K Alain v. CIR

Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit ____________ FILED August 12, 2026 No. 24-60240 Lyle W. Cayce ____________ Clerk K Alain, L.L.L.P.; K Alain GP, L.L.C.; Tax Matters Partner, Petitioners—Appellants, versus Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent—Appellee. ______________________________ Appeal from the United States Tax Court Nos. 11587-20, 30118-21 ______________________________ Before Graves, Engelhardt, and Oldham, Circuit Judges. Per Curiam: The petition for rehearing en banc is DENIED. Treating the petition for rehearing en banc as a petition for rehearing, the petition for rehearing is GRANTED. We withdraw our prior opinion, Sirius Solutions, L.L.L.P. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 165 F.4th 374 (5th Cir. 2026), and substitute the following. This case concerns the meaning of the term “limited partner” in 26 U.S.C. § 1402(1)(13). Today, we hold its original public meaning is a partner who plays no significant role in managing or running a business. Thus, we Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 VACATE and REMAND so the Commissioner may consider whether the partners at issue fall within that meaning of § 1402(1)(13). I A The Internal Revenue Code imposes a Social Security and Medicare tax based on every individual’s earnings. Social Security Admin- istration, Understanding the Benefits 3 (2025). This applies to the income of those who are employed by another, see 26 U.S.C. § 3101, as well as “the self-employment income of every individual,” id. § 1401(a). This case concerns the self-employment tax liability of limited partners. The term “self-employment income” is defined as “the net earnings from self-employment derived by an individual . . . during any taxable year.” Id. § 1402(b). And “net earnings from self-employment” includes, as rele- vant here, an individual’s “distributive share (whether or not distributed) of income or loss described in section 702(a)(8) from any trade or business car- ried on by a partnership of which he is a member.” Id. § 1402(a). This case turns on an exception “in computing . . . such distributive share” for limited partners. Ibid. The Code provides: [T]here shall be excluded the distributive share of any item of income or loss of a limited partner, as such, other than guaran- teed payments described in section 707(c) to that partner for services actually rendered to or on behalf of the partnership to the extent that those payments are established to be in the na- ture of remuneration for those services. Id. § 1402(a)(13). Putting these provisions together, a limited partner’s pass- through share of partnership income (or loss) is exempt from the Social Se- curity and Medicare tax imposed in § 1401. This tax exception for limited partners has remained unchanged since its adoption as part of the Social 2 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 3 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 Security Amendments of 1977. See An Act to Amend the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to Strengthen the Financing of the Social Security System, and for Other Purposes, Pub. L. No. 95-216, § 313(b), 91 Stat. 1509, 1536. So, to review, payments to limited partners for “services actually rendered” to the partnership are subject to Social Security and Medicare taxation. But the pass-through share of partnership income of a “limited partner, as such” is not. B Sirius Solutions, L.L.L.P. (“Sirius”) is a limited liability limited partnership formed under Delaware state law. 1 Sirius operates a business consulting firm based in Houston, Texas, with additional offices in Dallas, Texas, and London, England. Sirius Solutions GP, L.L.C. (“Sirius GP”), also formed under Delaware law, is the tax matters partner (“TMP”) of Sirius. See 26 U.S.C. § 6231(a)(7) (defining tax matters partner). This appeal concerns Sirius’s federal tax returns from 2014, 2015, and 2016. In 2014, Sirius was owned by nine limited partners and one general partner, Sirius GP. At the time, Sirius GP held a .6457% interest in the partnership. Four limited partners sold their partnership interests in 2014, so in 2015 and 2016, there were five limited partners alongside Sirius GP, the general partner. During those latter two years, Sirius GP held a .7529% interest in the partnership. Sirius reported ordinary business income of $5,829,402 in 2014, $7,242,984 in 2015, and –$490,291 in 2016. Sirius allocated all that income _____________________ 1 Sirius Solutions, L.L.L.P. is now called K Alain L.L.L.P. For the sake of clarity, we refer to the K Alain entities by their prior names. 3 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 4 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 to its limited partners. Relying on the limited partnership tax exception, Sirius excluded the limited partners’s distributive shares of partnership income (or loss) from its calculation of net earnings from self-employment during those years. So it reported $0 of net earnings from self-employment. In June 2020, following an audit of Sirius’s 2014 tax returns, the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue issued to Sirius GP a Notice of Final Partner- ship Administrative Adjustment (“FPAA”) concerning the 2014 return. The IRS determined that the distributive share exception in § 1402(a)(13) did not apply because none of Sirius’s limited partners counted as “limited partners” for purposes of the statutory exception. So the IRS adjusted Sir- ius’s net earnings from self-employment reported on the 2014 tax return from $0 to $5,915,918. In September 2020, Sirius petitioned the Tax Court for readjustment of its 2014 tax return. The IRS also audited Sirius’s 2015 and 2016 tax returns. In June 2021, the IRS issued more FPAAs to Sirius GP. These adjusted the net earnings from self-employment from $0 to $7,372,756 and –$490,291 respectively. In September 2021, Sirius filed a second petition to the Tax Court seeking re- adjustment for the 2015 and 2016 tax returns. The two cases were consoli- dated. On February 20, 2024, the Tax Court rejected Sirius’s challenges and upheld the adjustments. It reasoned that it was bound by a recent Tax Court decision, Soroban Capital Partners LP v. Commissioner, 161 T.C. 310 (2023). In that decision, the Tax Court held that for purposes of § 1402(a)(13), the term “limited partners” only “refer[s] to passive investors.” Soroban, 161 T.C. at 320. Sirius timely appealed to this court. 4 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 5 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 II The sole question on appeal is what “limited partner” means in § 1402(a)(13). We hold the ordinary public meaning of this phrase is a partner who plays no significant role in managing or running a business. A Two principles guide our inquiry. First, tax law is federal law. Once “it has been determined that state law creates sufficient interests in the [taxpayer] to satisfy the requirements of [the statute,] state law is inoperative.” United States v. Bess, 357 U.S. 51, 55 (1958); see also Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 110 (1932). Second, the Tax Code’s phrase “limited partner” is undefined. Thus, our job is determining what, as a matter of federal law, the phrase “limited partner” in § 1402(a)(13) means. To do so, we “interpret the words consistent with their ‘ordinary meaning . . . at the time Congress enacted the statute.’” Wis. Cent. Ltd. v. United States, 585 U.S. 274, 277 (2018) (quoting Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 42 (1979)). Contemporaneous legal dictionaries defined a “limited partnership” as a partnership with general partners “who manage business” and limited partners who “contribute capital and share in profits but . . . take no part in running business.” Limited Partnership, Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979); see also Limited Partnership, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. [rev.] 1968) (similar). Such definitions are probative of original meaning. See Belt v. EmCare, Inc., 444 F.3d 403, 412 (5th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e routinely consult dictionaries as a principal source of ordinary meaning . . . .”). These dictionaries are not outliers. Indeed, for more than one hundred years, lexicographers have captured similar definitions of “limited” partnerships. See, e.g., S. Rapalje & R.L. Lawrence, Dictionary of American and English Law 932 (1888) (explaining a “particular (limited or special) partnership” features “general partners . . . by whom the 5 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 6 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 business is conducted . . . and one or more special partners, who contribute in cash a specific sum as capital . . . and who are not liable for the debts of the partnership”); Limited Partnership, Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024) (defining a “limited partner” as “one or more persons who contribute capital and share profits but who cannot manage the business and are liable only for the amount of their contribution”). While such texts are not dispositive of the original public meaning, they reveal a common, mainstream definition of “limited partner” that turns on the role partners played in the enterprise. Dictionaries are not the only source from which we draw our interpretation. Consider the context in which Congress enacted the relevant provision. In 1916, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws promulgated the Uniform Limited Partnership Act (“ULPA”), which was adopted in various forms by nearly all American States. Leonard Charles Schwartz, The Uniform Limited Partnership Act: Are the Recent Changes Improvements?, 93 Dick. L. Rev. 555, 555–56 (1989). The ULPA stated that a “limited partner shall not become liable as a general partner unless, in addition to the exercise of his rights and powers as a limited partner, he takes part in the control of the business.” Uniform Limited Partnership Act: Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and by it Approved and Recommended for Enactment in all the States at its Conference at Chicago, Illinois 11 (1916). In 1976, the Conference’s revised version of that 1916 law, the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, carried over the same test. Uniform Limited Partnership Act (1976), 85 Handbook of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and Proceedings of the Annual Conference Meeting 171, 185 (1976). While States had not adopted the revised uniform law by the time 6 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 7 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 Congress amended the relevant section of the Tax Code, the 1916 definition and the ratification of that definition in the 1976 changes provide key insight into the ordinary understanding of “limited partner” in 1977. See Mary E. Brumder, Comment, Investor Protection and the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, 56 Wash. L. Rev. 99, 100–01 (1980). Contemporaneous treatises point towards the same result. One treatise explained that limited partners “are members of statutory limited partnerships, typically sharing profits, immune from personal liability for firm debts, and not participating in management.” A.R. Bromberg, Crane and Bromberg on Partnership 141 (1968). Another treatise explained that “it has always been difficult to justify immunity from a debt that was incurred by one of the actual managers or directors of an enterprise, and thus the limited partners, in return for immunity, must refrain from any participation in the management or control the business, to include control over any of the managing partners.” H.G. Reuschlein & W.A. Gregory, Handbook on the Law of Agency and Partnership 435 (1979). While it does not appear that our court passed on the definition of “limited partner” around the time the relevant statute was enacted, at least one of our sister circuits did. See Plasteel Prods. Corp. v. Helman, 271 F.2d 354, 356 (1st Cir. 1959). The Plasteel court recognized that if a partner controlled partnership affairs, the partner was no longer functioning as a limited partner. Ibid. But it suggested a limited partner could have lesser involvement. Ibid. For example, it noted that a limited partner could sign the partnership agreement as a general partner without losing his limited-partner status. Ibid. (citing Rathke v. Griffith, 218 P.2d 757, 757 (Wash. 1950)). While Plasteel turned on state law, not federal tax law, it nonetheless formed part of the backdrop against which Congress enacted § 1402(a)(13) in 1977. And that backdrop suggests some participation is allowed, so long as the partners do 7 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 8 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 not exercise control over the business. Contra post, at 23 (arguing that Plasteel does not allow for such a distinction). Because the plain text of the statute points towards this conclusion, we are unmoved by the dissent’s citation to Tax Court and circuit precedent interpreting different statutes. See post, at 16–19, 23–24. With due respect to the Tax Court, federal courts decide relevant questions of law. See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369, 398 (2024). And even “[y]ears of consistent practice cannot vindicate an interpretation that is inconsistent with a statute’s plain text.” Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, 166 F.4th 494, 506 (5th Cir. 2026). What’s more, as to the dissent’s circuit authority, neither out-of-circuit nor in-circuit precedent about securities law (and other non- § 1402 topics) can overcome the plain text of a duly enacted statute. Contra post, at 23–24. 2 Likewise, we are unconvinced by the dissent’s parade of horribles. Id. at 15. This critique hypothesizes that our rule will result in bad policy consequences. Ibid. But this court’s job is to “discern and apply the law’s plain meaning as faithfully as we can, not ‘to assess the consequences of each approach and adopt the one that produces the least mischief.’” BP P.L.C. v. Mayor & City Council of Balt., 593 U.S. 230, 246 (2021) (quoting Lewis v. _____________________ 2 Even worse for the dissent, many of its cases support the idea that limited partners may play a small role in a company. See, e.g., Marin TV Servs. Partners, Ltd. v. FCC, 993 F.2d 261, 262, 264 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (focusing on active participation and “material” participation); Steinhardt Grp. Inc. v. Citicorp, 126 F.3d 144, 152 (3d Cir. 1997) (allowing for nominal or limited responsibilities); Masel v. Villarreal, 924 F.3d 734, 744 (5th Cir. 2019) (“Nonetheless, even a limited partnership interest may not be a security when limited partners are given such managerial control that it can no longer be said that the limited partners are dependent on the entrepreneurial skills of the promoter or a third party.” (emphasis added)). 8 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 9 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 Chicago, 560 U.S. 205, 217 (2010)). Here, we apply the plain text. Nothing more. At bottom, all relevant sources suggest that, in 1977, the ordinary public meaning of “limited partner” included a partner who did not play a significant role in managing or running the business. B In adopting this reading, we reject the Tax Court’s Soroban decision. In Soroban, the Tax Court selected a rule divorced from statutory text and that appears to prohibit even the most minor involvement in corporate affairs. The Tax Court held that the term “limited partner” could refer only to “passive investors.” Soroban, 161 T.C. at 321. With just a few sentences of operative analysis—citing no contemporary textual authority—the Tax Court insisted that “limited partner, as such” somehow denoted more than limited liability. Id. at 320 (emphasis added). The Tax Court then said, without significant analysis, that this required a “passive investor” rule. Ibid. The Tax Court made no attempt to ground its rule in the original public meaning of “limited partner” in 1977. 3 In our view, that was erroneous. An informed reader of the English language in 1977 would have understood that a “limited partner” could not manage the partnership, see Limited Partnership, Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979), but perhaps could participate in certain non- managerial aspects of the business, see Plasteel, 271 F.2d at 356. That is a different and more refined analysis than the one the Tax Court offered in Soroban. And most importantly, the managerial/non-managerial distinction _____________________ 3 Given our interpretation of the Tax Code’s plain text rejects Soroban and thus decides the issue on appeal, we need not discuss additional Tax Court precedents like Renkemeyer, Campbell & Weaver v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. 137 (2011). Contra post, at 26. 9 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 10 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 is one that is rooted in the legal sources that existed in 1977 when Congress adopted § 1402(a)(13). What’s more, the Soroban decision cannot be squared with decades of IRS-approved guidance insisting that what mattered was limited liability alone. In 1978, the first year in which the “limited partner” exception was implemented, the IRS issued partnership tax return instructions that defined “Limited Partner” as “one whose potential personal liability for partnership debts is limited to the amount of money or other property that the partner contributed or is required to contribute to the partnership.” Internal Revenue Service, Package X: Informational Copies of Federal Income Tax Forms 137 (1978). Thus, parties were led to be- lieve that what mattered was liability, not control. One looks in vain for a con- trol test in the relevant sections of the IRS guidelines, whether in the two years preceding the 1977 revision or in the forty years following them. See Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1065 30 (1976); Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1065 149 (1977); Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1065 2 (2015) (explaining a limited partner is “a partner in a partner- ship formed under a state limited partnership law, whose personal liability for partnership debts is limited to the amount of money or other property that the partner contributed or is required to contribute to the partnership.”); In- ternal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1065 2 (2016) (same); Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1065 2 (2017) (same). The Commission’s position in this case is that it can change the mean- ing of “limited partner” from (A) “limited liability alone,” which was the pre-Soroban standard, to (B) Soroban’s “passive investor” standard—with zero action from Congress to amend § 1402(a)(13)’s text. Perhaps that level of administrative control over billions or trillions of dollars in tax liability is 10 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 11 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 permissible as a general matter. But at a minimum, even assuming the Com- missioner can unilaterally effectuate such changes through tax instructions, its instructions must comport with the original public meaning of the text en- acted by Congress in 1977. The Tax Court did not attempt that task. We therefore VACATE its judgment and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 11 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 12 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 James E. Graves, Jr., Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because the text and structure of 26 U.S.C. § 1402(a)(13) are clear that its tax exemption for limited partners applies only to those functioning as passive investors, I would affirm the Tax Court’s decision upholding the adjustments to Sirius Solutions’ federal tax returns for 2014, 2015, and 2016. Thus, I respectfully dissent. I. Sirius Solutions L.L.L.P. (Sirius) is a limited liability limited partnership under the state law of Delaware that operates as a business- consulting firm based in Houston, with additional offices in Dallas and London. 1 Sirius is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. In 2002, each of Sirius’ individual partners signed its Statement of Qualifications as “General Partner.” Sirius Solutions GP, L.L.C. (Sirius GP), also formed under the state law of Delaware, is the tax matters partner (TMP) of Sirius, as defined in 26 U.S.C. § 6231(a)(7) (2014). 2 Sirius GP is the general partner of Sirius. This appeal concerns Sirius’ federal tax returns for 2014, 2015 and 2016. In 2014, Sirius had two classes of partnership interests, Class A Units and Class B Units, and was owned by nine individual partners and the general partner, Sirius GP. 3 Sirius GP held a 0.6457% interest. Four individual partners sold their partnership interests in 2014, with two of them becoming employees of the partnership. Thus, in 2015 and 2016, there were five _____________________ 1 See Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, §§ 17-101(8)-(9), 17-301(a)(2) (2014). 2 K Alain GP, L.L.C., is now the TMP. However, I continue using Sirius to avoid confusion. 3 Class A units were purchased from the Partnership in exchange for a five-year installment note payable to the partnership. 12 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 13 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 individual partners and Sirius GP, which held a 0.7529% interest. The individual partners were allocated a share of Sirius’ income or loss during the relevant years. Sirius reported ordinary business income of $5,829,402 in 2014, $7,242,984 in 2015, and –$490,291 in 2016. None of that income was allocated to Sirius GP. Instead, that income was allocated to the individual partners. However, Sirius did not report any net earnings from self- employment to any of the individual partners. 4 On June 12, 2020, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue issued a TMP Notice of Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment (FPAA) to Sirius GP, as tax matters partner for Sirius (collectively referred to as “Sirius” in the singular). The Commissioner determined that an adjustment was appropriate to the amount Sirius reported on its 2014 federal tax return as net earnings from self-employment. Of particular relevance here, the adjustment notice said: (2) Net earnings (loss) from self-employment It is determined that your ordinary income from business consulting services is included in net earnings from self- employment for which your individual partners are liable for the self-employment tax imposed by IRC § 1401. It is further determined that your individual partners are not “limited partners” within the meaning of IRC § 1402(a)(13), and thus their distributive shares of the partnership’s ordinary business income are not excluded from their net earnings from self- employment. Therefore, the net earnings from self- employment is $5,915,918.00 rather than $0.00 as shown on _____________________ 4 The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) imposes Social Security and Medicare taxes on net earnings from self-employment. 26 U.S.C. § 1402(b). The meaning of “net earnings from self-employment” is defined by statute and includes various exceptions. 26 U.S.C. § 1402(a). 13 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 14 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 your return. Accordingly, the net earnings from self- employment is increased by $5,915,918.00. On September 4, 2020, Sirius petitioned the Tax Court for readjustment of the FPAA adjustment, asserting that the Commissioner erred in determining that the individual partners were not “limited partners” for purposes of section 1402(a)(13). See 26 U.S.C. § 6226(a) (2014). The Commissioner responded on November 20, 2020. On June 21, 2021, the IRS issued FPAAs to Sirius determining similar adjustments to Sirius’ 2015 and 2016 net earnings from self-employment. For 2015, the Commissioner determined that the net earnings from self- employment should be increased from $0.00 to $7,372,756.00. For 2016, the Commissioner determined that the net earnings from self-employment should be decreased by $490,291.00. On September 17, 2021, Sirius filed a second Tax Court petition seeking readjustment of the 2015 and 2016 adjustments. The two petitions were consolidated for consideration. 5 On November 28, 2023, the Tax Court issued the precedential opinion of Soroban Capital Partners, LP v. Commissioner, 161 T.C. 310 (2023), which effectively resolved the issue here. 6 The parties filed multiple stipulations of fact and issues both before and after Soroban was decided. Following Soroban, the parties stipulated that Sirius’ partners are not limited partners if evaluated under a functional analysis test, as discussed later _____________________ 5 As Sirius acknowledges, the adjustments do not represent the amount of taxes that would be owed. The adjustments would be allocated to each partner for purposes of determining the partner’s net earnings from self-employment subject to taxation. 6 As discussed herein, the Tax Court also reaffirmed its Soroban decision in the similar challenge of Denham Capital Management LP v. Commissioner, T.C.M. 2024-114, 2024 WL 5200039 (Dec. 23, 2024). See also Soroban Capital Partners LP v. Commissioner, T.C.M. 2025-52, 2025 WL 1517432 ( May 28, 2025). 14 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 15 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 herein. However, Sirius maintained that Soroban was incorrectly decided, arguing that the proper test under § 1402(a)(13) was whether the partners are limited partners under the applicable state law. As a result, Sirius asked the Tax Court to enter a decision under Tax Court Rule 251 in favor of the Commissioner so that it could appeal the holding in Soroban. On February 20, 2024, the Tax Court issued decisions upholding the adjustments. The Tax Court also denied each party’s pending summary judgment motions as moot. Sirius appealed. The panel majority vacated and remanded, while I dissented. See Sirius Sols., L.L.L.P. v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 165 F.4th 374 (5th Cir. 2026). The panel majority now withdraws that prior opinion on rehearing but still vacates and remands. Again, I dissent. This opinion tracks portions of my previous dissent because the majority partially corrected course. See id. at 388 (Graves, J., dissenting). II. This court reviews a decision of the Tax Court under the same standard that is applied to district court decisions. Green v. C.I.R., 507 F.3d 857, 866 (5th Cir. 2007). “Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error and issues of law are reviewed de novo. Clear error exists when this court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (internal citation omitted). III. The issue on appeal is whether the Tax Court erred in its interpretation of “limited partner, as such” in 26 U.S.C. § 1402(a)(13), 15 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 16 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 which was enacted in 1977. Section 1402(a)(13) excludes from net earnings of self-employment 7 the following: [T]here shall be excluded the distributive share of any item of income or loss of a limited partner, as such, other than guaranteed payments described in section 707(c) to that partner for services actually rendered to or on behalf of the partnership to the extent that those payments are established to be in the nature of remuneration for those services. 26 U.S.C. § 1402(a)(13). Section 707(c) states: To the extent determined without regard to the income of the partnership, payments to a partner for services or the use of capital shall be considered as made to one who is not a member of the partnership, but only for the purposes of section 61(a) (relating to gross income) and, subject to section 263, for purposes of section 162(a) (relating to trade or business expenses). 26 U.S.C. § 707(c). Section 61(a) generally defines gross income. 26 U.S.C. § 61(a). Section 162(a) sets out allowable deductions for ordinary and necessary trade or business expenses. 26 U.S.C. § 162(a). Section 263 states which capital expenditure deductions are not allowed. 26 U.S.C. § 263. The Tax Court previously considered the application of § 1402(a)(13) in the context of other entities. 8 In Renkemeyer, Campbell & Weaver v. _____________________ 7 Section 1402(a) also defines net earnings from self-employment. 26 U.S.C. § 1402(a). 8 The majority fails to discuss or distinguish any of these cases preceding Soroban or the impact of this decision on those cases. Regardless of the entity, the meaning of “limited partner, as such” pursuant to § 1402(a)(13) applied by the Tax Court has not changed since Renkemeyer in 2011. Presumably, the majority is somehow “rejecting” all of these cases as well. 16 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 17 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 Commissioner, 136 T.C. 137 (2011), the Tax Court considered the issue of whether income allocated to partners of a law firm organized as a limited liability partnership (LLP) under the laws of Kansas was subject to self- employment tax. 9 136 T.C. at 138. In doing so, the court explained the history behind § 1402(a)(13) and applied the principles of statutory construction to ascertain Congress’ intent. Id. at 148-150. Because the statute does not define “limited partner,” the Tax Court looked to its ordinary meaning and legislative history. Id. at 149-150. The court concluded that: The insight provided reveals that the intent of section 1402(a)(13) was to ensure that individuals who merely invested in a partnership and who were not actively participating in the partnership’s business operations (which was the archetype of limited partners at the time) would not receive credits toward Social Security coverage. The legislative history of section 1402(a)(13) does not support a holding that Congress contemplated excluding partners who performed services for a partnership in their capacity as partners (i.e., acting in the manner of self-employed persons), from liability for self- employment taxes. Id. at 150 (emphasis added). The Tax Court also concluded that the LLP partners were not “limited partners” for purposes of § 1402(a)(13) because it was “clear that the partners’ distributive shares of the law firm’s income did not arise as a return on the partners’ investment and were not ‘earnings which are basically of an investment nature.’” Id. The court instead found that “the distributive shares arose from legal services they performed on behalf of the law firm” and that they were “subject to self-employment taxes.” Id. _____________________ 9 Interestingly, the firm’s practice emphasized Federal tax law. 136 T.C. at 138. 17 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 18 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 About six years later, the Tax Court considered the case of Hardy v. Commissioner, 113 T.C.M. (CCH) 1070 (Jan. 17, 2017). Dr. Stephen P. Hardy was a plastic surgeon who owned a minority interest in one of several surgery centers in which he performed surgeries. Id. at * 1, 4-7. However, Hardy had no day-to-day management or operational responsibilities in the center, which was organized as a limited liability company (LLC) in Montana. Id. The patients were responsible for choosing the location where the surgery would be performed, and the center or hospital billed separately for the use of the facility. Id. at * 4, 6. In relevant part, the issue was whether Hardy’s income from the center was passive, which would allow the deduction of passive activity loss for the year in which the loss was incurred. Id. at * 2. Applying the Renkemeyer functional analysis test, the Tax Court repeatedly referenced the fact that the surgeon was a passive investor and found his income from the surgery center was passive because he “received the distributions as a limited partner acting in his capacity as an investor.” Id. at ** 2, 30-32. Later that year, the Tax Court again applied the functional analysis test and found that member-managers of a law firm organized as a professional limited liability company (PLLC) under Mississippi law were not limited partners for purposes of the self-employment income exclusion. See Castigliola v. Commissioner, 113 T.C.M. (CCH) 1296, ** 3, 14 (Apr. 12, 2017); see also 26 U.S.C. 1402(a)(13). Acknowledging that the exact meaning of limited partner may vary slightly by state, the court considered the Uniform Limited Partnership Act (ULPA) of 1916, the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (RULPA) of 1976, and amendments added in 1976 and 1985. Id. at 10. Specifically, the Tax Court quoted section 7 of ULPA (1916), as follows: “A limited partner shall not become liable as a general partner unless, in addition to the exercise of his rights and powers as a limited partner, he takes part in the control of the business.” Id. at * 10. The court 18 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 19 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 then turned to section 303(a) of RULPA, which it noted that Mississippi had adopted with some modifications, for the proposition that “a limited partner would lose limited liability protection if in addition to the exercise of his rights and powers as a limited partner, he takes part in the control of the business.” Id. at 10-11 (internal marks and citation omitted). The court also noted in its analysis that, “[b]efore the members organized the PLLC, they operated as a general partnership; and there is no evidence that organizing as a PLLC was accompanied by any change in the way they managed the business,” and ultimately concluded that the partners “may not exclude any part of their distributive shares from self-employment income under section 1402(a)(13).” Id. at ** 13-14. In 2023, the Tax Court considered Soroban, discussed more fully below, concluding that the Renkemeyer functional analysis test likewise applies in determining whether a limited partner in a state law limited partnership is entitled to the limited partner exception under § 1402(a)(13). 161 T.C. at 318-19. Following Soroban, the Tax Court reaffirmed its decision in Denham Capital, T.C.M. (RIA) 2024-114 (Dec. 23, 2024). In Denham Capital, the Tax Court also reiterated the following: Our caselaw has continuously reinforced our position that determinations under section 1402(a)(13) require a factual inquiry into how the partnership generated the income in question and the partners’ roles and responsibilities in doing so. Petitioner’s position that the Partners are eligible for the limited partnership exception merely because the Partners complied with formalities prescribed by state partnership law does not comport with our caselaw. Id. at * 14 (citing Renkemeyer, 136 T.C. at 150; Castigliola, 113 T.C.M. 1296, at *7-14; Hardy, 113 T.C.M. 1070, at **29-32). 19 Case: 24-60240 Document: 137-2 Page: 20 Date Filed: 08/12/2026 No. 24-60240 Soroban Capital Partners LP was a Delaware limited partnership composed of a general partner and limited partners. Soroban, 161 T.C. at 311. For 2016 and 2017, Soroban reported as net earnings from self-employment its guaranteed payments to its limited partners plus the general partner’s share of ordinary business income. Id. The Commissioner later adjusted Soroban’s net earnings from self-employment by increasing it to include the limited partners’ share of ordinary business income on the basis that they were limited partners in name only. Id. In discussing the exclusion under section 1402(a)(13), the Tax Court reiterated that, “Congress intended for this limited partner exception to apply to earnings of an investment nature. To determine whether earnings allocated to limited partners are of an investment nature necessarily requires an inquiry into the functions and roles of the limited partners.” Id. at 312. The Tax Court found that the “limited partner” exception does not apply to a partner who is limited in name only. Id. at 320. “If Congress had intended that limited partners be automatically excluded, it could have simply said ‘limited partner.’ By adding ‘as such,’ Congress made clear that the limited partner except