State v. Jeffrey Z.

************************************************ The “officially released” date that appears near the beginning of an opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it is released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for the filing of postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the “officially released” date appearing in the opinion. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecti- cut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the advance release version of an opinion and the version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying an opinion that appear in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced or distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ************************************************  State v. Jeffrey Z. STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. JEFFREY Z.* (AC 48167) Clark, Wilson and Sheldon, Js. Syllabus The defendant, who had been convicted, on a plea of guilty, of crimes including sexual assault in the third degree, appealed following the trial court’s denial of his motion to terminate his registration as a convicted sex offender and his petition to restrict the dissemination of that information. The defendant had been sentenced to five years of incarceration, execution suspended after time served, and three years of probation, as a result of his participation with two other individuals in the sexual assault of a minor. The defendant claimed, inter alia, that his sex offender registration requirement should have been limited to ten years, as set forth in the statute ((Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (f)) in effect at the time he was required to register, instead of a lifetime registration requirement, as the court found, pursuant to the statu- tory (§ 54-250 et seq.) scheme that took effect upon the legislature’s repeal of (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (f). Held: The trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to terminate his reg- istration as a convicted sex offender, as the state, contrary to the defendant’s assertion, did not fail to keep a promise, in exchange for his guilty plea, to limit his registration period to ten years, and, because of the mandatory nature of the fixed ten year period under (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (f), whether or for how long the defendant should register could not be a negotiable term of a plea agreement. The defendant’s right to due process was not violated by the retroactive appli- cation of the statutory (§ 54-252 (b)) requirement that he register for life as a convicted sex offender, which was a nonpunitive, regulatory consequence of his conviction that the legislature can modify as it deems necessary to promote the public interest. The trial court’s implied factual finding that the defendant’s underlying criminal conduct was a “sexually violent offense” in violation of subdivi- sion (1) of the statute ((Rev. to 1995) § 53a-72a (a)) criminalizing sexual assault in the third degree was not clearly erroneous, as the defendant failed to rebut the legislatively created presumption that all persons convicted under (Rev. to 1995) § 53a-72a (a), except under subdivision (2) of that statute, had committed a “[s]exually violent offense” as defined in § 54-250 (11) (A), and, although documents were absent from the record that would have described the factual basis of the defendant’s plea, the unchallenged statement of the victim’s mother, which had been admitted into evidence, * In accordance with our policy of protecting the privacy interests of the victims of sexual abuse and the crime of risk of injury to a child, we decline to use the defendant’s full name or to identify the victim or others through whom the victim’s identity may be ascertained. See General Statutes § 54-86e.  State v. Jeffrey Z. described the nature of the sexual assault and supported the court’s implied finding that the defendant had been convicted under subdivision (1) of (Rev. to 1995) § 53a-72a (a). The defendant could not prevail on his claim that the trial court improperly declined to terminate his sex offender registration because a different court previously had granted similar motions filed by the other participants in the assault, as the court in the present case was not bound by the decisions of another court made in different cases fourteen years earlier. Furthermore, termination of the defendant’s lifetime sex offender registra- tion was no longer available to him, as the legislature’s amendment of § 54-252 (a) eliminated both the ability of those convicted of a sexually violent offense to apply for release from that obligation and the trial court’s authority to grant such an application. The trial court properly denied the defendant’s petition to restrict the dis- semination of his sex offender registration information, as the court’s finding that he had served time in jail as a result of his conviction disqualified him from seeking such relief pursuant to statute (§ 54-255 (c) (5) (A)), and, in making that determination, which was not clearly erroneous, the court did not abuse its discretion, as the defendant claimed, by taking judicial notice of the only available transcript of any proceeding in which his sentence was discussed, which made clear that it was agreed that the seven weeks he had served in presentence confinement was contemplated as part of his eventual sentence. Argued March 9—officially released June 30, 2026 Procedural History Substitute information charging the defendant with the crimes of sexual assault in the third degree and risk of injury to a child, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of New London, where the defendant was presented to the court, Parker, J., on pleas of guilty; judgment of guilty; thereafter, the court, Newson, J., denied the defendant’s motion to terminate his registra- tion as a sex offender and his petition to restrict dissemi- nation of his sex offender registration information, and the defendant appealed to this court. Affirmed. Judie Marshall, assigned counsel, for the appellant (defendant). Timothy F. Costello, supervisory assistant state’s attorney, with whom were Jessica DellaRatta, certified legal intern, and, on the brief, Paul J. Narducci, state’s  State v. Jeffrey Z. attorney, and Theresa Ferryman, senior assistant state’s attorney, for the appellee (state). Opinion SHELDON, J. The defendant, Jeffrey Z., appeals following the decision of the trial court denying his motion to terminate his registration as a sex offender based upon his 1997 conviction for sexual assault in the third degree and his alternative petition, pursuant to General Statutes § 54-255 (c) (5), to restrict the dis- semination of his registration information concerning that conviction to law enforcement purposes only and to not make such information available for public access. On appeal, the defendant claims on several grounds that the court erred in denying both of these requests for relief, thereby requiring him to remain registered as a sex offender based upon his third degree sexual assault conviction, in a publicly accessible filing, for the rest of his life. We disagree with the defendant’s claims of error and, accordingly, affirm the court’s decision denying both of his requests for relief. The following procedural history and facts, as recounted by the court in its memorandum of decision and supported by the record before us, are relevant to our resolution of this appeal. On November 18, 1996, the defendant pleaded guilty to one count each of sexual assault in the third degree in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1995) § 53a-72a, and risk of injury to a child in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 1995) § 53-21 (1),1 in connection with an incident on or about November 1, 1995, in which he and two other teenage boys, all seniors at the same Connecticut high school, sexually assaulted a teenage girl who was then a freshman at the school. On January 7, 1997, after the Department of Adult Probation had prepared and filed a presentence inves- tigation report concerning the defendant’s background 1 Although §§ 53-21 and 53a-72a have been amended since the defen- dant’s violations of those statutes in 1995, those amendments have no bearing on the merits of this appeal. For convenience, we refer to the 1995 revisions of those statutes unless otherwise indicated.  State v. Jeffrey Z. and his relevant criminal conduct, the court, Parker, J., sentenced him on both charges, in accordance with the prosecutor’s recommendation under a plea agreement, to serve identical terms of five years of imprisonment, execution suspended at the time of sentencing, followed by three years of probation. Shortly after he was sen- tenced and released from pretrial confinement to begin serving the probationary portion of his total effective sentence, the defendant registered as a sex offender pursuant to General Statutes (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r,2 which then required him to maintain such registration for ten years based upon his conviction of sexual assault in the third degree. On May 1, 2024, after continuously maintaining his sex offender registration based upon his third degree sexual assault conviction for more than twenty-eight years—initially under § 54-102r, but later under new statutory provisions known as Megan’s Law, as codified at General Statutes § 54-250 et seq., and subsequently amended by No. 99-183 of the 1999 Public Acts (P.A. 99-183) to require that all persons convicted of sexually violent offenses, including sexual assault in the third degree under § 53a-72a (a) (1), maintain their sex offender registrations for life—the defendant filed a motion to terminate his sex offender registration based upon his third degree sexual assault conviction. The thrust of the defendant’s motion was that, because at the time he pleaded guilty to third degree sexual assault, he could only be obliged to register as a sex offender for ten years, he should never have been subjected to the enhanced statutory obligation under P.A. 99-183 to remain so registered for life, as the state has argued. The grounds upon which the defendant claimed before the trial court, and now contends on appeal, that his sex offender registration period for third degree sexual 2 We note that § 54-102r was repealed in 1998. See Public Acts 1998, No. 98-111, § 12. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, we refer in this opinion to the 1997 revision of that statute, which was in effect at the time the defendant committed the crimes at issue and when he was sentenced.  State v. Jeffrey Z. assault should be limited to ten years include: (1) he was induced to plead guilty to that offense by a promise from the state that, if he did so, he would only be required to register as a sex offender for ten years and, thus, the later imposition upon him of the enhanced statutory obligation to remain so registered for life has denied him an essential benefit of his plea bargain in violation of his federal due process rights under Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 92 S. Ct. 495, 30 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1971); (2) because the available records of his plea and sentencing do not specify or otherwise establish the particular subdivision of § 53a-72a (a) under which he pleaded guilty, he cannot lawfully be required to maintain his sex offender registra- tion for life, for such an obligation can only be imposed on one who has been convicted under subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a); and (3) even if he otherwise could have been required to register for life as a sex offender based upon his conviction for third degree sexual assault, he should be released from that obligation in this case on grounds of equity and “horizontal stare decisis” because similar motions to terminate sex offender registration filed by his similarly situated codefendants previously were granted by a different Superior Court judge. The state disputed these claims before the trial court and now opposes rever- sal of the court’s decision rejecting them in the course of denying the defendant’s motion to terminate on the following grounds: (1) the record is inadequate to review such claims; (2) the court had no statutory authority to order the termination of any person’s sex offender registration for a sexually violent offense following the passage of P.A. 99-183; (3) the court was not required to enforce a ten year limitation on the defendant’s sex offender registration period in order to enforce a prom- ise allegedly made to him by prosecutors during plea negotiations because the obligation to so register was a mandatory, nonpunitive regulatory consequence of his conviction that neither was nor could have been a negoti- ated term of his plea agreement; (4) the record supports the court’s determination that the defendant’s conviction of third degree sexual assault was based upon conduct  State v. Jeffrey Z. in violation of subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a), a sexually violent offense for which lifetime registration as a sex offender is statutorily required; and (5) the defendant is not entitled to the granting of his motion to terminate sex offender registration merely because another judge previously granted similar motions to terminate filed by his similarly situated codefendants. On July 31, 2024, before the court ruled on the defen- dant’s motion to terminate his sex offender registration, he filed, as an alternative request for partial relief from the burden of maintaining such registration for life, a petition pursuant to § 54-255 (c) (5) for the issuance of an order directing state officials charged with main- taining Connecticut’s sex offender registry to restrict the dissemination of his registration information to law enforcement purposes only and to not make such information available for public access. In support of this petition, the defendant asserted that he had satis- fied all of the statutory requirements for seeking such relief under § 54-255 (c) (5), including that he had served no time in jail or prison as a result of his conviction, and argued that restricting the dissemination of his registration information to law enforcement purposes only was appropriate because making such information available for public access was not required for public safety. The state opposed the defendant’s petition on several grounds, which it now reasserts in opposition to this appeal from the court’s decision denying his peti- tion, including: (1) the record is inadequate to review the defendant’s claims; (2) the defendant is not eligible to seek relief under § 54-255 (c) (5) because he did in fact serve time in jail as a result of his conviction for third degree sexual assault; and, (3) even if he was eligible to seek relief under § 54-255 (c) (5) despite having served several weeks in jail while awaiting sentencing, the court did not abuse its discretion in denying his petition on the alternative ground that making his sex offender  State v. Jeffrey Z. registration information available for public access was required for public safety. After conducting hearings on the defendant’s motion to terminate his sex offender registration on June 3 and July 22, 2024, and on both that motion and his alterna- tive petition to restrict dissemination of sex offender registration information on August 15, 2024, the court, Newson, J., orally denied both such requests for relief in open court on the latter date. As for the motion to termi- nate his sex offender registration, the court reviewed the motion on the merits over the state’s objection but agreed with the state on each of its substantive arguments in opposition thereto. As for the petition to restrict dis- semination of the defendant’s sex offender registration information to law enforcement purposes only, and to not make such information available for public access, the court ruled that the defendant was ineligible to seek such relief under § 54-255 (c) (5) because the time he had spent in jail before being sentenced for third degree sexual assault constituted the service of jail time as a result of that conviction. The court formalized its rul- ings in a memorandum of decision issued on August 16, 2024.3 This appeal followed. We begin our review of the defendant’s claims with a history of relevant portions of Connecticut’s sex offender registration laws. The defendant’s 1997 conviction under § 53a-72a was classified as a “[s]exual assault” within the meaning of Connecticut’s first sex offender regis- tration law, § 54-102r. See General Statutes (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (a) (1) (A) (defining “[s]exual assault” to include violation of § 53a-72a). As a result of that con- viction, the defendant was initially required to remain registered as a sex offender for a period of ten years. See General Statutes (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (f) (“[a] law enforcement agency shall maintain a registration on a person for ten years”); see also General Statutes (Rev. to 1997) § 54-102r (b) (requiring persons convicted of 3 The court issued a corrected decision on November 6, 2024, correcting a scrivener’s error as to the date of the defendant’s guilty plea.  State v. Jeffrey Z. sexual assault to register with chief of police of police department or resident state trooper for municipality in which such person will reside). Effective October 1, 1998, however, § 12 of No. 98-111 of the 1998 Public Acts (P.A. 98-111) repealed § 54-102r and replaced it with the current statutory scheme, com- monly referred to as Megan’s Law, which is now codified at § 54-250 et seq. “The intent behind this legislation was to alert the public by identifying potential sexual offender recidivists when necessary for public safety.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Boysaw, 99 Conn. App. 358, 363, 913 A.2d 1112 (2007). Megan’s Law imposed sex offender registration requirements on all persons convicted or found not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect of criminal offenses falling within the following four categories: (1) offenses against minor victims and nonviolent sexual offenses; General Statutes § 54-251; (2) sexually violent offenses; Gen- eral Statutes § 54-252; (3) sexual offenses committed in another jurisdiction; General Statutes § 54-253; and (4) felonies committed for a sexual purpose. See General Statutes § 54-254; State v. Waterman, 264 Conn. 484, 490–91, 825 A.2d 63 (2003). Each person convicted of an offense falling within any of these categories was required to register as a sex offender with the Depart- ment of Public Safety, now known as the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, at the time and in the manner prescribed by law. See General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 54-250 et seq. Section 3 of P.A. 98-111 provides in relevant part that “[a]ny person who has been convicted . . . of a sexually violent offense, and is released into the community on or after October 1, 1988, shall . . . register . . . with the Commissioner of Public Safety . . . and shall maintain such registration until released from this obligation in accordance with section 6 of this act. . . .” See General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 54-252 (a). Section 6 of P.A. 98-111, in turn, provides that “[a] person required to register under section 3 of this act shall maintain his  State v. Jeffrey Z. registration for not less than ten years from the date of his release into the community, after which he may apply to the court in which he was convicted . . . for release from the obligation to register.” See General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 54-255. Megan’s Law thereby changed the period of time a person convicted of a sexually violent offense must remain registered as a sex offender on the basis of his conviction from a fixed period of ten years, as previ- ously specified in § 54-102r (f), to a minimum period of ten years, continuing thereafter until the court in which he was convicted granted his subsequent application for release from the obligation to remain so registered. Less than one year later, moreover, with the passage of P.A. 99-183, which became effective on July 1, 1999, the legislature made two significant changes to Megan’s Law that directly concern the issues raised in the pres- ent appeal. First, it enhanced, once again, the statutory obligation of any person convicted of a sexually violent offense to maintain his sex offender registration by increasing the period of such registration from a vari- able term of at least ten years to a mandatory period of the registered offender’s lifetime. See General Statutes § 54-252 (a). Second, it eliminated the preexisting statu- tory right of any sex offender so registered on the basis of his conviction of a sexually violent offense to apply to the court in which he was convicted, under General Statutes (Rev. to 1999) § 54-255, “for release from the obligation to register . . . .” In its stead, P.A. 99-183 substituted the current statutory scheme under § 54-255 (c), which provides that certain sex offenders so registered based upon their convictions of sexually violent offenses could seek limited relief from the burden of maintaining their registrations for life by petitioning the court for orders requiring state officials charged with maintaining the sex offender registry to restrict the dissemination of their registration information to law enforcement purposes only, and to not make such information available for public access. See General Statutes § 54-255 (c). Among those made eligible to petition for such relief under P.A. 99-183 was any person who “(5) has been convicted . . . of  State v. Jeffrey Z. any crime between October 1, 1988, and September 30, 1998, which requires registration under sections 54-250 to 54-259, inclusive, and (A) served no jail or prison time as a result of such conviction or finding of not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect, (B) has not been subsequently convicted or found not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect of any crime which would require registration under sections 54-250 to 54-259, inclusive, and (C) has registered with the Department of Public Safety in accordance with sections 54-250 to 54-259, inclusive . . . .” P.A. 99-183, § 6; see General Statutes § 54-255 (c). Although this statutory procedure has remained the same, in substance, since P.A. 99-183 became effective, all statutory references in Megan’s Law to the Department of Public Safety were changed in 2011, by the enactment of No. 11-51 of the 2011 Public Acts, to the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. A trial court is empowered to grant the petition to restrict dissemination of sex offender reg- istration information of any statutorily eligible offender as to whom it finds that dissemination of such informa- tion for other purposes, or to the general public, is not required for public safety. See General Statutes § 54-255 (c) (court may order Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection to restrict dissemination of reg- istration information to law enforcement purposes only and to not make such information available for public access, provided court finds that dissemination of such information is not required for public safety). With this statutory history in mind, we turn to the defendant’s claims. I The defendant first claims that the court improperly denied his motion to terminate his sex offender registra- tion because (1) the prosecutor failed to keep a prom- ise made to him by the state, in agreeing to resolve the charges against him by having him plead guilty to, inter alia, third degree sexual assault, that he would only be required to maintain his registration as a sex offender  State v. Jeffrey Z. for a period of ten years, as required by law at the time of his plea and sentencing; (2) he was not properly sub- jected to a lifetime obligation to maintain his registra- tion as a sex offender based upon his conviction for third degree sexual assault because the available record does not establish that he was convicted of violating subdi- vision (1) of § 53a-72a (a), the only part of that statute that has been classified as a sexually violent offense for which a convicted offender must maintain his resulting sex offender registration for life; and (3) similar motions to terminate sex offender registration previously filed by his similarly situated codefendants were granted by a different Superior Court judge. We are not persuaded. A The defendant first argues that the ten year obligation to maintain his registration as a sex offender that was statutorily imposed upon him after he pleaded guilty to and was sentenced for sexual assault in the third degree was part of the promise to him made by the state as part of his plea agreement, and thus the later imposition upon him of an enhanced statutory obligation to maintain that registration for life increased his sentence in an illegal manner, violating the terms of his plea agreement and his federal due process rights under the authority of Santobello v. New York, supra, 404 U.S. 257. On that basis, he argues that the court erred in denying his motion to terminate his lifetime registration as a sex offender, which he analogizes to a motion to correct an illegal sentence under Practice Book § 43-22.4 We are not persuaded. “The United States Supreme Court in Santobello . . . first described when a defendant may invoke a provision such as Practice Book § 43-22 to challenge a sentence imposed in an illegal manner for an alleged violation of his right that the government keep its plea agreement 4 Practice Book § 43-22 provides: “The judicial authority may at any time correct an illegal sentence or other illegal disposition, or it may correct a sentence imposed in an illegal manner or any other disposition made in an illegal manner.”  State v. Jeffrey Z. promises. The court in Santobello held that the adju- dicative element inherent in accepting a plea of guilty must be attended by safeguards to insure the defendant what is reasonably due in the circumstances. Those cir- cumstances will vary, but a constant factor is that when a plea rests in any significant degree on a promise or agreement of the prosecutor, so that it can be said to be part of the inducement or consideration, such prom- ise must be fulfilled. . . . A Santobello claim provides a remedy when the terms of a valid and enforceable plea agreement have not been upheld.” (Citation omitted; footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Montanez, 149 Conn. App. 32, 39–40, 88 A.3d 575, cert. denied, 311 Conn. 955, 97 A.3d 985 (2014). “If the state makes promises to the defendant in order to induce a guilty plea, those promises must be fulfilled . . . and [t]he breaking of a promise made by the prosecutor as a result of plea negotiations is sufficient to invalidate a conviction.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Nelson, 23 Conn. App. 215, 219, 579 A.2d 1104, cert. denied, 216 Conn. 826, 582 A.2d 205 (1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 922, 111 S. Ct. 1315, 113 L. Ed. 2d 248 (1991); see also Practice Book § 43-22. “A plea agreement is much like a contract, and its validity depends on contractual principles that must be evaluated with reference to the requirements of due process. . . . An appellate or habeas court looks to what the parties reasonably understood the terms of the agreement to mean.” (Citations omitted.) Martinez v. Commissioner of Correction, 105 Conn. App. 65, 72, 936 A.2d 665 (2007), cert. denied, 285 Conn. 917, 943 A.2d 475 (2008). The court interpreted the defendant’s argument to be that the expectation of both sides at the time of the plea agreement was that the defendant would have to register for only ten years as a sex offender and that the legisla- ture interfered with that expectation by modifying his sex offender registration obligation to require lifetime registration. The court first noted that the defendant had provided no legal authority to support the theory that a Santobello claim, as opposed to another type of  State v. Jeffrey Z. legal claim, is a proper vehicle for avoiding the negative impact of subsequent legislative action on the fulfillment of promises made in a plea agreement. The court deter- mined that Santobello addressed only the conduct of the prosecutor in inducing detrimental reliance on unkept promises made during the plea negotiation process and ruled that the defendant’s claim failed because he had offered no claim or evidence that the prosecutor had failed to uphold a promise made during plea negotiations. The court further determined that the defendant’s claim failed because his obligation to register as a sex offender based upon his third degree sexual assault conviction was not an element of his criminal sentence for that offense but a mandatory regulatory requirement imposed upon him and all others convicted of that offense, without exception. We agree with the court that the purpose of that man- datory requirement was to enhance public safety by warn- ing community members of the presence among them of a potential recidivist who previously had been convicted of such an offense. See State v. Pentland, 296 Conn. 305, 314, 994 A.2d 147 (2010) (“[T]he requirement to register as a sex offender under Megan’s Law is regulatory rather than punitive in nature. . . . The legislature enacted the law to protect the public from sex offenders.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)). For that reason, laws imposing sex offender registration obliga- tions on persons previously convicted of sexual assault and other sexual offenses, who were not subject to such obligations under the terms of their sentences, have been upheld over challenges that they constitute ex post facto laws; see, e.g., State v. Kelly, 256 Conn. 23, 94, 770 A.2d 908 (2001); or that they violate a defendant’s rights under the state constitution. See State v. Little, 127 Conn. App. 336, 354, 14 A.3d 1036 (“the defendant [who pleaded guilty to sexual assault in the third degree and was sentenced in 1991] has not demonstrated that his rights under the constitution of Connecticut were vio- lated by the [retroactive application of the] requirement  State v. Jeffrey Z. that he register as a sex offender under § 54-252”), cert. denied, 302 Conn. 928, 28 A.3d 343 (2011). The postjudgment imposition of a lifetime sex offender registration obligation on the defendant in the present case did not result from the breaking of a promise by the prosecutor to limit the period of his sex offender registration to ten years. Instead, to reiterate, it resulted from the legislature’s repeal of the previous registra- tion statute and its replacement with another statute that imposed a lengthier, more stringent registration obligation upon all persons convicted of sexually violent offenses. At the time of the defendant’s conviction in 1997, he was subject to § 54-102r, which imposed on him a fixed ten year registration obligation due to his third degree sexual assault conviction. Because of the mandatory nature of that obligation, any decision as to whether or for how long the defendant should register as a sex offender due to that conviction was not for the court to make or, thus, for the prosecutors to negotiate or recommend pursuant to a plea bargain. Sex offender registration is not a variable sentencing factor; see State v. Waterman, supra, 264 Conn. 489; and, as such, it can- not be a negotiable term of the plea agreement. Retroactive application of the lifetime registration requirement does not violate the defendant’s right to due process. Our Supreme Court has held that individu- als subject to registration under § 54-102r were statu- torily required, pursuant to § 54-252 (b), to register under the requirements set forth in the new statutory scheme, § 54-250 et seq. See State v. Boysaw, supra, 99 Conn. App. 365; see also General Statutes § 54-252 (b) (“[a]ny person who has been subject to the registration requirements of section 54-102r of the general statutes, revised to January 1, 1997, as amended by section 1 of public act 97-183, shall . . . register under this section and thereafter comply with the provisions of sections 54-102g and 54-250 to 54-258a, inclusive”). Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that a convicted sex offender’s obligation to register as a sex  State v. Jeffrey Z. offender is a nonpunitive regulatory consequence of his conviction that the legislature can modify over time as it determines to be necessary to promote the public inter- est rather than an element of his criminal sentence that cannot be changed once it is imposed. The defendant’s Santobello claim fails. B The defendant next argues that, even if he cannot prevail on his Santobello claim, the court should have granted his motion to terminate his sex offender registra- tion based upon his third degree sexual assault conviction because the record does not establish, and thus the state did not prove, that the subdivision of § 53a-72a (a) under which he was convicted constituted a sexually violent offense under the current version of Megan’s Law for which lifetime registration as a sex offender is required. He argues, more particularly, that, because a person convicted of sexual assault in the third degree cannot be required to maintain his resulting sex offender regis- tration for life unless he is convicted under subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a), he is entitled to be relieved of that obligation in the present case because the state cannot prove that he was, in fact, convicted of having violated the statute in a manner consistent with subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a). We are not persuaded. We begin our analysis with the statutory language of § 54-250 (11) (A), which defines a “[s]exually violent offense” in relevant part as “a violation of . . . 53a-72a, except subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of said section . . . .” The version of § 53a-72a in effect at the time of the defendant’s alleged criminal conduct, in turn, pro- vided that a person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when he “(1) compels another person to submit to sexual contact (A) by the use of force against such other person or a third person, or (B) by the threat of use of force against such other person or against a third person, which reasonably causes such other person to fear physi- cal injury to himself or herself, or a third person, or (2) engages in sexual intercourse with another person whom  State v. Jeffrey Z. the actor knows to be related to him or her within any of the degrees of kindred specified in section 46b-21.”5 General Statutes (Rev. to 1995) § 53a-72a (a). Only a conviction grounded in subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a), which requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the offender compelled another person to submit to sexual contact by the use or threatened use of force against her or a third person, results in the imposition upon the offender, under § 54-250 (11) (A), of the obligation to remain registered as a sex offender for life. The defendant first claims that the record is insuffi- cient to establish that he was convicted of third degree sexual assault under subdivision (1) of § 53a-72a (a) because the clerk’s sentencing mittimus indicates only the name and number of the statute defining that offense, not the particular portion of the statute under which he entered his plea of guilty. He further notes that several documents that would have clarified the state’s theory of liability for that offense, including the transcripts of his guilty plea and sentencing, are no longer available. In rejecting the defendant’s argument that his motion should be granted because the trial court record is insuf- ficient to prove he was convicted of a sexually violent offense, the trial court determined that the intent of the legislature in defining the term “[s]exually violent offense” as it did in § 54-250 (11) (A)—to include “a 5 Presently, General Statutes § 53a-72a provides: “A person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when such person (1) compels another person to submit to sexual contact (A) by the use of force against such other person or a third person, or (B) by the threat of use of force against such other person or against a third person, which reasonably causes such other person to fear physical injury to himself or herself or a third person, or (2) subjects another person to sexual contact and such other person is mentally incapacitated or impaired because of mental disability or disease to the extent that such other person is unable to consent to such sexual contact, or (3) engages in sexual intercourse with another person whom the actor knows to be related to him or her within any of the degrees of kindred specified in section 46b-21.” Because the version of the third degree sexual assault statute appli- cable to the defendant did not include a separate provision concerning sexual contact with a mentally incapacitated or impaired individual, we do not address that provision in our analysis.  State v. Jeffrey Z. violation of . . . [§] 53a-72a, except subdivision (2) of subsection (a) of said section”—was to create a rebuttable presumption that all persons convicted under that statute had committed sexually violent offenses, but to permit any person so convicted to rebut that presumption, and thus avoid the consequences of that designation of his offense, by proving that the conviction was based upon conduct falling within the exception set forth in subdi- vision (2) of § 53a-72a. This conclusion is supported by our case law, which establishes that “exceptions to stat- utes are to be strictly construed with doubts resolved in favor of the general rule rather than the exception and that those who claim the benefit of an exception under a statute have the burden of proving that they come within the limited class for whose benefit it was established.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Lutters, 270 Conn. 198, 215–16, 853 A.2d 434 (2004), quoting Gay & Lesbian Law Students Assn. v. Board of Trustees, 236 Conn. 453, 473–74, 673 A.2d 484 (1996). Under this rule, the state had no burden to overcome any vagaries in the trial court record by proving that the defendant’s third degree sexual assault conviction was based upon conduct violative of subdivision (1) rather than subdivi- sion (2) of § 53a-72a (a). In light of the above-described presumption, we con- clude that the record before the trial court supports its implied factual finding that the defendant’s underly- ing criminal conduct in