Michael Anthony Rodriguez v. the State of Texas

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN NO. 03-25-00588-CR Michael Anthony Rodriguez, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee FROM THE 421ST DISTRICT COURT OF CALDWELL COUNTY NO. DCCR-24-309, THE HONORABLE CHRIS SCHNEIDER, JUDGE PRESIDING MEMORANDUM OPINION Michael Anthony Rodriguez was charged with violating a protective order twice within twelve months. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 25.07, .072. The indictment contained enhancement allegations asserting that he was previously convicted of the felony offenses of possession of a controlled substance and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. See Tex. Health & Safety Code § 481.115; Tex. Penal Code §§ 22.01, .02. After the guilt-innocence phase, the jury found Rodriguez guilty of the charged offense. The punishment hearing was held before the trial court, which found the enhancement allegations to be true, sentenced him to twenty-five years’ imprisonment, and rendered its judgment of conviction. See Tex. Penal Code § 12.42. In four issues on appeal, he contends that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence recordings of jail phone calls, the protective order, and its accompanying application; that the evidence was insufficient to support the enhancement findings; and that there are clerical errors in the judgment of conviction that should be corrected. We will reverse the trial court’s judgment of conviction and remand for a new punishment hearing. BACKGROUND On May 1, 2024, a woman identifying herself as K.G. called 911 to ask for help. 1 She explained that her boyfriend had become aggressive and was yelling at her. She also provided a description of the clothes he was wearing. Three officers from the Caldwell County Sheriff’s Office responded to the 911 call. First, Officer Haley Menefee arrived at K.G.’s home. The officer saw a man later identified as Rodriguez outside the home and observed him leaving the property. The officer walked to the porch of the home and found K.G. crying and hyperventilating. The officer noticed that K.G.’s face was swollen and red and that K.G. had bruises on her body, including on her arms and lips. Some of the bruises looked recent while others appeared older. K.G. told the officer that Rodriguez had caused the injuries. After the officer learned that K.G. had been assaulted, she went to look for Rodriguez but was unable to find him. The officer returned to the porch to continue talking with K.G. While Officer Menefee was talking with K.G., Officers Christopher Jackson and Kyle McConnell arrived and approached the home. The three officers learned that Rodriguez might be in a nearby abandoned home and went there to look for him. Although they did not 1 In the interests of protecting the victim’s privacy, we will refer to her by a pseudonym. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 30(a)(1) (“A crime victim has the . . . right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process.”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 9.8 cmt. (recognizing appellate court’s authority to disguise identities in appropriate circumstances); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 58.202 (allowing victim of family violence to be referred to by pseudonym). 2 find Rodriguez, they found clothes matching the description K.G. provided for the clothes he was wearing earlier. Before leaving the scene, Officer Menefee gave K.G. her cell phone number, and K.G. later communicated with Officer Menefee through text messages. In one message, K.G. asked Officer Menefee to send a patrol car after seeing Rodriguez walking in the neighborhood. She subsequently asked if the police found him because she was “scared for my life.” She also expressed concern that Rodriguez could be hiding inside her house because there was “no telling with him. [H]e [is] crazy.” In another text, K.G. stated that Rodriguez tried to take her car and items from inside her house. After taking K.G.’s statement, Officer Menefee completed an application for a protective order in which she requested that an order be issued that prohibited Rodriguez from communicating with K.G. and her family members and that prohibited him from going to her home or to her children’s schools. Officer Menefee also obtained an arrest warrant for Rodriguez, and Rodriguez was subsequently arrested. After Officer Menefee submitted the application for a protective order, a magistrate issued an order effective for 61 days from July 24, 2024, to September 23, 2024. Approximately a week after the May 1 incident, the case was assigned to Detective Marshall Crabb. While the detective was investigating, K.G. called him multiple times for updates. As part of the investigation, the detective reviewed jail call logs and learned that Rodriguez had called K.G. 71 times between August 1, 2024, and August 21, 2024. The detective then reviewed the call recordings. On those calls, Rodriguez expressed his displeasure that K.G. was not doing enough to get him out of jail and directed her to do and say certain things regarding his case. On several of the calls, Rodriguez argued with K.G. During a call on 3 August 17, Rodriguez threatened K.G. by telling her to keep talking and see what happens and to wait until he gets out. Earlier that same day, Rodriguez called K.G. eleven times. After reviewing the calls, the detective interviewed Rodriguez who described the May 1 incident as a misunderstanding. When the detective discussed the protective order, Rodriguez stated that he believed it had expired. Following Detective Crabb’s discussion with Rodriguez, he forwarded the case to the district attorney’s office, and Rodriguez was charged with violating a protective order twice within twelve months. The indictment alleged that Rodriguez had been previously convicted of the felony offenses of possession of a controlled substance in 2011 and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon in 2013. During the guilt-innocence phase, the three officers and the detective were called as witnesses and testified about the events described above. A social worker was called to testify about protective orders and about how victims can recant claims of abuse if they are still in a relationship with the abuser. The trial court admitted into evidence the following exhibits: the 911 call made by K.G., copies of text messages between K.G. and Officer Menefee, footage from Officer Menefee’s dashboard camera and body camera, photos of injuries to K.G.’s arms and lips, the application for a protective order and the accompanying order, recordings of jail phone calls between Rodriguez and K.G., and Detective Crabb’s probable cause affidavit. K.G. was also called as a witness. She testified that she called 911 on May 1 because she was drunk and because she became angry with Rodriguez after seeing him in a car with another woman. K.G. stated that Rodriguez did not touch her that day and described their relationship as a good and supportive one. Although K.G. seemed to agree that Rodriguez caused some of her injuries, she said the injuries depicted in the photos happened when she was 4 cleaning, and she denied that Rodriguez hit her. When discussing the text messages that she sent to Officer Menefee, K.G. said she did not remember sending them because she was drunk when she sent them. K.G. testified that no one told her that the police were requesting a protective order and that she did not want to pursue one. She also explained that she tried to file an affidavit of non-prosecution concerning the May 1 incident. She stated that she got back together with Rodriguez after May 1 and that she was still romantically involved with him. Regarding the jail phone calls, she stated that Rodriguez did not pressure her to help him get out of jail and did not threaten her. Further, she testified that she wanted Rodriguez to call her and gave him money so that he could. After considering the evidence, the jury found Rodriguez guilty of the charged offense and was excused. During the punishment phase held before the trial court, an investigator for the district attorney’s office testified about efforts he made to link Rodriguez to two prior convictions that formed the basis for the enhancement allegations. Rodriguez called K.G. and one of his friends to testify on his behalf. At the conclusion of the punishment hearing, the trial court found the enhancement allegations to be true and sentenced Rodriguez to twenty-five years’ imprisonment. Rodriguez appeals the trial court’s judgment of conviction. DISCUSSION In his first two issues on appeal, Rodriguez contends that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the application for emergency protection, the order, and recordings of jail phone calls. In his third issue, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the 5 enhancement findings. In his final issue, he asserts that the judgment contains clerical errors concerning his pleas to the enhancement allegations. Application and Protective Order In his first issue, Rodriguez argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the application for an emergency protective order and the accompanying order. When presenting this issue, Rodriguez makes two sets of arguments challenging the trial court’s ruling. First, he argues that the documents were not properly authenticated. As support, Rodriguez notes that before the documents were admitted into evidence, the officer who prepared the application, Officer Menefee, testified that she did not sign the application and had no further involvement in the case after she gave the application to a dispatcher, meaning that she was not present when the order was granted or executed and had no personal knowledge of the order itself. Next, Rodriguez asserts that when the documents were admitted during Detective Crabb’s testimony, he generally testified that he had attended hearings in which protective orders were issued but admitted he was not present when the emergency protective order was issued in this case. Further, Rodriguez emphasizes that Detective Crabb recognized the names on the order but did not recognize the signatures and could not testify that the order was signed by Rodriguez or any witness. To preserve error for appeal, a defendant must generally make a timely, specific objection, request, or motion to the trial court stating the specific grounds for the ruling sought, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Preservation of error is a “systemic requirement” on appeal. See Darcy v. State, 488 S.W.3d 325, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). “To avoid forfeiting a complaint on appeal, the party must ‘let 6 the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it, and [] do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the judge is in the proper position to do something about it.’” Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)). “[T]he point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.” Yazdchi v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). An objection stating one legal theory may not be used to support a different legal theory on appeal. Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The preservation rule “ensures that trial courts are provided an opportunity to correct their own mistakes at the most convenient and appropriate time—when the mistakes are alleged to have been made.” Hull v. State, 67 S.W.3d 215, 217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Appellate courts should not address the merits of an issue that has not been preserved for appellate consideration. See Blackshear v. State, 385 S.W.3d 589, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). During the trial, Rodriguez did not object to the two documents on the ground that they were not properly authenticated. Instead, he objected that they were not relevant and contained hearsay. Therefore, we must conclude that Rodriguez failed to preserve his authentication claim for appellate consideration. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; see also Hopkins- McGee v. State, No. 01-19-00475-CR, 2020 WL 7251452, at *14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 10, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (determining that appellant failed to preserve authentication claim where there was no objection made on that ground and no ruling by trial court); Edwards v. State, 497 S.W.3d 147, 163 (Tex. App.— 7 Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (concluding that relevancy objection did not preserve authentication claim). 2 In his next set of arguments, Rodriguez contends that the two documents contained hearsay and that the hearsay exception for records of a regularly conducted activity found in Rule of Evidence 803(6) did not apply here. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6). Regarding the exception, Rodriguez argues that the record did not establish that Detective Crabb “had personal knowledge of the mode of preparation of the records here in question,” which Rodriguez asserts was required for him to have qualified as a witness who could authenticate the documents under Rule of Evidence 803(6). Rodriguez urges that the detective could not lay the predicate as a custodian or other qualified person and that the trial court erred by admitting the documents without the proper predicate. Because Rodriguez is challenging an evidentiary ruling, we review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. See Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Under that standard, a trial court’s ruling will only be deemed an abuse of discretion if it is so clearly wrong as to lie outside “the zone of reasonable disagreement,” Lopez v. State, 86 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), or is “arbitrary or unreasonable,” State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling 2 We note that when Rodriguez thought that the application for the protective order would be admitted earlier during Officer Menefee’s testimony, he objected on authentication grounds. However, the State explained that it would not be offering the application through Officer Menefee’s testimony, and the trial court made no ruling. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1 (requiring, in general, that ruling be made to preserve complaint for appeal). Moreover, as set out above, Rodriguez did not object on authentication grounds when the document was actually offered for admission into evidence later. See Villarreal v. State, No. 01-01-00053-CR, 2002 WL 501605, at *3 & n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 4, 2002, no pet.) (op., not designated for publication) (determining that premature objection made before State offered exhibit did not preserve claim for appellate consideration where defendant did not later object when exhibit was actually admitted into evidence). 8 is correct under any applicable theory of law, it will not be disturbed even if the trial court gave a wrong or insufficient reason for the ruling.” Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Under the Rules of Evidence, hearsay is a statement that “the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing” and that “a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Tex. R. Evid. 801(d). Hearsay is not admissible unless provided otherwise by “a statute,” the Rules of Evidence, or “other rules prescribed under statutory authority.” Id. R. 802. The protective order reflected that it was requested on behalf of K.G. following Rodriguez’s arrest for an offense involving family violence and that it was effective from July 24, 2024, to September 23, 2024. The order prohibited him from communicating with K.G. or members of her family, from going within 500 feet of her residence or her children’s schools, and from possessing a firearm. The order included warnings regarding potential consequences for possessing a firearm during the effective period and included definitions for terms like family violence, abuse, dating violence, and stalking. The order did not include a description of the incident leading to the request for a protective order. The protective order was issued under article 17.292 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which establishes legal obligations and prohibitions when issued. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 17.292. As set out above, Rodriguez was charged with violating the protective order twice within a twelve-month period, which required proof of the existence of the protective order. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 25.07, .072; Harvey v. State, 78 S.W.3d 368, 372-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (noting that protective order was admitted into evidence). The State offered the order to prove the 9 existence of a protective order in effect during the relevant time and not to prove the truth or falsity of the allegations leading to the issuance of the order; the document was “original evidence and not hearsay.” See Norton v. State, 564 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (quoting Burchfield v. State, 475 S.W.2d 275, 277 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972)); see also Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (noting that “writing which is offered for the purpose of showing what was said rather than for the truth of the matter stated therein does not constitute hearsay”). In light of the preceding, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the document was not being offered for the truth of the matters asserted in the order and, therefore, did not constitute impermissible hearsay. Cf. American Maint. & Rentals, Inc. v. Estrada, 896 S.W.2d 212, 223 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no pet.) (explaining that statements affecting legal rights of parties and attaching duties and liabilities based on statements’ content, like contract, are admissible because they are not offered to prove truth of statements). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the protective order. See Tex. R. Evid. 801(d), 802. Regarding the application, it contained much of the same information present in the order itself, including that the application was being filed on behalf of K.G. after Rodriguez committed an offense involving family violence and that the applicant was requesting that certain communication and geographical limitations be imposed on Rodriguez. Like the order, the application does not describe the incident that led to the request for a protective order. The application also had checked boxes indicating Rodriguez had violent tendencies, posed an escape risk, and was armed and dangerous. 10  Arguably, the application was admissible for the same reason as the order itself: the application was not offered for the truth of its contents but instead to show that a protective order was sought and obtained. See id. R. 801(d)(2); see also Sapp v. State, No. 14-06-00268- CR, 2007 WL 1784011, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 21, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (determining that admission of application for protective order containing statement that defendant engaged in family violence “was not hearsay because it was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted”). Even if Rodriguez is correct that the application constituted hearsay and was not admissible under an exception to hearsay, we would still be unable to sustain this issue. “It is well settled that the erroneous admission of [evidence] is not cause for reversal ‘if the same fact is proven by other [evidence] not objected to.’” Smith v. State, 499 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (plurality op.) (quoting Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). In other words, error in the improper admission of evidence is harmless if the same or similar evidence is admitted at another point in the trial. Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 302 n.29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). This is true regardless of whether the other evidence “was received . . . before or after the complained-of ruling.” Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718). Before the application and order were admitted, Officer Jackson testified that he responded to a 911 call regarding a domestic disturbance in which K.G. was the victim, and he described K.G. as being upset and scared when he arrived. Further, the officer related that he was informed that the offender had left the scene. The officer discussed how he and other police officers found clothes in a nearby abandoned house matching what Rodriguez had been wearing earlier but did not see Rodriguez. Officer McConnell later corroborated this testimony. 11  Officer Menefee testified that she also responded to the 911 call concerning a domestic disturbance. She recalled seeing Rodriguez leaving the property as she arrived and testified that she and the other officers responding to the scene were unable to find him later once they realized that an offense had occurred. Further, Officer Menefee described K.G.’s face as swollen and red and noticed that there were bruises and other injuries to her body, including on her arms and lips. The officer recalled that K.G. was distressed and crying and identified Rodriguez as the assailant. Regarding the application, the officer explained that police officers can file an application for a protective order in domestic violence cases and testified that she filled out and submitted an application due to the injuries that she observed and the information she learned when responding to the 911 call. In his testimony, Detective Crabb discussed the photos of injuries to K.G.’s body and testified that the images showed recent injuries as well as injuries that were inflicted previously. Additionally, in her texts with Officer Menefee after calling 911, K.G. explained that she was afraid for her life and that she was worried Rodriguez was hiding in her house. Because the testimony and other evidence concerning the underlying offense forming the basis for the application, the efforts by Rodriguez to leave the scene, K.G.’s fear of Rodriguez, and the preparation of the application were similar to the contents of the application itself, we conclude that any error stemming from the admission of the application was harmless. See Lamerand v. State, 540 S.W.3d 252, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d) (determining that any error from admission of hearsay in medical report was harmless because other evidence established same facts); see also Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (“Whether or not the testimony complained of was admissible as an exception 12 to the hearsay rule is irrelevant” “[i]f the fact to which the hearsay relates is sufficiently proved by other competent and unobjected to evidence.”). For these reasons, we overrule Rodriguez’s first issue on appeal. Jail Phone Calls In his second issue, Rodriguez argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the recordings of his jail phone calls with K.G. As support, he notes that the recordings were admitted during Detective Crabb’s testimony and emphasizes that the detective testified that he was not the custodian of records for jail phone calls. Further, Rodriguez highlights that the detective did not identify any of the voices on the recordings or testify that he became familiar with Rodriguez’s and K.G.’s voices during his investigation in this case. Additionally, Rodriguez asserts that the voices on the calls were not identified through the context of the phone calls, through the contents of the statements made during the calls, or through the disclosure of information that would have been known to Rodriguez and K.G. Finally, Rodriguez asserts that admitting the recordings without proper authentication harmed him because they provided the only information from which the jury could have concluded that he made threatening or harassing communications. In his brief, Rodriguez characterizes the trial court’s error as admitting evidence without proper authentication. “Appellate courts review a trial court’s decision regarding the admission of evidence over an authentication objection under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” See Lozano v. State, 706 S.W.3d 429, 455 (Tex. App.—Austin 2024, no pet.). The authentication of evidence is a condition precedent to the admissibility of the evidence. See Tex. R. Evid. 901(a); Tienda v. State, 358 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Under the Rules 13 of Evidence, the proponent must “make a threshold showing that would be ‘sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.’” Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638 (quoting Tex. R. Evid. 901(a)). Whether the proponent has crossed the evidentiary threshold is a preliminary determination for the trial court, but the jury must determine whether the “item of evidence is what its proponent claims.” Id. “The preliminary question for the trial court to decide is simply whether the proponent of the evidence has supplied facts that are sufficient to support a reasonable jury determination that the evidence he has proffered is authentic.” Id. “Conclusive proof of authenticity before allowing admission of disputed evidence is not required.” Fowler v. State, 544 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). “If the trial court’s ruling that a jury could reasonably find proffered evidence authentic is at least ‘within the zone of reasonable disagreement,’ a reviewing court should not interfere.” Id. (quoting Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638); see also Butler v. State, 459 S.W.3d 595, 600 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (providing that appellate reviews of authentication determinations apply “liberal standard of admissibility”). “Rules of Evidence 901 and 902 govern the authentication requirement.” Jones v. State, 572 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.). For evidence that is not self-authenticating, Rule 901 provides that “[t]o satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” Tex. R. Evid. 901(a). Rule 901 sets out examples of the types of extrinsic evidence that will satisfy the authentication requirements. Id. R. 901(b). Regarding voices, Rule 901 allows evidence to be authenticated through an opinion identifying a person’s voice. Id. R. 901(b)(5). However, Rule 14 901 clarifies that the examples given are “not a complete list” of ways in which evidence may be authenticated. Id. R. 901(b). As an initial matter, we note that Rodriguez’s primary concern is that no witness identified whose voices were on the recordings before they were admitted into evidence. See id. R. 901(b)(5). 3 However, the recordings could have been authenticated through means other than voice identification. See id. R. 901(b) (providing several options for how evidence can be authenticated). Before the recordings were admitted, Detective Crabb testified that all individuals in custody are assigned an inmate number, that Rodriguez created a PIN for the purpose of making phone calls, and that the detective learned Rodriguez’s inmate number and PIN as part of the investigation. Further, the detective related that the recordings offered for admission were of calls made by someone with Rodriguez’s inmate number and using his PIN and that the calls were outgoing ones made to K.G.’s number. See Garcia v. State, No. 13-19-00390-CR, 2020 WL 7757378, at *6 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg Dec. 30, 2020, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (determining that jail phone call recordings were authenticated, in part, because officer obtained recordings of calls made with defendant’s “unique inmate identification number”). 3 In its appellee’s brief, the State contends that Rodriguez failed to preserve any complaint regarding the authentication of the phone calls because he objected on the ground that Detective Crabb was not the custodian of records and because that objection does not align with the authentication claim presented in his second issue. Although we agree that the main focus of Rodriguez’s objection was on whether Detective Crabb was the proper witness for the recordings to be admitted under an exception to hearsay, Rodriguez also informed the trial court that his objection was “a multi-argument one.” Further, Rodriguez asserted that Detective Crabb could not “authenticate” the recordings and that the recordings could not “be authenticated.” Accordingly, Rodriguez preserved an authentication claim for appellate consideration. 15  Regarding the calls, Detective Crabb explained that between August 1, 2024, and August 21, 2024, Rodriguez called K.G. 71 times, and other evidence previously admitted established that these calls were made to K.G. a few weeks after a protective order had been issued following an alleged incident of domestic abuse involving Rodriguez and K.G. See Mosley v. State, 355 S.W.3d 59, 69 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d) (noting that “the context and timing of the telephone call” can help authenticate record of call); see also Garcia v. State, No. 01-21-00349-CR, 2022 WL 17981855, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2022, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (explaining that phone number to which call was made can help authenticate recording of call). Moreover, Detective Crabb explained that although the date and time for the calls do not appear in the recordings, the jail’s phone system automatically logs the calls when made and includes the dates and times the calls were made in the file names. More specifically, he testified that the file name for each call includes the year, month, day, and time the call was made and that the file names also list the inmate number of the caller and the phone number called. See Tex. R. Evid. 901(9) (noting that evidence can be authenticated by “[e]vidence describing a process or system and showing that it produces an accurate result”). Although Detective Crabb admitted that he did not know if a file name could be altered in some fashion, “such a categorical exclusion is not necessary to establish the authenticity of jail call recordings.” See Knight v. State, No. 13-22-00217-CR, 2023 WL 4662942, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg July 20, 2023, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Additionally, he stated that he did not know how to alter the file names and that the recordings were direct copies of the files he had pulled with no alterations. Next, he explained that he pulled the recordings from the jail phone system, that he had his own 16 login credentials for obtaining recordings, and that the exhibit containing the recordings was a direct copy of what he pulled from the jail phone system. Considering the preceding, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the jail phone call recordings had been authenticated. See Tex. R. Evid. 901; see also Wheeler v. State, No. 05-19-00191-CR, 2020 WL 1873481, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 15, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that trial court could have reasonably concluded that jail phone call recordings were authenticated where officers explained how jail recording system worked, how system made accurate recordings, how phone calls had to be made with specific inmate’s PIN, and how two phone calls at issue were made with defendant’s PIN). As set out above, Rodriguez asserts on appeal that Detective Crabb was not the custodian of records when arguing that the recordings were not properly authenticated. However, it is not necessary for a custodian of records to testify in order for a recording to be authenticated under Rule 901, and recordings can be authenticated without testimony from a records custodian as set out above. See Tex. R. Evid. 901. Whether a witness qualifies as a custodian of records is an issue to be considered when deciding if evidence that is hearsay may be admitted under the records-of-regularly-conducted-activity exception to the rule prohibiting the admission of hearsay. See id. R. 803(6). Although Rodriguez focuses his second issue on authentication and does not explicitly make any argument concerning hearsay, he does cite the portion of Rule of Evidence 803 pertaining to hearsay records of regularly conducted activity, and he did object at trial that the recordings were not admissible under an exception to hearsay. To the extent that Rodriguez is arguing on appeal that the evidence should have been excluded as hearsay, we cannot sustain his issue on that basis either. See Houston v. State, 729 S.W.3d 508, 17 533 (Tex. App.—Austin 2026, no pet.) (noting that multifarious claims may be rejected on that basis). Under Rule of Evidence 803, the following type of statement is excluded from the rule against hearsay: Records of a Regularly Conducted Activity. A record of an act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis if: (A) the record was made at or near the time by--or from information transmitted by--someone with knowledge; (B) the record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity; (C) making the record was a regular practice of that activity; (D) all these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness, or by an affidavit or unsworn declaration that complies with Rule 902(10); and (E) the opponent fails to demonstrate that the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness. “Business” as used in this paragraph includes every kind of regular organized activity whether conducted for profit or not. Tex. R. Evid. 803(6); see Mitchell v. State, 750 S.W.2d 378, 379 (Tex App.—Fort Worth 1988, pet. ref’d). Concerning the first three elements, Detective Crabb’s testimony satisfies the Rule’s requirements. As discussed above, Detective Crabb testified that recordings of jail phone calls are automatically made as part of the jail phone call system. Although Detective Crabb did not use the phrase “kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity,” he explained 18 that jail phone calls are recorded, logged with the accompanying date and time when they are made, and could be reviewed and copied. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6)(A)-(C); see also Bahena v. State, 634 S.W.3d 923, 928 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (concluding that first three elements were met based on similar testimony). Regarding the fourth element, Detective Crabb conceded that he was not the custodian of records. However, in addition to allowing a custodian of records to testify concerning the first three elements, Rule 803 authorizes “another qualified witness” to testify regarding those elements. Tex. R. Evid. 803(6)(D). A qualified witness “does not need to be the creator of the record or have personal knowledge of its content”; instead, he need only have “personal knowledge” of the way the records were prepared. State v. Villegas, 506 S.W.3d 717, 734 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, pet. dism’d). As discussed above, Detective Crabb explained in his testimony how the recordings of the jail calls were made and stored. Additionally, he testified that he was authorized to review and download the calls stored on the system and that he was provided with his own login credentials to use the system. Further, he testified that he was able to pull the recordings and make copies of them and that the files on the exhibit were copies of the recordings that he pulled. Concerning the final element, Detective Crabb admitted he did not know whether it was possible to alter a file name; however, he explained that he downloaded the recordings and did not alter any file name. Further, he testified that the files in the exhibit were direct copies he made and had not been altered in any way. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6)(E); see Bahena, 634 S.W.3d at 928-29 (noting that witness checked files to ensure they were defendant’s phone calls). Under these circumstances, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that Rodriguez did not show “that the source of the information contained in the records, or the 19 circumstances of its preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.” See Bahena, 634 S.W.3d at 929. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting into evidence the jail phone call recordings as records of regularly conducted activity. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6); Bahena, 634 S.W.3d at 929. For all the reasons previously given, we overrule Rodriguez’s second issue. Sufficiency of Evidence Regarding Enhancement Allegations In his third issue, Rodriguez contends that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he committed the two offenses alleged as enhancements in the indictment: a 2011 felony conviction on March 9, 2011, in cause number D-1-DC-10204608 for possession of a controlled substance, and a 2013 felony conviction on January 15, 2013, in cause number 12-118 for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. First, he contends that the State failed to meet its evidentiary burden when it chose to have the contents of the pen packet associated with two prior convictions established through testimony rather t