In re Parentage of W.C.

NOTICE 2026 IL App (5th) 251049 Decision filed 06/29/26. The text of this decision may be NO. 5-25-1049 changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Petition for Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE the same. APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ In re PARENTAGE OF W.C., a Minor ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (Preston C., ) Marion County. ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 25-FA-32 ) Zakariya S., ) Honorable ) Wesley A. Gozia, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. _____________________________________________________________________________ JUSTICE SHOLAR delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice Bollinger concurred in the judgment and opinion. Justice Vaughan dissented, with opinion. OPINION ¶1 Petitioner, Preston C., filed a petition to establish parentage regarding W.C. Respondent, Zakariya S., filed a motion to dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction. On November 20, 2025, following two days of testimony, the Marion County trial court denied Zakariya’s motion to dismiss. Zakariya filed a petition for leave to appeal before this court. This court allowed the petition pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(2) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020), which permits appeals from an order of the trial court denying a motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens. 1 ¶2 On appeal, Zakariya raises four issues. First, she argues that the trial court erred by failing to identify Iowa as W.C.’s home state. Second, she argues that the trial court erred by considering factors that occurred outside of the six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition to establish parentage. Third, she argues that the trial court erred by finding that Illinois, not Iowa, had significant connections as set forth in section 201(a)(2) of the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (Act) (750 ILCS 36/201(a)(2) (West 2024)). Finally, she argues that the trial court erred by failing to conduct a conference pursuant to the Act with the judge presiding in Iowa upon learning of the pending action. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 1 ¶3 I. BACKGROUND ¶4 The evidence demonstrated that Zakariya and Preston were in a dating relationship. They became the biological parents of W.C., born in December 2020. W.C. was born in Centralia, Illinois, and resided there with his parents until October 2021. In October 2021, W.C. moved with both parents to Ottumwa, Iowa. The parties ended their relationship in March 2023. ¶5 Preston returned to Illinois. Zakariya remained in Iowa. W.C. traveled with Preston to Illinois in order to allow Zakariya to make childcare arrangements. In March 2023, the parties implemented an alternating parenting schedule, where each party had parenting time for a period of two weeks at a time. This schedule continued until October 2024, when W.C. was enrolled in a preschool program in Iowa. At that time, W.C. resided primarily with Zakariya. W.C. traveled to Illinois periodically for approximately a week at a time for Preston to exercise parenting time. This schedule continued until April 2025. 1 This case is accelerated pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 311(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), with a disposition date of May 21, 2026. Zakariya received an extension of time to file her brief, and her brief was ultimately filed on March 16, 2026. Preston’s brief was filed on April 28, 2026. We find that good cause exists for filing the decision after May 21, 2026. 2 ¶6 On April 9, 2025, Preston filed a petition to establish parentage. In the petition, Preston alleged that Illinois had jurisdiction over the subject matter, where Preston resided in Marion County, Illinois. Preston sought a judgment establishing him as the natural father of W.C. and that he be awarded parenting responsibility over the educational, medical, religious, and extra- curricular needs of W.C. Preston requested majority parenting time, and he sought temporary and permanent child support from Zakariya. He also filed a verified petition for temporary relief, wherein he sought allocation of parental responsibilities and parenting time, and he sought child support. ¶7 On July 9, 2025, Zakariya filed a three count motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under the Act “pursuant to [the Act] Sections 201, 203 & 207.” In the motion, Zakariya argued that she was a resident of Iowa, and W.C. resided in Iowa since October 2021. She pointed specifically to sections 201, 203, and 207 of the Act (id. §§ 201, 203, 207). Zakariya filed an affidavit in support of her motion to dismiss. ¶8 Looking specifically at section 207 of the Act, Zakariya pointed to section 207(b)(1), alleging that the relationship between the parties ended as a result of Preston’s sexual manipulation and emotional abuse. Id. § 207(b)(1). Turning to section 207(b)(2), Zakariya argued that W.C. “never resided within the State of Illinois for any significant length of time.” Id. § 207(b)(2). Pointing to section 207(b)(3), Zakariya argued that the distance between Marion County and a court of jurisdiction in Iowa was significant. Id. § 207(b)(3). Turning to section 207(b)(4), Zakariya argued that it would be a financial hardship for her to maintain the parentage action in Illinois. Id. § 207(b)(4). Looking at section 207(b)(5), she noted that the parties originally moved to Iowa with W.C., and Preston returned to Illinois, alone. Id. § 207(b)(5). Turning to section 207(b)(6), Zakariya alleged that W.C. and “any potential witnesses are all located and/or reside in 3 the State of Iowa or outside the State of Illinois, and Iowa would be the more appropriate forum for this action.” Id. § 207(b)(6). ¶9 On August 1, 2025, Zakariya filed a petition to establish paternity, custody, visitation, and support in a Wappello County trial court in Iowa. In her petition Zakariya stated, “The Petitioner and the Respondent are natural parents of the following minor child: W.C.” In the petition, Zakariya alleged that Iowa had jurisdiction over the parties. She requested joint legal custody with W.C. in her primary physical care. In the pleading, Zakariya noted that “the parties are currently involved in custody proceedings in the State of Illinois, Marion County, Case number 2025-FA- 32, to which [Zakariya] is contesting jurisdiction pursuant to the [the Act].” She requested child support. ¶ 10 The trial court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss on August 18, 2025. Zakariya’s first witness was Tralawney Ellis. Ellis was the director of the Discovery Lane Early Childhood Child Care Center (Discovery Lane), a licensed daycare and preschool facility in Iowa. W.C. attended Discovery Lane from January 16, 2024, until he “graduated” from the preschool program on May 13, 2025. Zakariya informed Ellis that W.C. would attend a four year old preschool in the fall of 2025 in the Ottumwa area. However, the program was not part of Discovery Lane. ¶ 11 On cross-examination, Ellis testified that W.C. attended preschool “less than half the time” where in 2024, W.C. attended for 106 days. Ellis explained that Discovery Lane was open “except for major holidays” and “the week between Christmas and New Year’s.” Ellis testified that the center was a “full year-around day care/school year” program. She testified that W.C.’s 106 days of attendance constituted “less than half” of the days that the center was open. 4 ¶ 12 Dr. Eric Dodson, a pediatrician at All Ages Pediatrics, next testified. Dr. Dodson was W.C.’s pediatrician since July 10, 2023. Dr. Dodson testified that he never personally examined or observed W.C. On March 25, 2024, W.C. had a nurse visit in the office and received vaccines. ¶ 13 Zakariya testified. During the first day of the hearing, Zakariya testified that there was an action pending in Wapello County, Iowa, where she resided. Zakariya also filed for child support in Iowa. ¶ 14 At the time of her testimony, Zakariya was 24 years old and worked as a federal employee in the social security office in Ottumwa, Iowa. She worked there for approximately four years. Zakariya testified that she was in a relationship with Preston from 2019 to 2023, and they had a child together. ¶ 15 Zakariya testified that she and Preston moved from Illinois to Iowa in October 2021. Zakariya, Preston, and W.C. lived together in Iowa for approximately two years. She testified that they broke up because there was “domestic violence” and “sexual concerns.” Zakariya testified that “it wasn’t a healthy relationship to raise a child in.” Zakariya remained in Iowa, and Preston moved back to Illinois. The parties agreed to split custody equally. ¶ 16 The parties shared equal custody until 2024. Zakariya testified that they “had the conversation that I would be the primary, he would go to school in Iowa, and [Preston] decided he would like to have the summers.” Zakariya testified that the two talked about this in person. Zakariya introduced a document from September 16, 2024, that memorialized a conversation “based off of the agreement that we had” that Zakariya would have custody of W.C. “the majority of the time” and Preston “would have him at least once a month for a few days, typically over the weekend.” The document also indicated that Preston would keep W.C. over the summer. Zakariya testified that Preston agreed that W.C. would be enrolled in school in Iowa. 5 ¶ 17 Zakariya testified that the parties agreed to split the cost of preschool. Zakariya requested that Preston pay child support, because it was hard for her to financially support W.C. on her own. She explained that she and Preston exchanged text messages to coordinate drop offs and pickups between homes. W.C. received health insurance through her employer in the State of Iowa. Zakariya enrolled W.C. in Pickwick Early Education for a prekindergarten program. ¶ 18 Zakariya testified that the longest period of time that W.C. remained in Illinois with Preston was in May 2025, where W.C. spent all but one week with Preston. From September 2024 to April 2025, W.C. spent most of the “Christmas month” with Preston. She estimated that W.C. spent approximately a week and a half to two weeks with Preston over Christmas 2024. ¶ 19 Zakariya testified that she and W.C. are active in the community. They attend church together through New City Church. They go to the arcade and amusement park. Zakariya testified that they “helped out with the women and children’s center in Ottumwa, Iowa as volunteer work.” Zakariya testified that W.C. had friends at school that he saw on a regular basis. ¶ 20 Zakariya testified that she did not have family in Iowa. The last time Zakariya was in Illinois was June 2025, when she saw her family with W.C. Zakariya’s family did not see W.C. during Preston’s parenting time. Zakariya testified that the distance from her home in Ottumwa, Iowa, and Preston’s home in Salem, Illinois, is approximately a 5½ hour drive. ¶ 21 Tim Quick next testified. He was a commercial team leader marketing president for UMB Bank in Clive, Iowa. Quick had been in a romantic relationship with Zakariya for approximately two years. Quick had a biological daughter around the same age as W.C. Quick spent time with W.C. and his daughter by going to the fair, to church, out to eat, and to parks. Quick considered himself a community tie for W.C. to Iowa. Quick testified that W.C. was with Zakariya a substantial amount of the time, “roughly 70 percent, 75 percent.” 6 ¶ 22 On cross-examination, Quick testified that the goal was for Zakariya and W.C. to move to Des Moines or Clive to live with him. This would result in W.C. switching schools. ¶ 23 Samira V., Zakariya’s sister, next testified. Samira testified that she lived in Centralia, Illinois. In the 4½ years prior to the hearing, she saw W.C. less than 15 times. Samira did not see W.C. when Preston had custody. ¶ 24 Preston began his presentation of evidence. He first called Harold C. Harold was Preston’s father and W.C.’s grandfather. Harold testified that he had a “great” relationship with W.C. Harold saw W.C. “often when he’s with Preston.” The family usually had a cookout every Sunday with all seven of Harold’s children. Preston and W.C. attended Sunday cookouts. Harold had a large extended family with children W.C.’s age, including other grandchildren. Harold testified that W.C. participated in T-ball, and he often went to watch him. ¶ 25 Alyssa Barringer, Preston’s girlfriend, next testified. Barringer and Preston lived together and planned to marry. W.C. resided with Barringer and Preston when Preston had custody. Barringer stayed home with W.C. while Preston worked, and W.C. did not attend daycare in Illinois. ¶ 26 From October 2024 until the filing of the petition, W.C. went to the park, splash pad, and spent holidays with Preston’s family. Barringer testified that on Sundays the family had cookouts at Harold’s house, went to the lake, and went swimming. Barringer testified that there were many children W.C.’s age in Preston’s extended family. Barringer testified that W.C. was close with his grandfather, Harold. Barringer testified that she had a good relationship with W.C. Barringer and Preston intended to purchase a home in Illinois. ¶ 27 Jada Berkel next testified. Berkel was the fiancée of Dillon C., Preston’s brother. Berkel testified that the brothers had a close relationship and spent time together at least once a week. 7 W.C. spent time in Berkel’s home with Preston. Berkel had a three-year-old and an almost-one- year-old who interacted with W.C. Berkel testified that the children were “close.” The family spent holidays together, and W.C. attended holidays and enjoyed them. Berkel testified that W.C. was connected to Preston and to her children. Berkel testified that the majority of the family resided in southern Illinois. ¶ 28 The hearing continued to a second day on September 8, 2025. Zakariya again testified. Zakariya indicated that she “could have” her pastor from Iowa testify along with coworkers. Zakariya indicated that her coworkers were “very close” with W.C., because she often brought him to work with her. Zakariya’s family resided “all over the place” with a sister in Alabama, her mother in Missouri, and her grandmother and another sister in Illinois. ¶ 29 Zakariya testified that she did not intend to remain in Ottumwa, Iowa. She intended to move to Des Moines, Iowa. She testified that if she moved, W.C. would change preschools and they would move to a new apartment. Zakariya wished to move closer to her significant other, and she hoped to receive better job promotion opportunities in Des Moines. ¶ 30 Zakariya testified that the parties did not agree on the amount of time Preston spent with W.C. each month. Preston “wanted to have him more per month.” Zakariya testified that W.C. was “delayed” with speech and large motor skills. Zakariya felt that a consistent routine in preschool was beneficial to W.C., and she “wanted to promote stability for him rather than doing the confusing back and forth.” ¶ 31 Zakariya testified that W.C. is connected to Des Moines, where he spends time with her significant other’s family. Zakariya testified that there were “kids the same age” as W.C., and they attended church in Des Moines. Zakariya indicated that W.C. would begin to play sports in Des 8 Moines. Zakariya believed that a move to Des Moines would provide financial stability for W.C., because she would be eligible for a salary increase. ¶ 32 Finally, Preston testified. At the time of the hearing, Preston was 24 years old and worked “in an oil patch.” He resided in Salem, Illinois, with his significant other and W.C. Preston worked Monday through Friday from seven in the morning until three in the afternoon. He was eligible for overtime. Other than briefly residing in Iowa with Zakariya, Preston lived in Illinois his whole life. He had a large family in Illinois. W.C. was close with Preston’s family. ¶ 33 W.C. saw Dr. Stedelin in Centralia, Illinois, when he was with Preston. Dr. Stedelin was Preston’s childhood physician. Preston introduced exhibits demonstrating that W.C. was seen by Dr. Stedelin for a physical and sick visits. Preston insured W.C. for the state of Illinois through his work. ¶ 34 Preston denied ever being violent towards Zakariya. Preston testified that the two would argue and “yell at each other,” but he denied ever hitting her. When W.C. was with Preston, he was in the care of family members instead of daycare. Preston testified that he and Zakariya were unable to come to an agreement on a custody arrangement for W.C. as he was nearing school age. ¶ 35 Preston enrolled W.C. in T-ball. W.C. enjoyed T-ball. Preston enrolled W.C. in prekindergarten in Illinois. At the time of the hearing, W.C. attended prekindergarten for one week in Illinois, and W.C. seemed to enjoy it. Preston agreed that W.C. had a “speech impediment” but he had not taken steps for W.C. to be seen professionally for it. ¶ 36 Preston testified that W.C. was close to his cousins. Preston disagreed that Zakariya had W.C. the majority of the time. He also disagreed with Zakariya’s statement that in March 2023, following the demise of the relationship, that Preston returned to Illinois and W.C. and Zakariya remained in Iowa. 9 ¶ 37 On cross-examination, Preston testified that in December he had W.C. for 13 of 31 days. In January, he had W.C. for 9 of 31 days. In February, he had W.C. for 5 of 28 days. In March, he had W.C. for 12 of 31 days. ¶ 38 Following the conclusion of evidence on September 8, 2025, the trial court instructed the parties to submit written closing arguments. Following review of the written arguments, on November 20, 2025, the trial court entered an order denying Zakariya’s motion to dismiss. ¶ 39 The trial court found that the parties were never married but shared one child. W.C. was born in Illinois, where both parties resided until October 2021. In October 2021, the family moved to Iowa. From October 2021 until March 2023, the parties and the minor child lived together in Iowa. ¶ 40 The trial court determined that in March 2023, the parties ended their relationship. Preston and W.C. moved back to Illinois, and for approximately one month, W.C. resided solely with Preston while Zakariya “got her life situated in Iowa.” In May 2023, the parties agreed that W.C. would reside with both parties and alternate time between them on a two week on, two week off, basis. ¶ 41 According to the trial court, “This agreement worked until late 2024. At this point, [Zakariya] decided she wanted the minor child to primarily reside with her.” The trial court determined that Preston “did not agree to this.” The parties “attempted to come to an agreement regarding parenting responsibility and parenting time with the minor child, but were unable to reach one.” Preston ultimately retained counsel in Illinois. ¶ 42 On April 9, 2025, Preston filed a petition to establish parentage in Illinois. The trial court found that at that time, “no pleading had ever been filed in any state regarding the minor child, including the state of Iowa.” The trial court noted that the six-month period it must consider in 10 determining W.C.’s home state was October 9, 2024, until April 9, 2025. The evidence demonstrated that W.C. resided with Preston for 50 days and Zakariya for 132 days during this period. ¶ 43 The trial court concluded that W.C. “had health insurance in both Illinois and Iowa, had a primary care physician in both Illinois and Iowa, and had a home set up for him with each respective parent for him to live full time.” The trial court noted, however, that Zakariya’s “testimony during her case-in-chief versus her testimony as an adverse witness for [Preston] was inconsistent, causing her credibility to be questionable at best as to whether she believed there was any agreement between her and [Preston] regarding the home state of the minor child.” ¶ 44 The trial court found that W.C. played in a T-ball league in Illinois. The trial court observed that while in Iowa, W.C. had minimal participation in any activities. The trial court noted that “other than” Zakariya and her “paramour,” W.C.’s family all lived in southern Illinois. The trial court concluded that the majority of the evidence in this case “rests in Illinois.” ¶ 45 The trial court determined that in order to decide which state had subject matter jurisdiction, it looked to the three-step process outlined in the Act. First, the trial court considered whether Illinois was the home state of W.C. The trial court noted that if Illinois was the home state, Illinois courts could exercise jurisdiction. If not, the trial court explained that the second step was to determine whether Iowa is W.C.’s home state. ¶ 46 The trial court explained that if it was determined that neither Illinois nor Iowa were the home state, or if W.C. had no home state, then Illinois could exercise jurisdiction if (1) W.C. and at least one parent had significant connections to Illinois, and (2) substantial evidence was available in Illinois concerning W.C.’s care, protection, training and personal relationships. The 11 trial court noted that the “home state” was the state in which a child lived with a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately prior to the proceedings being filed. ¶ 47 Based on the evidence presented, the trial court determined that neither Illinois nor Iowa were the home state of W.C. since he “has not resided with either parent in either state for a period of six months prior to the filing of the petition.” The trial court determined that it was not the intent nor agreement of the parties to agree to a home state of W.C. when he was spending periods of time in both Illinois with Preston and Iowa with Zakariya, but instead the parties were trying to look out for the best interest of W.C. in maximizing time with each parent until such point the parties reached agreement on a permanent solution. ¶ 48 The trial court therefore applied the “significant connection test” and determined that both Preston and W.C. had “significant connections in the State of Illinois due to family, medical care and sports connections within the state.” The trial court concluded that “significant evidence exists in Illinois, namely the witnesses, medical records from Dr. Stedelin, family connections, and personal relationships with non-family.” Therefore, the trial court chose “to exercise jurisdiction in this matter” and denied Zakariya’s motion to dismiss. ¶ 49 This court granted Zakariya’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(2) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). This timely appeal followed. ¶ 50 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 51 On appeal, Zakariya raises numerous issues. First, she argues that the trial court erred by failing to identify Iowa as W.C.’s home state. Second, she argues that the trial court erred by considering factors that occurred outside of the six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition to establish parentage. Third, she argues that the trial court erred by finding that Illinois, not Iowa, had significant connections as set forth in section 201(a)(2) of the Act. Finally, she 12 argues that the trial court erred by failing to conduct a conference pursuant to the Act with the judge presiding in Iowa upon learning of the pending action. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. ¶ 52 A. Jurisdiction ¶ 53 As an initial matter, we note that Preston argues that this court should dismiss Zakariya’s appeal, where this court lacks jurisdiction to proceed. Following the denial of Zakariya’s motion to dismiss, she filed a petition for leave to appeal to seek interlocutory review of the issues now on appeal. This court allowed the petition pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(2) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020), which permits appeals from an order of the trial court denying a motion to dismiss on the grounds of forum non conveniens. Preston contends that Zakariya’s brief “at no point” raises the issue of forum non conveniens. As such, he requests that “her appeal should be denied as there is no jurisdiction to proceed.” We disagree, and first consider whether this court has jurisdiction to consider the merits of the claims herein. ¶ 54 We have an independent duty to review our jurisdiction. People v. Smith, 228 Ill. 2d 95, 104 (2008). The filing of a notice of appeal “ ‘is the jurisdictional step which initiates appellate review.’ ” Id. (quoting Niccum v. Botti, Marinaccio, DeSalvo & Tameling, Ltd., 182 Ill. 2d 6, 7 (1998)). Unless there is a properly filed notice of appeal, a reviewing court has no jurisdiction over the appeal and is obliged to dismiss it. Id. While the notice of appeal is jurisdictional, it is generally accepted that such notice is to be construed liberally. Id. The purpose of a notice of appeal is to inform the prevailing party in the trial court that the other party seeks review of the judgment. Id. Thus, the notice should be considered as a whole and will be deemed sufficient to confer jurisdiction on an appellate court when it fairly and adequately sets out the judgment complained of and the relief sought, thereby advising the successful litigant of the nature of the appeal. Id. at 105. 13 ¶ 55 “The doctrine of forum non conveniens is an equitable doctrine that assumes the existence of more than one forum with jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter of a case. [Citation.] Application of the doctrine invokes principles of convenience and fairness in choosing between two or more forums that have jurisdiction.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Griffith v. Mitsubishi Aircraft International, Inc., 136 Ill. 2d 101, 105 (1990). The doctrine “gives courts discretionary power that should be exercised only in exceptional circumstances when the interests of justice require a trial in a more convenient forum.” (Emphasis omitted.) Langenhorst v. Norfolk Southern Ry. Co., 219 Ill. 2d 430, 442 (2006). ¶ 56 The Act has specific provisions pertaining to the inconvenient forum doctrine. The Act “was promulgated to end custody jurisdictional disputes between states, to promote cooperation between states in determining custody issues, and to enhance the ability of states to enforce custody orders expeditiously.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Fleckles v. Diamond, 2015 IL App (2d) 141229, ¶ 32. The Act “provides state trial courts with a method to resolve jurisdictional questions that arise in interstate child custody disputes, and the statute gives priority to the state that is the child’s ‘home state.’ ” Id. The “home state” means “the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child-custody proceeding.” 750 ILCS 36/102(7) (West 2024). ¶ 57 Section 207(b) of the Act additionally instructs: “Before determining whether it is an inconvenient forum, a court of this State shall consider whether it is appropriate for a court of another state to exercise jurisdiction. For this purpose, the court shall allow the parties to submit information and shall consider all relevant factors, including: 14  (1) whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely to continue in the future and which state could best protect the parties and the child; (2) the length of time the child has resided outside this State; (3) the distance between the court in this State and the court in the state that would assume jurisdiction; (4) the relative financial circumstances of the parties; (5) any agreement of the parties as to which state should assume jurisdiction; (6) the nature and location of the evidence required to resolve the pending litigation, including testimony of the child; (7) the ability of the court of each state to decide the issue expeditiously and the procedures necessary to present the evidence; and (8) the familiarity of the court of each state with the facts and issues in the pending litigation.” Id. § 207(b). ¶ 58 In the case before us, Zakariya filed a three count motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction under the Act “pursuant to [the Act] Sections 201, 203 & 207.” In the motion, Zakariya argued extensively about the factors set forth in section 207(b) of the Act. ¶ 59 First, Zakariya pointed to section 207(b)(1), alleging that the relationship between the parties ended as a result of Preston’s sexual manipulation and emotional abuse. At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court heard testimony related to alleged domestic violence and sexual manipulation from Zakariya. Preston denied engaging in domestic violence. The court made no specific findings related to the alleged domestic violence. ¶ 60 Turning to section 207(b)(2), Zakariya argued that W.C. “never resided within the State of Illinois for any significant length of time.” At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court 15 heard extensive testimony from the parties about their custody arrangements and where W.C. resided day-by-day over the course of the six months prior to the filing of Preston’s parentage petition. The trial court ultimately made specific findings about the length of time that W.C. spent in Illinois, finding that W.C. resided in Illinois with Preston for 50 days of the six-month period. The trial court also noted that W.C. never spent a full month in either state. ¶ 61 Pointing to section 207(b)(3), Zakariya argued that the distance between Marion County and a court of jurisdiction in Iowa was significant. Similarly, turning to section 207(b)(4), Zakariya argued that it would be a financial hardship for her to maintain the parentage action in Illinois. During the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court heard evidence about the commute time between states and homes. Zakariya testified that it was approximately a five-hour drive from her home in Iowa to Preston’s home in Illinois. Both parties testified about their jobs, incomes, and the cost of childcare. The trial court considered this evidence in its written order. ¶ 62 Looking at section 207(b)(5), Zakariya noted that the parties originally moved to Iowa with W.C., and Preston returned to Illinois alone. Zakariya’s testimony was inconsistent on this point during the motion to dismiss hearing. The trial court ultimately determined that her credibility was at issue, where the evidence established that upon the parties break up, W.C. returned to Illinois with Preston while Zakariya made childcare arrangements in Iowa. ¶ 63 Turning to section 207(b)(6), Zakariya alleged that W.C. and “any potential witnesses are all located and/or reside in the State of Iowa or outside the State of Illinois, and Iowa would be the more appropriate forum for this action.” The trial court heard extensive evidence from numerous witnesses. Ultimately, the trial court determined that Illinois was the appropriate jurisdiction, where W.C. had significant connections to Illinois. 16 ¶ 64 In the case before us, there was a dispute between the parties regarding the home state for purposes of the Act. As such, the trial court was required to consider the factors set forth in section 207(b) to determine whether Illinois was an inconvenient forum and did so consider the factors. Zakariya sufficiently pleaded and argued the factors pursuant to section 207(b). The trial court considered evidence and made rulings related to the merits of those factors. The trial court also references sections 201, 203, and 207 of the Act in its November 20, 2025, order. Therefore, we find that this court may exercise jurisdiction over the merits of this appeal. ¶ 65 B. Standard of Review ¶ 66 Our consideration of the issues herein is governed by the Act (750 ILCS 36/101 et seq. (West 2024)). While the Act uses the term “jurisdiction” to describe conditions that must be met before an Illinois court can decide a question of initial child custody, “jurisdiction” here does not mean “a precondition to the exercise of the court’s inherent authority.” McCormick v. Robertson, 2015 IL 118230, ¶ 27. Rather, “jurisdiction” under the Act is “simply a procedural limit on when the court may hear initial custody matters.” Id. In finding that it has jurisdiction, the trial court interpreted provisions of the Act. Therefore, we review the trial court’s determination de novo. In re D.S., 217 Ill. 2d 306, 313 (2005). ¶ 67 However, a decision regarding forum non conveniens is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Ruch v. Padgett, 2015 IL App (1st) 142972, ¶ 36. That is, we will reverse the circuit court’s decision only upon a showing that the circuit court abused its discretion in balancing the relevant factors. Id. ¶ 38. A circuit court abuses its discretion in balancing the relevant factors only where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the circuit court. Langenhorst, 219 Ill. 2d at 442. However, “we may affirm a trial court’s forum non conveniens order on any basis 17 found in the record.” Ruch, 2015 IL App (1st) 142972, ¶ 40. Under either standard of review, we are compelled to affirm. ¶ 68 C. Home State and Significant Connections ¶ 69 Zakariya first argues that the trial court erred by finding Illinois was W.C.’s home state. Preston responds, arguing that the trial court properly found that Iowa was not W.C.’s home state, where W.C. did not live in either Iowa or Illinois for a period of time long enough to establish either state as the home state. For the reasons that follow, we find that the trial court properly determined that W.C. had no home state, where he did not consecutively reside in either state for six months preceding the filing of Preston’s petition for parentage. ¶ 70 Before we address the issue of W.C.’s home state, we will briefly address an issue raised in the dissent that was not raised by Zakariya in either the trial court or on appeal—that “the court was first required to determine if Preston was a “person acting as a parent.” First, we note that in her “petition to establish paternity, custody, visitation, and support” filed in Wapello County, Iowa, Zakariya admitted that Preston was the father. Specifically, Zakariya stated, “The Petitioner and the Respondent are natural parents of the following minor child: W.C.” ¶ 71 Nonetheless, the appellate court should not, and will not, consider different theories or new questions, if proof might have been offered to refute or overcome them had they been presented in the trial court. Hux v. Raben, 38 Ill. 2d 223, 225 (1967) (“In exercising the power care should be taken that the litigants are not deprived of an opportunity to present argument.”). Preston was given no opportunity to respond to this issue in either the trial court or on appeal. Nor has this issue even been briefed by the parties. The dissent cites no authority in support of the legal proposition that the trial court was first required to determine if Preston was a “person acting as a parent” before addressing the issue of the child’s home state. As this issue has not been raised in either the trial 18 court or on appeal and has not been briefed or argued by the parties, we properly decline to address it. Id. Moreover, it is absurd for the dissent to suggest that the court erred by failing to find that Preston was a “person acting as a parent” and not require the same of the mother. ¶ 72 Section 201(a) of the Act outlines the circumstances in which “a court of this State has jurisdiction to make an initial child-custody determination.” 750 ILCS 36/201(a) (West 2024). Illinois has jurisdiction if: “(1) this State is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this State but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this State; (2) a court of another state does not have jurisdiction under paragraph (1) *** and: (A) the child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this State other than mere physical presence; and (B) substantial evidence is available in this State concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationships; (3) all courts having jurisdiction under paragraph (1) or (2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this State is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under Section 207 or 208; or (4) no court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in paragraph (1), (2), or (3).” Id. ¶ 73 The Act defines “home state” as 19  “the state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child-custody proceeding. In the case of a child less than six months of age, the term means the state in whic