State of Tennessee v. Buddy Livesay

09/17/2026 IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT KNOXVILLE July 21, 2026 Session STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BUDDY LIVESAY Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County No. 128417 Hector Sanchez, Judge ___________________________________ No. E2025-01070-CCA-R3-CD ___________________________________ The Defendant, Buddy Livesay, appeals his Knox County Criminal Court jury convictions of evading arrest, criminal impersonation, and unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony crime of violence, arguing that the trial court by erred by denying his motion to suppress the evidence obtained following what he believes to be an unconstitutional traffic stop, by instructing the jury that his out-of-state conviction qualified as a felony crime of violence rather than submitting the issue to the jury, and by ordering a sentence of full confinement. We hold that (1) the trial court did not err by denying the motion to suppress; (2) the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the Defendant’s out-of-state conviction qualified as a crime of violence rather than submitting that issue, with proper instructions, to the jury, and the error cannot be classified as harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; and (3) the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering a sentence of full confinement. Accordingly, we reverse the Defendant’s conviction of unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony crime of violence and remand the case to the trial court for a new trial on that charge but affirm the judgments of the trial court in all other respects. Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed in Part; Reversed in Part; Remanded STACY L. STREET, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., and ROBERT J. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined. Eric M. Lutton, District Public Defender; Jonathan Harwell, Assistant District Public Defender (on appeal); and David D. Skidmore, Assistant District Public Defender (at trial), for the appellant, Buddy Livesay. Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Elizabeth Evan, Assistant Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Molly Martin and Sean Bright, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.  OPINION The convictions in this case arose from the June 21, 2024 traffic stop from which the Defendant, a convicted felon, fled. After the Defendant’s capture and arrest, the police discovered two handguns and what appeared to be methamphetamine in the vest that the Defendant discarded during the subsequent chase. Factual and Procedural Background The Knox County Grand Jury charged the Defendant with one count of unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted in Indiana of criminal confinement, a felony crime of violence, see T.C.A. § 39-17-1307(b)(1)(A) (2021); one count of unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted in Indiana of domestic battery, a felony crime of violence, see id.; one count of evading arrest, see id. § 39-16-603(a)(1); one count of felony evading arrest, see id. § 39-16-603(b); one count of simple possession of methamphetamine, see id. § 39-17-434(b); and one count of criminal impersonation, see id. § 39-16-301(a)(1). Prior to trial, the Defendant moved the trial court to suppress the evidence seized as a result of the June 21, 2024 traffic stop, claiming that neither the initial traffic stop nor his continuing detention was supported by reasonable suspicion or probable cause and that the evidence seized during the ensuing chase when he fled the scene should be suppressed as the poisonous fruit of the initial illegality. The State responded that the officer had, at a minimum, reasonable suspicion to stop the Defendant because the officer observed the Defendant run a stop sign and because a check of the license plate on the Defendant’s motorcycle, which was partially obscured, was returned as “not on file.” I. Suppression Hearing At the February 11, 2025 hearing on the Defendant’s motion, Knox County Sheriff’s Office (KCSO) Deputy Brett Cox testified that he “got behind” the Defendant’s motorcycle “at Avenue A at Sims” in Knoxville. When Officer Cox saw the Defendant “run the stop sign at the railroad tracks,” he “[a]ttempted to run his tag” but “[c]ouldn’t really get a good read on the tag, telling what state it’s from, [be]cause of the obstructions on the tag,” including “a decorative frame around it with two bungee cords over the top of it.” The officer could read the numbers, however, and checked them against the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database as a Tennessee-issued plate. He said the plate “[c]ame back[] ‘not on file.’” At that point, Officer Cox decided to stop the Defendant. The Defendant pulled over, got off his motorcycle, and “started questioning the stop.” Officer Cox testified that when he told the Defendant that he had stopped him -2- because of the registration, the Defendant responded that the motorcycle was registered in Indiana and provided the officer with a registration form. Officer Cox asked the Defendant for his driver’s license, and the Defendant said that he held an Indiana driver’s license that he did not have with him at that time. The recording of the traffic stop captured by Officer Cox’s body worn camera (BWC) was exhibited to his testimony and played at the hearing. The BWC footage does not capture the Defendant’s running the stop sign but otherwise tracks Officer Cox’s testimony. Officer Cox can be heard telling the dispatcher that the motorcycle’s license plate was a Tennessee plate while attempting to verify the registration. Once stopped, the Defendant can be seen getting off his motorcycle. The Defendant continues to smoke a cigarette and does not initially turn off the loud music playing from his motorcycle, and the combination renders some of the conversation between the Defendant and Officer Cox difficult to discern. After Officer Cox tells the Defendant that the motorcycle’s plate came back as “not on file,” the Defendant reaches into a side compartment on the motorcycle, retrieves what appears to be a registration document, and gives it to the officer. The Defendant identifies himself as James Livesay and tells Officer Cox that he has an Indiana driver’s license but does not have it with him. When Officer Cox asks the Defendant’s date of birth and social security number, the Defendant gives his name as “James Livesay” and provides a number. Officer Cox then tells the Defendant to wait and begins walking back to his patrol vehicle. Before the officer reaches his vehicle, the Defendant flees on his motorcycle. Officer Cox chases the Defendant, and within a short time, the BWC captures the Defendant’s motorcycle lying on its side in a parking lot. Although it was not captured on the recording, Officer Cox said that the Defendant then “got up off the ground, jumped the fence, and went into the wood line.” Officer Cox testified that officers trailed the Defendant into the woods and that when they eventually captured him, he was no longer wearing the vest he had been wearing during the initial stop. Officers recovered the vest in the woods and found two handguns and a small amount of what appeared to be methamphetamine inside a cigarette packet in a pocket of the vest. During cross-examination, Officer Cox conceded that he did not tell the Defendant that he had seen him run the stop sign. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court accredited Officer Cox’s testimony that he saw the Defendant run a stop sign, noting that the court would take the officer “at his word, and with the presumption that he’s testifying honestly” because it had “no reason” to conclude that the officer had “fabricat[ed] the basis of probable cause or reasonable suspicion.” Additionally, the court found that the officer observed that the license plate was partially obscured by the decorative frame and bungee cords. The court concluded that both the traffic violation and the obscured license plate gave the officer “at a minimum, -3- reasonable suspicion, if not probable cause, to at least” conduct the traffic stop. The court denied the Defendant’s motion to suppress. II. Motion in Limine Prior to trial, the Defendant moved the trial court to bifurcate the trial, reserving the issue whether his prior conviction was a felony crime of violence for after the jury concluded that he had possessed a firearm, and to submit the factual determination whether his prior convictions qualified as crimes of violence to the jury. 1 At the hearing on the motion, the parties cited State v. Curry, 705 S.W.3d 176 (Tenn. 2025), and agreed that unless the offense was specifically enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1301(3), the trial court must submit the issue to the jury with proper instructions but disagreed on the appropriate process to be followed. The Defendant asked that the issue be bifurcated from the issue of his guilt on the remaining offenses to avoid unfair prejudice. The State, again citing Curry, opposed the request for bifurcation on grounds that the violent nature of the prior felony offense was an essential element of the charged offense. The parties discussed the Indiana offense of criminal confinement extensively and agreed that the offense did not necessarily equate to either kidnapping or aggravated kidnapping, both of which are enumerated in Code section 39-17-1301. The State noted that the prior conviction involved bodily injury, making it at least a kidnapping, but asserted that “it’s a fact for the jury to determine” from evidence presented during its case-in-chief. The State provided a copy of the relevant Indiana statute and indicated that it intended to present witness testimony to provide proof of the prior offense. The trial court took the motion under advisement. On the first morning of trial, the trial court concluded, despite the parties’ agreement that the issue should go to the jury, that Curry “pertains only to simple robbery” and “found that the confinement from out of state does mirror our aggravated kidnapping offense,” which is an enumerated crime of violence in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1301(3). The court then said, “So[,] really what I do is just instruct the jury that that is a felony crime of violence. So[,] the State will not be permitted to introduce evidence in their case-in-chief about that underlying conviction.” The court offered the State the opportunity to be heard, and the State indicated that it intended to mention the nature of the prior offense during jury voir dire and in its opening statement. The Defendant expressed concern about the procedure, and the court stated that if the Defendant refused to stipulate that he had “a prior felony conviction for a crime of violence, then [the State] get[s] to prove up what it’s for.” The State indicated that it “had proof ready to prove it up,” but the court reiterated that such proof was unnecessary because the holding in Curry “applies to simple robbery.” 1 No written motion appears in the record on appeal. -4-  The Defendant objected, stating that he did not read the holding in Curry to be limited to robbery. The Defendant argued that the gravamen of the Curry holding was that the determination whether an offense was a crime of violence was a jury question for all offenses not specifically enumerated in section 39-17-1301(3). The Defendant also objected on constitutional grounds, arguing that the court’s ruling deprived him of due process. The trial court insisted that it was “helping” the Defendant by “preventing the State from putting on proof in their case-in-chief about the details of the agg[ravated] kidnapping, and that’s pursuant to” Curry. The Defendant noted that the offense for which he had been convicted could be committed both with and without violence and that the State had produced nothing to indicate which of the modes of commission the jury found. The trial court found that the offense could be proven by the certified copy of the judgment and stated again that aggravated kidnapping was an enumerated offense. The Defendant reiterated his position that the court’s ruling violated his “Sixth Amendment rights” and asked the court to note his continuing objection. With regard to the Defendant’s request for bifurcation, the trial court stated that it had sent the parties “an email with the Court’s rationale” and that bifurcation was “not appropriate here in this particular context.” The court found that because “the other offenses he’s charged with are not extraordinarily prejudicial,” bifurcation was unnecessary. The court did not place its full reasoning on the record, and the email with its findings is not in the appellate record. The State dismissed the second count of the indictment, which charged the Defendant with unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a crime of violence, domestic battery in Indiana. The case proceeded to trial on the remaining counts. Notably, during jury voir dire, the State informed the jury that the Defendant’s conviction of “criminal confinement in Indiana” was a crime of violence and that “the Judge will instruct you, that criminal confinement and aggravated kidnapping here in Tennessee, the elements are the same.” III. Trial Proof At the Defendant’s February 24, 2025 trial, Officer Cox offered essentially the same testimony as he did at the hearing on the motion to suppress, so we recount here only the relevant testimony not duplicative of that we previously included. Redacted footage from Officer Cox’s BWC was exhibited to his testimony and played for the jury. Officer Cox testified that he asked the Defendant for his driver’s license, registration, and proof of insurance as he did on every traffic stop. Officer Cox said that the Defendant indicated that he did not have his driver’s license with him and that it was his practice in such circumstances to issue a citation to the driver and “have a licensed driver come get the vehicle.” He stated that he intended to use the identifying information -5- that the Defendant provided to him to verify that the Defendant had a valid driver’s license. Before he could do so, however, the Defendant fled on his motorcycle. Officer Cox said that because it was an active traffic stop, the Defendant was not free to leave. After he was apprehended, the Defendant, who was no longer wearing a vest, told Officer Cox that his name was Buddy Livesay rather than James Livesay. Officer Cox testified that a records check indicated that the Defendant had two prior felony convictions from Indiana and that, as a result, he was not legally permitted to possess a firearm. Officers “found two loaded handguns”—a .25 caliber handgun and a pink 9mm handgun— and “a cigarette pack” that contained a white crystal-like substance that, based on his training and experience, Officer Cox believed was “consistent with methamphetamine.” During cross-examination, Officer Cox acknowledged that he did not initially tell the Defendant that he had seen him run a stop sign. He also agreed that he told the Defendant that he would “cut him loose” if the registration was valid, explaining that he would have issued the Defendant a ticket for not having his driver’s license and, potentially, for the obscured license plate. Knoxville Police Department Officer Brady Holland testified that, after learning that Officer Cox was in pursuit, he saw “the [D]efendant[] coming from behind a house with a helmet and a vest on.” Officer Holland ordered the Defendant to stop, but the Defendant “proceeded to run through the woods,” and Officer Holland “lost him in the wood line.” Officer Holland pursued the Defendant “through the thick brush,” and although he lost sight of the Defendant, he came upon “a tree that had the helmet with the vest inside of it.” He also saw a gun inside the vest. He recovered the helmet and vest with the guns and gave them to Officer Cox. The State submitted through Knox County Jail Captain Aaron Turner the redacted recordings of calls the Defendant placed from the jail. During one call, the Defendant admitted that the firearms found by the police belonged to him. At the conclusion of the live proof, the State admitted into evidence a certified copy of “an abstracted judgment from the State of Indiana” for the conviction of “criminal confinement resulting in bodily injury,” and the Defendant stipulated that he was the person named in the judgment. After reading the stipulation, the State rested. The Defendant moved the trial court for a judgment of acquittal, noting particularly that the State had failed to produce any chemical testing to establish that the crystal-like substance described as consistent with methamphetamine was, in fact, methamphetamine. The trial court granted a judgment of acquittal on the charge of possession of methamphetamine in Count Five but denied the motion as to the other counts. -6-  Following a Momon colloquy, the Defendant elected not to testify and chose to present no proof. Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of evading arrest, felony evading arrest, criminal impersonation, and unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony crime of violence. Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed a total, effective sentence of ten years’ incarceration to be served in confinement. The Defendant filed a timely but unsuccessful motion for new trial followed by a timely notice of appeal. Analysis On appeal, the Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress, that the trial court erred by concluding that his prior Indiana conviction was a crime of violence and by not submitting the issue to the jury, and that the trial court erred by ordering a sentence of full incarceration. We consider first the Defendant’s challenge to the denial of his motion to suppress, turn to his claim that the trial court mishandled the jury instructions related to his firearms convictions, and finally consider his objection to the sentence. I. Suppression The Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the evidence seized following what he asserts was an unconstitutional traffic stop. The State contends that the trial court did not err. We agree with the State. a. Standard of Review The trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence presents a mixed question of law and fact. This means that the court’s factual findings “are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence in the record preponderates otherwise.” State v. McCormick, 494 S.W.3d 673, 678 (Tenn. 2016) (citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)); see also State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 217 (Tenn. 2000). As the trier of fact in a suppression hearing, the trial court determines witness credibility, assigns the weight and value to the evidence presented, and resolves any conflicts in the proof. See McCormick, 494 S.W.3d 678 (quoting Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23). During our review, we “may consider evidence offered at both the suppression hearing and trial.” State v. Washington, 737 S.W.3d 294, 301 (Tenn. 2025) (citing State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299 (Tenn. 1998)), cert. denied, 146 S. Ct. 1640 (2026). As “[t]he party prevailing in the trial court,” the State “is entitled -7- to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn from [the] evidence.” State v. Tuttle, 515 S.W.3d 282, 299 (Tenn. 2017) (quoting State v. Bell, 429 S.W.3d 524, 529 (Tenn. 2014)). We review the trial court’s application of law to the facts de novo with no “presumption of correctness.” Id. (citing State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001)). Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, section 7 of the Tennessee Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. Const. amend. IV (stating that “[t]he right of the people to be secure . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated”); Tenn. Const. art. I, § 7 (stating that “the people shall be secure . . . from unreasonable searches and seizures”); see also Washington, 737 S.W.3d at 301. The Tennessee Supreme Court has interpreted the state constitutional protection as “identical in intent and purpose with the Fourth Amendment.” State v. Davis, 484 S.W.3d 138, 142 (Tenn. 2016) (first quoting Sneed v. State, 423 S.W.2d 857, 860 (Tenn. 1968); and then citing State v. Scarborough, 201 S.W.3d 607, 622 (Tenn. 2006)). “The requirement for reasonableness protects individuals from ‘arbitrary invasions’ of their privacy and security by government actors.” Washington, 737 S.W.3d at 301 (quoting State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997)). Thus, under both provisions, “a warrantless search or seizure is presumed unreasonable, and evidence discovered as a result thereof is subject to suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” Davis, 484 S.W.3d at 142 (quoting Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d at 629). “The government bears the burden of demonstrating that an exception applies.” Washington, 737 S.W.3d at 301 (citing State v. Meeks, 262 S.W.3d 710, 722 (Tenn. 2008)). Because the State prevailed in the trial court, we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to determine whether the State satisfied its burden of establishing that the evidence obtained as a result of Officer Cox’s warrantless seizure of the Defendant was admissible despite the general prohibition because it fell “within one of the few, narrowly drawn exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement.” Id. (citing Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d at 629). b. Probable Cause/Reasonable Suspicion Among the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement is a seizure based upon “probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a criminal offense.” Davis, 484 S.W.3d 143 (Tenn. 2016) (first citing State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 277-78 (Tenn. 2012); and then citing T.C.A § 40-7- 103(a)(1)). Similarly, “[a]s a general rule, if the police have probable cause to believe a traffic violation has occurred, the stop is constitutionally reasonable.” State v. Berrios, 235 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Tenn. 2007) (citing Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 (1996)); see State v. Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d 730, 736 (Tenn. 1997) (holding that officers’ observation -8- of traffic violation provided probable cause to stop defendant); see also United States v. Barry, 98 F.3d 373, 376 (8th Cir. 1996) (holding that even minor traffic violations provide “probable cause to stop the driver of a vehicle”). The “probable cause inquiry focuses on probabilities rather than technicalities and is grounded in the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.” Davis, 484 S.W.3d 143 (quoting State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d 22, 36 (Tenn. 2014)). Importantly, “the strength of the evidence necessary to establish probable cause . . . is significantly less than the strength of evidence necessary to find a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 143-44 (first citing Bishop, 431 S.W.3d at 41; and then citing Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 149 (1972)). Another well-delineated exception to the warrant requirement exists when an officer has reasonable suspicion supported by specific and articulable facts to believe that a criminal offense has been or is about to be committed. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968); Binette, 33 S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tenn. 2000). Whether reasonable suspicion exists in a particular case is a fact-intensive, but objective, analysis, see State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tenn. 2003), that necessarily includes consideration of the totality of the circumstances, see State v. Hord, 106 S.W.3d 68, 71 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002). The likelihood of criminal activity that is required for reasonable suspicion is not as great as that required for probable cause and is “considerably less” than would be needed to satisfy a preponderance of the evidence standard. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989). The objective facts upon which an officer may rely include his or her own observations, information obtained from other officers or agencies, offenders’ patterns of operation, and information from informants. See State v. Watkins, 827 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1992). A seizure based on reasonable suspicion must be “justified at its inception” and “must remain ‘reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place.’” State v. Montgomery, 462 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tenn. 2015) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 20). Even a “detention that is reasonable at the outset can become unreasonable and constitutionally invalid if the time, manner[,] or scope of the investigation exceeds the proper parameters.” Id. (quoting State v. Troxell, 78 S.W.3d 866, 871 (Tenn. 2002) (alteration in Montgomery) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he proper inquiry is whether . . . the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly.” Id. (quoting State v. Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 783 (Tenn. 1998). As we explain more fully below, the totality of the circumstances justified the traffic stop that led to the Defendant’s arrest and the charges in this case. -9-  i. Failure to Stop at Stop Sign Officer Cox testified that he observed the Defendant roll through a stop sign without coming to a complete stop, and it was objectively reasonable for him to effectuate a traffic stop on this basis. See T.C.A. § 55-8-149(c)-(d) (requiring drivers to stop at stop sign and providing that failure to do so is a Class C misdemeanor). The Defendant argues that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding that he failed to stop at the stop sign, arguing that the trial court’s finding that Officer Cox was credible was based on an improper presumption and that the officer’s testimony was contradicted by the facts that the BWC did not capture the failure to stop, Officer Cox did not immediately mention the failure to stop, and the Defendant was not charged with a stop sign violation. The trial court’s ruling, considered in its entirety, establishes that instead of truly presuming the officer to be credible, the trial court’s chosen verbiage merely indicated that it had accredited Officer Cox’s testimony. Indeed, the trial court specifically concluded that the Defendant ran the stop sign, thereby giving Officer Cox not only reasonable suspicion but also probable cause to effectuate a traffic stop. See State v. Norman, No. W2003-02067-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 2255253, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 7, 2004) (finding that officer’s testimony “that he observed Defendant run a stop sign and that he heard excessively loud music coming from Defendant’s vehicle” provided him with “probable cause to stop Defendant’s vehicle”). The Defendant emphasizes that the BWC did not capture his running the stop sign and that the officer did not mention his running the stop sign during the traffic stop, suggesting that these omissions offer “strong proof that he never saw a stop-sign violation.” Officer Cox testified that his BWC was manually activated and that he activated it after he saw the Defendant run the stop sign. Contrary to the Defendant’s assertions, the BWC footage does not contradict Officer Cox’s testimony that the Defendant ran a stop sign. Because the BWC was mounted to Officer Cox’s chest, it could not have, and did not, capture the Defendant’s driving. Under these circumstances, the fact that the BWC did not capture the Defendant’s running the stop sign is insignificant. As to the Defendant’s claim that Officer Cox did not tell him he had run a stop sign, we note that the Defendant’s own flight cut the interview short. The Defendant also emphasizes that he was not charged with running the stop sign, attempting to shoehorn the decision not to charge him with that offense into “proof” that he did not commit the offense. The “constitutional validity” of a seizure conducted pursuant to probable cause does not turn on whether the defendant was charged with, much less convicted of, the offense for which he or she was seized. See Davis, 484 S.W.3d at 144 (citation omitted). - 10 -  The evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the Defendant ran the stop sign, and we conclude that this traffic violation gave Officer Cox probable cause to stop the Defendant’s motorcycle. See State v. Smith, 484 S.W.3d 393, 401 (Tenn. 2016) (explaining that “[w]hen a police officer sees a motorist commit” a traffic offense, including running a stop sign, “the officer will have probable cause to stop the motorist,” and “the officer’s stop of the motorist will pass constitutional muster”); Vineyard, 958 S.W.2d at 734 (“As a general rule, however, the stop of an automobile is constitutionally reasonable, under both the state and federal constitutions, if the police have probable cause or reasonable suspicion to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.”) (citations omitted). ii. Obscured License Plate The evidence established that after observing the Defendant run the stop sign, Officer Cox attempted to verify the Defendant’s registration but incorrectly informed his dispatcher that the license plate was issued in Tennessee. Officer Cox explained that his mistake occurred because the state of issuance was obscured by a license plate holder and bungee cords. He stated that the plate was returned as “not on file.” The Defendant asserts that the BWC footage does not support Officer Cox’s version of events and that the trial court never conclusively determined that the obscured license plate justified the stop. Regardless of the precise timing of Officer Cox’s attempt to determine the validity of the registration, his testimony and the BWC footage clearly establish that he did attempt to do so and that he initially reported the plate as a Tennessee plate because he could not see the state of issuance. The trial court found that the plate was obscured based on Officer Cox’s testimony and the BWC footage and concluded that this provided Officer Cox with reasonable suspicion to justify the stop so that he could investigate further. In our view, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s findings. Officer Cox testified that he could not see the state of issuance because of the license plate frame and the bungee cords. The BWC footage corroborated his testimony. Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-4-110 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: Every registration plate shall at all times be securely fastened in a horizontal position to the vehicle for which it is issued so to prevent the plate from swinging and at a height of not less than twelve inches (12″) from the ground, measuring from the bottom of the plate, in a place and position to be clearly visible and shall be maintained free from foreign materials and in a condition to be clearly legible. T.C.A. § 55-4-110(b); see also Gilliam v. Gerregano, 737 S.W.3d 258, 270 (Tenn. 2025) (citations omitted) (stating that “vehicle owners are still required to display a distinct registration number on their license plates in a ‘clearly visible’ manner”), cert. denied, 146 - 11 - S. Ct. 881 (2025). “The registration number communicates to law enforcement and members of the public that the number can be used to identify the vehicle.” Gilliam, 737 S.W.3d at 270 (citations omitted). This court has interpreted “the provision for clear legibility to address obscuring or interfering with the legibility of the tag.” State v. Hunt, 302 S.W.3d 859, 864 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2009). Because the “failure to keep a license plate ‘clearly legible’ is an ongoing violation of § 55-4-110(b),” the Defendant’s failure to keep his license plate “clearly legible” provided Officer Cox with reasonable suspicion to stop his motorcycle and investigate further. See State v. Ochoa, No. M2011-02400-CCA-R3- CD, 2012 WL 6082476, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 7, 2012) (holding that officer’s inability “to read the issuing state or expiration date on the defendant’s temporary tag while traveling at a distance of five or six car lengths behind the defendant’s vehicle” provided him with reasonable suspicion for stop). iii. Duration of Stop In the trial court, and to an extent on appeal, the Defendant argued that after the Defendant provided him with the registration document for the motorcycle, Officer Cox had no further reason to detain him. However, once he had stopped the Defendant, Officer Cox was constitutionally permitted to investigate, and his asking the Defendant for his driver’s license was an objectively reasonable part of that investigation. The BWC footage clearly establishes that Officer Cox “diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel [his] suspicions quickly.” Montgomery, 462 S.W.3d at 487 (quoting Simpson, 968 S.W.2d at 783). His efforts were thwarted by the Defendant’s flight, and the firearms were discovered as a result of the flight. See State v. Nelson, 275 S.W.3d 851, 861 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (stating that “even if the initial seizure of [the defendant] was constitutionally infirm, new criminal acts committed after the stop and seizure,” including the defendant’s flight from officers, “provided an independent and constitutionally valid basis for [the defendant’s] arrest”); see also State v. Abernathy, 159 S.W.3d 601, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (stating that “evidence of new criminal acts committed subsequent to an illegal stop and seizure constitutes an exception to the ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ doctrine” (citing United States v. Sprinkle, 106 F3d 613, 619 (4th Cir. 1997)). In sum, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the factual findings of the trial court and that, based upon the totality of the circumstances, Officer Cox’s stop of the Defendant did not violate the constitution. Thus, the trial court did not err by denying the motion to suppress. We turn, then, to the Defendant’s challenge to his conviction of unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony crime of violence. - 12 -  II. Crime of Violence The Defendant makes a three-part challenge to his conviction of unlawful possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony crime of violence. First, he claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because “[o]ut-of- state convictions cannot qualify as felony crimes of violence” under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1301(3). Second, he asserts that even if the statute applies to out- of-state convictions, the determination whether his Indiana conviction of criminal confinement was a qualifying conviction was a question of fact to be determined by the jury and that, in consequence, the trial court erred by refusing to submit the issue to the jury. Third, he contends that, even if the trial court did not err by engaging in an elements analysis to determine that criminal confinement could qualify as a crime of violence, it erred by concluding, based on the evidence presented, that criminal confinement as committed by the Defendant did qualify as a crime of violence. We consider each claim in turn. a. Out-of-State Conviction as Crime of Violence The Defendant argues that because Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17- 1301(3) “does not list any crimes that are not Tennessee crimes” and because “that section” of the Code contains no “provision suggesting that an out-of-state conviction could qualify” or “explaining how such a conviction should be analyzed,” the legislature did not intend for Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17-1301(b)(1)A) to apply to out-of-state convictions. Citing State v. Curry, 705 S.W.3d 176 (Tenn. 2025), the State argues that the plain language and the “clear legislative purpose of the statute” do not limit its application to Tennessee offenses and that the Defendant cannot create ambiguity in the statute by proposing a construction of the statute that would lead to an absurd result. We agree with the State. i. Standard of Review Our consideration of the Defendant’s claim requires us to construe sections 39-17- 1301(3) and 39-17-1307. In doing so, we remain mindful that “[t]he text of the statute is of primary importance” and that “the words must be given their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they appear and in light of the statute’s general purpose.” Colley v. Colley, 715 S.W.3d 293, 306 (Tenn. 2025) (quoting Coffee Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. City of Tullahoma, 574 S.W.3d 832, 839 (Tenn. 2019)). We examine “the language of the statute, its subject matter, the object and reach of the statute, the wrong or evil which it seeks to remedy or prevent, and the purpose sought to be accomplished in its enactment.” Id. (quoting Coffee Cnty., 574 S.W.3d at 839). “When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we apply the plain language in its normal and accepted use.” Boarman v. Jaynes, 109 S.W.3d 286, 291 (Tenn. 2003) (citing State v. Nelson, 23 S.W.3d 270, 271 - 13 - (Tenn. 2000)). Importantly, “Tennessee law provides that courts are to ‘avoid a construction that leads to absurd results.’” State v. Curry, 705 S.W.3d 176, 184 (Tenn. 2025) (quoting Tennessean v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville, 485 S.W.3d 857, 872 (Tenn. 2016)). Instead, “[o]ur construction must be reasonable in light of the statute’s purposes and objectives.” Colley, 715 S.W.3d at 306 (quoting In re Markus E., 671 S.W.3d 437, 460 (Tenn. 2023)); see also Curry, 705 S.W.3d at 184 (citing Beard v. Branson, 528 S.W.3d 487, 496 (Tenn. 2017)).