.R. § 109.37. A communication paid for by a political party committee or its agent in coordination with a candidate falls within these rules if, as relevant here, the communication is a “public communication” that “expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate” or “refers to a clearly identified House or Senate candidate and is publicly distributed 7 or otherwise publicly disseminated in the clearly identified candidate’s jurisdiction 90 days or fewer before the clearly identified candidate’s general . . . election.” Id. § 109.37(a)(2)(ii), (iii)(A). Party coordinated communications are subject to FECA’s limits on contributions and coordinated party expenditures. Id. § 109.37(b). To reduce uncertainty among those seeking to navigate its shoals, FECA authorizes those who want to take a proposed action but worry they may inadvertently contravene one of its substantive provisions to request an advisory opinion from the six-member FEC on whether a “specific [proposed] transaction or activity” is legally permissible. DCCC v. FEC, No. 24-cv- 2935, 2024 WL 4650907, at *3 (D.D.C. Nov. 1, 2024) (hereinafter “DCCC I”) (quoting 52 U.S.C. § 30108(a)(1)). The FEC must accept comments on the request and issue a response within a designated timeframe—60 days in the ordinary course, or 20 days if the request is made within 60 days of an election in which the requester is a participant. 52 U.S.C. § 30108(a)(2), (d). Issuing an advisory opinion requires “the affirmative vote of 4 members of the Commission.” Id. § 30106(c). The FEC may not issue an advisory opinion absent four votes; rather, if four commissioners cannot agree on the answer to the question posed, the FEC must “issue a written response stating that the Commission was unable to approve an advisory opinion by the required affirmative vote of 4 members.” 11 C.F.R. § 112.4(a). For regulated parties, advisory opinions carry significant legal importance: If the FEC, with the affirmative vote of four members, issues an advisory opinion approving of the proposed course of action, the requester “and any person involved in an identical transaction or activity to that described in the request, may rely in good faith on the opinion and will be protected from any sanction under FECA that might otherwise attach to the transaction or activity.” DCCC I, 2024 WL 4650907, at *3 (quoting McCutcheon v. FEC, 496 F. Supp. 3d 318, 324–25 (D.D.C. 8 2020)). This “safe harbor” exists only when the FEC issues a “favorable” advisory opinion. Id. Regulated parties have no such safe harbor when the FEC issues an advisory opinion disapproving of the proposed action or when the FEC is unable to reach a majority decision. Id. The advisory opinion process is distinct from the administrative complaint process, which permits those who believe that someone has violated FECA to file a complaint with the FEC. 52 U.S.C. § 30109(a)(1). Anyone “aggrieved by an order of the Commission dismissing a complaint . . . or fail[ing] . . . to act on [a] complaint” may, during a prescribed period, “file a petition with” this Court seeking review of the FEC’s dismissal or failure to act. Id. § 30109(a)(8)(A). To prevail on such a petition, the complainant must, among other things, establish that the FEC’s “dismissal . . . or failure to act is contrary to law.” Id. § 30109(a)(8); see also Campaign Legal Ctr. v. Iowa Values, 573 F. Supp. 3d 243, 252 (D.D.C. 2021). If the court declares that the agency’s dismissal of the complaint or failure to act was contrary to law, and if the FEC fails “to conform to such declaration within 30 days,” the complainant may then “bring, in the name of such complainant, a civil action to remedy the violation involved in the original complaint.” 52 U.S.C. § 30109(a)(8)(C). To date, the DCCC has not sought to invoke this process to challenge what it views as its competitors’ violation of FECA’s reporting requirements. B. Factual and Procedural Background The Court has previously recounted much of the factual background and procedural history in this case, see DCCC I, 2024 WL 4650907, and will not repeat those details here. For present purposes, the Court will focus on the facts and procedural history necessary to resolve the FEC’s and NRSC’s Motions to Dismiss and the DCCC’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. 9  In the leadup to the 2024 election, the NRSC began running advertisements that, in significant part, focused on positively portraying specific Republican Senatorial candidates and/or negatively portraying those candidates’ Democratic opponents. But for a very short fundraising appeal at the end, the ads were classic campaign ads, which included words of express advocacy. Some advertisements, for example, would be narrated by Republican candidates themselves and would highlight features of those candidates’ backgrounds, while others primarily attacked their Democratic opponents on grounds of purported corruption or radicalism. See, e.g., More Work to Do, Michigan Victory Fund/Rogers, https://perma.cc/GY65- XBX6; Two Faced Tester, Ad Impact, https://perma.cc/K3MX-88JS. In the final few seconds, each ad would end with a brief fundraising request along the lines of “Join my team. Give today,” accompanied by a QR code linking to the donation page. According to the NRSC, these final few seconds transform what would otherwise be a coordinated party expenditure and contribution into a joint-fundraising advertisement not subject to FECA’s limits. Under this theory, the NRSC and the candidates’ campaign committees could jointly pay for the advertisements according to an agreed-upon formula without requiring the NRSC’s share of the expenses to be treated as contributions to the candidate. This arrangement would be permissible as long as any fundraising proceeds were split between the NRSC and the candidates’ committees according to the same formula—regardless of how much or how little those advertisements actually raised. Based on its concerns that the NRSC’s use of these purported “joint-fundraising ads” allowed the NRSC to circumvent FECA and to spend millions of dollars supporting Republican senatorial candidates without regard to the Act’s contribution or coordinated-party-expenditure limits, the DSCC requested an advisory opinion from the FEC. See Dkt. 46 at 5–11 (AR 1–7). 10 In its request, the DSCC stated that it “wishe[d] to establish two separate joint fundraising committees” for each of two identified Senate candidates. Id. at 6 (AR 2). And the DCCC proposed to run ads that “would be materially indistinguishable” from those the NRSC was already running, with a primary focus on advocating for the specific candidate and a brief oral fundraising solicitation at the end, alongside a QR code. Id. at 9 (AR 5). The DSCC’s request stated that the cost of these ads “would exceed the DSCC’s contribution limit or coordinated party spending limit with respect to each candidate.” Id. at 6 (AR 2). After outlining this proposed course of action, the DSCC requested that the FEC answer three questions: 1. May each Joint Fundraising Committee finance the entire costs of the proposed television advertising, allocating the costs according to the Allocation Formula? 2. In the alternative, may each Joint Fundraising Committee finance the portion of the television advertising that includes a solicitation for the Joint Fundraising Committee, calculated on a time/space basis (approximately four seconds in the example provided), allocating the costs according to the Allocation Formula? 3. If the answer to question 1 or 2 is yes, does the Act require that the television advertising contain an on-screen disclaimer that meets the requirements of 11 C.F.R. § 102.17(c)(2)? Id. at 7 (AR 3) (emphases added). The questions posed made no mention of reporting requirements and, instead, focused only on how the ads were financed. The FEC accepted the advisory opinion request for review and prepared two draft advisory opinions, which were posted for public comment. Dkt. 28-2 at 144 (Ex. B at 143). One draft, “Draft A,” proposed to approve joint-fundraising committees’ funding of the full cost of the proposed ads without any on-screen disclaimer. Dkt. 46 at 55–67 (AR 51–63). The other, “Draft B,” proposed to conclude that only the final few seconds of the ad in which the solicitation occurred could be funded without counting as a contribution or coordinated 11 expenditure. Id. at 68–80 (AR 64–76). After a period of public comment and an open meeting to discuss the issue, neither draft received the required four votes. Three commissioners voted in favor of Draft A, and the other three voted in favor of Draft B, leaving the FEC deadlocked. Id. at 151 (AR 147). On October 10, 2024, the FEC sent a letter notifying the DSCC that the Commission “was unable to render an opinion in this matter” and closing out the request. Id. at 152 (AR 148). The DSCC did not pursue the matter further. But its sister campaign committee, the DCCC, filed this suit on October 17, 2024, challenging the FEC’s non-issuance of an advisory opinion as arbitrary and capricious, not in accordance with law, and contrary to constitutional rights in violation of the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). Dkt. 1. The DCCC also sought a preliminary injunction and requested that the Court consolidate the injunction with an expedited trial on the merits pursuant to Rule 65(a)(2) or issue a “preliminary injunction” vacating and setting aside the FEC’s October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter. DCCC I, 2024 WL 4650907, at *2. After the NRSC intervened, and all three parties briefed the motion and presented oral argument, the Court denied the DCCC’s motion on the ground that the requested relief—temporarily setting aside the October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter—“would neither redress the DCCC’s asserted injuries nor avoid any irreparable injury that the DCCC would otherwise suffer.” Id. at *6. Following the Court’s denial of preliminary relief, the DCCC amended its complaint, see Dkt. 28, and both the FEC and the NRSC moved to dismiss, see Dkt. 32; Dkt. 34. The DCCC, in turn, cross-moved for summary judgment. See Dkt. 37. Shortly after these motions were fully briefed, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in NRSC, and the Court stayed these proceedings pending a decision in that case. On June 30, 2026, the Supreme Court issued its decision in NRSC. The Court overruled its decision in FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign 12 Committee, 533 U.S. 431 (2001) (hereinafter “Colorado II”), and held that FECA’s limits on coordinated party expenditures violated the First Amendment and are therefore unenforceable. NRSC, 146 S. Ct. 2404. Following a hearing on the effect of the Supreme Court’s decision in NRSC on the DCCC’s claim, the Court directed the parties to file supplemental briefing addressing, inter alia, whether NRSC rendered DCCC’s claims moot and whether DCCC has established an informational injury sufficient to support Article III standing. See Dkt. 57 at 62 (Tr. 62:1–14); Min. Order (July 29, 2026). The Court now considers the FEC’s and the NRSC’s Motions to dismiss and the DCCC’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. II. LEGAL STANDARD “Because subject-matter jurisdiction focuses on the court’s power to hear the plaintiff’s claim, a Rule 12(b)(1) motion imposes on the court an affirmative obligation to ensure that it is acting within the scope of its jurisdictional authority.” Blackwood of DC, LLC v. IRS, No. 23-cv- 7, 2024 WL 5044606, at *2 (D.D.C. Sept. 11, 2024). The Court must dismiss any claim over which it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. See Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506–07 (2006). A motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) seeking dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may take one of two different forms. First, a Rule 12(b)(1) motion “may raise a ‘facial’ challenge to the Court’s jurisdiction.” Hale v. United States, No. 13-cv- 1390, 2015 WL 7760161, at *3 (D.D.C. Dec. 2, 2015). A facial challenge asks whether the complaint alleges facts sufficient to establish the court’s jurisdiction. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); see also Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass’n v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 879 F.3d 339, 346–47 (D.C. Cir. 2018). In this posture, the Court must accept the 13 factual allegations of the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Erby v. United States, 424 F. Supp. 2d 180, 182 (D.D.C. 2006) (collecting cases). “Alternatively, a Rule 12(b)(1) motion may pose a ‘factual’ challenge to the Court’s jurisdiction.” Hale, 2015 WL 7760161, at *3. When a motion to dismiss is framed in this manner, “the [C]ourt may not deny the motion . . . merely by assuming the truth of the facts alleged by the plaintiff and disputed by the defendant” but “must go beyond the pleadings and resolve any disputed issues of fact the resolution of which is necessary to a ruling upon the motion to dismiss.” Phoenix Consulting, Inc. v. Republic of Angola, 216 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2000). “The [C]ourt has considerable latitude in devising the procedures it will follow to ferret out the facts pertinent to jurisdiction,” so long as it “afford[s] the nonmoving party an ample opportunity to secure and present evidence relevant to the existence of jurisdiction.” Prakash v. Am. Univ., 727 F.2d 1174, 1179–80 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (citation modified). A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), in contrast, “tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint.” Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In evaluating such a motion, the Court “must first ‘tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state [the] claim’ to relief, and then determine whether the plaintiff has pleaded those elements with adequate factual support to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Blue v. District of Columbia, 811 F.3d 14, 20 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (alterations in original) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675, 678 (2009)). The complaint need not include “detailed factual allegations,” and a plaintiff may survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even if “recovery is very remote and unlikely,” so long as the facts alleged in the complaint are “enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 14 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–56 (2007) (citation modified). The Court may consider only “the facts contained within the four corners of the complaint,” Nat’l Postal Pro. Nurses v. U.S. Postal Serv., 461 F. Supp. 2d 24, 28 (D.D.C. 2006), along with “any documents attached to or incorporated into the complaint, matters of which the court may take judicial notice, and matters of public record,” United States ex rel. Head v. Kane Co., 798 F. Supp. 2d 186, 193 (D.D.C. 2011). Finally, the Court can reach the DCCC’s motion for summary judgment only if it first clears the preceding jurisdictional and pleading hurdles. Summary judgment is appropriate under Rule 56 when the pleadings and the evidence demonstrate that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In a case involving review of a final agency action under the [APA], however, the standard set forth in Rule 56(a) does not apply because of the limited role of a court in reviewing the administrative record.” Kadi v. Geithner, 42 F. Supp. 3d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted). In the unique context of a case brought under the APA, the district court “sit[s] as an appellate tribunal,” Marshall Cnty. Health Care Auth. v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 1221, 1222–23 (D.C. Cir. 1993), to decide “as a matter of law [whether] the agency action is supported by the administrative record and is otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review,” Coal. for Common Sense in Gov’t Procurement v. United States, 821 F. Supp. 2d 275, 280 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971); Sw. Merch. Corp. v. NLRB, 53 F.3d 1334, 1341 (D.C. Cir. 1995). The APA directs courts to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action” that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” as well as agency actions taken “in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). In an APA case, 15 summary judgment “serves as a ‘mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether the agency action is . . . consistent with the APA standard of review.’” Fisher v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 468 F. Supp. 3d 7, 18 (D.D.C. 2020) (citation modified). III. ANALYSIS At this juncture, the Court must determine whether the Supreme Court’s intervening decision invalidating FECA’s limits on coordinated party expenditures has rendered Plaintiff’s claim moot and, if anything remains of that claim, whether the DCCC has established its Article III standing to pursue its requested relief. The DCCC’s Amended Complaint alleges that the FEC’s Closeout Letter and corresponding failure to issue an advisory opinion violated FECA and the APA in three respects. First, the DCCC alleges that the FEC’s non-issuance of an opinion was “not in accordance with law” because “the FEC did not fulfill its duty to administer and uphold FECA’s plain contribution and party coordinated expenditure limits.” Dkt. 28 at 30 (Am. Compl. ¶ 97). Second, it alleges that the FEC’s non-issuance of an opinion was arbitrary and capricious because three Commissioners’ votes “reflect[] a plainly incorrect and implausible understanding of FECA.” Id. (Am. Compl. ¶ 97). And finally, it alleges that the FEC’s non-issuance of an opinion was contrary to the DCCC’s constitutional rights because the FEC “deprived [the] DCCC of safe harbor protection from enforcement actions against JFC [joint-fundraising committee] advertising in excess of FECA’s limits in future elections, chilling Plaintiff from engaging in what would otherwise be protected speech (if such expenditures are consistent with FECA), while the agency nonetheless tolerates and acquiesces to similar behavior from Plaintiff’s competitors.” Id. at 31 (Am. Compl. ¶ 97). The DCCC requested that the Court “[d]eclare that JFC-advertising expenditures, as defined and described in [the DSCC’s advisory 16 opinion request], constitute ‘contributions’ under 52 U.S.C. § 30116(a)(7)(B)(i) and are thus subject to FECA’s limits”; “[h]old unlawful and set aside the FEC’s October 10, 2024[,] Closeout Letter” under the APA; or, in the alternative, “permanently enjoin the FEC from pursuing enforcement actions or otherwise prosecuting DCCC for engaging in JFC-advertising in excess of FECA contribution limits.” Id. at 31 (Prayer for Relief). In its supplemental briefing, the DCCC does not dispute that the subject of the DSCC’s initial request—whether party committees may “finance” advertisements like the ones described without running afoul of FECA’s limits on coordinated party expenditures—was rendered moot by the Supreme Court’s invalidation of the statutory limits that gave rise to the controversy. The DCCC nonetheless continues to press its APA challenge to the FEC’s non-issuance of an advisory opinion on the ground that the non-decision has inflicted an informational injury on the DCCC by failing to clarify that the NRSC’s (and the NCCC’s) spending on joint-fundraising advertisements like the ones described is subject to FECA’s reporting requirements for coordinated party expenditures. See Dkt. 60 (DCCC Supp. Mem.) (focusing entirely on DCCC’s theory of informational injury); Dkt. 57 at 10 (Tr. 10:2–9) (stating, “I won’t . . . dispute the fact that a major part of our pleadings was about not wanting to allow for circumvention of coordinated expenditure cap that are no longer enforceable” but arguing that the DCCC’s “informational injury has been there” and preserves jurisdiction). The Court agrees with the parties that the Supreme Court’s intervening decision overruling Colorado II and invalidating FECA’s coordinated-party-expenditure limits has mooted the issue that the DSCC presented to the FEC and on which the DCCC’s APA claim is almost entirely focused. After the Supreme Court’s invalidation of FECA’s coordinated-party- expenditure limits, a judgment by this Court setting aside the FEC’s Closeout Letter, declaring 17 that the advertisements described are subject to those limits, or enjoining the FEC from enforcing those limits against the DCCC with respect to similar advertisements would not redress any injury resulting from the DCCC’s inability to compete on an equal playing field with the NRSC or any other national committee in terms of dollars spent on joint-fundraising ads of the sort described in the request. Even assuming that the advertisements in question (or all but the last few seconds of those ads) fall within FECA’s provisions governing coordinated party expenditures, the DCCC’s concern about the NRSC’s circumvention of FECA’s limits on such expenditures no longer presents a live controversy. Alleged circumvention of funding limits does not sustain a justiciable controversy once an intervening event, like the Supreme Court’s decision here, has rendered those limits otherwise unenforceable. And, to the extent the DCCC wishes to fund its own advertisements like the ones described, it, too, may do so without regard to FECA’s now-invalidated limits on coordinated party expenditures. Nor does the DCCC’s eleventh-hour shift to a theory of informational injury rescue its claim. Although the Court does not doubt that the DCCC could suffer a cognizable informational injury from the NRSC’s failure to disclose information about its joint-fundraising advertisements, the DCCC has failed to establish that any informational injury related to the NRSC’s alleged noncompliance with FECA’s reporting requirements is traceable to the FEC’s non-issuance of an advisory opinion based on its deadlock regarding a request submitted by a party not before this Court on a question about FECA’s contribution limits that is no longer live. Nor has the DCCC established that a judicial decision vacating the FEC’s October 10, 2024, Closeout Letter would redress any such injury. The Court accordingly lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate DCCC’s claim, which, despite its presentation as an APA claim for review of what 18 DCCC contends is an FEC “action,” is wholly untethered from both the request submitted to the agency and the action the agency took. A. Mootness The doctrine of mootness, derived from Article III’s limit on the federal judicial power, “ensures that federal courts decide only ‘actual, ongoing controversies.’” Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. FERC, 92 F.4th 1124, 1127 (D.C. Cir. 2024) (quoting Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 317 (1988)). Mootness is a “threshold jurisdictional issue.” Gjoci v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 171 F.4th 430, 434 (D.C. Cir. 2026) (citation modified). “Among other salutary purposes,” the doctrine “protects courts from rendering impermissible advisory opinions.” Pub. Citizen, 92 F.4th at 1128 (citation modified). The mootness doctrine directs that a federal court may not decide a case when an intervening event has transpired such that the court “cannot grant any effectual relief.” Mehneh v. Rubio, 164 F.4th 928, 931 (D.C. Cir. 2026); see Gjoci, 171 F.4th at 435. At least at times, an intervening change in law can moot a claim. See Samma v. Dep’t of Def., 136 F.4th 1108, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2025) (explaining that an agency’s repeal of a regulation can moot a case); Gulf Oil Corp. v. Brock, 778 F.2d 834, 840 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (recognizing that “a judicial decision [that] has changed the underlying law . . . can moot a case in the same fashion [as] legislative action repealing or amending a statute”). To be sure, a change in the law that undermines the merits of a claim does not necessarily implicate the court’s jurisdiction; an intervening decision establishing binding precedent at odds with the plaintiff’s theory of the case will generally pose a problem only on the merits. Here, however, the Supreme Court’s decision in NRSC is different in nature; it did not change the law that the Court must apply on the merits but rather deprived the merits of the case of any legal significance, much as the repeal of a statute that a court was asked to interpret might do. Under the state of affairs in place when the DCCC’s amended complaint was filed, the question whether joint-fundraising advertisements 19 were coordinated party expenditures under FECA was significant because FECA imposed limits on those expenditures. The DCCC—and the original party that requested the advisory opinion, DSCC—were concerned that the NRSC maintained a competitive advantage in elections because it used these so-called joint-fundraising advertisements to spend significantly more money in support of particular candidates than would b