People v. Cofer

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. CHRISTOPHER LEE COFER, Defendant and Appellant. S286297 Sixth Appellate District H050122 Monterey County Superior Court 20CR010763, 20CR008059, 21CR000245, 21CR001076, 21CR001243 June 25, 2026 Chief Justice Guerrero authored the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Corrigan, Liu, Kruger, Groban, Evans, and Chou* concurred. * Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Five, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.  PEOPLE v. COFER S286297 Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. After reaching a plea agreement with the prosecution, defendant Christopher Lee Cofer was sentenced at a single hearing on five separate pending criminal cases. Defendant had been in presentence custody for extended periods in some of these cases and for shorter periods in others. In imposing sentence, the trial court awarded defendant custody credits in each case that reflected the time he spent in custody in that specific case. Below, a divided Court of Appeal agreed with defendant that under Penal Code section 2900.51 he should receive presentence custody credits in each of his five cases for all the time he served in custody on any of these cases, except for custody time that preceded his arrest in a particular case. (People v. Cofer (2024) 103 Cal.App.5th 333, 341–342 (Cofer).) The Court of Appeal reasoned that the resolution of these cases through a single sentencing hearing meant that they all involved the same “proceedings” for purposes of section 2900.5, subdivision (b), under which “the custody to be credited” against a sentence must be “attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted.” (See Cofer, at p. 341.) This interpretation of the statute, if correct, would result in defendant receiving more than 300 additional 1 All subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code. 1  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. days of custody credit on his lead (six-year) term, relative to credits awarded by the trial court. We disagree with the Court of Appeal’s interpretation of section 2900.5. Applying conventional statutory analysis, we conclude that “proceedings,” as used in section 2900.5, subdivision (b), is properly understood as referring to an individual criminal case. As such, custody credit is not automatically applied across multiple, distinct prosecutions merely because those cases are resolved and sentenced at a single hearing. In this case, that means that the trial court correctly interpreted the statute in awarding credits in each case for the time defendant spent in custody in that matter, rather than awarding him credit in each case for time served in other cases. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND As noted, this case involves the award of presentence credit in five separate criminal cases that were resolved at a single sentencing hearing. Defendant was arrested in case No. 20CR008059 (case A) 2 on September 27, 2020. In case A, he was charged with vehicle burglary (§ 459); possession of burglar’s tools (§ 466); driving without a license (Veh. Code, § 12500, subd. (a)); and grand theft of personal property (Pen. Code, § 487, subd. (a)), with it being alleged that these crimes all occurred on or about September 27, 2 Like the majority below, we refer to defendant’s five cases as cases A, B, C, D, and E. (See Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at pp. 335–336.) 2  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. 2020. Two prior strike convictions were also alleged. (§§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) Defendant was arraigned two days later, with bail being set at $60,000. On November 10, 2020, defendant posted bail and was released. On December 18, 2020, while out on bail, defendant was charged in case No. 20CR010763 (case B) with vehicle burglary (§ 459) and grand theft of an access card and access card account information (§ 484g), with the complaint alleging that both offenses occurred on or about September 26, 2020. The complaint alleged one prior strike conviction. (§§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) Almost a month later, on January 14, 2021, defendant was charged in case No. 21CR000245 (case C) with second degree burglary (§ 459) and vandalism under $400 (§ 594, subd. (b)(2)(A)). 3 The complaint also alleged a prior strike conviction. (§§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) Defendant was arrested and taken into custody in cases B and C on January 12, 2021. He was arraigned in both cases on January 14, 2021, and was released on his own recognizance on January 18, 2021. On February 13, 2021, defendant was arrested in his final two cases. Three days later, he was charged in case No. 21CR001076 (case D) with second degree burglary (§ 459); possession of burglar’s tools (§ 466); and possession of 3 The complaint in case C averred that defendant committed both criminal offenses alleged therein on or about January 9, 2021. Therefore, he was out on bail in case A when he allegedly committed the acts comprising his two offenses in case C. 3  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. drug paraphernalia (Health & Saf. Code, § 11364, subd. (a)). The complaint also contained one prior strike allegation (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1)) and alleged that defendant committed the charged offenses on or about February 13, 2021, while released on bail or on his own recognizance (§ 12022.1, subd. (d)). On February 19, 2021, defendant was charged in case No. 21CR001243 (case E) with second degree burglary (§ 459). The complaint also alleged a prior strike. (§§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) Although the complaint did not include an allegation that the offense was committed while defendant was released on bail or on his own recognizance, it stated defendant committed the burglary on or about January 12, 2021. Defendant was arraigned on February 16, 2021, in case D, and bail was set at $120,000. He was arraigned in case E on March 3, 2021, and bail was set at $20,000. Defendant remained in custody in both cases D and E. At that time, he remained out of custody in cases A, B, and C. On August 10, 2021, the People moved to consolidate all five of defendant’s cases. Defendant opposed the motion. Apparently, the trial court never heard the motion. On August 18, 2021, the trial court declared a doubt regarding defendant’s competency to stand trial, suspended criminal proceedings in all five cases, revoked defendant’s bail in case A, and remanded defendant to custody in cases B and C. After defendant was determined to be competent, criminal proceedings were reinstated on September 1, 2021. Defendant was released on his own recognizance in cases A and B but remained in custody in cases C, D, and E. 4  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. Defendant resolved all five cases by plea agreement a few months later. On January 26, 2022, defendant pleaded no contest to felony second degree burglary in cases A, B, and C and misdemeanor second degree burglary in cases D and E. He also admitted a strike allegation in case B. The rest of the charges in all five cases were dismissed with waivers under People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754 (Harvey). 4 On March 25, 2022, the court remanded defendant into custody in cases A and B pending sentencing, at which point defendant was in custody on all five cases. Consistent with the parties’ agreement, on March 30, 2022, the trial court sentenced defendant to a six-year term in case B and shorter concurrent terms in the other cases. In case A, the court awarded presentence credits of 66 actual custody and 66 days conduct credit; in case B, the court awarded 21 days of actual custody and 20 days conduct credit; in case C, the court awarded 225 days of actual custody and 224 days conduct credit; in cases D and E, the court deemed the sentences served with 183 days of actual custody and 182 days conduct credit in each. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal, and the trial court granted a certificate of probable cause to challenge the calculation of presentence custody credits. Defendant then 4 A Harvey waiver is a defendant’s agreement, as part of a plea bargain, to allow the sentencing court to consider facts supporting dismissed counts. (See generally Harvey, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 758.) 5  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. moved in the trial court under section 1237.1 5 to correct his presentence credits. Specifically, defendant requested an award of additional presentence credit for the time that he was on bail or on his own recognizance in cases A, B, and C while simultaneously in custody in cases D and E. He also asked that any presentence credits in excess of the one-year sentences deemed served in the misdemeanor cases D and E be “applied to another case, where a longer term of incarceration was imposed.” Defendant supported his motion with a summary of his custody status in each case. For case A, defendant represented he was in custody from September 27 to November 10, 2020; out on bail from November 10, 2020, to August 18, 2021; in custody from August 18 to September 1, 2021; released on his own recognizance from September 1, 2021, to March 25, 2022; and back in custody on March 25, 2022, until he was sentenced in this matter. In case B, defendant was assertedly in custody January 12 to January 18, 2021; released on his own recognizance from January 18 to August 18, 2021; in custody on August 18 to September 1, 2021; out of custody beginning September 1, 2021, and then back in custody on March 25, 2022, 5 Section 1237.1 provides: “No appeal shall be taken by the defendant from a judgment of conviction on the ground of an error in the calculation of presentence custody credits, unless the defendant first presents the claim in the trial court at the time of sentencing, or if the error is not discovered until after sentencing, the defendant first makes a motion for correction of the record in the trial court, which may be made informally in writing. The trial court retains jurisdiction after a notice of appeal has been filed to correct any error in the calculation of presentence custody credits upon the defendant’s request for correction.” 6  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. until he was sentenced in this matter. For case C, defendant stated he was in custody from January 12 to January 18, 2021; released on his own recognizance from January 18 to August 18, 2021; and remained in custody from August 18, 2021, until he was sentenced in this matter. And for cases D and E, defendant maintained he was in custody beginning February 13, 2021, until he was sentenced in both matters. Following People v. Jacobs (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 67, which held that a defendant sentenced in two separate criminal cases at a single hearing was entitled to presentence custody credit only for custody related to the specific case for which he was sentenced (id. at pp. 83–84), the trial court denied the request for additional presentence credits, finding that defendant was not entitled to further credits for cases where he remained on bail or was released on his own recognizance while in presentence custody in other cases. However, the trial court awarded seven additional custody credits in both cases B and C based on its interpretation of the records defendant submitted in support of the motion. The court denied defendant’s request to reduce his term of imprisonment with the credits exceeding one year in cases D and E, noting that defendant had received credit for that time in case C. Defendant appealed. A divided Court of Appeal reversed the judgment, with the majority concluding that defendant was entitled to custody credit in all cases for any time that he was in custody in any of the five cases, provided that the custody to be applied did not precede defendant’s arrest in a particular case. (Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at pp. 335, 342.) The Cofer majority premised its holding on the first sentence of section 2900.5, subdivision (b), which provides, “For 7  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. the purposes of this section, credit shall be given only where the custody to be credited is attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted.” The majority concluded that this sentence was ambiguous as applied to defendant’s situation. (Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at p. 340.) It reasoned that the phrase, “ ‘attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct’ ” could support two different interpretations. (Ibid.) First, that phrase could be interpreted consistent with Jacobs so that “each criminal case must be considered a separate proceeding even if resolved and sentenced at the same time.” (Ibid.) In that circumstance, the award of presentence custody credits for each criminal case would be calculated based on the time a defendant spent in custody in that specific case. Alternatively, the court reasoned, the subject phrase “could also mean that a defendant is entitled to credit in all cases that are resolved and sentenced together for all custody attributable to all conduct in those cases occurring after the defendant’s arrest in any given case.” (Id. at pp. 340–341.) Under that interpretation, a defendant would receive credit for all days of actual custody without regard to the defendant’s technical custody status in any particular case. (Id. at p. 341.) The Cofer majority concluded “the latter interpretation [is] more consistent with the purposes of awarding presentence credit, and it is not foreclosed by any Supreme Court authority.” (Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at p. 341.) In rejecting the People’s argument that the court’s approach would create a windfall for defendant, the majority stated that its “decision ensures equal treatment between defendant and individuals who could afford bail on additional cases.” (Ibid.) 8  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. A dissent concluded that the majority’s interpretation conflicted with section 2900.5’s text, our previous interpretations of that statute in People v. Bruner (1995) 9 Cal.4th 1178 (Bruner) and In re Joyner (1989) 48 Cal.3d 487 (Joyner), and what the dissent perceived as a well-established understanding among trial counsel and courts regarding how the statute operates. (Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at pp. 342– 343, 344, 346–348 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.).) The dissent explained it “read section 2900.5 to mean that credit for a single period in presentence custody will be given against multiple concurrent sentences imposed in multiple cases, so long as the presentence custody is attributable to each of those cases.” (Id. at p. 343 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.).) It concluded defendant was not entitled to custody credit in cases A and B for custody time accrued only in his other cases, stating, “That all cases were later sentenced in a single coordinated hearing did not retroactively change [defendant’s] release status in cases A, B, and C or expand the bases for his confinement in cases D and E.” (Id. at pp. 343–344 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.).) We granted review to address the apparent conflict between Jacobs and Cofer. II. DISCUSSION A. Section 2900.5 Subdivision (a) of section 2900.5 provides for the award of credits at sentencing for time a defendant has already spent in custody. These credits reduce the length of time a defendant spends incarcerated following conviction and sentencing. This subdivision states in relevant part that in “all felony and misdemeanor convictions . . . when the defendant has been in custody, including, but not limited to, any time spent in a jail, 9  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. camp, work furlough facility, halfway house, rehabilitation facility, hospital, prison, juvenile detention facility, or similar residential institution, all days of custody of the defendant, including days . . . credited to the period of confinement pursuant to Section 4019 . . . shall be credited upon his or her term of imprisonment.” (§ 2900.5, subd. (a).) Subdivision (b) of section 2900.5, meanwhile, limits the application of the custody credits authorized in subdivision (a). Subdivision (b) provides, “For the purposes of this section, credit shall be given only where the custody to be credited is attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted. Credit shall be given only once for a single period of custody attributable to multiple offenses for which a consecutive sentence is imposed.” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b).) Because defendant did not receive any consecutive sentences, we are only concerned with the first sentence of subdivision (b). B. This Court’s Precedent Interpreting Section 2900.5 We have interpreted section 2900.5 on multiple occasions. (See, e.g., In re Marquez (2003) 30 Cal.4th 14, 20 (Marquez); Bruner, supra, 9 Cal.4th at pp. 1180, 1192; Joyner, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 489; In re Rojas (1979) 23 Cal.3d 152, 155–156 (Rojas).) Our prior decisions have articulated a “strict causation” rule for the award of custody credits. (Joyner, at p. 489.) Pursuant to this standard, custody will not be credited under section 2900.5, subdivision (b) absent a showing that the conduct that underlies the term to be credited was a “ ‘but for’ ” cause of the earlier restraint. (Bruner, at p. 1194; see id. at p. 1193; Joyner, at p. 489 [“a period of time previously credited against a sentence for unrelated offenses cannot be deemed 10  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. ‘attributable to proceedings’ resulting in a later-imposed sentence unless it is demonstrated that the claimant would have been at liberty during the period were it not for a restraint relating to the proceedings resulting in the later sentence”]; Rojas, at p. 156 [“Section 2900.5 does not authorize credit where the pending proceeding has no effect whatever upon a defendant’s liberty”].) Notably, these cases have addressed situations in which a defendant was sentenced in at least two cases at different times, with the issue being how to apply presentence custody credit to a sentence imposed in the latter case. In this context, we have (1) determined that section 2900.5 did not entitle a defendant to credit toward his sentence for a period of presentence custody when, during that same period, he was serving a prison term for a prior unrelated offense (Rojas, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 154); (2) concluded that a defendant serving a sentence pursuant to convictions incurred in Florida who was placed under a custodial “hold” associated with a pending case in California could not receive presentence credits against his subsequently imposed California sentence for the time the hold was in place, when such time was already being credited against his earlier imposed Florida sentence (Joyner, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 489); 6 and (3) held a defendant was not entitled to presentence custody credit for his concurrent sentence for a drug offense when that drug offense was only one of “multiple, unrelated incidents of misconduct” giving rise to his previous term of incarceration for 6 In Joyner, we also criticized our prior interpretation of section 2900.5, subdivision (b) in In re Atiles (1983) 33 Cal.3d 805 (Atiles), wherein we suggested maximizing the application of custody credits was required under the statute. (Joyner, supra, 48 Cal.3d at pp. 494–495.) 11  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. a parole violation (Bruner, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 1193; see id. at p. 1194).7 We also have clarified that the requirement of “ ‘strict causation’ . . . is applicable in cases involving the possibility of duplicative credit that might create a windfall for the defendant.” (Marquez, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 23.) Thus, in Marquez, we concluded that a defendant serving a sentence should receive credit for time in custody that, at the time it was served, owed both to a sentence imposed in one matter and to a custodial hold arising out of a different case filed in another county, in a circumstance where the earlier convictions were later reversed and the charges dismissed. (Id. at p. 20.) We explained, “once Santa Cruz County dismissed its charges, all custody following Monterey County’s hold, including the period between petitioner’s sentencing in Santa Cruz County and his Monterey County sentencing, is properly characterized as ‘attributable to [the Monterey County] proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted.’ ” (Ibid.) In each of the cases described above, we determined that custody credit could only be applied in cases where the subject presentence custody was ultimately attributable to the underlying proceeding in which the defendant was sentenced. (See, e.g., Marquez, supra, 30 Cal.4th at pp. 20–21; Rojas, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 156.) But these cases all concerned multiple proceedings that were resolved at separate hearings (see, e.g., Joyner, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 489 [“duplicative credits against 7 We overruled Atiles to the extent it reached a contrary conclusion to our holding in Bruner. (Bruner, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 1194.) 12  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. separately imposed concurrent sentences for unrelated offenses will be granted only on a showing of strict causation” (italics added)].) None of our decisions establish how the statutory requirement that presentence custody be “attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) applies in a case like this, where a defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms at a single hearing pursuant to a plea agreement that resolved several different cases. C. Text of Section 2900.5, Subdivision (b) and Legislative History Because our prior decisions do not provide a definitive answer to the question before us, we return to the statute. “ ‘When we interpret a statute, “[o]ur fundamental task . . . is to determine the Legislature’s intent so as to effectuate the law’s purpose. We first examine the statutory language, giving it a plain and commonsense meaning. . . . If the language is clear, courts must generally follow its plain meaning unless a literal interpretation would result in absurd consequences the Legislature did not intend. If the statutory language permits more than one reasonable interpretation, courts may consider other aids, such as the statute’s purpose, legislative history, and public policy.” [Citation.] “Furthermore, we consider portions of a statute in the context of the entire statute and the statutory scheme of which it is a part, giving significance to every word, phrase, sentence, and part of an act in pursuance of the legislative purpose.” ’ ” (City of San Jose v. Superior Court (2017) 2 Cal.5th 608, 616–617.) Section 2900.5, subdivision (b) does not define “proceedings,” so we look to its “ ‘ “plain meaning . . . as understood by the ordinary person.” ’ ” (People v. Walker (2024) 13  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. 16 Cal.5th 1024, 1035.) A proceeding has been defined as a “legal action.” (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed. 2003) p. 990, col. 1.) According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “proceeding” means “[t]he regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all acts and events between the time of commencement and the entry of judgment.” (Black’s Law Dict. (12th ed. 2024) p. 1459, col. 1, italics added.) Within the context of section 2900.5, subdivision (b), these definitions support an interpretation of “proceedings” as referring to a specific legal action filed against a criminal defendant — in other words, a criminal case. Further examination of the statute’s language corroborates this interpretation of “proceedings.” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b).) Subdivision (b) limits credits “only” to custody that “is attributable to proceedings related to the same conduct for which the defendant has been convicted.” (Ibid., italics added.) This language connecting custody time to “proceedings related to the same conduct” reinforces that “proceedings” (ibid.) is concerned with separate cases arising from distinct acts and arrests, not a sentencing hearing. This makes sense; defendant’s time in custody was “attributable to” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) the entire course of proceedings in his individual cases, including the decisions to place defendant in custody that occurred as those cases independently unfolded. (See Smith v. Superior Court (2006) 39 Cal.4th 77, 83 [explaining that in interpreting statutory language “ ‘we give “significance to every word, phrase, [and] sentence” ’ ”].) Conversely, it is not sensible to regard this custody time as somehow “attributable to” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) the joint sentencing hearing that came only after custody time was served. Such an interpretation would 14  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. assign that hearing causal significance in relation to defendant’s custody time that it clearly does not possess. An interpretation of “proceedings” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) as concerned with a specific case is also consistent with other Penal Code statutes and case law that equate a “proceeding” with an individual action. For example, section 683 states, “The proceeding by which a party charged with a public offense is accused and brought to trial and punishment, is known as a criminal action.” (See also Burns v. Superior Court (1903) 140 Cal. 1, 6 [“ ‘In its more general sense, in law, [proceeding] means all the steps or measures adopted in the prosecution or defense of an action’ ”]; Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at p. 345 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.) [“ ‘proceeding’ turns on the operative charging documents that allege the criminal conduct for which the People seek punishment, not on a purely procedural decision to coordinate scheduling for multiple actions”].) This understanding of how section 2900.5, subdivision (b) should apply here is also consistent with our case law concerning the resolution of multiple cases at a single hearing. In People v. Soria (2010) 48 Cal.4th 58 (Soria), for example, we addressed the levying of restitution fines in such a situation. There, the defendant was separately charged in three different cases. He entered negotiated pleas in all three cases at a single hearing, and the trial court ordered restitution fines in each case 15  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. under section 1202.4, subdivision (b) 8 and section 1202.45.9 (Soria, at p. 62.) The defendant appealed, arguing that imposing separate fines in each case was unauthorized. The Court of Appeal agreed. (Ibid.) In rejecting the appellate court’s conclusion, we explained: “When several cases are resolved by a single plea bargain in which the defendant enters separate pleas, it is plain that there is one bargain but multiple cases.” (Id. at p. 65.) Absent consolidation, “separately filed cases remain separate for purposes of the restitution statutes, even when they are jointly resolved at the plea and sentencing stages. In the context of sections 1202.4[, subdivision ](b) and 1202.45, a ‘case’ is a formal criminal proceeding, filed by the prosecution and handled by the court as a separate action with its own number.” (Id. at pp. 64–65.) “Defendants who commit multiple crimes, and are consequently before the court in multiple cases when their pleas are taken, are properly subject to multiple fines.” (Id. at p. 66.) The rationale we enunciated in Soria applies here, too. The expediency of resolving all five of defendant’s cases under one plea bargain and at a single sentencing hearing did not transform multiple cases into one proceeding for purposes of 8 “Section 1202.4[, subdivision ](b) requires the court to impose ‘a separate and additional restitution fine’ of not less than $200 or more than $10,000 ‘[i]n every case where a person is convicted of a crime,’ absent ‘compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so.’ ” (Soria, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 62.) 9 “Section 1202.45 . . . requires ‘an additional parole revocation restitution fine in the same amount as that imposed pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1202.4,’ ‘[i]n every case where a person is convicted of a crime and [the] sentence includes a period of parole . . . .’ ” (Soria, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 62.) 16  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. awarding custody credits pursuant to section 2900.5, subdivision (b). In this respect, we find unpersuasive the Court of Appeal’s interpretation of “proceedings” as equivalent to a coordinated hearing. 10 (See Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at pp. 340–341.) Rather, as the dissent below noted, “ ‘California courts have long recognized that the term “proceedings” is broader than the term “hearings.” [Citations.] Indeed, . . . any attempt to equate the two “flies in the face of the ordinary meaning of ‘proceedings.’ ” ’ ” (Cofer, at p. 344 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.).) “[A] legal proceeding may well have several stages” (Gipe v. Superior Court (1981) 124 Cal.App.3d 617, 626), of which a sentencing hearing is merely one. We find no basis to conclude that the Legislature intended “proceedings” to carry a different meaning in section 2900.5, subdivision (b). The fact that multiple, open criminal cases against a defendant are resolved at a single hearing does not change the definition of proceedings or otherwise render that term ambiguous in the context of awarding custody credits pursuant to section 2900.5, subdivision (b). Nor are we persuaded by defendant’s argument that an interpretation of “proceedings” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) as concerned with individual cases would improperly elevate form over substance. Specifically, defendant claims that “custody labels should not dictate a defendant’s statutory right to presentence 10 The fact that the Legislature used the plural term “proceedings” in section 2900.5, subdivision (b) does not alter our interpretation here. As the Attorney General observes, in the Penal Code, “[w]ords used in the singular number includes the plural, and the plural the singular.” (§ 7, subd. (a).) 17  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. credits, especially when they do not reflect reality.” Yet, as the Attorney General observes, defendant’s “custody status in his various cases was not ‘purely technical’ . . . but the product of how the separate proceedings unfolded in light of the court’s rulings and the parties’ litigating positions.” And in critiquing one perceived technicality, defendant’s argument for receiving additional credits relies wholly on the fact that, for whatever reason, his cases happened to be sentenced at the same hearing. More importantly, in interpreting section 2900.5, subdivision (b), we are constrained by the actual words of the statute. (See Vasquez v. State of California (2008) 45 Cal.4th 243, 253.) The text of this provision clearly contemplates that custody credits be awarded in a particular case commensurate with time spent in custody in that case. Even if this means that mere “custody labels” control in a situation such as this, the plain import of the text establishes that the Legislature intended such a result. In sum, we construe the word “proceedings,” as used in section 2900.5, subdivision (b), as contemplating a single case — meaning that custody credits under the statute can be awarded in a particular case only when the custody time involved is attributable to that case. In a matter like the one before us, in which a defendant is being sentenced in multiple, unrelated criminal cases at a single hearing, “credit for a single period in presentence custody will be given against multiple concurrent sentences imposed in multiple cases, so long as the presentence 18  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. custody is attributable to each of those cases.” (Cofer, supra, 103 Cal.App.5th at p. 343 (dis. opn. of Lie, J.).) 11 Although the clarity of the statutory language as a whole makes it unnecessary to delve deeply into the legislative history, the circumstances behind the addition of the term “proceedings” to section 2900.5, subdivision (b) provide no reason to question our interpretation of the statute. When first enacted in 1971, section 2900.5, subdivision (b) read, “For the purposes of this section, credit shall be given only where the custody to be credited is attributable to charges arising from the same criminal act or acts for which the defendant has been convicted.” (Stats. 1971, ch. 1732, § 2, p. 3686.) Thus, at its inception, section 2900.5, subdivision (b) tethered the applicable custody credit to a specific charge or charges, so long as those charges were based on the same criminal act or acts — making it even more limited than its current form. Linking presentence custody to a certain charge 11 The “ ‘strict causation’ ” rule we have developed and applied in other contexts (Bruner, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 1193) does not prohibit such application of custody credits in this situation. Here, even dealing with sentences involving multiple proceedings, we are not concerned with the possibility of awarding presentence credit to a sentence in one case that was already applied to a sentence in an earlier, unrelated conviction. (See Joyner, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 489.) Under the circumstances, time spent in presentence custody in a particular case is fairly deemed “attributable to” that case (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) even when it coincides with time spent in presentence custody in another case. For example, despite defendant being in custody in cases C, D, and E simultaneously, he is entitled to credit for the presentence custody time served in each of those cases so long as that time is attributable to the case giving rise to the sentence. 19  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. (or even multiple charges) rather than the entire criminal case, created a situation in which a defendant might not receive custody credit in a proceeding in which the charge giving rise to the custody was ultimately dismissed, and the defendant was convicted of and sentenced on a different charge based on an entirely different criminal act. In 1976, the Legislature amended section 2900.5, subdivision (b), to replace “charges arising from” with “proceedings related to.” (See Stats. 1976, ch. 1045, § 2, p. 4666.) This change was one of several made to the statute at that time to clarify that time spent in certain nontraditional custodial settings qualified for custody credits. The rationale behind this amendment was described in one committee analysis as follows: “The provisions in the bill eliminating the limitation of creditable custody to that occurring between arrest and sentencing, and allowing credit for custody attributable to related proceedings, rather than related charges, are intended to require the granting of credit for time spent in the California Rehabilitation Center,” a civil commitment facility. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 3653 (1975–1976 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 13, 1976, p. 5, underscoring omitted.) Although the effect of the 1976 amendments may have been to liberalize the charge-specific custody credit regime associated with the earlier version of the statute, we find no persuasive indication in the legislative history behind this change that in revising the statute the Legislature intended to assign a bespoke meaning to “proceedings” (§ 2900.5, subd. (b)) that would equate that term with sentencing hearings even when custody time is not naturally understood as “attributable to” (ibid.) such hearings. 20  PEOPLE v. COFER Opinion of the Court by Guerrero, C. J. D. Defendant’s Remaining Counterarguments Are Unpersuasive Defendant advances several other arguments in support of his interpretation of section 2900.5, subdivision (b). We do not regard any of these contentions as persuasive. First, defendant maintains that our case law articulating and applying the “strict causation” standard establishes that section 2900.5 limits the award of custody credits only in circumstances where a defendant seeks credit for time spent in custody after a conviction and sentence. Emphasizing that he just seeks presentence credits for time spent in custody before he was sentenced for all of his pending cases at a single hearing, defendant characterizes the Court of Appeal majority as having engaged in a straightforward application of the strict causation rule. We disagree. Defendant’s argument is irreconcilable with the plain language of section 2900.5, subdivision (b). As has already been explained, the statute limits custody credits to those earned in a specific case. On its face, this limitation applies to credits earned through custody served prior to any sentencing. In making his argument, defendant misreads our case law. The fact that we have denied credits in a later resolved case for time spent in custody following a conviction and sentence in another matter, as in Rojas and Joyner, does not mean that presentence credits are always available to a defendant for