Nicholas Rowe v. City of Minneapolis, Self-Insured, Relator

STATE OF MINNESOTA IN SUPREME COURT A24-1465 Workers’ Compensation Court of Appeals Procaccini, J. Nicholas Rowe, Respondent, vs. Filed: July 22, 2026 Office of Appellate Courts City of Minneapolis, Self-Insured, Relator. ________________________ Ashley N. Biermann, Alexa R. Hottle, Meshbesher & Spence, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent. Jeffrey J. Lindquist, Anthony Gabor, Justine K. Wagner, Gries Lenhardt Allen, PLLP, Saint Michael, Minnesota, for relator. Paul A. Merwin, Patricia Y. Beety, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for amicus curiae League of Minnesota Cities. ________________________ SYLLABUS 1. Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d)⁠–⁠(e), the most recently published edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) includes text revisions to the DSM; an independent psychological evaluation (IPE) is not the only way an employer can rebut the statutory presumption triggered by an employee’s post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis; and a 1 compensation judge is not barred from considering an employer’s IPE based on an outdated edition of the DSM. 2. The Workers’ Compensation Court of Appeals erred in setting aside the compensation judge’s finding that the employer rebutted the statutory presumption, because its decision to set aside the finding rested solely on the fact that the employer’s expert relied on an outdated edition of the DSM. 3. Alternative arguments raised by the employee but not reached by the Workers’ Compensation Court of Appeals are remanded for its consideration. Reversed and remanded. OPINION PROCACCINI, Justice. We are asked to determine whether the Workers’ Compensation Court of Appeals (WCCA) erred when it reversed a compensation judge’s determination that respondent Nicholas Rowe, a former Minneapolis police officer, was ineligible for workers’ compensation benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) under the Workers’ Compensation Act. To resolve this question we consider the ways in which an employer can rebut the statutory presumption that an employee’s PTSD diagnosis is an occupational disease “due to the nature of employment” under Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(e). Although the parties agree that Rowe was entitled to the statutory presumption, they dispute whether Rowe’s employer, relator City of Minneapolis, rebutted that presumption. See id. The WCCA set aside the compensation judge’s finding that the City 2 had rebutted the presumption, determining that the compensation judge erred by considering the City’s expert opinion because the opinion relied on an outdated edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The WCCA concluded that the only way an employer may rebut the presumption is with an independent psychological evaluation (IPE) based on the most recently published edition of the DSM, and that an employer’s IPE based on an outdated edition of the DSM cannot be considered as a matter of law. Because the WCCA determined that the compensation judge should not have considered the City’s expert opinion, the WCCA made its own finding that the City had failed to rebut the presumption. Although we agree with the WCCA that the City’s expert relied on an outdated edition of the DSM, we do not agree that the only way for an employer to rebut the presumption is with an IPE, or that an employer’s IPE based on an outdated edition of the DSM cannot be considered as a matter of law. We hold that the WCCA erroneously set aside the compensation judge’s finding on this basis. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the WCCA and remand to the WCCA for consideration of two alternative arguments raised by Rowe that the WCCA did not reach. FACTS Rowe served as a Minneapolis police officer for approximately 25 years. Before Rowe was hired, a psychologist conducted a pre-employment psychological examination and reported that Rowe exhibited no significant personality or emotional problems. Rowe testified that over the course of his career, he responded to five mass shootings, six 3 officer-involved shootings, hundreds of homicide calls, and six incidents involving deceased children. Rowe sought psychological treatment for the first time in October 2021. Rowe’s counselor noted that Rowe struggled with depression, anger, anxiety, lack of motivation, and intrusive thoughts. The counselor diagnosed Rowe with PTSD and recommended that he cease work as a police officer.1 Dr. Kasey Aleknavicius, a licensed psychologist, performed an IPE on Rowe in early 2022.2 Dr. Aleknavicius reviewed Rowe’s medical history, conducted a clinical interview, and administered various psychological tests, including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3). In a report dated March 25, 2022, Dr. Aleknavicius relied on the DSM-5 to diagnose Rowe with PTSD and major depressive disorder.3 Dr. Aleknavicius’s report did not mention the DSM-5-TR, a text revision to the DSM-5, 1 Because the counselor is not a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist, her diagnosis was not a valid diagnosis of PTSD under the Workers’ Compensation Act, Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d). 2 The top of Dr. Aleknavicius’s report states that she evaluated Rowe on March 3, 2022, but she lists a different date—February 9, 2022—in the narrative portion of the report. At a hearing before the compensation judge, she testified that she believed that she performed the evaluation on February 9, 2022, but she was uncertain. 3 For the purposes of the Workers’ Compensation Act, PTSD is defined as “the condition as described in the most recently published edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association.” Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d). The DSM is a widely accepted clinical manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that establishes criteria to assist mental health professionals in the diagnosis of mental disorders. See Smith v. Carver County, 931 N.W.2d 390, 397–98 (Minn. 2019). 4 which was published by the American Psychiatric Association on March 18, 2022. Dr. Aleknavicius also found that Rowe met the criteria for alcohol abuse disorder, which she described as secondary to his PTSD. Dr. Aleknavicius opined that the severity of Rowe’s symptoms precluded him from working as a police officer. In April 2022, Dr. Aleknavicius filed a PERA (Public Employees Retirement Association) Disability Medical Report stating that Rowe was precluded from working as a police officer due to his PTSD, and Rowe stopped working. The City denied primary liability for Rowe’s alleged PTSD injury, stating that the City was unable to verify whether Rowe met the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis and that the statutory presumption did not apply. See Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(e). In August 2022, Rowe filed a claim petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings,4 seeking workers’ compensation benefits beginning in March 2022. At the City’s request, Dr. Kenneth Young, a licensed psychologist, conducted an IPE on Rowe. Dr. Young reviewed Rowe’s medical records and administered the CAPS-5 and the MMPI-3. He then issued a report on November 17, 2022, describing his evaluation of Rowe and his perspective on Dr. Aleknavicius’s diagnosis. Dr. Young determined that Rowe did not meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD in the DSM-5. He found “no clear and consistent evidence that Mr. Rowe meets, or has ever met, the criteria for PTSD,” and he determined that the evidence best supports a diagnosis of alcohol 4 The Office of Administrative Hearings is now known as the Court of Administrative Hearings. See Act of May 23, 2025, ch. 39, art. 2, §§ 17, 18, 2025 Minn. Laws 1196, 1219. 5 abuse disorder. Dr. Young also took issue with Dr. Aleknavicius’s diagnosis. He opined, for example, that Dr. Aleknavicius’s report included errors; that her methodology was flawed because she did not include information regarding symptom frequency, intensity, or connection to traumatic events; that she did not have access to Rowe’s full medical history; and that she minimized Rowe’s alcohol consumption. Like Dr. Aleknavicius’s March 2022 report, Dr. Young’s November 2022 report did not mention the DSM-5-TR. Rowe had a follow-up psychological evaluation with Dr. Aleknavicius in February 2023, and Dr. Aleknavicius issued a second report on July 18, 2023. In her July 2023 report, Dr. Aleknavicius found that Rowe did not satisfy Criterion B—one of several criteria required for a PTSD diagnosis—which refers to intrusive symptoms associated with a traumatic event. See Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision 301–302 (5th ed. 2022). Despite the absence of this criterion, Dr. Aleknavicius diagnosed Rowe with PTSD, relying on the DSM-5-TR. Although Dr. Aleknavicius’s report does not explicitly state as much, Dr. Aleknavicius’s July 2023 PTSD diagnosis appears to be a so-called “lifetime” PTSD diagnosis.5 5 For diagnosing individuals older than age six, the DSM lists eight diagnostic criteria for PTSD, designated A through H. See Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision 301–303 (5th ed. 2022). The DSM-5-TR states that “[f]or a current diagnosis of PTSD, Criteria B, C, D, and E, must all be met for more than 1 month, for at least the past month.” Id. at 307 (emphasis added). The DSM-5-TR also refers to a “lifetime diagnosis of PTSD,” for which “there must be a period of time lasting more than 1 month during which Criteria B, C, D, and E have all been met for the same 1-month period of time.” Id. at 307–08. Because Dr. Aleknavicius found that Rowe did not satisfy Criterion B for the month immediately 6  The compensation judge held a two-day hearing to determine Rowe’s eligibility for workers’ compensation benefits. Four witnesses testified: Rowe, his wife, Dr. Aleknavicius, and Dr. Young. Rowe testified about his work as a police officer, the traumatic incidents he experienced, and his mental health symptoms. His wife corroborated his deteriorating mental health and noted marked changes in his personality. Dr. Aleknavicius testified that although Rowe had met all criteria for a PTSD diagnosis when she initially diagnosed him in March 2022, her February 2023 follow-up evaluation under the DSM-5-TR showed that Rowe’s Criterion B symptoms “were not significant enough in the way that he described them in that previous month to meet the clinical threshold.” She cautioned that basing a PTSD diagnosis solely on past-month symptoms carries a “significant risk for misdiagnosis,” and she explained that the DSM-5-TR added a “lifetime diagnosis” to address this concern by requiring only that the criteria “must have been met at any time in the person’s life.” She opined that the DSM-5-TR clarifies that “if a person meets criteria and then they get a little bit better and now one symptom doesn’t meet all the criteria, it’s not a different diagnosis.” Rather, she prior to the evaluation, it appears that Dr. Aleknavicius diagnosed Rowe with “lifetime” PTSD in her July 2023 report. We were confronted with a similar “lifetime” PTSD diagnosis in Peterson v. City of Minneapolis, 23 N.W.3d 582, 589 (Minn. 2025). There, we expressly declined to “endorse any interpretation of the DSM,” because “[t]he standard of review [did] not allow us to substitute our judgment for the judgment of the compensation judge as to ‘which of the professional diagnoses [was] more credible and persuasive.’ ” Id. at 594 (quoting Tea v. Ramsey Cnty., 5 N.W.3d 114, 120 (Minn. 2024) (alteration in original)). Accordingly, we have not previously endorsed or rejected the validity of a “lifetime” PTSD diagnosis, and—as noted below—we decline to do so here. 7 maintained that “[i]t’s the same diagnosis until all symptoms are in remission.” Dr. Aleknavicius also criticized Dr. Young for using only the “CAPS-5 (past month),” and not the “CAPS-5 (worst month).” She further noted that by the time Dr. Young evaluated Rowe in November 2022—about eight months after her initial evaluation— Rowe had left police work and was in therapy. Dr. Aleknavicius explained that these changes would be expected to shift the presentation of Rowe’s symptoms. Dr. Young testified that Rowe met the criteria for alcohol abuse disorder but not PTSD. He emphasized that many PTSD symptoms can also be explained by heavy alcohol consumption, and he criticized Dr. Aleknavicius for not sufficiently accounting for Rowe’s drinking or aligning her symptom timeline with Rowe’s self-reports of symptoms. Dr. Young also testified that the CAPS-5, which both he and Dr. Aleknavicius used to evaluate Rowe for PTSD, reflects the criteria in both the DSM-5 and the DSM-5-TR because the criteria are “exactly the same.” He explained that because the PTSD criteria are identical in the DSM-5 and the DSM-5-TR, there is no “CAPS-5-TR.” According to Dr. Young, the “text revision” contained in the DSM-5-TR relates to updates to the discussion area of each diagnosis and summarizes the state of the research in particular areas. Dr. Young also directly addressed Dr. Aleknavicius’s second evaluation of Rowe and the concept of lifetime PTSD, testifying that “lifetime PTSD” is not a diagnosis of current PTSD. He opined that the text discussion of lifetime PTSD in the DSM-5-TR refers to research to help identify prevalence rates and that the “CAPS-5 (worst month)” is a research tool used to determine whether someone has ever met the criteria for PTSD 8 over the course of their lifetime. He also explained that because PTSD is not a permanent condition, the “CAPS-5 (past month)”—which evaluates whether someone currently meets the criteria for PTSD—is used to reach a current diagnosis. Dr. Young then testified that if someone does not meet all criteria, then that person does not qualify for a current PTSD diagnosis. The compensation judge found that Rowe was entitled to the statutory presumption that he had work-related PTSD. But the compensation judge further found that the City had established substantial factors rebutting the presumption. In support, the compensation judge adopted Dr. Young’s opinion, finding it more persuasive than Dr. Aleknavicius’s opinion. The compensation judge explained that Dr. Young had identified several inconsistencies in Rowe’s assertions and personal history that led Dr. Young to diagnose Rowe with alcohol use disorder, rather than PTSD. The compensation judge also noted that Dr. Young had offered thorough findings and well- reasoned disagreements with Dr. Aleknavicius. As to Dr. Young’s use of an outdated DSM-5 instead of the DSM-5-TR to diagnose Rowe’s condition, the compensation judge described this as a “red herring and irrelevant.” The compensation judge noted that Dr. Young had testified that the diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR were identical, that Dr. Aleknavicius also used the DSM-5 in her initial March 2022 report, and that Dr. Aleknavicius’s July 2023 report used the same diagnostic tool—the CAPS-5—which remained unchanged after the publication of the DSM-5-TR. 9  Finding that the City had rebutted the presumption, the compensation judge deemed other issues raised by the parties as moot and denied Rowe’s claim for workers’ compensation benefits. Rowe appealed,6 and the WCCA vacated the compensation judge’s order, determining that the compensation judge erred as a matter of law in accepting Dr. Young’s opinion. The WCCA began its analysis by interpreting Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(e), which governs how employers can rebut the statutory PTSD presumption. The WCCA first reasoned that the most recently published edition of the DSM is the “touchstone” for the PTSD diagnosis required to trigger the statutory presumption. Rowe v. City of Minneapolis, No. WC24-6550, 2024 WL 3973710, at *9 (Minn. WCCA Aug. 16, 2024). The WCCA explained that it was significant that Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(d), defines PTSD “as described in the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association.” Id. Based on this language, the WCCA determined that “the legislature intended to require that a rebuttal of a PTSD diagnosis, to constitute substantial proof to the contrary, 6 In short, Rowe’s appeal to the WCCA asserted that the compensation judge erred by relying on Dr. Young’s opinion because his opinion was not based on the most recently published edition of the DSM; that the compensation judge erred in determining that the City rebutted the presumption, emphasizing that Dr. Young’s opinion lacked adequate foundation and that there was no evidence in the record to rebut the presumption until the date of Dr. Young’s report; and that several of the compensation judge’s findings relied on misstated facts. 10 be made through an [IPE] using the most recently published edition of the DSM at the time of the IPE.” Id. The WCCA then analyzed the facts in light of its interpretation of the statute. See id. It concluded that Dr. Young’s failure to use the DSM-5-TR contravened the statute governing the PTSD presumption and that his entire opinion should not have been considered by the compensation judge. See id. Because Dr. Young’s opinion was the only evidence the City offered to rebut the presumption, the WCCA found that there was no evidence in the record to rebut the presumption and that the compensation judge’s denial of Rowe’s claim was manifestly contrary to the evidence. See id. As a result, the WCCA set aside the compensation judge’s finding that the City had rebutted the statutory presumption and made its own finding that the City had failed to rebut the presumption. See id. at *10. The WCCA vacated the compensation judge’s order denying benefits and remanded the case for further consideration of issues not reached by the compensation judge, including an assessment of Rowe’s entitlement to penalties for a frivolous denial of Rowe’s claim under Minnesota Statutes section 176.225, subdivision 1(5). Id. ANALYSIS The question before us is whether the WCCA erred in vacating the compensation judge’s determination that Rowe was ineligible for benefits. Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, a “mental impairment … arising out of and in the course of employment” is a compensable occupational disease. Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(a). The term “mental impairment” is limited to “a diagnosis of [PTSD],” which is defined as 11 “the condition as described in the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association.” Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d). The diagnosis must be made “by a licensed psychiatrist or psychologist.” Id. An employee in a qualifying profession7 is entitled to a presumption that their PTSD diagnosis is an occupational disease “due to the nature of employment” if the employee presents a qualifying PTSD diagnosis, and the employee has not previously been diagnosed with PTSD.8 Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(e). Once the presumption applies, it can be rebutted only by “substantial factors brought by the employer or insurer.” Id. For the purposes of this appeal, the parties, the compensation judge, and the WCCA all agree that Rowe is entitled to the presumption. Accordingly, the scope and applicability of the presumption is not at issue in this case.9 Rather, the dispute here is 7 The statute applies to: a licensed police officer; a firefighter; a paramedic; an emergency medical technician; a licensed nurse employed to provide emergency medical services outside of a medical facility; a public safety dispatcher; a correctional officer or security counselor employed by the state or a political subdivision at a corrections, detention, or secure treatment facility; a sheriff or full-time deputy sheriff of any county; or a member of the Minnesota State Patrol. Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(e). 8 In Juntunen v. Carlton County, we clarified that “an employee need only present a diagnosis for the presumption to apply, not that the diagnosis is determined by a compensation judge to be more credible or persuasive than any competing diagnosis offered by an employer.” 982 N.W.2d 729, 740 (Minn. 2022). 9 The parties do not question whether the presumption applies only to causation (i.e., that the statute creates a presumption only that the PTSD diagnosis was “due to the nature of employment”) and instead treat the presumption as also substantively applying 12 whether the WCCA properly set aside the compensation judge’s finding that the City had provided substantial factors to rebut the presumption. The WCCA may set aside a compensation judge’s finding “only if there is no evidence in the record that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support the compensation judge’s finding.” Lagasse v. Horton, 982 N.W.2d 189, 202–03 (Minn. 2022). Only if the WCCA properly sets aside a finding, may it then make its own substitute finding. Id. at 202–03. Here, the WCCA found that the City’s evidence failed to rebut the presumption, reasoning that the compensation judge erred by considering Dr. Young’s opinion because Dr. Young relied on the DSM-5. The WCCA’s decision rests on its interpretation of Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(d) and (e), which led the WCCA to conclude that the DSM-5-TR is the most recent DSM edition and that an IPE based on the most recent DSM edition is the only permissible method of rebuttal.10 Implicit in the WCCA’s reasoning is the determination that a compensation to the validity of a PTSD diagnosis itself. Accordingly, we do not take up this question. We note only that we have said that when a statutory presumption applies, an employer must “make a strong showing,” Linnell v. City of St. Louis Park, 305 N.W.2d 599, 601 (Minn. 1981), by introducing “substantial evidence to rebut the presumption,” Jerabek v. Teleprompter Corp., 255 N.W.2d 377, 380 (Minn. 1977). We have also explained that if there is a presumption, “the employer faces a higher burden than in a case in which no presumption applies.” Juntunen, 982 N.W.2d at 741. Although we indicated in Juntunen that the presumption applies to the PTSD diagnosis itself, not just causation, it is unclear whether the presumption also applies to the PTSD diagnosis such that an employer has a “higher burden” to rebut the diagnosis. See id. at 743. This open question may have significant implications for an employer attempting to refute a PTSD diagnosis. But because the parties do not dispute the applicability or scope of the presumption in this case, we need not address those issues here. 10 As noted above, the WCCA reasoned that “the legislature intended to require that a rebuttal of a PTSD diagnosis, to constitute substantial proof to the contrary, be made 13 judge may not, as a matter of law, consider an employer’s IPE based on an outdated DSM when evaluating whether the employer rebutted the presumption. To resolve this dispute, we begin by determining whether the WCCA correctly interpreted the relevant statutory provisions. We hold that the WCCA correctly concluded that the DSM-5-TR is the most recent edition of the DSM. But we further hold that the WCCA erred when it concluded that an IPE based on the most recent DSM is the sole method of rebuttal and that a compensation judge cannot consider an employer’s IPE based on an outdated DSM. We then apply our interpretation of the statute to the facts in this case to determine whether the WCCA properly set aside the compensation judge’s finding. Ultimately, we hold that the WCCA erred when it set aside the compensation judge’s finding due to Dr. Young’s reliance on an outdated edition of the DSM. Finally, we turn to two alternative arguments raised by Rowe, and we conclude that we should remand those issues to the WCCA. I. Because the WCCA’s decision to set aside the compensation judge’s finding rests on its interpretation of Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(d) and (e), we begin by interpreting those provisions. We review this issue de novo. See Lagasse, 982 N.W.2d at 205 (holding that we evaluate questions of law in workers’ compensation through an [IPE] using the most recently published edition of the DSM at the time of the IPE.” Rowe, 2024 WL 3973710, at *9. 14 cases de novo).11 The WCCA grounded its decision in three interpretations of the statute, concluding that (A) the DSM-5-TR is the most recently published edition of the DSM; (B) an IPE based on the most recently published edition of the DSM is an employers’ sole method of rebuttal; and (C) a compensation judge cannot consider an employer’s IPE based on an outdated DSM. We examine each interpretation in turn, accepting the first but rejecting the second and third. A. First, we evaluate what the Workers’ Compensation Act means when it refers to “the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association.” Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d) (emphasis added). When interpreting a statute, we seek to ascertain and effectuate the Legislature’s intent. Johnson v. Concrete Treatments, Inc., 7 N.W.3d 119, 126 (Minn. 2024); Minn. Stat. § 645.16. If a statute is unambiguous, we apply its plain meaning. Johnson, 7 N.W.3d at 126. And “[a] statute is ambiguous only if it is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.” Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). The key question here is whether the phrase “the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association” refers only to the numeric edition 11 The City argues that this case hinges on the WCCA improperly making its own credibility determination regarding the experts’ differing views on whether the text revisions to the DSM-5-TR materially impact a PTSD diagnosis. But as explained in more detail above, the WCCA’s decision to reverse the compensation judge’s finding rests on its interpretation of Minnesota Statutes section 176.011, subdivision 15(d) and (e). Accordingly, the crux of the WCCA’s decision turns on a question of law that we review de novo. 15 assigned to the DSM (e.g., fifth edition or “DSM-5”), or whether it includes text revisions to an existing numeric edition (e.g., fifth edition text revision or “DSM-5-TR”). The City argues that the phrase refers only to the numeric edition listed on the DSM. In support of this view, the City emphasizes that the covers of the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR both read “FIFTH EDITION” and that the Legislature elected to use the word “edition,” not “version.” Rowe counters that “edition” and “version” are essentially synonymous, meaning that the DSM-5-TR is the most recent edition. Because “edition” is not defined in the statute, we can look to its ordinary meaning to determine if its use in the statute is ambiguous. State v. Powers, 962 N.W.2d 853, 858 (Minn. 2021). “We do not read words in isolation[.]” Save Lake Calhoun v. Strommen, 943 N.W.2d 171, 177 (Minn. 2020). Rather, “the meaning of a word is informed by how it is used in the context of a statute.” Id.; see also State v. Balsley, 10 N.W.3d 671, 675 (Minn. 2024) (noting that we interpret undefined words “in light of the surrounding context” (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, “edition” is used in the phrase “the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association.” Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d). Considering “edition” in light of this entire phrase demonstrates that “the most recently published edition of the [DSM] by the American Psychiatric Association” encompasses new text-revision publications, even if the new publication belongs to the same numeric edition. The inclusion of “published” in the statute places an emphasis on DSM publications and cuts against the City’s narrow interpretation, which would exclude the most recent publication of the DSM if it happens to be labeled with the same numeric 16 edition as the previous publication. And because “edition” refers specifically to published editions of the DSM, the manner in which the American Psychiatric Association regularly publishes the DSM provides relevant context to the meaning of “edition” here. For decades, the American Psychiatric Association’s practice has been to publish a new numeric edition (e.g., the DSM-IV in 1994) and then to publish a text revision to that edition several years later (e.g., the DSM-IV-TR in 2000), before publishing a new numeric edition (e.g., the DSM-5 in 2013).12 This publication pattern also cuts against the City’s narrow interpretation. Moreover, because the statute uses the word “edition” in reference to a very specific text—the DSM published by the American Psychiatric Association—it is notable that the American Psychiatric Association itself describes the DSM-5-TR as an “edition.” See Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision xxi (5th ed. 2022). Considering dictionary definitions of “edition” within the context of the statute provides further support for this interpretation. See Poehler v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 899 N.W.2d 135, 140–41 (Minn. 2017) (“In determining the plain and ordinary meaning of undefined words or phrases in a statute, we may consult the dictionary definitions of those words and apply them in the context of the statute.”); see also Lagasse, 982 N.W.2d at 197–98 (using dictionary definitions to determine the plain meaning of a phrase in the Workers’ Compensation Act). Dictionary definitions of “edition” reveal two themes—that 12 See Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. 1994); Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (4th ed. 2000); Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. 2013). 17 an “edition” is contingent on the timing of publication and that an “edition” is characterized as a version of a published text with changes differentiating it from previous versions.13 These definitions point to an interpretation that includes new text- revision publications, even if the new publication may belong to the same numeric edition. And none of these definitions support the City’s narrow view that the term “edition” refers only to the numeric edition of a publication. Based on the analysis above, we hold that “the most recently published edition of the [DSM]” unambiguously includes text-revision publications of the DSM and is not limited to the numeric edition. This means that at the time of Dr. Young’s IPE, the DSM- 5-TR was “the most recently published edition of the [DSM]” and that Dr. Young relied on an outdated edition (the DSM-5). B. Second, we consider the WCCA’s contention that an IPE based on the most recent DSM is the only way for an employer to rebut the presumption. It is true that the statute makes clear that an employee seeking the presumption must—among other 13 See Edition, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 585 (3d ed., 1996) (“[a.] The entire number of copies of a publication issued at one time or from a single set of type. [b.] A single copy from this group…. [d.] A version of an earlier publication having substantial changes or additions: a newly revised edition of a standard reference work.”); Edition, Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, 620 (2d ed., 2001) (defining “edition” as “one of a series of printings of the same book, newspaper, etc., each issued at a different time and differing from another by alterations, additions, etc.”); Edition, Black’s Law Dictionary 650 (12th ed. 2024) (“[a] specific form or version of a published text”); see also Goodman v. Best Buy, Inc., 777 N.W.2d 755, 759 n.2 (Minn. 2010) (recognizing that it can be useful and appropriate to consult Black’s Law Dictionary when conducting a plain-language reading of a statute). 18 requirements—present a diagnosis of PTSD “as described in the most recently published edition of the [DSM].” See Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(d), (e).14 But the statute does not explicitly require an employer rebutting the presumption to obtain an IPE relying on the most recent DSM edition. Instead, the statute states only that the employer can rebut the presumption with “substantial factors.” Minn. Stat. § 176.011, subd. 15(e). We elaborated in Juntunen v. Carlton County that the statutory presumption “is rebuttable but only by substantial proof to the contrary,” that the “employer must make a strong showing,” and that “the employer faces a higher burden than in a case in which no presumption applies.” 982 N.W.2d 729, 741 (Minn. 2022) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). 14 We note that Dr. Aleknavicius’s March 2022 PTSD diagnosis under the DSM-5 presents a potential question of whether her diagnosis satisfied this statutory requirement. Although Dr. Aleknavicius evaluated Rowe before the DSM-5-TR’s publication—when the DSM-5 was the most recently published edition—her written diagnosis was issued days after the DSM-5-TR’s publication. That said, we do not address this question for two reasons. First, the issue of whether Rowe triggered the presumption is not before us. Rather, we are asked to determine whether the WCCA properly set aside the compensation judge’s finding that the City had provided substantial factors to rebut the presumption. Second, although the parties refer to this diagnosis timing issue in their briefs, neither party acknowledges or addresses the central statutory question—whether a diagnosis issued after the publication of a new DSM edition is based on “the most recently published edition of the DSM” when the underlying evaluation relied on the prior (but at the time most recent) DSM edition. See State Dep’t of Lab. & Indus. v. Wintz Parcel Drivers, Inc., 558 N.W.2d 480, 480 (Minn. 1997) (declining to reach issue in the absence of adequate briefing). Accordingly, we decline to consider whether Dr. Aleknavicius’s March 2022 diagnosis properly relied on the most recently published edition of the DSM. 19  The WCCA erred when it concluded that an IPE based on the most recent edition of the DSM is the only proof that can constitute “substantial factors” to rebut the presumption. To the contrary, we have reasoned that there are multiple ways for employers to rebut the presumption. In Juntunen, we explained that “[a]n employer may rebut a diagnosis by proving that the employee did not in fact receive such a diagnosis (for example, if the employer had evidence that the employee fabricated the records), but the employer could also demonstrate that the employee’s diagnosis was invalid or not credible.” Id. at 743. And we further stated that an employer can rebut the presumption “with a competing diagnosis or with other evidence.” Id. at 742 n.9 (emphasis added). To be sure, an employer’s IPE that is based on the most recent DSM and determines that the employee does not meet the DSM criteria for PTSD could be strong evidence to rebut the presumption. But such an IPE is not the exclusive mode of rebuttal. For example, “other evidence” might include an expert opinion undermining the methodology of, or pointing out errors in, the expert opinion diagnosing the employee with PTSD. Such a report may not require examination of the employee at all.15 And it is far from clear that a rebuttal expert is required in every case. As noted in Juntunen, an employer could, for example, provide “evidence that the employee fabricated the records [related to the diagnosis]” to rebut the presumption. 982 N.W.2d at 743. 15 To illustrate this point, take a scenario where a psychologist diagnoses an employee with PTSD despite finding that the employee meets none of the required criteria for that diagnosis. A rebuttal expert need not examine the employee to point out that the diagnosis is invalid and thereby provide a “substantial factor” in favor of rebuttal. 20  For these reasons, we hold that an IPE is not the sole way for an employer to rebut the presumption. The statute and our case law allow an employer to rebut the presumption through any number of “substantial factors.” C. Third, based on the analysis above, we also reject the WCCA’s determination that an employer’s IPE using an outdated DSM must be excluded from the compensation judge’s consideration as a matter of law. We agree with the City that the fact that an employer’s IPE is based on an outdated DSM goes to the IPE’s probative weight in rebutting the presumption, not its admissibility.16 By holding that a compensation judge cannot—as a matter of law—consider an employer’s IPE that relies on an outdated edition of the DSM, the WCCA limited the evidence to be considered by the compensation judge in a manner not mandated by the statute. A compensation judge may consider an employer’s IPE based on an outdated DSM and assign it appropriate probative weight. In most cases, the probative value of an employer’s IPE for purposes of rebutting the presumption will turn on whether it meaningfully undermines the validity or credibility of the PTSD diagnosis that gave rise to the presumption. See Juntunen, 982 N.W.2d at 743 (explaining that the employer can rebut the presumption by demonstrating that “the employee’s diagnosis was invalid or n