Ncs Multistage Inc. v. Nine Energy Service, Inc.

Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 1 Filed: 09/14/2026 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ NCS MULTISTAGE INC., NCS MULTISTAGE, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellees v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC., Defendant-Appellant ______________________ 2025-1000 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas in No. 6:20-cv-00277-ADA, Judge Alan D. Albright. ______________________ Decided: September 14, 2026 ______________________ DOMINGO M. LLAGOSTERA, Blank Rome LLP, Houston, TX, argued for plaintiffs-appellees. Also represented by RUSSELL T. WONG; ANDREW K. FLETCHER, Philadelphia, PA; MEGAN R. WOOD, Washington, DC. HILARY L. PRESTON, Vinson & Elkins LLP, Austin, TX, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by CORBIN CESSNA, JEFFREY TA-HWA HAN, ETHAN JAMES NUTTER, ERIK SHALLMAN. ______________________ Before REYNA, HUGHES, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 2 Filed: 09/14/2026 2 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judge. Nine Energy Service, Inc. (“Nine”) appeals the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas’s amended final judgment ordering that (1) Nine had di- rectly infringed claims 28 and 29 of U.S. Patent No. 10,465,445 (the “’445 patent”); (2) Nine had induced in- fringement of claims 36, 39, 50–52, and 55–57 of the ’445 patent; (3) claims 28, 29, 36, 39, 50–52, and 55–57 (the “as- serted claims”) of the ’445 patent were not invalid; and (4) NCS Multistage Inc. and NCS Multistage LLC (collec- tively, “NCS”) were entitled to damages. See J.A. 1–2. For the reasons below, we vacate and remand for further pro- ceedings consistent with this opinion. I. BACKGROUND NCS sued Nine for infringing certain claims of the ’445 patent by making, using, offering for sale, and/or selling the BreakThru Casing Flotation Device. J.A. 354. The ’445 patent claims priority to a provisional patent applica- tion filed on February 5, 2013. ’445 patent. The ’445 pa- tent relates to a tool used in the oil and gas industry to assist with inserting a long strip of pipe (the “casing” or “casing string”) to the bottom of a wellbore. See J.A. 3115; ’445 patent col. 1 ll. 22–67; see id. col. 16 ll. 1–20. The ’445 patent explains that “it may be difficult to run the casing to great depths because friction between the wellbore and the casing often results in a substantial amount of drag,” especially in “horizontal and/or deviated wells.” Id. col. 1 ll. 22–25. The ’445 patent further explains that, in the past, “[t]echniques to lighten or ‘float’ the casing have been used to extend the depth of well. For example, there exist[ ] techniques in which the ends of a casing string portion are plugged[, and] the plugged portion is filled with . . . fluid to provide a buoyant force,” reducing friction. Id. col. 1 ll. 34–39. In such techniques, once the plugged casing string has been “placed in the wellbore, the plugs must be drilled out, and the low density miscible fluid is forced out Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 3 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 3 of the wellbore,” which “increases completion time.” Id. col. 1 ll. 39–42. The ’445 patent purports to solve this prob- lem by using a “rupture disc” that “can be ruptured by en- gagement with an impact surface . . . once a rupturing force is applied to the disc.” Id. col. 2 ll. 3–7; see id. col. 16 ll. 1–20. Claim 28 is illustrative of the issues on appeal and re- cites: 28. A float tool configured for use in positioning a casing string in a wellbore containing a well fluid, the casing string having an internal diameter that defines a fluid passageway between an upper por- tion of the casing string and a lower portion of the casing string, the float tool comprising: a rupture disc assembly comprising (i) a tubular member having an upper end and a lower end, the upper and lower ends con- figured for connection in-line with the cas- ing string and (ii) a rupture disc having a rupture burst pressure and in sealing en- gagement with a region of the tubular member within the upper and lower ends, wherein the rupture disc is configured to disengage from sealing engagement when exposed to a pressure greater than a hy- draulic pressure in the casing string after the casing string has been positioned in the wellbore and the region of the tubular mem- ber where the rupture disc is attached has a larger internal diameter than the internal diameter of the casing string and is parallel to the internal diameter of the casing string. Id. col. 16 ll. 1–20 (emphases added). Figure 2 of the patent illustrates an embodiment of the claimed invention: Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 4 Filed: 09/14/2026 4 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. Id. Fig. 2, col. 3, ll. 41–43. The parties disputed the construction of “internal di- ameter.” See J.A. 33; see also J.A. 34. The annotated ver- sion of Figure 2 provided by Nine is helpful for understanding the parties’ dispute: Appellant’s Br. 31. At the district court, NCS contended that the plain and ordinary meaning of an “internal diam- eter” could be both a measured diameter across the width of the pipe and a diameter along the length of the pipe (spe- cifically when the claim refers to “the region of the tubular member where the rupture disc is attached” that “has a larger internal diameter than the internal diameter of the casing string”). J.A. 33–34 (quoting ’445 patent col. 16, ll. 17–20); NCS Multistage Inc.’s Reply in Support of its Opening Claim Construction Brief at 1–3, NCS Multistage Inc. v. Nine Energy Serv., Inc., No. 20-cv-00277-ADA, Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 5 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 5 (W.D. Tex. Dec. 11, 2020), Dkt. No. 48. Nine contended that an “internal diameter” should be construed as “the di- ameter of a fluid channel measured perpendicularly from the inner wall of the fluid channel through the center of the fluid channel, to the opposite inner wall”—a measured di- ameter. J.A. 33. The district court agreed with NCS that “internal diameter” should be given its plain and ordinary meaning and added the clarification that “the plain and or- dinary meaning can refer to both an inner surface and a measured diameter.” J.A. 33. Before trial, NCS filed a supplemental claim construc- tion brief, contending that “casing string” was limited to pipe of greater than or equal to 4.5 inches in outer diame- ter. J.A. 4763, see J.A. 4754–67. Nine contended that “cas- ing string” had no size limitation. J.A. 4778–79; see J.A. 4769–80. The district court construed “casing string” to mean “pipe that is customarily ≥ 4.5 inches in outer di- ameter, which is intended to line the walls of a drilled well so that a downhole tool can be deployed without re- striction.” J.A. 29. At trial, Nine argued that TCO Group AS (“TCO”) 1 sold a TDP-PO tool embodying the asserted claims of the ’445 patent to Eversolve in August 2011 and Apache in August 2012 2 prior to the alleged February 2013 priority date of the ’445 patent. J.A. 3839–53 (testimony of Mr. Brands- dal); J.A. 4493–97 (purchase orders). NCS argued that its prior sale to Tundra in July 2012 was a public disclosure that caused TCO’s sale to Apache to no longer qualify as 1 TCO is the Defendant-Appellant in NCS Multi- stage, Inc. v. TCO Group AS, No. 2024-2379 (Fed. Cir. Sep. 14, 2026), which has been resolved by a separate opin- ion issued concurrently. 2 Apache used the TDP-PO tool in well operation by January 2013. J.A. 4505; see J.A. 3883–87. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 6 Filed: 09/14/2026 6 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(1)(B). J.A. 4035 at 675:4–10; J.A. 4275–76 at 915:12–916:10; J.A. 4279–81 at 919:24–921:14. NCS also argued that the TDP-PO tool sold to Apache was a tubing tool, not a casing tool, because it had a diameter of less than 4.5 inches and that it failed to meet several other limitations. See J.A. 4132–42. The jury returned a verdict in favor of NCS on both in- fringement and no invalidity. J.A. 19–25. The district court denied Nine’s renewed motion for judgment as a mat- ter of law and its motion for a new trial, J.A. 3, and entered final judgment, including entering judgment that Nine di- rectly infringed claims 28 and 29, that Nine induced in- fringement of claims 36, 39, 50–52, and 55–57, and that the asserted claims of the ’445 patent are not invalid. J.A. 1–2. Nine timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “In reviewing district court judgments, we apply the law of the circuit in which the district court sits with re- spect to nonpatent issues, but we apply our own law to is- sues of substantive patent law.” In re Spalding Sports Worldwide, Inc., 203 F.3d 800, 803 (Fed. Cir. 2000). We re- view a district court’s denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial, along with its discovery rulings, under the law of the regional circuit. Verizon Servs. Corp. v. Cox Fibernet Va., Inc., 602 F.3d 1325, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (discussing the applicable law for review of denials of judgment as a matter of law or for a new trial); Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique v. Chi Mei Optoelec- tronics Corp., 395 F.3d 1315, 1322–23 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (dis- cussing the applicable law for review of discovery rulings); see MLC Intell. Prop., LLC v. Micron Tech., Inc., 10 F.4th 1358, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (discussing the applicable law and standard of review for imposition of discovery sanc- tions). The Fifth Circuit reviews the denial of a motion for Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 7 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 7 judgment as a matter of law de novo, applying the same legal standard as the district court: “consider[ing] all of the evidence, drawing all reasonable inferences and resolv- ing all credibility determinations in the light most favora- ble to the non-moving party,” then affirming “unless the jury’s factual findings are not supported by substantial ev- idence, or if the legal conclusions implied from the jury’s verdict cannot in law be supported by those findings.” Baisden v. I’m Ready Prods., Inc., 693 F.3d 491, 498–99 (5th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation omitted). The denial of a motion for a new trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion and is affirmed “unless the evidence—viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict—points so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of one party that the court be- lieves that reasonable [people] could not arrive at a con- trary conclusion.” Id. at 504 (cleaned up). Discovery orders are also reviewed for abuse of discretion. EEOC v. BDO USA, L.L.P., 876 F.3d 690, 697 (5th Cir. 2017). Federal Circuit law applies to claim construction. Magnolia Med. Techs., Inc. v. Kurin, Inc., 169 F.4th 1094, 1100 (Fed. Cir. 2026). We review claim construction de novo, with any underlying findings of fact based on extrin- sic evidence reviewed for clear error. Id. at 1101. “Clear error exists when ‘we are left with a definite and firm con- viction that a mistake has been committed.’” Id. (quoting Advanced Ground Info. Sys., Inc. v. Life360, Inc., 830 F.3d 1341, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). III. DISCUSSION Nine argues that the district court erred by incorrectly construing “internal diameter,” Appellant’s Br. 29–47; “disengage . . . from sealing engagement,” id. at 48–53; and “casing string,” id. at 54–62. Nine further argues that the district court erred by failing to grant judgment as a matter of law that TCO’s August 2012 sale of the TDP-PO tool to Apache, and Apache’s subsequent use of that device, were Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 8 Filed: 09/14/2026 8 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. prior art as a matter of law, id. at 63–68; striking docu- ments and testimony regarding the TCO-Maersk Qatar (“Maersk”) communications, id. at 69–73; and declining to exclude testimony of NCS’s damages expert because he failed to apportion portfolio licenses, id. at 73–75. 3 We ad- dress each argument in turn. A. Nine argues that the district court erred by construing “internal diameter” to “refer to both an inner surface and a measured diameter.” Id. at 29–47; see J.A. 33–34. We agree. There is a “presumption that the same terms appearing in different portions of the claims should be given the same meaning unless it is clear from the specification and pros- ecution history that the terms have different meanings at different portions of the claims.” Fin Control Sys. Pty, Ltd. v. OAM, Inc., 265 F.3d 1311, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Digit.-Vending Servs. Int’l, LLC v. Univ. of Phx., Inc., 672 F.3d 1270, 1275 (Fed. Cir. 2012). NCS makes two ar- guments to defend the district court’s construction, despite this presumption: (1) Nine has waived or forfeited 4 its 3 There is no dispute involving the TDP-PO refer- ence and the sealing engagement term; instead, Nine con- tends that the district court’s construction “forced Nine to drop prior art that it otherwise could have presented at trial.” Appellant’s Br. 49; see Appellees’ Br. 17–18. Be- cause we vacate the district court’s judgment of no invalid- ity and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion, we do not reach Nine’s argument that the sealing engage- ment term was incorrectly construed. Similarly, because we vacate the judgment of infringement, we do not reach Nine’s arguments directed at the damages award. 4 NCS argues that “Nine waived its new construc- tions proposed on appeal for ‘internal diameter’ and the Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 9 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 9 challenge to the district court’s construction, Appellees’ Br. 8–10; and (2) the specification and prosecution history, along with extrinsic evidence, support interpreting “inter- nal diameter” as having different meanings across the claims, id. at 28–35. We disagree with both arguments. i. Nine has not forfeited its challenge to the district court’s claim construction. At the district court, Nine ad- vanced a construction of “internal diameter” as “the diam- eter of a fluid channel measured perpendicularly from the inner wall of the fluid channel through the center of the fluid channel, to the opposite inner wall.” J.A. 33. It also contended that “the region of the tubular member where the rupture disc is attached has a larger internal diameter than the internal diameter of the casing string and is par- allel to the internal diameter of the casing string” is either indefinite or alternatively means “a flat surface of the tub- ular member where the rupture disc is fastened, affixed, joined, or connected to the tubular member is circular and has a diameter larger than the internal diameter of the cas- ing string, and defines a plane that is parallel to a plane defined by the set of internal diameters at a location in the casing string.” J.A. 34. On appeal, it contends that inter- nal diameter has a plain and ordinary meaning of “meas- ured diameter,” and that the parallel term has a plain and ordinary meaning where internal diameter refers to a parallel term.” Appellees’ Br. 8. In this context, we use forfeiture rather than waiver. See, e.g., In re Google Tech. Holdings LLC, 980 F.3d 858, 862 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“‘[W]aiver is different from forfeiture. Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” (cleaned up) (citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993))). Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 10 Filed: 09/14/2026 10 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. measured diameter. 5 Appellant’s Br. 32. While Nine’s pro- posed construction at the district court uses more words than its construction on appeal, the gravamen is the same: In both fora, it has contended that an “internal di- ameter” is a measured diameter across the width of a cas- ing string and cannot also mean a diameter parallel to the surface of the casing string. 6 “While the two formulations employ somewhat different language, they embody the same concept.” Gaus v. Conair Corp., 363 F.3d 1284, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Vectura Ltd. v. Glaxosmithkline LLC, 981 F.3d 1030, 1037–38 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Accord- ingly, Nine neither changed its position on this issue be- tween the trial and appellate levels nor forfeited its argument that “internal diameter” is a measured diameter. On the merits, it is not clear from the intrinsic evidence that an “internal diameter” was meant to have a different meaning in different portions of the claims. “We apply a presumption that the same terms appearing in different portions of the claims should be given the same meaning unless it is clear from the specification and prosecution his- tory that the terms have different meanings at different portions of the claims.” Paragon Sols., LLC v. Timex Corp., 566 F.3d 1075, 1087 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (cleaned up) (quoting PODS, Inc. v. Porta Stor, Inc., 484 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). NCS contends that it is clear that the “internal diameter that defines a fluid passageway” must be “referring to the casing string’s inner surface to define 5 We do not reach Nine’s alternative argument that if “internal diameter” has two meanings, then the claims of the ’445 patent are indefinite. Appellant’s Br. 43–46. 6 To the extent that Nine’s construction raised other issues than whether an internal diameter was a measured diameter or a diameter parallel to the surface of the casing string, it has waived its position on those issues. See Ap- pellant’s Br. 32 n.2. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 11 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 11 the passageway,” because a measured diameter is a scalar property, which cannot define a passageway. Appellees’ Br. 30 (emphasis omitted) (internal quotation omitted). NCS makes substantially the same argument regarding the specification, citing parts of the specification where the “fluid passageway defined by the inner diameter is fully re- stored.” Id. at 31 (citing ’445 patent col. 1 ll. 47–49, 62–67, col. 2 ll. 40–44, col. 6 ll. 62–66, col. 7 ll. 3–10, col. 10 ll. 47–53). However, Nine contends that the internal diam- eter is across the width of the casing string, rather than along the length of the casing string. See Appellant’s Br. 32 (“To be clear, the measured diameter is not a numerical value, but rather the line representing the diameter that one measures.”); J.A. 4693–96 (Nine making similar argu- ments regarding internal diameter at the district court). Despite NCS’s argument, Nine’s proposed construction al- lows for a line across the casing string to define a fluid pas- sageway. Accordingly, the intrinsic evidence does not clearly require “internal diameter” to have two different meanings. Additionally, the prosecution history is not sufficiently clear to override the presumption that claim terms carry the same meaning throughout the patent. During prosecu- tion, NCS amended its claims to clarify that the rupture disc was attached to a surface parallel to an internal diam- eter of the casing string. J.A. 124–26. It distinguished a prior art reference Gano 7 as having a disc “in sealing en- gagement with and attached to a region of a tubular mem- ber that is not parallel to the internal diameter of the casing string but is instead sloped.” J.A. 125. Figure 3 of Gano is illustrative: 7 U.S. Patent No. 5,479,986 (“Gano”). Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 12 Filed: 09/14/2026 12 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. J.A. 4530. NCS contends that Gano shows that the region of the tubular member parallel to the internal diameter was along the surface of the internal diameter by compar- ing annotated Figure 3 of Gano to annotated Figure 2 of the ’445 patent: Appellees’ Br. 33. 8 According to NCS, NCS distinguishing Gano as lacking a region parallel to the internal diameter clearly shows that it intended internal diameter to mean a diameter across the width of the casing string in one por- tion of the claim and a diameter along the length of the 8 “The red box identifies the region of the tubular member[;] the green line identifies the surface where there is sealing engagement[;] and the blue line identifies the casing wall” parallel to what NCS contends is the internal diameter in this portion of the claim. Appellees’ Br. 33. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 13 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 13 casing string in another portion of the claim. See id. at 32–34. The problem for NCS is that because Gano’s region of attachment is neither parallel to a measured diameter nor the inner surface of the casing string, the prosecution his- tory statement is consistent with the internal diameter be- ing a measured diameter. Figure 3 of Gano and Figure 2 of the ’445 patent could be re-annotated as follows: Appellant’s Br. 41, 43. 9 As the annotations show, under either construction, the patentee’s statement that Gano lacks a disc “parallel to the internal diameter of the casing string,” J.A. 125, is still true and a way to distinguish Gano from the ’445 patent. As these alternative annotations show, the prosecution history statements, like the specifi- cation and claim language, are consistent with a definition of “internal diameter” that includes only a measured diam- eter. Because the intrinsic record was not clear that “in- ternal diameter” should carry different meanings in different portions of the claims of the ’445 patent, the dis- trict court erred by holding that the term “can refer to both an inner surface and a measured diameter.” J.A. 33. In- stead, we conclude that the plain meaning of “internal 9 The orange lines indicate the region of attachment, and the blue line indicates the measured diameter. Appel- lant’s Br. 40–41. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 14 Filed: 09/14/2026 14 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. diameter” is a “measured diameter” across the width of the casing string. ii. Nine argues that, because we agree that the district court’s claim construction was erroneous, we can reverse the district court’s judgment of infringement. Appellant’s Br. 46–47. Nine also argues that, like Gano, the Break- Thru devices contained a rupture disc attached to the cas- ing string at an angle, rather than parallel to the measured diameter of the casing string: Id. at 47. We disagree and conclude that there remains a fact dispute for the jury. Nine’s orange annotations to the sloped portions of the BreakThru devices are one possible location a jury could find that the rupture disc attaches. Nine has not explained why a jury could not find that the rupture disc attaches along the purple annotations below: Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 15 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 15 Id. (purple annotations added by the court). These purple annotations are consistent with Nine’s arguments raised with respect to Gano: Id. at 43; see also J.A. 4694–95. In each instance, a small portion of the surface that is not sloped appears to be par- allel to a measured diameter. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment of infringement and remand for a new trial under the proper claim construction. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 16 Filed: 09/14/2026 16 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. B. Nine next argues that the district court erred by con- struing “casing string” to mean “pipe that is customarily ≥ 4.5 inches in outer diameter, which is intended to line the walls of a drilled well so that a downhole tool can be de- ployed without restriction.” Appellant’s Br. 54–62; see J.A. 29. We agree. As an initial matter, we reject NCS’s contention that Nine forfeited its challenge to the district court’s construc- tion by failing to object to it. See Appellees’ Br. 10–12. “[A] party does not [forfeit] a claim construction argument by failing to object during trial when the construction pro- posed on appeal is the same as the construction proposed in a Markman hearing,” so long as the “issues were fully litigated and decided” before trial. Power Integrations, Inc. v. Fairchild Semiconductor Int’l, Inc., 904 F.3d 965, 973 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Beyond In- nov. Tech. Co., 521 F.3d 1351, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). The parties presented competing claim constructions to the dis- trict court, J.A. 29; J.A. 3206–07 at 22:5–23:10, and the district court adopted a construction using some elements proposed by each party, J.A. 29. Nine proposes the same construction here as it did to the district court. Compare J.A. 29, with Appellant’s Br. 56. Because the issue was fully litigated at the district court, Nine has preserved its challenge to the district court’s construction on appeal. We similarly reject NCS’s argument that Nine failed to explain the prejudice associated with the district court’s construction of “casing string.” Appellees’ Br. 12–17. NCS contends that (1) the district court’s construction did not technically exclude casing string of < 4.5 inches and that the jury heard testimony to that effect, id. at 13–15; and (2) other evidence in the record supported the jury’s verdict of no invalidity, primarily that the disclosures to Apache were not prior art, id. at 15–17. With respect to the first Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 17 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 17 argument, the district court’s construction put a thumb on the scale. At trial, NCS argued that the TDP-PO tool prior art was not “configured for connection in-line with the cas- ing string” because the tools were “not 4.5 inches or greater.” J.A. 4133 at 773:6–25. NCS was able to make this argument at least in part because of the district court’s construction. At a minimum, the jury could have been con- fused about the effect of the size limitation and its im- portance. See Appellant’s Br. 55–56. NCS’s second argument fails for a simpler reason: As explained below, we hold that the disclosures to Apache were prior art as a matter of law. See Section III.C, infra. Thus, we reject NCS’s contention that Nine failed to demonstrate prejudice from the size limitation being included in the construction of casing string. 10 On the merits, nothing in the intrinsic record requires a size limitation on casing string. The specification repeat- edly refers to a casing string without any size limitation, instead describing it by its function. See ’445 patent Fig. 1, col. 1 ll. 22–24, col. 2 ll. 31–48, col. 4 ll. 55–58, col. 5 ll. 62–63, col. 6 ll. 9–12. In the few places that the specifi- cation mentions size, the language is permissive. See, e.g., id. col. 8 ll. 22–26 (“The diameter of constricted opening 27 of lower tubular member 18 may be 4.5 inches (which is a common [internal diameter] for a casing, although other di- mensions . . . are possible[.)]” (emphasis added)), col. 12 ll. 10–13 (“For example, the side walls of the rupture disc may be about 2.0 to 2.5 inches in height, when the rupture 10 NCS also argues that Nine did not identify any prejudice from the portion of the district court’s claim con- struction referring to “a downhole tool . . . deployed with- out restriction.” See Appellees’ Br. 14. We agree, but because we disagree with other portions of the claim con- struction, on remand, the district court should apply a claim construction in accordance with this opinion. Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 18 Filed: 09/14/2026 18 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. disc is installed in 4.5 or 5.5 inch casing.” (emphasis added)). This language is insufficient to support lexicogra- phy or disavowal. Thorner v. Sony Comput. Ent. Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365–67 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“To act as its own lexicographer, a patentee must ‘clearly set forth a defini- tion of the disputed claim term’ other than its plain and ordinary meaning. . . . To constitute disclaimer, there must be a clear and unmistakable disclaimer.” (quoting CCS Fitness, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 288 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). NCS argues that the extrinsic evidence demonstrates that persons of ordinary skill in the art would understand “casing string” to have a size of ≥ 4.5 inches in diameter, “because wellbores that are lined with casing string have a standard size, and tubing tools for completing well opera- tions have to fit inside of the casing string so they can be run downhole.” Appellees’ Br. 44–45; see id. at 44–48. In support of its argument, NCS primarily relies on industry catalogs that disclose many more casing offerings that are ≥ 4.5 inches in diameter than < 4.5 inches in diameter. See id. at 45–47. The problem with NCS’s position is that, even if those catalogs were evidence of definitional plain meaning rather than mere commonality, any such definition is explicitly contradicted by the specification. Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (“[E]xtrinsic evidence may be useful to the court, but it is unlikely to result in a reliable interpretation of patent claim scope un- less considered in the context of the intrinsic evidence.”); see id. at 1319–24 (criticizing “a methodology for claim in- terpretation in which the specification should be consulted only after a determination is made, whether based on a dic- tionary, treatise, or other source, as to the ordinary mean- ing or meanings of the claim term in dispute.”). While it is undisputed that, as a factual matter, 4.5 inches is a com- mon size for casing string, the ’445 patent explicitly states Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 19 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 19 that it is not limited to any particular size of casing string. See ’445 patent col. 8 ll. 22–26. In these circumstances, the district court erred by instructing the jury that, as a matter of claim construction, the ’445 patent defines “casing string” as being “customarily ≥ 4.5 inches in outer diame- ter.” See Union Carbide Chems. & Plastics Tech. Corp. v. Shell Oil Co., 425 F.3d 1366, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2005), over- ruled in other part by Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. v. St. Jude Med., Inc., 576 F.3d 1348, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The dis- trict court’s claim construction did not define the scope of the ’445 patent but instead hinted to the jury how to resolve the factual question of whether the TDP-PO tool was “con- figured for connection in-line with the casing string” that was itself “intended to line the walls of a drilled well.” ’445 patent col. 16 ll. 8–9; J.A. 29. C. Nine next argues, also with respect to the TDP-PO tool, that no reasonable jury could have found that NCS’s first sale of the AirLock device to Tundra was a public disclosure under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(1)(B). 11 Nine further contends 11 The post-America Invents Act (“AIA”) 35 U.S.C. § 102(b) applies to patents that contain at least one claim with an effective filing date on or after March 16, 2013. America Invents Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112–29, § 3(n)(1), 125 Stat. 284, 293; see SNIPR Techs. Ltd. v. Rockefeller Univ., 72 F.4th 1372, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2023); Monsanto Tech. LLC v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 878 F.3d 1336, 1342 n.10 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The Board agreed, and we do as well, that certain claims lack support in the Feb- ruary 5, 2013 provisional application, and thus the ’445 pa- tent is subject to post-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 102(b). See, e.g., TCO AS v. NCS Multistage Inc., PGR2020-00077, 2021 WL 662165, at *2–3 (P.T.A.B. Feb. 18, 2021) (post-grant review proceeding). The parties do not dispute that the AIA Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 20 Filed: 09/14/2026 20 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. that the subsequent 2012 sale of the TDP-PO tool to Apache, and Apache’s subsequent use of that device, con- stituted prior art to the ’445 patent. Appellant’s Br. 63–68. 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(1)(B) states that “[a] disclosure made 1 year or less before the effective filing date of a claimed invention shall not be prior art to the claimed in- vention under subsection (a)(1)” if “the subject matter dis- closed had, before such disclosure, been publicly disclosed by the inventor or a joint inventor or another who obtained the subject matter disclosed directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor.” At trial, NCS argued that its first sale of the AirLock device to Tundra in July 2012 pre- vented TCO’s sale of the TDP-PO tool to Apache later in 2012 from constituting prior art. See, e.g., J.A. 4275–81. Nine contends that our decision in Sanho Corp. v. Kaijet Technology International Ltd., 108 F.4th 1376, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2024), issued after the jury verdict in this case, is controlling, and that under Sanho, no reasonable jury could have found that the AirLock sale was a public disclo- sure. Appellant’s Br. 63–68. We agree. Sanho interpreted 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(2)(B), which ap- plies to disclosures in patents and contains a safe harbor identically referring to subject matter that was “publicly disclosed by the inventor or a joint inventor or another who obtained the subject matter disclosed directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor.” 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(2)(B); see Sanho, 108 F.4th at 1381 (explaining that the relevant language from the “subject matter dis- closed” provisions is the same between 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(1)(B) and 35 U.S.C. § 102(b)(2)(B)). In Sanho, we rejected the argument that “placing something ‘on sale’ in section 102(a)(1) means that the invention embodied by the applies in this case. See Appellant’s Br. 63–68 (applying AIA provisions); Appellees’ Br. 18–20 (same). Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 21 Filed: 09/14/2026 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. 21 device sold is necessarily ‘publicly disclosed’ for purposes of section 102(b)(2)(B).” Sanho, 108 F.4th at 1381–82. In- stead, we held that the section 102(b)(2)(B) provision “ap- plies only to ‘disclosures’ that result in the subject matter of the invention being ‘publicly disclosed.’” Id. at 1382. Alt- hough we did not state the exact boundaries of this excep- tion, we explained that “‘publicly disclosed by the inventor’ must mean that it is reasonable to conclude that the inven- tion was made available to the public.” Id. We also high- lighted that “there is a difference between a commercial public use and a disclosure that puts the public in posses- sion of the invention,” and that “[w]hile public disclosure of the features of the invention under section 102(b)(2)(B) could be accomplished through a public disclosure involv- ing a public use, there is no requirement that such a public use necessarily ‘publicly disclose[s]’ the invention.” Id. at 1383–84 (alteration in original). Commercial public use, we explained, can include mere “commercial exploitation,” that does not resolve the relevant question of “whether the public has learned the relevant aspects of the invention.” Id. at 1384. The factual circumstances of Sanho are particularly in- structive in this case. Prior to the filing date, the inventor testified that he “sent to Sanho via private courier a fin- ished version of the [HyperDrive]” and alleged a prior pub- lic disclosure. Id. He further testified that “Sanho placed an order” for 15,000 HyperDrives. Id. at 1384–85 (internal citation omitted). “There was no testimony concerning whether the order was fulfilled, or what became of the 15,000 HyperDrive devices (if they were ever manufac- tured). Although there was no confidentiality or nondisclo- sure agreement, there was no teaching of the features of the invention to others beyond Sanho.” Id. at 1385. “On these facts, we [did] not think it [was] a close ques- tion . . . . [T]he sale of the HyperDrive here did not pub- licly disclose the subject matter[.]” Id. In Sanho, we did Case: 25-1000 Document: 43 Page: 22 Filed: 09/14/2026 22 NCS MULTISTAGE INC. v. NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC. “not decide exactly what is necessary for demonstrating that a sale publicly disclosed the relevant subject matter, or whether to apply the prevailing standard for when a printed publication is sufficiently publicly accessible to qualify as prior art.” Id. We need not go further than Sanho to determine that no reasonable jury could have found that the sale of the AirLock to Tundra was a public disclosure. As in Sanho, the AirLock was privately sold to a single party (Tundra). See J.A. 3417–20. As in Sanho, there is no evidence that AirLocks were widely distributed or placed where the pub- lic could examine them. Instead, NCS’s CEO testified that, even when sold to Tundra, the AirLock was delivered in a sealed black tube that would have to be cut open. J.A. 3452–53 at 92:19–93:15; see also J.A. 4674; J.A. 4280 at 920:15–17 (NCS’s counsel arguing, during closing, that “[y]ou can take it apart and cut it apart” to examine it). Moreover, there is no evidence that receipt of one of these black tubes would allow members of the public to deter- mine the “relevant aspects of the invention.” Sanho, 108 F.4th at 1385. NCS has not identified any record evi- dence that, for example, the public would be able to under- stand from the black tube that there was a “rupture disc [ ] configured to disengage from sealing engagement when ex- posed to a pressure greater than a hydraulic pressure in the casing string after the casing string has been posi- tioned in the wellbore and the region of the tubular mem- ber where the rupture disc is attached has a larger internal diameter than the internal diameter of the casing string.” ’445 patent col. 16 ll. 12–19. Thus, as in Sanho, while