Full Opinion

FILED MAY 11 2026 ORDERED PUBLISHED SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT In re: BAP No. EC-25-1142-LSB MATHESON FLIGHT EXTENDERS, INC.; MATHESON POSTAL SERVICES, Bk. No. 22-21148 INC.; MATHESON TRUCKING, INC., Debtors. MAHAMET CAMARA; ANDRE DE OLIVERA; BEMBA DIALLO; SALIF DIALLO; MACIRE DIARRA; ARDITH DUKE, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Ernie Duke; DEAN PATRICELLI, Appellants, v. OPINION MATHESON FLIGHT EXTENDERS, INC.; MATHESON POSTAL SERVICES, INC.; MATHESON TRUCKING, INC., Appellees. Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of California Christopher M. Klein, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding APPEARANCES Amy N. Tirre of the Law Offices of Amy N. Tirre, APC argued for appellants; Kevin W. Coleman of Nuti Hart LLP argued for appellees. Before: LAFFERTY, SPRAKER, and BRAND, Bankruptcy Judges. 1 Opinion by Judge Lafferty Concurrence by Judge Spraker LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judge: INTRODUCTION Creditors Mahamet Camara, Andre de Olivera, Bemba Diallo, Salif Diallo, Macire Diarra, Ardith Duke, and Dean Patricelli (the “Camara Creditors”) appeal the bankruptcy court’s order subordinating and partially disallowing their claim against debtors Matheson Flight Extenders, Inc. (“MFE”), Matheson Trucking, Inc. (“MTI”), and Matheson Postal Services, Inc. (collectively, “Debtors”). A federal jury awarded the Camara Creditors well over $14 million in their discrimination lawsuit against MFE, and the Camara Creditors moved for additional damages flowing from that judgment, such as attorneys’ fees and interest. MFE promptly filed for chapter 11 1 protection. In connection with MFE’s case, the parties reached a compromise to settle the debt owed to the Camara Creditors. This settlement was eventually incorporated into a chapter 11 plan and, for years, MFE and MTI made payments pursuant to the compromise. Almost a decade later, Debtors defaulted under the settlement agreement and filed their current chapter 11 petitions. Debtors proposed a Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the 1 Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101–1532. 2 joint plan of liquidation that treated the Camara Creditors’ claim as a general unsecured claim, and the bankruptcy court confirmed that plan. Post-confirmation, Debtors moved to subordinate the Camara Creditors’ claim on the basis that the claim arose from an award of punitive damages, and also moved for partial disallowance of their claim on the basis that a portion of the claim was an unenforceable penalty. The bankruptcy court agreed with Debtors. The court subordinated the Camara Creditors’ claim under § 1129(a)(7) and disallowed $2.7 million of the claim as a penalty because that portion of the claim was disproportionate to actual damages sustained by the Camara Creditors. We disagree that the Code allows for application of § 1129(a) outside the context of confirmation of a plan, such as for post-confirmation subordination of a claim. We further disagree that Nevada law would deem $2.7 million of the claim an unenforceable penalty. Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND this matter for further proceedings consistent with this decision. FACTS 2 A. The federal discrimination lawsuit and the 2015 bankruptcy case Over a decade ago, the Camara Creditors sued MFE and MTI in federal district court in Colorado (the “Colorado Court”) for racial 2 We have taken judicial notice of the bankruptcy court docket and various documents filed through the electronic docketing system. See O'Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir. 1989); Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003). 3 discrimination, retaliation, and a hostile work environment. In February 2015, after a jury trial and verdict, the Colorado Court entered a judgment against MFE and MTI, jointly and severally, for a total of $968,100 in compensatory damages and $14 million in punitive damages (the “Discrimination Judgment”). Subsequently, the parties filed certain post-trial motions before the Colorado Court, including a motion filed by the Camara Creditors requesting approximately $2.3 million in attorneys’ fees. Debtors disputed the amount of this liability and filed their own post-trial motions. Soon thereafter, while these motions were pending in the Colorado Court, MFE filed a chapter 11 petition (the “2015 Case”). The Camara Creditors promptly filed proofs of claim totaling $17,882,182.46. The proofs of claim were based on the $14,968,100 Discrimination Judgment, the Debtors filed a motion to strike certain documents from the Camara Creditors’ designation of the record on the basis that such documents were not presented to the bankruptcy court. The Camara Creditors, in turn, moved for leave to amend the designation of record to include the documents. Courts “may take judicial notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.” United States ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992) (citations modified). Here, all of the documents disputed by Debtors are court filings that are public record and directly relate to the matters at issue on appeal. Moreover, although Debtors assert that they dispute the meaning of the documents, Debtors do not articulate any specific dispute. Debtors do not, for instance, dispute the authenticity of the documents. We DENY Debtors’ motion to strike the documents and GRANT the Camara Creditors’ cross-motion for leave to file their amended designation of record. 4 Camara Creditors’ requests for attorneys’ fees and costs, and pre- and post- judgment interest. In November 2015, MFE and MTI made an offer of compromise to the Camara Creditors, which the Camara Creditors accepted (the “2015 Settlement”). As relevant to this appeal, the 2015 Settlement provided that: (i) MTI would make an initial payment of $185,714 to each of the Camara Creditors; (ii) on the effective date of a confirmed chapter 11 plan, MFE would pay $142,857 to each of the Camara Creditors; and (iii) thereafter, MFE and/or MTI would make 32 quarterly payments totaling $714,286 to each of the Camara Creditors. Altogether, this portion of the 2015 Settlement provided for payments totaling $7,299,999 to the Camara Creditors (the “Payment Scheme”). The 2015 Settlement additionally provided that, upon default, the Camara Creditors would be able to file a stipulated judgment totaling $10 million, less any payments received, with the Colorado Court (the “Judgment Clause”). The parties further agreed that, in the event of a default, the Camara Creditors “will be able to execute on their Stipulated Judgment against MTI, as well as pursue their claims against [MFE] under this agreement as contract creditors of [MFE].” In December 2015, MFE and MTI, as a co-proponent, proposed a plan of reorganization (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan incorporated the terms of the 2015 Settlement. Eventually, the bankruptcy court confirmed the 2015 Plan. 5 MFE and MTI made several payments to the Camara Creditors in accordance with the 2015 Settlement and 2015 Plan. The parties do not dispute that, by 2022, MFE and MTI paid $6,206,249 of the $7,299,999 required under the 2015 Settlement and 2015 Plan. B. The current bankruptcy cases and confirmation of a plan In May 2022, MFE filed its chapter 11 petition. After failing to make the quarterly payment owed to the Camara Creditors in July 2022, MTI also filed for bankruptcy protection. 3 Subsequently, Debtors proposed a joint plan of liquidation (the “Current Plan”). As relevant here, the Current Plan classified the Camara Creditors’ claims as general unsecured claims to be treated under Class 7. The Current Plan proposed paying Class 7 general unsecured creditors 25.98% of their claims pro rata with other general unsecured creditors. The Current Plan was silent with respect to the nature of the Camara Creditors’ claims; in other words, the Current Plan did not specify that the Camara Creditors’ claims stemmed from a punitive damages award. Instead, the Current Plan simply grouped the Camara Creditors’ claims with other general unsecured claims. The Current Plan also provided that, post-confirmation, the plan administrator appointed through the Current Plan “shall retain, and may seek to prosecute, any objections to the allowance of any Administrative 3 In May 2022, debtor Matheson Postal Services, Inc. also filed a chapter 11 petition. 6 Claim and any Claim in Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, or Class 9 on any ground, including that such claim should be subject to subordination under Bankruptcy Code section 510 or other applicable law.” Current Plan, Article 9.1. Along with the Current Plan, Debtors filed a disclosure statement (the “Disclosure Statement”). In the Disclosure Statement, Debtors set forth their liquidation analysis under § 1129(a)(7). The liquidation analysis focused on the fact that conversion to chapter 7 would result in significant additional administrative expenses based on the appointment of a chapter 7 trustee. Debtors also attached an exhibit to the Disclosure Statement specifying the projected recoveries for creditors in a chapter 7 as compared to the Current Plan. Additionally, Debtors submitted briefing in connection with confirmation of the Current Plan. In their brief, Debtors argued that the Current Plan complied with all applicable provisions of § 1129(a), including § 1129(a)(7). Both the Disclosure Statement and Debtors’ briefing were silent with respect to subordination under § 726(a)(4) in a hypothetical chapter 7 case. All of Debtors’ submissions in support of confirmation asserted that the Current Plan, as structured, satisfied every requirement of § 1129(a). In October 2024, the bankruptcy court entered an order confirming the Current Plan (the “Confirmation Order”). The Confirmation Order provided that the bankruptcy court “determined that all of the 7 requirements for confirmation of the [Current] Plan have been satisfied, including those set forth in 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a) . . . .” C. The objection to the Camara Creditors’ claims Approximately four months post-confirmation, Debtors filed an objection to the Camara Creditors’ claims (the “Objection to Claim”). In the Objection to Claim, Debtors argued that the Camara Creditors’ claim should be subordinated because all remaining payments owed to the Camara Creditors stemmed from the Colorado Court’s punitive damages award. Debtors’ argument mainly focused on the equitable principle that creditors with actual pecuniary loss should be paid ahead of creditors owed punitive damages. Debtors primarily relied on § 510(c) as the legal basis for subordination of punitive damages claims. In connection with this argument, Debtors also mentioned that the liquidation analysis set forth in § 1129(a)(7) required subordination because, in a hypothetical chapter 7 case, punitive damages claims would be subordinated under § 726(a)(4), thus yielding a greater recovery for certain creditors who otherwise had to share pro rata with the Camara Creditors in the Current Plan. In the Objection to Claim, Debtors also requested disallowance of a portion of the Camara Creditors’ claim. Specifically, Debtors noted that the Camara Creditors’ claim originated from two parts of the 2015 Settlement: (i) first, the Camara Creditors requested $1,093,750, which represented the amount still owing under the Payment Scheme; and (ii) second, the Camara 8 Creditors requested $2.7 million, which represented the amount owed by MTI under the Judgment Clause. Debtors did not contest the amount owed pursuant to the Payment Scheme, but argued that the Judgment Clause constituted an unenforceable penalty because it was disproportionate to the actual damages sustained by the Camara Creditors. The Camara Creditors opposed the Objection to Claim. In their opposition, the Camara Creditors argued that: (i) the 2015 Settlement and 2015 Plan converted their claim for punitive damages to a contract claim, and the 2015 Plan had a res judicata effect on the allowability of the Camara Creditors’ claims in the current cases; (ii) inequitable conduct was required to equitably subordinate a claim under § 510(c), which Debtors had not demonstrated; and (iii) Debtors were judicially estopped from arguing that the Judgment Clause was an unenforceable penalty. In July 2025, the bankruptcy court issued a decision subordinating the Camara Creditors’ claim and disallowing $2.7 million of the claim as an unenforceable penalty. The court first reasoned that, pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decisions in Archer v. Warner, 538 U.S. 314 (2003), and Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127 (1979), the court had the ability to look behind the 2015 Settlement to assess the nature of the debt owed to the Camara Creditors. In doing that, the court held that the debt originated from a punitive damages award. The court then concluded that, as punitive damages, the Camara Creditors’ claim must be subordinated under § 1129(a)(7). As the 9 bankruptcy court explained, § 1129(a)(7) requires a showing that creditors will not receive less through a plan than a chapter 7 liquidation; because § 726(a)(4) would apply in a chapter 7 case to subordinate claims arising from punitive damages, certain creditors would receive more in a chapter 7 liquidation because their claims would be paid ahead of the Camara Creditors, whereas, through the Current Plan, they would be paid pro rata in the same class as the Camara Creditors. Finally, the court held that $2.7 million of the Camara Creditors’ claim must be disallowed as an unenforceable penalty under Nevada law. The court reasoned that it would be disproportionate to compel Debtors to pay $2.7 million under the Judgment Clause as a “fixed charge” notwithstanding the actual damages sustained by the Camara Creditors. In accordance with its decision, the court entered an order sustaining the Objection to Claim (the “Subordination Order”). The Camara Creditors timely appealed. JURISDICTION The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(B) and (O). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158. ISSUES 1. Did the bankruptcy court err in applying Brown and Archer to characterize the Camara Creditors’ claim as punitive damages? 2. Did the bankruptcy court err in subordinating the Camara Creditors’ claim under § 1129(a)(7)? 10 3. Did the bankruptcy court err in disallowing $2.7 million of the Camara Creditors’ claim under Nevada law? STANDARDS OF REVIEW A bankruptcy court’s order allowing or disallowing a proof of claim is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Burlington N. R.R. Co. v. Dant & Russell, Inc. (In re Dant & Russell, Inc.), 853 F.2d 700, 707 (9th Cir. 1988); Bitters v. Networks Elec. Corp. (In re Networks Elec. Corp.), 195 B.R. 92, 96 (9th Cir. BAP 1996). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies the wrong legal standard or its findings are illogical, implausible or without support in the record. TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011). “We review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error; we review its conclusions of law de novo.” Adinolfi v. Meyer (In re Adinolfi), 543 B.R. 612, 614 (9th Cir. BAP 2016) (citation omitted). “Whether a person’s due process rights have been violated is a mixed question of law and fact, which is reviewed de novo.” Hasso v. Mozsgai (In re La Sierra Fin. Servs., Inc.), 290 B.R. 718, 726 (9th Cir. BAP 2002). Under a de novo review, “we look at the matter anew . . . giving no deference to the bankruptcy court’s determinations.” Barnes v. Belice (In re Belice), 461 B.R. 564, 572 (9th Cir. BAP 2011) (quoting Charlie Y., Inc. v. Carey (In re Carey), 446 B.R. 384, 389 (9th Cir. BAP 2011)). 11 DISCUSSION On appeal, the Camara Creditors argue that the court erred by: (i) characterizing their claims as punitive damages, (ii) subordinating their claim under § 726(a)(4), which the Camara Creditors contend does not apply in chapter 11 cases; and (iii) disallowing a portion of their claim as an unenforceable penalty. As we discuss in section A, we disagree with the Camara Creditors’ analysis of Brown and Archer, and agree with the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that those cases allowed the court to look behind the 2015 Settlement to ascertain the nature of the Camara Creditors’ claims. However, as we discuss in section B, we believe the bankruptcy court erred in applying § 1129(a)(7) in a manner that is inconsistent with the plain language of the Code. And, as we discuss in section C, we further believe the bankruptcy court erred in disallowing a portion of the Camara Creditors’ claim as an unenforceable penalty. A. The bankruptcy court did not err in characterizing the Camara Creditors’ claim as punitive damages. Prior to assessing whether the bankruptcy court properly subordinated the Camara Creditors’ claim, we must decide whether the court appropriately characterized the claim as punitive damages. The Camara Creditors argue that the 2015 Settlement and 2015 Plan converted their punitive damages claim into a contract claim. Although the Camara Creditors refrain from using the word “novation,” in essence, they 12 assert that the 2015 Settlement and 2015 Plan “worked a kind of novation.” Archer, 538 U.S. at 323. On this issue, the bankruptcy court correctly held that Brown and Archer control. In Brown, the Supreme Court considered whether the doctrine of claim preclusion prevented bankruptcy courts from looking beyond a settlement incorporated into a state court judgment to assess whether the claim arose from fraud and was thus subject to nondischargeability. Brown, 442 U.S. at 138-39. Noting that Congress gave bankruptcy courts broad powers to resolve the dischargeability of a debt, the Court concluded that claim preclusion did not bar bankruptcy courts’ inquiries into the true nature of a debt, even where the debt was liquidated in a settlement agreement. Id. Years later, in Archer, the Court again revisited the impact of a settlement agreement on a bankruptcy court’s ability to assess the nature of a debt for purposes of nondischargeability litigation. Archer, 538 U.S. at 318-19. As in Brown, the Court held that the prepetition settlement agreement did not interfere with the bankruptcy court’s ability to parse whether the debt is dischargeable under the Code. Id. at 323. In so holding, the Court expressly stated that even a novation that transformed a tort liability to a contract liability would not prevent a bankruptcy court from analyzing the nature of a claim for purposes of the Code. Id. The Camara Creditors’ primary argument against application of Brown and Archer is that those cases apply only to determinations of 13 nondischargeability under § 523. But the Court did not so limit its holding, and subsequent cases have applied Brown and Archer to support a bankruptcy court’s ability to look beyond a settlement agreement in other contexts. See, e.g., Orange Cnty. Nursery, Inc. v. Minority Voting Tr. (In re Orange Cnty. Nursery Inc.), 523 B.R. 692, 699 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (“[T]he Supreme Court has ‘looked behind’ a state court judgment in interpreting other provisions of the bankruptcy code, and to do so makes sense in the context of Section 510(b).”); Peltz v. Vancil, Inc. (In re Bridge Info. Sys., Inc.), 327 B.R. 382, 386–87 (8th Cir. BAP 2005), aff'd, 474 F.3d 1063 (8th Cir. 2007) (using the reasoning of Archer to determine the nature of a claim in the context of preference litigation under § 547). As this Panel recently observed in the context of allowance of claims, “simply, Archer provides that there is no overall bankruptcy law prohibition on looking past a settlement agreement in performing a central purpose of the bankruptcy laws, including the allowance of claims.” Enpark Landscape, LLC v. AKF, Inc. (In re Enpark Landscape, LLC), BAP No. NV-23- 1182-PLC, 2024 WL 4328581, at *6 (9th Cir. BAP Sept. 27, 2024); see also In re Orange Cnty. Nursery Inc., 523 B.R. at 699 (“Looking behind the judgment prevents claimants from characterizing their claims to avoid the reach of” the subordination provisions in the Code.). Nor are we persuaded by the Camara Creditors’ assertion that Brown and Archer do not apply because the 2015 Settlement agreement was 14 incorporated into a chapter 11 plan. First, nothing in the 2015 Plan purports to change the characterization of the punitive damages award. Second, and more crucially, even if the 2015 Plan contained such language, it is doubtful that Brown and Archer would be rendered inapplicable. Ultimately, Brown and Archer simply reaffirm Congress’s grant of power to bankruptcy courts to effectuate the Code by giving them the ability to consider the true nature of a debt despite the subsequent conversion of that claim into a settlement agreement or judgment.4 Based on the foregoing, we are not persuaded by the Camara Creditors’ arguments that the 2015 Settlement and/or 2015 Plan prevented the bankruptcy court from characterizing the Camara Creditors’ claims as arising from a punitive damages award. B. The bankruptcy court erred in subordinating the Camara Creditors’ claim under § 1129(a)(7). The Code provides two potential statutory paths to subordination of a punitive damages claim. A straightforward statutory path is via equitable subordination under § 510(c), which is available in all chapters. See § 103(a). However, as the bankruptcy court correctly observed in its decision, the Supreme Court has held that bankruptcy courts lack the power to categorically subordinate claims under § 510(c). See United States v. Noland, 517 U.S. 535, 542-43 4 For this reason, we also find irrelevant the 2015 Settlement’s use of the term “contract creditors” to refer to the Camara Creditors. 15 (1996); see also United States v. Reorganized CF & I Fabricators of Utah, Inc., 518 U.S. 213, 228–29 (1996). While neither of these cases prevent bankruptcy courts from equitably subordinating a claim based on punitive damages on a case-by-case basis after making the relevant factual findings for subordination under § 510(c), the bankruptcy court here refused to make any findings or conclusions under § 510(c), resting its decision instead on § 1129(a)(7).5 An alternative statutory path for subordination of a punitive damages claim is § 726(a), which provides the priority scheme in chapter 7 liquidations and places claims of punitive damages in lower priority than general unsecured creditors. The Camara Creditors contend that, pursuant to § 103(b), § 726(a) is inapplicable in a chapter 11 case. § 103(b) (“Subchapters I and II of chapter 7 of this title apply only in a case under such chapter.”). But the analysis is not so simple. For one, the Supreme Court has made clear that, although the Code “provides somewhat more flexibility for distributions pursuant to Chapter 11 plans,” courts may not otherwise violate the priority scheme in 5 In their appellate brief, Debtors argue that the record supports equitable subordination of the Camara Creditors’ claims as an alternative basis to affirm the court’s Subordination Order. But we decline the invitation to act as factfinder and rule on this issue before the bankruptcy court has had an opportunity to do so. Debtors are free to move for equitable subordination of the Camara Creditors’ claim on remand. 16 § 726 outside the plan confirmation context. Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corp., 580 U.S. 451, 457 (2017). But even in the context of plan confirmation, which does allow for reordering of priorities if certain conditions are met, courts may need to consult the priority scheme set forth in § 726(a) as part of the liquidation analysis inquiry set forth in § 1129(a)(7). Section 1129(a)(7) provides that a plan may be confirmed only if, with respect to each impaired class of claims or interests: (A)each holder of a claim or interest of such class— (i) has accepted the plan; or (ii) will receive or retain under the plan on account of such claim or interest property of a value, as of the effective date of the plan, that is not less than the amount that such holder would so receive or retain if the debtor were liquidated under chapter 7 of this title on such date . . . . § 1129(a)(7)(A)(i)-(ii). Put simply for purposes of this appeal, § 1129(a)(7) requires either that each holder of a claim in a class accepts the plan, § 1129(a)(7)(A)(i), or that the holder will not receive less than it would in a chapter 7 liquidation. § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii). 6 We take no issue with the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that courts may consult § 726(a) to assess whether § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii) has been satisfied. 6 Courts frequently refer to the analysis under § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii) as the “liquidation analysis” or “best interest of creditors test.” 17 Certainly, had the bankruptcy court conducted its liquidation analysis at the time of confirmation, subordination of the Camara Creditors’ claim might have been appropriate. 7 Our concern lies instead with the preclusive effect of the Current Plan and the court’s post-confirmation application of § 1129(a), a statute which, by its own language, applies only for the purpose of confirmation and must be satisfied at the time of confirmation. As noted above, prior to confirming a plan, a bankruptcy court must conclude that every subsection of § 1129(a), including § 1129(a)(7), has been satisfied. § 1129(a) (“The court shall confirm a plan only if all of the following requirements are met . . . .”) (emphasis added). Because of this, there are a few problems with the bankruptcy court’s post-confirmation application of § 1129(a). 7 The record reflects that not every holder of a claim in Class 7 – the class in which the Camara Creditors’ claim was placed – voted to accept the Current Plan. As a result, Debtors were required to engage in a liquidation analysis under § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii). However, it is unclear from the record whether including the Camara Creditors within the general unsecured creditors resulted in a projected distribution to the unsecured creditors that would have been less than what they would get in the hypothetical chapter 7 case detailed in the court-approved Disclosure Statement. Neither the parties nor the court addressed this issue, but it is worth noting that subordination would not be necessary to satisfy § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii) unless such subordination would impact the distribution to other creditors in a hypothetical chapter 7 case. In any event, to the extent Debtors now believe that the Current Plan violated § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii), the Current Plan is nevertheless final and enforceable. United Student Aid Funds v. Espinosa, 559 U.S. 260, 275 (2010) (confirmed plan remained enforceable and binding even though confirmation of the plan violated § 523(a)(8)). 18 First, the plain language of the statute does not contemplate application of § 1129(a) in any context outside of confirmation. By stating that courts can confirm a plan “only if all” requirements under § 1129(a) are met, the statute makes clear that Congress intended to make satisfaction of § 1129(a) a precondition to confirmation of a plan. Logically, then, § 1129(a) must be satisfied prior to confirmation, and, by its own terms, is inapplicable in the post-confirmation context. The only statutory exception Congress created to § 1129(a)’s pre- confirmation application is in § 1127, which provides that a plan proponent may modify a plan post-confirmation “before substantial consummation of such plan,” and then only if the modified plan meets the requirements of §§ 1122 and 1123, “circumstances warrant such modification” and the bankruptcy court, “after notice and a hearing, confirms such plan as modified, under section 1129 of this title.” § 1127(b). Section 1127(c) also requires modified plans to provide adequate disclosures and follow the solicitation requirements of § 1125. Here, Debtors did not move for modification of the Current Plan under § 1127(b), and nothing in the record suggests that the bankruptcy court made any findings of fact or conclusions of law related to the requirements of § 1127(b) or (c). Outside of the court’s ability to confirm a modified plan if all the requirements of § 1127(b) are met, which 19 requirements incorporate § 1129(a), the bankruptcy court lacked authority to apply § 1129(a) to subordinate a claim post-confirmation. 8 Next, the Confirmation Order precluded relitigation of the very same issues resolved by the Confirmation Order, i.e., whether the Current Plan satisfied the requirements of § 1129(a). An order confirming a bankruptcy plan is “binding on all parties and all questions that could have been raised pertaining to the plan are entitled to res judicata effect.” Trulis v. Barton, 107 F.3d 685, 691 (9th Cir. 1995). This is so “even if the confirmed bankruptcy plan contains illegal provisions.” Great Lakes Higher Educ. Corp. v. Pardee (In re Pardee), 193 F.3d 1083, 1086 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing Trulis, 107 F.3d at 691). The Confirmation Order explicitly stated that the bankruptcy court “determined that all of the requirements for confirmation of the [Current] Plan have been satisfied, including those set forth in 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a).” 9 Obviously, this would include the liquidation analysis required under § 1129(a)(7). Thus, entry of the Confirmation Order precluded future litigation of all questions regarding § 1129(a) that were or could have been raised. Trulis, 107 F.3d at 691. 8 During oral arguments, Debtors argued that § 502(b)(1), which provides for disallowance of claims under “applicable law,” granted the bankruptcy court statutory authority to subordinate the Camara Creditors’ claim under § 1129(a)(7). But for all the reasons discussed herein, § 1129(a)(7) does not qualify as “applicable law” outside of the context of confirmation. 9 Even if the Confirmation Order did not include this language, the bankruptcy court would have necessarily had to decide that the Current Plan satisfied all requirements of § 1129(a) to confirm the Current Plan. 20 Debtors’ primary argument in support of subordination under § 1129(a)(7) is that the Current Plan reserved their right to seek post- confirmation subordination of the Camara Creditors’ claim. Specifically, the Current Plan provides that “the Plan Administrator shall retain, and may seek to prosecute, any objections to the allowance of . . . any Claim in Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, or Class 9 on any ground, including that such claim should be subject to subordination under Bankruptcy Code section 510 or other applicable law.” Current Plan, Article 9.1. The proposition that debtors may use a chapter 11 plan to modify Congress’s intended use and purpose of a statute is questionable. But even if plan proponents may modify statutes through confirmation of a plan, the language in the Current Plan was much too vague to contemplate subordination of the Camara Creditors’ claim under a theory that erroneously utilizes a confirmation statute for non-confirmation purposes. As both the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and this Panel have recently observed, a party is entitled to some measure of clear and unambiguous notice when the party’s rights are impacted by a chapter 11 case. See Munding v. Masingale (In re Masingale), 108 F.4th 1195, 1205-07 (9th Cir. 2024); Solimano Framing Grp. v. Pier Constr. & Dev., LLC (In re Solimano Framing Grp.), 664 B.R. 803, 813 (9th Cir. BAP 2024). 10 In addition, a 10We recognize that the facts in this case are slightly different from Masingale and Solimano Framing. In those cases, the debtors affirmatively sought to capitalize on their prior lack of clarity. Here, in their post-confirmation Objection to Claim, Debtors mainly sought subordination under § 510(c), which the Current Plan explicitly contemplated. 21 cornerstone of the confirmation process is the statutory mandate to provide adequate disclosures so that creditors who vote to accept a plan do so with informed consent. § 1125(a). Given that creditors rely on the classification of their claim within a specific class in deciding whether to accept or reject a plan, adequate disclosures surrounding classification are crucial. 11 Nothing in the language of the Current Plan fairly placed the Camara Creditors on notice that their claim – or any creditors’ claim – was subject to post-confirmation subordination under § 1129(a), a statute that all parties would reasonably expect to be applied only at the time of confirmation. 12 Nor did the liquidation analysis in the Current Plan mention the potential subordination of punitive claims. Instead, Debtors merely argued that § 1129(a)(7) was satisfied because a chapter 7 liquidation would increase administrative expenses and the bankruptcy Debtors only briefly mentioned § 1129(a)(7) as an alternative basis supporting equitable subordination, and likely did not anticipate that the bankruptcy court would rest its subordination decision entirely on § 1129(a)(7). Thus, it does not appear that Debtors actively sought to mislead the Camara Creditors. Nevertheless, pursuant to Masingale and Solimano Framing, the Camara Creditors were still entitled to fair notice of any impact the Current Plan may have had on their post-confirmation rights. 11 As discussed below, we are not suggesting that a debtor can never move to subordinate or reclassify a claim post-confirmation, but rather that such subordination and/or reclassification must comply with the Code, including by providing adequate disclosures regarding the potential for post-confirmation subordination. 12 Contrary to Debtors’ position in their briefs, post-confirmation subordination under § 1129(a) is not analogous to post-confirmation disallowance of claims. Disallowance of claims does not require application of § 1129(a) or any other statutes that are inapplicable in the post-confirmation context, nor is disallowance of claims a precondition to confirmation of a plan. 22 court, in holding that all subsections of § 1129(a) were satisfied, appears to have agreed that Debtors’ liquidation analysis passed muster on this basis alone. As a result, the Current Plan failed to adequately reserve any right for Debtors to seek post-confirmation subordination under § 1129(a)(7). Notably, had Debtors explicitly set forth the possibility of post- confirmation subordination under § 1129(a)(7) in their Current Plan, there might have been less of a disconnect between the Current Plan, as confirmed, and post-confirmation utilization of § 1129(a)(7). Moreover, such explicit language may have triggered objections to confirmation not only from the Camara Creditors but from other interested parties impacted by the proposed subordination; in fact, the very purpose of confirmation proceedings is to resolve all such issues and objections prior to confirmation. Debtors’ failure to be explicit in the Current Plan deprived both Debtors and interested parties of this process. It is important to note that our analysis herein does not foreclose debtors from seeking post-confirmation modifications of confirmed plans or from requesting subordination of claims under other applicable authorities, such as § 510. Our conclusion is simply that such post- confirmation actions must comply with the Code. On remand, Debtors are free to pursue subordination under alternative theories, or to move for modification of the Current Plan under § 1127. We also are not holding that a chapter 11 plan can never reserve an issue under § 1129(a) for post-confirmation adjudication, although it is 23 difficult to conceive of a scenario where a court might confirm a plan without deciding that every subsection of § 1129(a) has been satisfied. For purposes of this appeal, it is enough that: (i) the language in the Current Plan was wholly inadequate to revive § 1129(a) for post-confirmation usage; (ii) the Current Plan did not place the Camara Creditors on notice that their claim was at risk of post-confirmation subordination under § 1129(a), a statute that would have to be satisfied at the time of confirmation; and (iii) Debtors did not move to modify the Current Plan as statutorily allowed under § 1127. Because the bankruptcy court lacked statutory authority to apply § 1129(a)(7) outside of confirmation, and because the Confirmation Order precluded relitigation of issues arising under § 1129(a), the bankruptcy court erred in subordinating the Camara Creditors’ claim under § 1129(a)(7). C. The bankruptcy court erred in disallowing $2.7 million of the Camara Creditors’ claim. The bankruptcy court disallowed $2.7 million of the Camara Creditors’ claim on the basis that the Judgment Clause, from which this portion of the Camara Creditors’ claim originated, was a liquidated damages provision that amounted to an unenfor