In re Interest of Jessalina M.

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                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
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                                         IN RE INTEREST OF JESSALINA M.
                                                 Cite as 

                                        In re Interest of Jessalina M.,
                                        a child under 18 years of age.
                                        State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                           Samantha M., appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                         Filed December 8, 2023.   No. S-22-678.

                 1. Juvenile Courts: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews juve-
                    nile cases de novo on the record and reaches its conclusions indepen-
                    dently of the juvenile court’s findings.
                 2. Judgments: Statutes: Appeal and Error. When an appeal calls for
                    statutory interpretation or presents questions of law, an appellate court
                    must reach an independent, correct conclusion irrespective of the deter-
                    mination made by the court below.
                 3. Parental Rights. “Out-of-home placement” for purposes of 

(7) (Reissue 2016) focuses on the parent whose parental
                    rights are at risk of being terminated. From that perspective, “out-of-
                    home placement” includes any placement outside that parent’s home,
                    whether that is placement in foster care, with a guardian, or with anyone
                    other than the parent at issue.
                 4. Parental Rights: Time. The existence of the statutory basis alleged
                    under 

(7) (Reissue 2016) should be determined
                    as of the date the petition or motion to terminate is filed.

                  Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
               Riedmann, Bishop, and Arterburn, Judges, on appeal thereto
               from the County Court for Cheyenne County, Russell W.
               Harford, Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals affirmed.
                    Gregory A. Rosen for appellant.
                 Amber Horn, Chief Deputy Cheyenne County Attorney, for
               appellee.
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                IN RE INTEREST OF JESSALINA M.
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  Audrey M. Long, guardian ad litem.
  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
   Miller-Lerman, J.
                        NATURE OF CASE
   The county court for Cheyenne County, sitting as a juvenile
court, terminated the parental rights of Samantha M. to her
daughter, Jessalina M. Thereafter, Samantha appealed to the
Nebraska Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals affirmed the
order, and we granted Samantha’s petition for further review.
Samantha generally claims that the Court of Appeals erred
when it found under 

(7) (Reissue
2016) that Jessalina had been in out-of-home placement for
15 or more months of the most recent 22 months, and she
argues, in part, that the Court of Appeals specifically erred
when it rendered its calculation based on the date the State
filed its petition, rather than the date of trial. Based on some-
what different reasoning, we affirm the decision of the Court
of Appeals that affirmed the order of the juvenile court that
terminated Samantha’s parental rights to Jessalina.
                  STATEMENT OF FACTS
   Samantha is the mother of Jessalina, who was born in
September 2020. Jessalina’s father is Jose M. Although
Samantha and Jose were married at the time of Jessalina’s
birth, they have since divorced. Jessalina was removed from
Samantha’s care 2 days after she was born. That same day,
the State filed a petition to adjudicate Jessalina as a child
within the meaning of 

(3)(a) (Reissue
2016). The removal was based on reports of hospital staff
regarding Samantha’s behavior and mental health issues. In
addition, Samantha’s parental rights to her son, Noah C., had
been terminated in August 2019. See In re Interest of Noah C.,

, 

 (2020) (affirming termination
and describing Samantha’s psychological issues). Jessalina
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was ordered into the temporary custody of the Nebraska
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), and she
was placed into foster care.
   Jose pled no contest to the allegations in the petition, and
Jessalina was adjudicated as to Jose on October 13, 2020. The
court thereafter adopted a case plan as to Jose and Jessalina.
Samantha eventually also pled no contest to the allegations,
and Jessalina was adjudicated as to Samantha on January 6,
2021. In February, the court adopted a case plan governing
all parties.
   Because Jessalina was born in North Platte, Nebraska, the
original petition for adjudication was filed in the Lincoln
County Court, sitting as a juvenile court. In June 2021,
Jessalina’s guardian ad litem filed a motion to transfer the case
to the Cheyenne County Court, sitting as a juvenile court. The
Lincoln County Court transferred the case to Cheyenne County
over Samantha’s objection.
   On January 10, 2022, the court sustained Jose’s motion
requesting that Jessalina’s placement be changed from the
foster parents to being placed with him. The court’s ruling
was based in part on its finding that Jose had made signifi-
cant progress on his case plan and had completed almost all
his goals for reunification. The court noted that the State and
Jessalina’s guardian ad litem supported the change in place-
ment. The court specified that custody of Jessalina would
remain with DHHS and that DHHS could remove Jessalina
from the placement without notice if it determined that she was
in a situation that was dangerous or injurious to her.
   On March 25, 2022, the State and Jessalina’s guardian ad
litem moved for termination of Samantha’s parental rights to
Jessalina. The petition alleged the following statutory bases
for termination under § 43-292: subsection (2) (substantial
and continuous or repeated neglect); subsection (3) (failure
to provide necessary subsistence, education, or other care);
subsection (5) (unable to discharge parental responsibilities
because of mental illness or mental deficiency); subsection (6)
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(failure of reasonable efforts to preserve and reunify family);
and subsection (7) (out-of-home placement for 15 or more
months of the most recent 22 months). As is evident in our
analysis below, the focus of our opinion is necessarily on the
meaning and application of § 43-292(7).
   The termination hearing was held on July 20 and August 12
and 19, 2022. In an order filed on August 29, the juvenile court
terminated Samantha’s parental rights to Jessalina. The court
found that all the alleged statutory bases for termination had
been proved by clear and convincing evidence. Regarding the
statutory basis under § 43-292(7), the court found that Jessalina
had been “removed from Samantha’s custody on September
10, 2020,” and that “Jessalina still remained placed outside the
home of Samantha on March 25, 2022,” when the petition for
termination was filed. The court found that even if Jessalina’s
placement with Jose ended a portion of the period of out-of-
home placement, “Jessalina still had been in an out of home
placement for 15 of the last 22 months.” In addition to finding
the existence of statutory bases for termination, the court found
that Samantha was an unfit parent and that termination of her
parental rights was in Jessalina’s best interests.
   Samantha appealed to the Court of Appeals. She claimed
that the juvenile court erred when it (1) found that statu-
tory grounds existed for termination of her parental rights
and (2) found that she was unfit and that termination of her
parental rights was in Jessalina’s best interests. Samantha
also claimed that the juvenile court in Lincoln County erred
when it transferred the case to the court in Cheyenne County;
however, Samantha does not seek further review of the Court
of Appeals’ affirmance of the transfer and therefore the issue
is not discussed further herein. The Court of Appeals affirmed
the juvenile court’s order terminating Samantha’s parental
rights to Jessalina. In re Interest of Jessalina M., 

, 

 (2023).
   Regarding statutory grounds for termination, the Court
of Appeals determined that there was clear and convincing
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under § 43-292(7) that Jessalina had been in out-of-home
placement for 15 or more months of the most recent 22
months. The Court of Appeals stated that because only one
statutory basis was necessary, it need not review the evidence
regarding other statutory bases. In its determination that the
statutory basis under § 43-292(7) had been shown, the Court
of Appeals recognized that “[§] 43-292(7) does not specifi-
cally provide a triggering event for when the 22-month look-
back period should commence.” In re Interest of Jessalina M.,

, 994 N.W.2d at 124-25. In its analysis,
the Court of Appeals contrasted the language of subsection
(7) with that of subsection (1). The Court of Appeals noted
that subsection (1) provides a basis for termination when
the parent has abandoned the child “for six months or more
immediately prior to the filing of the petition,” whereas sub-
section (7) states that “[t]he juvenile has been in an out-of-
home placement for fifteen or more months of the most recent
twenty-two months,” without specifying the date as of which
that determination is to be made. See § 43-292.
   The Court of Appeals concluded, as a matter of statutory
interpretation, that the existence of the basis under subsec-
tion (7) should be determined as of the date the petition for
termination is filed and that the look-back period under sub-
section (7) is the 22 months immediately preceding the fil-
ing of the petition. The Court of Appeals reasoned that this
holding was consistent with related juvenile statutes, under
which the facts supporting grounds for termination must be
set forth in the petition or motion to terminate parental rights.
The Court of Appeals provided a “See” cite to 

 (Reissue 2016), which provides in part: “Facts
may also be set forth in the original petition, a supplemental
petition, or motion filed with the court alleging that grounds
exist for the termination of parental rights.” Based on this,
the Court of Appeals reasoned that “the logical conclusion is
that the filing of the petition, supplemental petition, or motion
to terminate parental rights is the triggering event for the
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22-month look-back period described in § 43-292(7).” In re
Interest of Jessalina M., 

, 994 N.W.2d at
125. The Court of Appeals also provided a “See” cite to 

 (Cum. Supp. 2022), which provides,
in part, that a “petition shall be filed on behalf of the state
to terminate the parental rights of the juvenile’s parents . . .
if [a] juvenile has been in foster care under the responsibil-
ity of the state for fifteen or more months of the most recent
twenty-two months.”
   In connection with its analysis, the Court of Appeals cited
two cases in which this court “used the filing date of the
petition when considering § 43-292(7).” In re Interest of
Jessalina M., 

, 994 N.W.2d at 125. These
cases were In re Interest of Nicole M., 287 Neb 685, 709, 

, 83 (2014) (stating “the children have been out of
the home since March 28, 2011. The State filed for termina-
tion on January 16, 2013. At that time, the children had been
in out-of-home placement for over 21 months”), and In re
Interest of Shelby L., 

, 

(2005) (stating child “had been in continuous out-of-home
placement for 15 months and 12 days when the termination
petition was filed on June 24, 2003”).
   Using March 25, 2022, the date the petition in this case
was filed, as the “look-back” date, the Court of Appeals deter-
mined that the 22-month period ran from May 25, 2020, to
March 25, 2022. The Court of Appeals noted that within that
look-back period, Jessalina had been in out-of-home place-
ment for 16 months—from September 10, 2020, when she was
removed from Samantha’s custody shortly after her birth, until
January 10, 2022, when she was placed with Jose. The Court
of Appeals assumed, without deciding, that the period when
Jessalina was placed with her father, Jose, did not count as
“out-of-home placement” for purposes of § 43-292(7).
   Having determined that the statutory basis for termina-
tion existed under § 43-292(7), the Court of Appeals next
considered the finding that termination was in Jessalina’s
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best interests. As part of this analysis, the Court of Appeals
considered whether the State had shown that Samantha was
an unfit parent. The Court of Appeals reviewed the evidence
presented at the termination hearing, and it determined that
the State had proved that Samantha was unfit. Further, it
found clear and convincing evidence that it was in Jessalina’s
best interests to terminate Samantha’s parental rights.
   We granted Samantha’s petition for further review.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Samantha claims that the Court of Appeals erroneously
interpreted § 43-292(7) as setting the trigger date for the
22-month look-back period as the date the petition or motion
for termination is filed. She also generally claims that the
Court of Appeals erred when it affirmed the juvenile court’s
findings that Samantha was unfit and that termination was
in Jessalina’s best interests, and she specifically argues those
findings were in error because they were based on the errone-
ous determination that Jessalina was placed in out-of-home
care for 15 or more months of the most recent 22 months under
§ 43-292(7).
                 STANDARDS OF REVIEW
   [1,2] An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo
on the record and reaches its conclusions independently of
the juvenile court’s findings. In re Interest of Manuel C. &
Mateo S., 

, 

 (2023). When an
appeal calls for statutory interpretation or presents questions
of law, an appellate court must reach an independent, correct
conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the court
below. 

                          ANALYSIS
  On further review, Samantha contends that contrary to the
conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals, the look-back
period set forth in § 43-292(7) should be determined as of the
date that parental rights are ordered terminated. Using that
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date and presuming that placement with Jose was not “out-
of-home placement” under § 43-292(7), Samantha asserts that
Jessalina was not in out-of-home placement for 15 or more
months of the 22 months preceding August 29, 2022, when
the juvenile court filed the termination order. Samantha notes
that Jessalina had been placed with Jose in January and that by
August 29, she had been with Jose almost 8 months. Samantha
argues that because Jessalina was not in out-of-home place-
ment for the 8 months she was with Jose, Jessalina had not
been in out-of-home placement for 15 or more months of the
most recent 22 months that preceded the August 29 order. As
explained below, we reject Samantha’s analysis.
“Out-of-Home Placement” Under § 43-292(7) Should Be
Considered From the Perspective of the Parent Whose
Parental Rights Are at Issue and May Include
Placement With Another Parent.
   Before addressing the Court of Appeals’ determination of
the trigger date under § 43-292(7), we note that the Court of
Appeals assumed, without deciding, that Jessalina’s placement
with Jose was not “out-of-home placement” under § 43-292(7).
We find it helpful to understand the meaning of “out-of-
home placement” for purposes of § 43-292(7) before decid-
ing whether the statutory basis under § 43-292(7) was shown
to exist in this case. As set forth below, we determine that
Jessalina’s placement with her father, Jose, was “out-of-home
placement” as to Samantha for purposes of § 43-292(7).
   As we recognized in In re Interest of Kendra M. et al.,

, 1031, 

, 760 (2012), “the
Legislature has used the phrase ‘out-of-home placement’ in
defining a statutory ground for termination of parental rights”
under § 43-292(7), but “[t]hat phrase is not specifically defined
in the Nebraska Juvenile Code.” At issue in In re Interest of
Kendra M. et al. was whether a guardianship was an “out-of-
home placement” under § 43-292(7). We stated that in deter-
mining that issue, we would give the statutory language its
plain and ordinary meaning.
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   The mother in In re Interest of Kendra M. et al. argued
that the guardianship, which followed a period during which
the children had been in foster care, should not be considered
an “‘out-of-home placement’” that could constitute grounds
for terminating parental rights because “it was a temporary
placement to which [the mother] agreed.” 283 Neb. at 1031,
814 N.W.2d at 760. We rejected the mother’s argument. We
stated that the children had “been placed out of the parental
home . . . , first in DHHS’ custody [in foster care] and then in
the custody” of the guardians, and we determined that “[t]here
[was] no principled basis for concluding that the first was an
‘out-of-home placement,’ but the second was not.” Id. at 1032,
814 N.W.2d at 760. With respect to the mother’s agreement,
we reasoned that the mother’s “agreement to the appointment
of [the guardians] did not change the nature of the placement,
which was outside of her home.” Id. (emphasis supplied).
   With respect to the temporary nature of the placement, we
reasoned in In re Interest of Kendra M. et al. that the mother’s
characterization of the guardianship as being of a “temporary
nature” did not affect whether it was an out-of-home place-
ment. We noted that in juvenile cases, “any form of out-of-
home placement is originally intended as a temporary step
toward reunification of the family.” Id. But, we noted, “when
reunification has not occurred after the passage of time deter-
mined by the Legislature, the child’s need for permanency may
necessitate other measures, up to and including termination of
parental rights.” Id. We reasoned that the Legislature’s choice
of “[t]he placement of a child outside the home for 15 or
more months of the most recent 22 months under § 43-292(7)
merely provides a guideline for what would be a reasonable
time for parents to rehabilitate themselves to a minimum level
of fitness.” In re Interest of Kendra M. et al., 283 Neb. at
1032, 814 N.W.2d at 761.
   We recognized in In re Interest of Kendra M. et al. that the
Legislature’s choice of 15 or more months of the most recent
22 months was not conclusive of the issue of termination and
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permits the court to focus on the specific parent at issue and
that parent’s efforts to rehabilitate himself or herself during
that period up until trial. The Legislature chose placement
outside the parent’s home as a measure of whether the par-
ent has progressed in rehabilitating himself or herself, and it
determined that placement outside the parent’s home for more
than 15 or more months of the most recent 22 months indicated
inadequate progress.
   [3] Based on our reasoning in In re Interest of Kendra M. et
al., we determine that “out-of-home placement” for purposes
of § 43-292(7) focuses on the parent whose parental rights are
at risk of being terminated. From that perspective, “out-of-
home placement” includes any placement outside that parent’s
home, whether that is placement in foster care, with a guardian,
or with anyone other than the parent at issue.
   Applying this understanding to the instant case, we deter-
mine that for purposes of § 43-292(7), Jessalina was in “out-
of-home placement” as to Samantha during any time that she
was not placed with Samantha, including the time that she was
still under the custody of DHHS and was placed with Jose.
Consistent with our reasoning in In re Interest of Kendra M.
et al., we see no principled reason to distinguish placement
with another parent from foster care or a guardianship for
purposes of “out-of-home placement” under § 43-292(7). The
focus of § 43-292(7) is on the parent whose rights are at issue
and whether that parent has made progress in rehabilitating
himself or herself, and we therefore conclude that a placement
outside that parent’s home, even if with another parent, is an
“out-of-home placement” under § 43-292(7).
Existence of the Statutory Basis of 15 or More Months
of the Most Recent 22 Months Under § 43-292(7)
Should Be Determined as of the Date the Petition
or Motion to Terminate Parental Rights Is Filed.
   With this understanding of “out-of-home placement” for
purposes of § 43-292(7), the record in this case shows that
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Jessalina was in “out-of-home placement” as to Samantha
since September 2020, including both the period when she
was in foster care and the period when she was placed with
Jose. Therefore, in this particular case, the record shows that
Jessalina was in “out-of-home placement” as to Samantha for
15 or more months of the most recent 22 months, whether
that is determined at the time the petition was filed in March
2022, at the time of the trial in July and August 2022, or
at the time the termination order was filed in August 2022.
Nevertheless, for completeness and clarification, we agree
with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the statutory ground
under § 43-292(7) should be measured as of the date a petition
or motion to terminate parental rights is filed.
   [4] As the Court of Appeals noted, § 43-292(7) does not
specify the look-back date from which it must be shown
that the child had been in out-of-home placement for 15 or
more months of the most recent 22 months. However, we
agree with the Court of Appeals’ reasoning that determining
the existence of § 43-292(7) as of the date of the petition or
motion for termination is sensible and consistent with related
statutes, such as § 43-292(1), which explicitly provides that
the 6-month period of abandonment is “immediately prior to
the filing of the petition”; § 43-291, which provides that facts
alleging that grounds exist for termination of parental rights
are to be set forth in the petition or motion; and § 43-292.02,
which requires the State to file a petition to terminate paren-
tal rights when the child “has been in foster care under the
responsibility of the state for fifteen or more months of the
most recent twenty-two months.” Moreover, because the State
or other party filing a petition or motion for termination of
parental rights must allege facts supporting the existence of
the statutory basis on which it relies, the allegations must be
based on facts existing at that time. It logically follows that
the existence of the statutory basis alleged under § 43-292(7)
should be determined as of the date the petition or motion to
terminate is filed.
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   Samantha makes various arguments that the trigger date for
determining the existence of the grounds under § 43-292(7)
should be the date of the termination order or the time of trial,
rather than the date the petition or motion is filed. She argues,
in part, that when making a termination decision, the court
should focus more on circumstances as they exist at the time
the court makes its decision, rather than at the time the peti-
tion was filed. She argues that with respect to § 43-292(7), the
child’s placement during the time immediately preceding the
termination decision should carry more weight than placement
when the motion or petition was filed. Samantha argues that
determining the existence of the statutory basis as of the date
the petition or motion is filed would discourage parents from
attempting to improve conditions after a petition to terminate
has been filed because termination could be based solely on
conditions that existed prior to the filing of the petition or
motion. We reject this argument.
   In In re Interest of Kendra M. et al., 

, 1032,

, 760-61 (2012), we emphasized that the find-
ing of statutory grounds for termination under § 43-292(7)
did not end the termination inquiry and stated that “parental
rights cannot be terminated solely based on the duration of the
out-of-home placement, because it must also be shown that
the parent is unfit and that termination is in the best interests
of the child.” We further noted that the “fact that a child has
been placed outside the home for 15 or more months of the
most recent 22 months does not demonstrate parental unfit-
ness.” In re Interest of Kendra M. et al., 283 Neb. at 1032,
814 N.W.2d at 761.
   Contrary to Samantha’s assertions, parental rights cannot
be terminated based solely on a mathematical determina-
tion of out-of-home placement for 15 or more months of the
most recent 22 months prior to the filing of the petition or
motion to terminate. Instead, the court must make additional
findings of parental unfitness and best interests, and those
findings will necessarily be based on evidence presented at
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the trial and may include circumstances as they exist at the
time of trial, including any efforts the parent has made since
the petition or motion to terminate parental rights was filed.
The statutory basis is only the first step in the analysis, and if
conditions have changed since the time the petition was filed
to the time of the hearing, the court is advised to factor those
changes into its determination of fitness of the parent and the
best interests of the child.
Court of Appeals Did Not Err When It
Affirmed the Juvenile Court’s Findings
Regarding Fitness and Best Interests.
   Samantha finally claims that the Court of Appeals erred
when it affirmed the juvenile court’s findings regarding her
unfitness and the best interests of Jessalina. Samantha’s argu-
ment on further review focuses on the allegedly erroneous
determination that there was a statutory basis for termination
under § 43-292(7). She argues that because the finding of the
statutory basis was erroneous, the findings of unfitness and
best interests were also erroneous.
   Contrary to Samantha’s assertions, as discussed above, the
finding of the statutory basis under § 43-292(7) was not errone-
ous. But more importantly, the Court of Appeals did not affirm
the findings of unfitness and best interests based solely on
the existence of the mathematical statutory basis. Samantha’s
argument ignores the fact that the Court of Appeals separately
reviewed the findings of unfitness and best interests and it
found sufficient evidence not repeated here, in addition to the
finding under § 43-292(7) of out-of-home placement for 15
or more months of the most recent 22 months, that supported
those additional determinations. We see no error in those find-
ings or in the Court of Appeals’ review of the findings, and we
reject Samantha’s argument on further review.
                      CONCLUSION
  We conclude that “out-of-home placement” as used under
§ 43-292(7) is to be considered from the perspective of the
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parent whose parental rights are at issue and that therefore,
“out-of-home placement” includes placement with anyone
other than the parent at issue, including with another parent.
We further conclude that the look-back period to determine
the existence of the statutory basis under § 43-292(7) of 15
or more months of the most recent 22 months is to be deter-
mined as of the date the petition or motion for termination
of parental rights is filed and that any change in placement
after the filing of the petition or motion is to be considered as
part of the analysis of parental fitness and the best interests
of the child. Based on these conclusions, we determine that
the juvenile court did not err when it found that the statutory
basis under § 43-292(7) was shown in the case, and we further
determine that the juvenile court did not err when it found
that Samantha was unfit and that termination of Samantha’s
parental rights was in Jessalina’s best interests. We therefore
affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals that affirmed the
termination of Samantha’s parental rights to Jessalina.
                                                     Affirmed.