Wessinger v. Vannoy

Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit ____________ FILED August 18, 2026 No. 25-70012 ____________ Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Todd Kelvin Wessinger, Petitioner—Appellee, versus Darrel Vannoy, Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Respondent—Appellant. ______________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana USDC No. 3:04-CV-637 ______________________________ Before Higginson, Willett, and Oldham, Circuit Judges. Don R. Willett, Circuit Judge: * Thirty-one years ago, Todd Wessinger shot three former co- workers—killing two, wounding another—and tried to shoot a fourth. A Louisiana jury sentenced him to death. Nine years ago, we reversed a district court’s grant of habeas relief on Wessinger’s claim that his counsel was _____________________ * Judge Oldham concurs only in the judgment. Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 ineffective for failing to present mitigating evidence. 1 But the case has returned. After our reversal, the district court granted relief again on the same claim, this time on a different theory. That second grant, no less than the first, exceeds the narrow limits Congress has placed on federal review of state convictions. We therefore REVERSE. I. Background This case has a long, tangled procedural history. A. The Murders, Trial, and Sentence On the morning of November 19, 1995, Wessinger rode his bicycle to Calendar’s Restaurant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 2 A former employee, he arrived armed with a semi-automatic pistol. 3 After exchanging greetings with Mike Armentor, Wessinger entered through the rear door and shot him twice in the back. 4 Wessinger then tried to shoot dishwasher Alvin Ricks in the head, but the gun would not fire. 5 As Ricks fled, Wessinger aimed at his leg— but the gun misfired again. 6 Hearing the commotion from her office, the manager on duty, Stephanie Guzzardo, dialed 911. 7 Before an operator answered, Wessinger _____________________ 1 See Wessinger v. Vannoy, 864 F.3d 387, 389 (5th Cir. 2017). 2 State v. Wessinger, 736 So. 2d 162, 169 (La. 1999). 3 Id. 4 Id. 5 Id. 6 Id. 7 Id. 2 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 3 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 entered the office. 8 Guzzardo begged for her life. 9 Wessinger shot her through the heart. 10 He then took roughly $7,000 from the office, found cook David Breakwell hiding in a cooler, and shot him too as he begged for his life.11 Guzzardo died within a minute. Breakwell died on the way to the hospital. 12 Armentor, however, survived and testified against Wessinger at trial.13 A jury convicted Wessinger of two counts of first-degree murder and sentenced him to death. 14 B. State Direct Review and Post-conviction Proceedings Wessinger appealed, arguing, as relevant here, that trial counsel had been ineffective. 15 The Louisiana Supreme Court affirmed, holding that Wessinger’s ineffective-assistance claim should be “relegated to post- conviction proceedings.” 16 In 2000, Wessinger filed a skeletal petition for post-conviction relief in state court. His pro bono post-conviction counsel sought investigative funding from various indigent-assistance entities and from the post- conviction court, but each request was denied. _____________________ 8 Id. 9 Id. 10 Id. 11 Id. 12 Id. 13 Id. at 169 & n.1. 14 Id. at 169. 15 See id. at 170–97. 16 Id. at 195, 197. 3  Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 4 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 After securing $5,000 from his firm, post-conviction counsel filed a second amended petition. It alleged that trial counsel had performed ineffectively at the penalty phase by failing to conduct an adequate mitigation investigation. The state post-conviction court denied relief. C. Federal Habeas Proceedings Wessinger then sought relief in federal court. His initial petition raised a penalty-phase ineffective assistance claim mirroring the claim in his amended state post-conviction petition. Six years later, Wessinger filed an amended petition that bolstered the claim with additional mitigating evidence he says a competent investigation would have uncovered, including evidence of childhood poverty and abuse, a seizure disorder, and neurological problems. 1. Initial Denial of Relief The district court first denied relief. It held that the state court had adjudicated Wessinger’s penalty-phase ineffective-assistance claim on the merits, triggering § 2254(d)’s limits on relief. 17 The court then concluded that the state court’s rejection of the claim was not unreasonable because the defense had strategically chosen to “paint[] Wessinger as a good person who suffered from alcoholism and was not his normal self when he committed the murders.” _____________________ 17 See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 4  Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 5 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 Concluding that Wessinger had not made “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” the district court declined to issue a certificate of appealability. 18 2. First Post-Judgment Motion One week after the district court entered judgment, the Supreme Court decided Martinez v. Ryan, which recognized a “narrow exception” to the general rule that “an attorney’s ignorance or inadvertence in a postconviction proceeding does not qualify as cause to excuse a procedural default.” 19 Under Martinez, “[i]nadequate assistance of counsel at initial-review collateral proceedings”—that is, “collateral proceedings which provide the first occasion to raise a claim of ineffective assistance” of counsel—“may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” 20 Martinez abrogated our earlier cases rejecting such an exception. 21 Wessinger timely moved to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e). For the first time, he argued that the additional allegations in his amended federal habeas petition had fundamentally altered his penalty-phase ineffective-assistance claim. In his view, the claim presented in federal court _____________________ 18 See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). 19 566 U.S. 1, 9 (2012). 20 Id. at 8–9. 21 See, e.g., Matchett v. Dretke, 380 F.3d 844, 849 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (“[A] state prisoner may not cite the ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel as ‘cause’ for a procedural default even for ‘cases involving constitutional claims that can only be raised for the first time in state post-conviction proceedings.’” (quoting Martinez v. Johnson, 255 F.3d 229, 240 (5th Cir. 2001))). 5 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 6 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 had never been presented to the state courts and thus had never been adjudicated on the merits there. He acknowledged the implication: the claim was procedurally defaulted. But invoking Martinez as an intervening change in law, he argued that ineffective assistance by state post-conviction counsel supplied cause and prejudice to excuse that default. Alternatively, he argued that the denial of funding for his post- conviction investigation rendered the state process inadequate to protect his rights, thus establishing cause and prejudice. The district court granted the motion in part. It agreed with Wessinger that the additional evidence presented in federal court rendered his penalty- phase ineffective assistance claim a “new claim” that had never been presented to the state courts. The court therefore reopened the case and ordered an evidentiary hearing on cause and prejudice and on the merits of Wessinger’s penalty- phase ineffective assistance claim. 3. First Grant of Relief After a multi-day hearing, the district court granted relief. The court first found that post-conviction counsel had been ineffective in failing to pursue a substantial ineffective-assistance claim against trial counsel. Turning to the merits—which it reviewed free of § 2254(d)’s constraints because, in its view, the claim had not been adjudicated in state court—the district court found that trial counsel performed deficiently by failing to “conduct a mitigation investigation” or to “provide anything more than a large number of unprepared witnesses at the penalty phase.” It further found “a reasonable probability that the evidence of [Wessinger’s] brain 6  Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 7 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 damage and other impairments, as well as his personal and family history would have swayed at least one juror to choose a life sentence.” 4. Our Prior Reversal Louisiana appealed, and we reversed. 22 We held that post-conviction counsel’s “performance in raising and developing Wessinger’s claim for ineffective assistance of trial counsel at the penalty phase was not deficient” because any shortcomings in the post- conviction investigation stemmed from the denial of funding, not from counsel’s own deficient performance. 23 Because Wessinger could not show cause and prejudice under Martinez, we did not reach Louisiana’s remaining arguments. 24 Instead, we reversed the district court’s grant of relief outright, without expressly remanding for further proceedings. 25 In a separate order, we denied Wessinger’s request for a certificate of appealability to cross-appeal the denial of his other claims. 26 On March 5, 2018, the Supreme Court denied certiorari over Justice Sotomayor’s dissent. 27 _____________________ 22 Wessinger, 864 F.3d at 389. 23 Id. at 392. 24 See id. at 391. 25 See id. at 393. 26 See Wessinger v. Vannoy, 704 F. App’x 309, 316 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam). 27 Wessinger v. Vannoy, 138 S. Ct. 952 (2018); see id. at 952–54 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting). 7 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 8 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 5. Second Post-Judgment Motion But the litigation did not end there. More than two years after we reversed the district court’s judgment, and more than a year and a half after the Supreme Court denied certiorari, Wessinger filed a “motion for summary judgment, or, in the alternative, for an evidentiary hearing on cause and prejudice, or, in the alternative, for relief from judgment” (the “second post-judgment motion”). Although he acknowledged that our decision foreclosed any finding that Martinez excused his procedural default, he argued that it left open a different route: cause and prejudice based on the inadequacy of the state- court process. Shortly after Wessinger filed that motion, the case was reassigned. The new district judge initially denied the motion, reasoning that our mandate foreclosed relief and that Wessinger’s request for relief from judgment was untimely under Rule 60(c)(1). Wessinger responded with another Rule 59(e) motion, asking the district court to reconsider. He argued that the court had misread the effect of the earlier judgment—the one we reversed—and, as a result, had misapplied the mandate rule. The district court granted the motion in part. It agreed that its earlier application of the mandate rule rested on manifest error. The court therefore allowed Wessinger to file an amended summary-judgment motion pressing his inadequate-state-process theory. 6. Second Grant of Relief Two years later, the district court again granted relief. 8  Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 9 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 The court held that Wessinger had established cause and prejudice under his inadequate-state-process theory, concluding that the denial of funding during state post-conviction proceedings was “arbitrary and unlawful” and “caused the procedural default of Wessinger’s penalty phase ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” Turning to the merits, the court compared the mitigation evidence presented at trial with the evidence later developed at the federal evidentiary hearing and concluded that “[t]he inaccurate and incomplete information presented to the jury during the penalty phase deprives this case of the appropriate degree of reliability that death is the appropriate punishment.” It therefore ordered a new sentencing. 7. Louisiana’s Post-Judgment Motion This time, Louisiana invoked an intervening change in law. Five days before the district court’s second order granting relief, a panel of this court held in Crawford v. Cain that habeas relief is unavailable to petitioners who make no colorable claim of factual innocence. 28 Louisiana moved for reconsideration under Rule 59(e), arguing that Crawford barred relief. While that motion was pending, the full court agreed to rehear Crawford en banc, thus vacating the panel opinion and stripping it of precedential effect. 29 The district court then stayed Louisiana’s Rule 59(e) _____________________ 28 55 F.4th 981, 994–96 (5th Cir. 2022), withdrawn and superseded, 68 F.4th 273 (5th Cir. 2023), vacated on reh’g en banc, 122 F.4th 158 (5th Cir. 2024) (en banc). 29 Crawford v. Cain, 72 F.4th 109 (5th Cir. 2023) (mem.); see United States ex rel. Marcy v. Rowan Cos., 520 F.3d 384, 389 (5th Cir. 2008) (explaining that when the full court agrees to rehear a case en banc, the panel opinion is “automatically vacated” and therefore “is not precedent”). 9 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 10 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 motion pending the en banc proceedings and any petition for certiorari in Crawford. The stay remained in place for nearly two years. After we issued our en banc decision in Crawford—which did not adopt the panel’s factual- innocence requirement 30—and after the Supreme Court denied certiorari, the district court lifted the stay and denied Louisiana’s Rule 59(e) motion. Louisiana timely appealed. II. Analysis A. No Improper Reopening Occurred Two threshold issues come first: whether the district court improperly reopened the case after our earlier reversal and whether it lacked jurisdiction to consider Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion. The answer to both is no. Ordinarily, “[o]ur first task” (after assuring ourselves of our own jurisdiction) “is to determine whether the district court had jurisdiction.” 31 _____________________ 30 See 122 F.4th 158. 31 Anderson v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 2 F.3d 590, 593 (5th Cir. 1993); see MS Tabea Schiffahrtsgesellschaft MBH & Co. KG v. Bd. of Comm’rs of the Port of New Orleans, 636 F.3d 161, 164 (5th Cir. 2011) (“Before we address the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction we must first determine our own.”). In this case, our appellate jurisdiction is beyond doubt: the district court’s order granting relief was a “final order” appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a), see Browder v. Dir., Dep’t of Corr. of Ill., 434 U.S. 257, 265–67 (1978), and though § 2253(c)(1)(A) ordinarily deprives us of jurisdiction when the appellant has not received a certificate of appealability, see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (“[U]ntil a COA has been issued federal courts of appeals lack jurisdiction to rule on the merits of appeals from habeas petitioners.”); Titsworth v. Dretke, 401 F.3d 301, 305 (5th Cir. 2005) (“A certificate of appealability is a jurisdictional prerequisite to this appeal.”), we have held that the certificate-of-appealability requirement applies only to a prisoner’s appeal from the denial of habeas relief, not a State’s appeal from the grant of habeas relief, Smith v. Davis, 927 F.3d 313, 319–20 (5th Cir. 2019); see also Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(3) (“A certificate of appealability is not required when a state or its representative . . . appeals.”). 10 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 11 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 But the Supreme Court has recognized that some “threshold question[s]” may be resolved first. 32 And in Waetzig v. Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., the Court held that one such question—whether the district court improperly reopened a closed case—is “antecedent to” jurisdiction and thus “must be addressed before any subsequent jurisdictional questions.” 33 So we begin there. Louisiana argues that, because Wessinger’s request to reopen was untimely under Rule 60(c) and failed to satisfy the criteria for reopening under Rule 60(b), the district court should never have reopened the case— and thus should never have adjudicated Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion. That argument misapprehends the case’s posture. When Wessinger filed his second post-judgment motion, no operative final judgment remained. There was nothing to reopen; the case was already open. At that point, the most recent final judgment was the first judgment granting relief. But we reversed that judgment, 34 leaving “the parties precisely in the same situation . . . as if no such judgment had ever existed.” 35 _____________________ 32 Tenet v. Doe, 544 U.S. 1, 6 n.4 (2005) (citation omitted); see Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431–32 (2007). 33 604 U.S. 305, 310–11 (2025) (emphasis added). 34 See Wessinger, 864 F.3d at 393. 35 Harvey v. Richards, 11 F. Cas. 740, 745 (C.C.D. Mass. 1814) (No. 6182) (Story, J.); see also Kring v. Missouri, 107 U.S. (17 Otto) 221, 241 (1883) (“When he asks to have the conviction reversed, he understands that if his application is granted, the judgment must be set aside with the same effect as if it had never been rendered.”); Langley v. Prince, 926 F.3d 145, 164 (5th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (“[O]nce a civil judgment is reversed on appeal, it’s obviously no longer ‘valid’ . . . .”); Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co. v. St. Joe Paper Co., 216 F.2d 832, 833 (5th Cir. 1954) (per curiam) (“To reverse a judgment . . . means to overthrow it by a contrary decision, to make it void, to undo or annul it for error.”); Khadr v. United States, 529 F.3d 1112, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“It has long been well established that the reversal of a lower court’s decision sets aside that decision, leaves it ‘without any validity, force, or effect,’ and requires that it be treated thereafter as though it never existed.” 11 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 12 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 Between issuance of our mandate and Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion, no new judgment was entered. The case thus sat without an operative judgment. There was no “final judgment, order, or proceeding” from which relief could be sought under Rule 60(b). Louisiana counters that the case remained closed because our earlier reversal was “remand-free.” Our precedent says otherwise. Although “[a] district court loses all jurisdiction over matters brought to the court of appeals upon the filing of a notice of appeal,” 36 it “reacquires jurisdiction” when our mandate issues. 37 That is so even absent an “explicit remand.” 38 We have long understood decretal language that simply reverses a judgment to operate as an implicit remand, “return[ing]” the case “to the district court.” 39 To be sure, we have authority to render judgment ourselves 40 or to “remand the cause and direct the entry of [the] appropriate judgment.” 41 But _____________________ (quoting Butler v. Eaton, 141 U.S. 240, 244 (1891))); cf. Hewitt v. United States, 606 U.S. 419, 431 (2025) (“[V]acated court orders are void ab initio and thus lack any prospective legal effect.”). 36 Rutherford v. Harris Cnty., 197 F.3d 173, 190 (5th Cir. 1999). 37 Newball v. Offshore Logistics Int’l, 803 F.2d 821, 826 (5th Cir. 1986); see BHTT Ent., Inc. v. Brickhouse Cafè & Lounge, L.L.C., 858 F.3d 310, 312–13 (5th Cir. 2017) (“The list of cases in which this court states unequivocally that the district court re-assumes jurisdiction once the mandate issues is long.” (footnote omitted)). 38 See Newball, 803 F.2d at 825. 39 Engel v. Teleprompter Corp., 732 F.2d 1238, 1241 (5th Cir. 1984). 40 See United States ex rel. Rigsby v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 794 F.3d 457, 467 (5th Cir. 2015) (“Finally, we note that we ‘have power not only to correct error in the judgment under review but to make such disposition on the case as justice requires.’” (quoting Patterson v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 600, 607 (1935)). 41 28 U.S.C. § 2106. 12 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 13 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 we did not exercise that authority in our earlier decision. We simply “reverse[d] the district court’s grant of habeas relief.” 42 Although our earlier decision did not expressly remand the case, the mandate returned it to the district court. Because no final judgment remained in place, the case stayed open and Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion required no reopening. We therefore do not consider whether the motion could have satisfied Rule 60(b) or Rule 60(c). B. The District Court Had Jurisdiction Over the Second Post- Judgment Motion That leaves the second threshold question: whether the district court could exercise jurisdiction over Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion. In the district court, Louisiana argued that Wessinger’s second post- judgment motion was in substance a second or successive habeas petition. If so, the motion would be subject to § 2244(b)’s demanding limits on second or successive petitions. 43 And even if Wessinger could satisfy those limits, he still could not file in the district court without first obtaining authorization from this court. 44 We have repeatedly held that this authorization requirement “acts as a jurisdictional bar to the district court’s asserting jurisdiction over any successive habeas petition until this court has granted _____________________ 42 Wessinger, 864 F.3d at 393 (emphasis deleted). 43 See Moore v. Quarterman, 533 F.3d 338, 340 (5th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (“Federal cognizance of second or successive § 2254 petitions is governed by strict standards under [AEDPA].”). 44 See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A). 13 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 14 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 the petitioner permission to file one.” 45 And even though Louisiana does not press the point on appeal, we must address it sua sponte. 46 Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion was not a second or successive habeas petition. Instead, it “merely asserts that a previous ruling which precluded a merits determination was in error.” 47 “As a textual matter, § 2244(b) applies only where the court acts pursuant to a prisoner’s ‘application.’” 48 And “for purposes of § 2244(b), an ‘application’ for habeas relief is a filing that contains one or more ‘claims.’” 49 So a filing that “present[s] new claims for relief from a state court’s judgment of conviction—even claims couched in the language of a true Rule 60(b) motion”—must be treated as a second or successive application. 50 But “[w]hen no ‘claim’ is presented, there is no basis for contending that the . . . motion should be treated like a habeas corpus application” 51 subject to § 2244(b). _____________________ 45 United States v. Key, 205 F.3d 773, 774 (5th Cir. 2000) (per curiam); see also Burton v. Stewart, 549 U.S. 147, 152 (2007) (per curiam) (“[B]ecause the . . . petition is a ‘second or successive’ petition that Burton did not seek or obtain authorization to file in the District Court, the District Court never had jurisdiction to consider it in the first place.”); Adams v. Thaler, 679 F.3d 312, 321 (5th Cir. 2012) (“If Adams’s petition is successive, then the district court did not have jurisdiction to consider the petition because Adams did not obtain our prior authorization pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A).”); Crone v. Cockrell, 324 F.3d 833, 836 (5th Cir. 2003) (“[T]his Court must address whether Crone’s petition is ‘successive’ within the meaning of § 2244(b)(3)(A) because our appellate jurisdiction is implicated.”). 46 Crone, 324 F.3d at 836. 47 Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 532 n.4 (2005). 48 Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 554 (1998). 49 Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 530. 50 Id. at 531. 51 Id. at 533. 14 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 15 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion did not “seek[] to add a new ground for relief,” nor did it “attack[] the federal court’s previous resolution of [the] claim on the merits.” 52 Instead, it challenged the district court’s failure to address his inadequate-state-process theory of cause and prejudice. And where a habeas petitioner “merely asserts that a previous ruling which precluded a merits determination”—such as “a denial for such reasons as . . . procedural default”—“was in error,” he is not “making a habeas corpus claim.” 53 His filing therefore is not a second or successive application. The district court thus had jurisdiction to entertain Wessinger’s second post-judgment motion. We turn, then, to the merits. C. Section 2254(d) Bars Relief When Congress first exercised its constitutional “Power . . . [t]o constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court,” 54 it authorized federal courts to issue writs of habeas corpus only to federal prisoners. 55 But with the Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, Congress empowered federal courts to “grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases where any person”—including a state prisoner—“may be restrained of his or her liberty in violation of” federal law. 56 _____________________ 52 Id. at 532 (footnote omitted). 53 Id. at 532 n.4. 54 U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 9. 55 Judiciary Act of 1789, § 14, 1 Stat. 73, 81. 56 Act of Feb. 5, 1867, ch. 28, § 1, 14 Stat. 385, 385–86. 15 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 16 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 That authority, however, comes with limits. Some are judicially created. 57 Others are statutory. 58 Still others—such as the requirement that a state prisoner first exhaust state remedies—began as judge-made rules before Congress eventually codified them. 59 One divide matters most here: whether the claim was properly presented in state court. That divide determines the framework for federal habeas review. If a claim was “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” § 2254(d) bars relief unless “the adjudication of the claim— (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 60 The exceptions should not obscure the main point: § 2254(d) erects a formidable barrier to federal habeas relief—and Congress intended it to. It forbids revisiting a state-court merits adjudication that is “merely wrong”— or even one that amounts to “clear error.” 61 If, by contrast, a claim was not adjudicated on the merits in state court, § 2254(d) falls away. 62 But the petitioner is hardly home free. In most such _____________________ 57 See Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 91 n.2 (2006) (describing procedural default as a “judge-made doctrine” (quotation omitted)). 58 See, e.g., Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104– 132, 1 Stat. 1214. 59 See Lucio v. Lumpkin, 987 F.3d 451, 463 (5th Cir. 2021) (en banc) (plurality opinion) (describing the history of the exhaustion requirement). 60 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 61 White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419 (2014) (quotation omitted). 62 See Thomas v. Davis, 968 F.3d 352, 354 (5th Cir. 2020). 16 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 17 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 cases—whether because the state court rejected the claim on procedural grounds or because the petitioner never presented it to the state courts at all—the claim will be procedurally defaulted. 63 And “federal courts generally decline to hear” procedurally defaulted claims. 64 Still, the procedural-default rule, like § 2254(d), “is subject to two exceptions.” 65 A defaulted claim may be considered if (1) “the prisoner can show cause for and prejudice from the procedural default,” or (2) refusing to consider the claim “would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” 66 “Generally,” deciding which track a claim belongs on—the § 2254(d) track or the procedural-default track—is “straightforward.” 67 But when “the support for the prisoner’s federal claim evolves across the state and federal proceedings,” the classification becomes “more difficult.” 68 A court must then determine whether the “claim presented in federal court is in fact _____________________ 63 See In re Davila, 888 F.3d 179, 187 (5th Cir. 2018) (per curiam). This dichotomy captures the vast majority of claims—but not all. A claim may be “fairly presented to the state court,” “not procedurally defaulted,” and yet not adjudicated on the merits. See Powell v. Quarterman, 536 F.3d 325, 343 (5th Cir. 2008). That can occur, for example, when the state procedural ground is inadequate to support the judgment or depends on federal law, see, e.g., Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. 362, 376 (2002), or when the state court “inadvertently overlook[s]” a claim, see Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 303 (2013). In such cases, “the deferential [§ 2254(d)] standards of review do not apply.” Powell, 536 F.3d at 343. It is also possible for a claim to be both procedurally defaulted and subject to § 2254(d)—for example, when the state court rejects the claim on the merits but “also invoke[s] a procedural bar as an alternative basis to deny relief.” Busby v. Dretke, 359 F.3d 708, 721 n.14 (5th Cir. 2004). These situations, however, are unusual. Most claims fall on one of two tracks: procedural default or § 2254(d). 64 Shinn v. Ramirez, 596 U.S. 366, 378 (2022). 65 Rocha v. Thaler, 626 F.3d 815, 822 (5th Cir. 2010). 66 Id. 67 Nelson v. Lumpkin, 72 F.4th 649, 658 (5th Cir. 2023). 68 Id. 17 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 18 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 a new claim altogether, . . . or simply the old one already adjudicated in state court.” 69 Wessinger tries to steer between the Scylla of § 2254(d) and the Charybdis of procedural default. His argument proceeds in two steps. First, he says the new evidence and allegations in his amended federal habeas petition—never presented in state court—so fundamentally alter his claim that the claim now before us is not one the state courts rejected. Second, recognizing that this premise would itself make the claim procedurally defaulted, he contends that the inadequacy of the state-court process supplies cause to excuse the default. The maneuver is clever. AEDPA blocks it. Louisiana answers that Wessinger’s gambit fails at both steps. Louisiana is right at the first step. Because Wessinger’s new evidence and allegations do not so fundamentally transform his claim as to make it different from the claim the state courts rejected, we need not reach the second. 70 The Supreme Court has never “decide[d] where to draw the line between new claims and claims adjudicated on the merits.” 71 Our decision in Nelson v. Lumpkin, however, provides a useful guidepost. 72 There, the petitioner “raised a single ineffective assistance of counsel claim” in state court, arguing “that his trial counsel failed to adequately investigate and _____________________ 69 Id. 70 Louisiana also makes a number of other arguments which we need not address, including that Wessinger has abused the writ, that any new claim would be time-barred, that Wessinger is judicially estopped from asserting his inadequate state-court process theory, that the mandate rule required the district court to reject that theory, and that Wessinger’s ineffective assistance claim fails on the merits. 71 Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 186 n.10 (2011). 72 See 72 F.4th at 659–60. 18 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 19 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 present mitigation evidence.” 73 Had counsel investigated the petitioner’s “background, history, family, and friends,” he argued, counsel would have “discover[ed] relevant and important mitigation evidence that would have made a difference at the penalty stage.” 74 The state court rejected the claim, reasoning that counsel “made a ‘well-reasoned’ and informed strategic decision.” 75 In federal court, the petitioner again “raised a single ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” 76 But this time, he identified specific mitigation theories counsel had failed to explore, including (1) that the participation of two third-party suspects may have diminished his culpability, (2) the theory that the victim “died of suicide rather than at the hands of” the petitioner, and (3) “evidence about [the petitioner’s] background and mental health.” 77 We held that these additional “instances of trial counsel’s alleged deficient performance at sentencing” were “not enough to fundamentally alter the ineffective assistance claim adjudicated in the state court.” 78 Because an ineffective-assistance claim “is specific to a particular stage of a proceeding” and because this one concerned sentencing, we explained that a petitioner cannot “disaggregate” “alleged instances of ineffective assistance of counsel . . . to create new, unadjudicated claims and thereby circumvent § 2254(d)’s limitations.” 79 _____________________ 73 Id. at 659 (cleaned up). 74 Id. (cleaned up). 75 Id. 76 Id. 77 Id. 78 Id. 79 Id. at 659–60. 19 Case: 25-70012 Document: 76-1 Page: 20 Date Filed: 08/18/2026 No. 25-70012 Wessinger does not meaningfully distinguish Nelson, even though Louisiana relies on it heavily. Instead, he argues that Louisiana forfeited any contention that the ineffective-assistance claim in his amended federal petition is the same claim he presented in state court for § 2254(d) purposes. That argument fails for two reasons. For one thing, a State “cannot waive or forfeit § 2254(d)’s standard.” 80 But even if Louisiana could forfeit the point, it did not. Louisiana repeatedly argued in the district court that Wessinger’s claim had been adjudicated on the merits in state court. In doing so, it necessarily maintained that the claim Wessinger presses now is the same claim he presented then. Under Nelson, Wessinger’s new evidence “is not enough to fundamentally alter the ineffective assistance claim adjudicated in the state court.” 81 The claim in Wessinger’s amended state post-conviction petition and the claim in his amended federal habeas petition rest on the same “asserted federal basis for relief from a state court’s judgment of conviction,” with the latter simply adding additional theories about ineffectiveness at the penalty phase. 82 The claim in Wessinger’s amended federal habeas petition is therefore the same claim presented to the state habeas court. And because the state court adjudicated that claim on the merits, § 2254(d) bars relief. 83 __________