The New York and Presbyterian Hospital v. New York State Nurses Association

25-113 The New York and Presbyterian Hospital v. New York State Nurses Association 1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 For the Second Circuit 4 ________ 5 6 AUGUST TERM, 2025 7 8 ARGUED: JANUARY 7, 2026 9 DECIDED: JULY 7, 2026 10 11 Docket No. 25-113 12 ________ 13 14 NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, 15 Plaintiff-Appellant, 16 17 v. 18 19 NEW YORK STATE NURSES ASSOCIATION, 20 Defendant-Appellee. 21 ________ 22 23 Appeal from the United States District Court 24 for the Southern District of New York. 25 ________ 26 27 Before: KEARSE, WALKER, AND NARDINI, Circuit Judges. 28 ________ 29 In 2019, Plaintiff-Appellant, the New York and Presbyterian 30 Hospital (the “Hospital”), entered into a collective bargaining 31 agreement with Defendant-Appellee, the New York State Nurses 32 Association (the “Union”). Per this agreement, the Hospital agreed to 33 staff a certain number of registered nurses to the Hospital’s Cardio- 34 Thoracic Intensive Care Unit (“CTICU”) according to an agreed-upon  No. 25-113 1 grid. When the Hospital failed to staff the CTICU to grid levels, the 2 Union brought the unit’s nurses’ grievance against the Hospital to 3 arbitration. The Arbitrator later determined that the Hospital 4 breached the parties’ agreement and issued a monetary award (the 5 “arbitral award”) to the affected nurses. 6 In this appeal, the Hospital seeks vacatur of the district court’s 7 confirmation of this arbitral award. The Hospital argues that the 8 monetary award issued (1) was not authorized as a potential remedy 9 in the parties’ collective bargaining agreement and, in any case, 10 (2) was punitive in nature and therefore violated an alleged public 11 policy forbidding punitive labor arbitration awards. For the reasons 12 explained below, we AFFIRM the district court’s confirmation of the 13 arbitral award in favor of Appellee. 14 ________ 15 JOHN HOUSTON POPE (James S. Frank, Laura H. 16 Schuman, on the brief), Epstein Becker & Green, 17 P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant. 18 BRUCE S. LEVINE (Daniel M. Nesbitt, on the brief), 19 Cohen, Weiss and Simon LLP, New York, NY, for 20 Defendant-Appellee. 21 ________ 22 JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge: 23 In 2019, Plaintiff-Appellant, the New York and Presbyterian 24 Hospital (the “Hospital”), entered into a collective bargaining 25 agreement with Defendant-Appellee, the New York State Nurses 26 Association (the “Union”). Per this agreement, the Hospital agreed to 27 staff a certain number of registered nurses to the Hospital’s Cardio- 2  No. 25-113 1 Thoracic Intensive Care Unit (“CTICU”) according to an agreed-upon 2 grid. When the Hospital failed to staff the CTICU to grid levels, the 3 Union brought the unit’s nurses’ grievance against the Hospital to 4 arbitration. The Arbitrator later determined that the Hospital 5 breached the parties’ agreement and issued a monetary award (the 6 “arbitral award”) to the affected nurses. 7 In this appeal, the Hospital seeks vacatur of the district court’s 8 confirmation of this arbitral award. The Hospital argues that the 9 monetary award issued (1) was not authorized as a potential remedy 10 in the parties’ collective bargaining agreement and, in any case, (2) 11 was punitive in nature and therefore violated an alleged public policy 12 forbidding punitive labor arbitration awards. For the reasons 13 explained below, we AFFIRM the district court’s confirmation of the 14 arbitral award in favor of Appellee. 15 BACKGROUND 16 In 2019, the Hospital and Union entered into an agreement, 17 which was comprised of a Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) 18 that was later modified and extended by a Memorandum of 19 Agreement (“MOA”) (together, the “Agreement”). Under the 20 Agreement, the Hospital was required to maintain certain registered 21 nurse staffing levels in the Hospital’s CTICU, as outlined in an 22 agreed-upon staffing grid. 1 The grid required two-to-four fewer 23 nurses in the CTICU than the number of patients admitted to the 24 CTICU. Parties could raise staffing disputes under the Agreement via 1 The CBA was effective January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2022, and was amended and extended by an MOA, effective as of January 1, 2023. Among other changes, the MOA modified the staffing grid in the CTICU. Compare Joint App’x at 371 (CBA), with Joint App’x at 176 (MOA). 3  No. 25-113 1 a specified grievance procedure that culminated in the option of 2 submitting their dispute to arbitration. 3 In June 2023, the Union filed a grievance regarding staffing 4 disparities in the CTICU dating back to January of that year. Five 5 months later, the Union requested arbitration. During arbitration, the 6 Arbitrator set out to resolve the following questions: “Did the 7 Employer violate the collective bargaining agreement with respect to 8 the staffing on the CTICU? If so, what shall be the remedy?” Joint 9 App’x at 41. 10 At arbitration, the Hospital and the Union did not dispute that 11 staffing in the CTICU fell below the Agreement’s required grid levels. 12 The Hospital still argued that it did not violate the Agreement because 13 it made efforts to recruit and hire nurses to fill vacant positions. The 14 Union, on the other hand, maintained that the Hospital’s failure to 15 properly staff the CTICU to the agreed-upon grid levels required a 16 “make-whole financial remedy,” which would compensate the nurses 17 for the “extra labor [they] expended” while working understaffed. 18 Special App’x at 3. The Hospital countered that such a remedy (1) 19 was precluded by the parties’ Agreement and (2) was impermissibly 20 punitive. Id. at 4. 21 On May 22, 2024, after a two-day hearing, the Arbitrator found 22 the Hospital in violation of the parties’ Agreement because of the 23 Hospital’s failure to staff the CTICU in compliance with the grid. The 24 Arbitrator then issued a monetary award to the Union for the 25 Hospital’s breach. In order to calculate the remedy, the Arbitrator 26 determined which nurses in fact worked on an understaffed shift and 27 further narrowed the group of compensable nurses to only those who 28 worked on shifts that were understaffed by three or more nurses. The 29 Arbitrator reasoned that the working conditions faced by nurses who 4  No. 25-113 1 worked on such shifts were adverse enough to trigger a financial 2 remedy, declining the Union’s request for a monetary remedy for 3 every shift on which fewer nurses were assigned than are prescribed 4 by the grid. To calculate the final award, the Arbitrator divided 5 among those nurses “the amount of money the Hospital would have 6 paid to the number of extra nurses needed to properly staff the shift 7 less 2 (since the Arbitrator declined to award a remedy for shifts 8 understaffed by up to 2).” Joint App’x at 56; see also id. at 59–65 9 (appendix dividing award of approximately $275,000 among 10 understaffed shifts). The Arbitrator stated that this remedy was 11 meant as “compensation to the nurses for the adverse conditions 12 under which they worked, and not a penalty to the Employer.” Id. at 13 57. No financial offset was awarded to the Hospital for its recruitment 14 and hiring efforts. 15 In July and August 2024, the parties cross-moved in the district 16 court for the Southern District of New York (Rochon, J.) to vacate or 17 confirm the award. On December 16, 2024, the district court entered 18 judgment denying the Hospital’s motion to vacate and granting the 19 Union’s cross-motion to confirm the award. On January 14, 2025, the 20 Hospital timely appealed. 21 DISCUSSION 22 The Hospital makes two arguments on appeal: (1) that the 23 Arbitrator did not draw her authority to issue a monetary award from 24 the text of the parties’ Agreement; and (2) that the monetary award 25 violated an alleged public policy forbidding punitive awards in labor 26 arbitration. 27 After carefully considering these arguments, we conclude they 28 lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s confirmation of 29 the arbitral award. 5  No. 25-113 1 I. Whether the Arbitrator Drew Her Remedial Authority from 2 the Parties’ Agreement 3 “[A] federal court’s review of labor arbitration awards is 4 narrowly circumscribed and highly deferential—indeed, among the 5 most deferential in the law.” Nat’l Football League Mgmt. Council v. 6 Nat’l Football League Players Ass’n, 820 F.3d 527, 532 (2d Cir. 2016). In 7 assessing the validity of such an award, we only inquire “as to 8 whether the arbitrator acted within the scope of [her] authority as 9 defined by the collective bargaining agreement.” Id. at 536. 10 The Hospital principally argues that the Arbitrator’s award 11 violated the explicit text of the parties’ Agreement. 2 We disagree and, 12 like the district court, find that the Arbitrator did not exceed her 13 authority under the parties’ Agreement. Our analysis focuses on two 14 provisions of the Agreement – the “remedial authority” clause and 15 the “zipper” clause. 16 The Agreement’s “remedial authority” clause states that 17 arbitrators who hear disputes unresolved by the Allocation 18 Committee, a dispute resolution committee, “shall have the same 19 remedial authority as an arbitrator under the collective bargaining 20 agreement.” Joint App’x at 259 (CBA, Art. 3.04(6)), 142 (MOA, Art. 21 3.04(7)). In her Opinion and Award, the Arbitrator interpreted this 2 The Hospital also argues that the award violated industry custom. We do not analyze this argument here, however, because we find that the Arbitrator based her award on the text of the Agreement itself. See Harry Hoffman Printing, Inc. v. Graphic Comms. Int’l Union, Loc. 261, 950 F.2d 95, 98 (2d Cir. 1991) (“Where it is clear that the arbitrator must have based h[er] award on some body of thought, or feeling, or policy, or law that is outside the contract (and not incorporated in it by reference), the arbitral award cannot stand.”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original)). 6  No. 25-113 1 provision to mean that the parties granted her “remedial authority” 2 under their Agreement. See id. at 49–50. The Arbitrator then reasoned 3 that her “remedial authority” allowed her to issue remedies for 4 breach of contract, which could include a “monetary remedy when 5 warranted.” Id. at 51. 6 We find that the Arbitrator reasonably interpreted this term in 7 the parties’ Agreement. “[T]he principal question for the reviewing 8 court is whether the arbitrator’s award draws its essence from the 9 collective bargaining agreement . . . .” Wackenhut Corp v. Amalgamated 10 Loc. 515, 126 F.3d 29, 31 (2d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks and 11 citation omitted). Here, the Arbitrator interpreted her undefined 12 “remedial authority” to allow for the monetary award she issued, 13 properly drawing from the terms and essence of the agreement. “[A]s 14 long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the 15 contract and acting within the scope of [her] authority,” which we 16 find that she was, we may not overturn the arbitrator’s decision even 17 if we were “convinced [she] committed serious error.” United 18 Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco, Inc., 484 U.S. 29, 38 (1987). 19 Next, the Arbitrator correctly recognized that her remedial 20 authority was “subject[ed] to any limitations placed on the arbitrator 21 under the empowering collective bargaining agreement.” Joint App’x 22 at 50. The Arbitrator found such a limitation in the second relevant 23 provision of the parties’ Agreement – its “zipper” clause. Id. at 50. 24 The “zipper” clause states that “[t]he arbitrator shall not have any 25 power to add to or subtract from or otherwise amend this 26 Agreement.” Id. at 327 (CBA, Art. 14.07). There were no other 27 limitations on her authority in the Agreement. 28 The Arbitrator was not bound by provisions in earlier versions 29 of the parties’ agreement either, even if those provisions previously 7  No. 25-113 1 limited the remedies she could issue. The Arbitrator correctly 2 recognized that while a 2015-2018 version of the CBA contained a 3 limiting provision which stated that “[t]he sole remedy the arbitrator 4 is empowered to award is a directive to the Hospital to adhere to the 5 established staffing guidelines,” the parties’ current Agreement did 6 not include such language. Id. at 50. The arbitrator’s remedial 7 authority under the parties’ current Agreement was not otherwise 8 constrained. 9 A court may vacate a labor arbitration award if it “contradicts 10 an express and unambiguous term of the contract or . . . so far departs 11 from the terms of the agreement that it is not even arguably derived 12 from the contract.” N.Y.C. & Vicinity Dist. Council of United Bhd. of 13 Carpenters & Joiners of Am. v. Ass’n of Wall-Ceiling & Carpentry Indus. of 14 N.Y., Inc., 826 F.3d 611, 618 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks 15 and citation omitted). That did not happen here. The monetary 16 award the Arbitrator fashioned did not violate the agreement’s 17 “zipper clause” by “add[ing] to or subtract[ing] from or otherwise 18 amend[ing]” the parties’ agreement. See Joint App’x at 327 (CBA, Art. 19 14.07). While the Arbitrator used the parties’ agreed-upon wage rate 20 as a benchmark to calculate the cost of working in an understaffed 21 environment, the Arbitrator did not permanently adjust wages in the 22 contract or derive a new contract term, as the Hospital contends. 23 Rather, the Arbitrator issued a temporary remedy for the Hospital’s 24 breach of contract which drew upon the Agreement itself. It cannot 25 be said, then, that the award violated the Agreement’s only limitation 26 – the “zipper” clause. 27 Ultimately, while an “arbitrator’s decision must draw its 28 essence from the agreement,” arbitrators are “‘to bring [their] 29 informed judgment to bear in order to reach a fair solution of a 30 problem. This is especially true when it comes to formulating remedies.’” 8  No. 25-113 1 Misco, 484 U.S. at 41 (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Enterprise 2 Wheel & Car Corp., 363 U.S. 593, 597 (1960)) (emphasis in original). The 3 solution the Arbitrator came up with was a fair one. The Arbitrator 4 did not reward the Hospital for its own administrative shortcomings 5 while its CTICU nurses otherwise bore the burden of working on 6 understaffed shifts. The Arbitrator’s award was properly derived 7 from and did not go beyond the limited text of the parties’ 8 Agreement. As a result, we grant deference to the Arbitrator’s 9 interpretation of the Agreement. 10 The Hospital argues that two other hospital systems explicitly 11 permit penalties as remedies in arbitration, but the Hospital “fought 12 hard not to include such language in this Agreement.” Joint App’x at 13 42; see Appellant’s Br. at 47–48. Even if the Hospital successfully 14 removed “penalty language” from the Agreement, that was not 15 enough to prevent either a penalty or a compensatory monetary 16 award from issuing here. Joint App’x at 42. The Arbitrator was 17 bound by the contract before her, and that Agreement contained no 18 language limiting what remedies she could award. Instead, the 19 parties left this question open for interpretation, effectively “let[ting] 20 the arbitrator decide.” Saint Mary Home, Inc. v. Serv. Emps. Int’l Union, 21 Dist. 1199, 116 F.3d 41, 45 (2d Cir. 1997). “It is not for us to second- 22 guess that choice or to judicially rewrite the agreement because one 23 party now wishes it were different.” Id.; see also id. (finding that a 24 collective bargaining agreement, which failed to define a key term, 25 left that term’s definition to the arbitrator). “The remedy for unduly 26 broad arbitral powers is not judicial intervention: it is for the parties 27 to draft their agreement to reflect the scope of power they would like 28 their arbitrator to exercise.” T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe & 29 Supply, Inc., 592 F.3d 329, 345 (2d Cir. 2010). If the Hospital wished, it 30 could have insisted on language in the collective bargaining process 31 expressly prohibiting any monetary awards. 9  No. 25-113 1 “[W]here an arbitrator explains h[er] conclusions ‘in terms that 2 offer even a barely colorable justification for the outcome reached,’” 3 as was done here, “‘confirmation of the award cannot be prevented 4 by litigants who merely argue, however persuasively, for a different 5 result.’” Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Loc. 97 v. Niagara Mohawk Power 6 Corp., 143 F.3d 704, 717 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Saint Mary Home, Inc., 7 116 F.3d at 44). The Arbitrator’s conclusion about what remedies she 8 was authorized to issue was drawn from the terms in the parties’ 9 Agreement and, as such, provided sufficient justification for the 10 outcome she reached. The Hospital failed to otherwise explicitly limit 11 this authority. 12 II. Whether the Award Was Punitive 13 Unlike a review of arbitral award’s merits, where there must be 14 a strong deference to the arbitrator, the question of whether an award 15 violated public policy “is ultimately one for resolution by the courts.” 16 W.R. Grace & Co. v. Local Union 759, Int’l Union of United Rubber, Cork, 17 Linoleum & Plastic Workers of Am., 461 U.S. 757, 766 (1983). “[A] court’s 18 task in reviewing an arbitral award for possible violations of public 19 policy is limited to determining whether the award itself, as 20 contrasted with the reasoning that underlies the award, ‘create[s] [an] 21 explicit conflict with other laws and legal precedents’ and thus clearly 22 violates an identifiable public policy.” Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 23 143 F.3d at 716 (quoting Misco, 484 U.S. at 43). 24 The Hospital argues that there exists a public policy against 25 awarding punitive damages as a labor arbitration award. But 26 “[r]itualistic incantations of ‘punitive damages’ will not suffice to 27 vacate an arbitration award[.]” John T. Brady & Co. v. Form-Eze Sys., 28 Inc., 623 F.2d 261, 264 (2d Cir. 1980) (other internal quotation marks 29 omitted). Before considering whether such a public policy exists, we 10  No. 25-113 1 must first assess whether the Arbitrator’s monetary award was 2 punitive to begin with. Misco, 484 U.S. at 43 (holding that a violation 3 of public policy “must be clearly shown if an award is not to be 4 enforced”). Even assuming, arguendo, that such a public policy exists, 5 the Hospital’s challenge on this basis fails because the award was 6 plainly compensatory—not punitive—in its purpose and structure. 7 Our analysis of whether the award was compensatory or 8 punitive looks to the Arbitrator’s subjective intent in issuing the 9 award and the objective nature of the award. See, e.g., John T. Brady, 10 623 F.2d at 264 (deeming an arbitral award compensatory because the 11 arbitrator “did not label” the award as “punitive” and “nor [wa]s 12 there anything to indicate a genuine intention that the award be 13 punitive” and noting another case that found an award was 14 compensatory when “discretion [wa]s used in the computation of 15 damages”) (other internal quotation marks omitted). 16 The record shows that the Arbitrator’s explicit intent was to 17 issue a “make-whole” compensatory remedy, not a punitive one. See 18 Synergy Gas Co. v. Sasso, 853 F.2d 59, 65–66 (2d Cir. 1988) (observing 19 that an award was compensatory in part because the arbitrator stated 20 he was “attempting to make the union whole”). The Arbitrator 21 consistently described her award as intended to compensate the 22 nurses for their excessive workload caused by the Hospital’s contract 23 violations. See Joint App’x at 51–52 (“[A] monetary remedy is 24 appropriate to remunerate nurses for working under the adverse 25 conditions of an understaffed shift”) (emphasis added); id. at 55 (“[A] 26 monetary remedy is appropriate to compensate the nurses . . .”) 27 (emphasis added); id. at 57 (“[T]he monetary remedy is compensation 28 to the nurses . . . and not a penalty to the Employer . . .”) (emphasis 29 added). While it is true that the Arbitrator concluded her opinion by 30 directing the Hospital to “continue its efforts to recruit and retain 11  No. 25-113 1 sufficient nurses to staff the CTICU in accordance with the grid,” 2 which the Hospital argues is evidence of the award’s coercive nature, 3 this direction was separate from her reasoning behind issuing a 4 monetary award. Id. at 57. To the extent the award may have 5 incentivized the Hospital to act in compliance with the agreement, 6 such an effect was not the Arbitrator’s intention in issuing the award. 7 The record reflects that the Arbitrator’s intent was to provide a 8 compensatory remedy to the affected nurses for the burden of 9 managing a higher patient load, rather than to punish the Hospital. 10 The award was compensatory not only in the Arbitrator’s 11 intent but, we note, also in how it was structured. The Arbitrator 12 tailored the monetary award to make the impacted nurses whole for 13 the harm they suffered. The award was “a reasonable estimate of the 14 monetary value of the additional burden placed on the nurses during 15 the understaffed shifts.” Id. at 30. Further, the remedy was “not 16 clearly punitive because the Arbitrator made specific factual findings 17 regarding the nurses’ harms and tailored a monetary remedy to 18 compensate for those harms.” Id. at 29. The award was 19 compensatory by design. 20 CONCLUSION 21 For the forgoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s 22 confirmation of the arbitral award. 12