Sulzle v. Sulzle

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
12/20/2024 09:12 AM CST




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                               Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
                                        318 Nebraska Reports
                                                 SULZLE V. SULZLE
                                                 Cite as 

                                         Emily Sulzle, appellee, v.
                                         Joshua Sulzle, appellant.
                                                    ___ N.W.3d ___

                                        Filed December 20, 2024.   No. S-23-400.

                 1. Modification of Decree: Child Custody: Visitation: Child Support:
                    Appeal and Error. Modification of a judgment or decree relating to
                    child custody, visitation, or support is a matter entrusted to the discre-
                    tion of the trial court, whose order is reviewed de novo on the record,
                    and will be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion.
                 2. Motions for New Trial: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A motion for
                    new trial is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, and the trial
                    court’s decision will be upheld unless it is based upon reasons that are
                    untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or
                    conscience, reason, and evidence.
                 3. Due Process: Notice. Due process does not guarantee an individual any
                    particular form of state procedure; instead, the requirements of due proc­
                    ess are satisfied if a person has reasonable notice and an opportunity to
                    be heard appropriate to the nature of the proceeding and the character of
                    the rights which might be affected by it.
                 4. ____: ____. Procedural due process is not violated when there is
                    actual notice.
                 5. Attorneys at Law: Notice. Notice to the counsel of record constitutes
                    notice to the party represented by such counsel.
                 6. Records: Proof: Appeal and Error. In appellate proceedings, unless
                    there is proof to the contrary, the journal entry in a duly authenticated
                    record of the trial court imports absolute verity.
                 7. Trial: Records: Evidence: Appeal and Error. The transcript of the
                    orders or judgment entered is the sole, conclusive, and unimpeachable
                    evidence of the proceedings in the district court, and the correctness of
                    the record may not be assailed collaterally in an appellate court.
                 8. Modification of Decree: Visitation. The right of parenting time is sub-
                    ject to continual review by the court, and a party may seek modification
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                              SULZLE V. SULZLE
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      of a parenting time order on the grounds that there has been a material
      change in circumstances.
 9.   Modification of Decree: Child Custody: Proof. Proof of a material
      change of circumstances is the threshold inquiry in a proceeding on a
      complaint to modify, because issues determined in the prior custody
      order are deemed preclusive in the absence of proof of new facts and
      circumstances.
10.   Modification of Decree: Words and Phrases. A material change in
      circumstances means the occurrence of something which, had it been
      known to the dissolution court at the time of the initial decree, would
      have persuaded the court to decree differently.
11.   Modification of Decree: Visitation: Proof. The party seeking to mod-
      ify visitation has the burden to show a material change in circumstances
      affecting the best interests of the child.
12.   Modification of Decree: Visitation. Once the court determines that a
      material change in circumstances warrants a modification of the par-
      enting plan, a trial court has discretion to set a reasonable parenting
      time schedule.
13.   Visitation. The best interests of the children are the primary and para-
      mount considerations in determining and modifying visitation rights.
14.   ____. Parenting time relates to continuing and fostering the normal
      parental relationship of the noncustodial parent.
15.   Parent and Child: Visitation. A reasonable visitation schedule is one
      that provides a satisfactory basis for preserving and fostering a child’s
      relationship with the noncustodial parent.
16.   Courts: Child Custody: Visitation. The authority to determine custody
      and visitation cannot be delegated, because it is a judicial function.
17.   Juvenile Courts: Parental Rights. Parental visitation rights, as a
      subject within the Nebraska Juvenile Code, are matters for judicial
      determination.
18.   Child Custody: Visitation. The rule that custody and visitation of
      minor children are to be determined on the basis of their best interests
      clearly envisions an independent inquiry by the court.
19.   ____: ____. Delegation of the court’s duty to determine custody and
      visitation could result in the denial of proper visitation rights of the
      noncustodial parent.
20.   Parent and Child: Visitation. A decree awarding one parent the cus-
      tody of a child should, under normal circumstances, include a provision
      permitting the noncustodial parent visitation with the child under such
      conditions and in such manner as the circumstances may warrant, and
      only under exceptional circumstances should that right be totally denied.
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                             SULZLE V. SULZLE
                             Cite as 

21. Visitation: Presumptions. There is a strong presumption in favor of
    visitation, and the right of access to one’s children should not be denied
    unless the court is convinced such visitations are detrimental to the best
    interests of the child.
22. Child Custody: Words and Phrases. Under the Parenting Act, joint
    legal custody is the joint authority and responsibility for making major
    decisions regarding the child’s welfare, while sole legal custody essen-
    tially establishes that one party will have the final say in such decisions.
23. Divorce: Judgments: Intent. The parenting plan incorporated with the
    decree becomes one integrated judgment, the meaning of which must be
    determined from all parts thereof, read in its entirety and, if possible,
    bringing all parts into harmony as far as this can be done by fair and
    reasonable interpretation.

   Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County, Susan
I. Strong, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed and
remanded with directions.
   Matt Catlett, of Law Office of Matt Catlett, for appellant.
   Nicholas R. Glasz, of Glasz Law, for appellee.
  Funke, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Papik, and
Freudenberg, JJ.
   Freudenberg, J.
                        INTRODUCTION
   The father appeals the district court’s order modifying par-
enting time under a dissolution decree, including ordering all
parenting time with two teenaged daughters to be at the discre-
tion of the mother. The father also appeals the court’s denial of
his pro se motion for new trial, alleging lack of notice of the
modification hearing. The father did not appear at the modifi-
cation hearing, but an attorney who worked in the same firm
as the attorney who had filed the father’s complaint appeared
at the hearing, cross-examined the mother, and made argu-
ments. The court set forth in its modification order that the
father was not present at the hearing but was represented by
his attorney. In an affidavit submitted in support of his motion
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for new trial, the father averred he had been communicating
with the attorney who appeared on his behalf at the modifica-
tion hearing but denied she had notified him of the hearing.
There was no written order scheduling the hearing. The attor-
ney stated that the father was given notice of the date of the
hearing. We reverse that part of the modification order gov-
erning the father’s visitation with the daughters and remand
the cause with directions, and we affirm the remainder of the
district court’s order.
                       BACKGROUND
   In December 2020, the district court entered a “Decree of
Dissolution of Marriage” dissolving the marriage of Emily
Sulzle and Joshua Sulzle. Four children were born of the mar-
riage, Aurora Sulzle, born in 2005, Olivia Sulzle, born in 2007,
Samuel Sulzle, born in 2009, and Elijah Sulzle, born in 2010.
            Custody and Support in 2020 Decree
   In the decree, the court “ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED that [Emily] is a fit and proper person to have
the legal and physical care, custody and control of the minor
children.”
   It gave Joshua “reasonable rights of parenting time pursuant
to the Court Ordered Parenting Plan” that was attached to the
decree and incorporated therein. The court ordered that Joshua
pay child support for the children until they marry, die, become
of legal age, enter the military service, or are self-supporting,
or by further order of the court.
   The parenting plan gave Emily primary physical custody of
the children. It provided both a routine schedule of visitation
and a schedule of visitation for holidays, vacations, and spe-
cial occasions. The regular visitation schedule was from 7:30
p.m. on Sunday to 9 p.m. on Monday and from 7:30 p.m. on
Wednesday to 9 p.m. on Thursday. The parent beginning his or
her parenting time was to pick up the children from the other
parent’s residence.
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                         SULZLE V. SULZLE
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   The parenting plan stated that the parties agreed “they will
communicate in a friendly and kind manner . . . and never
argue, make disparaging remarks, or discuss parental mat-
ters involving conflict in front of or near the presence of the
children.”
   The parenting plan stated that “[t]he parents agree that they
will share joint legal custody of the children . . . .” It set forth
that this would involve discussing and mutually agreeing upon
major decisions.
            Joshua’s Motion to Show Cause and
              Cross-Motions for Modification
   In April 2022, Alyson K. Ryan and Jerrad R. Ahrens of
Cordell Law, LLP (Cordell Law Firm), filed on Joshua’s
behalf a verified motion for an order to show cause why
Emily should not be found in contempt of court, alleging that
Emily had violated the decree in several respects, including
by denying Joshua parenting time with the children and by
disparaging him to the children. The appellate record does not
contain a formal entry of appearance by Ryan and Ahrens as
Joshua’s counsel. The law firm was listed under their names
on the motion, as was the address of the firm and other con-
tact information.
   In the motion, Joshua described that the court had awarded
joint legal custody, and he also generally alleged that Emily
was violating the decree by failing to discuss and mutually
agree upon major decisions. The district court ordered Emily
to appear for a hearing on the motion.
   Two days after the court issued its order to show cause,
Joshua filed a complaint for modification, alleging a substantial
and material change in circumstances had occurred related to
his earnings that would decrease his child support obligations.
The complaint similarly listed Ryan and Ahrens as Joshua’s
attorneys at the Cordell Law Firm and listed their address and
contact information.
   Emily denied the allegations in Joshua’s motion for an
order to show cause and requested an order dismissing the
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                       SULZLE V. SULZLE
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motion. She filed an answer and counterclaim responding to
Joshua’s complaint for modification and alleging a material
change in circumstances warranted modification of the parties’
custody arrangement, child support, and childcare expenses.
These included that the current parenting plan was not in
the children’s best interests and that Joshua was capable of
providing support for the children, including child support,
health insurance, medical expenses, daycare, and extracurricu-
lar expenses. She asked for a new parenting plan, including a
new parenting time schedule.
                  Substitutions of Counsel
                      and Continuances
   Beginning in May 2022, there were some substitutions of
Joshua’s counsel within the Cordell Law Firm. Also, several
continuances of the hearing on the complaint for modification
and the order to show cause were granted.
   On May 12, 2022, Ryan filed a substitution of counsel
motion with the district court. Ryan withdrew as Joshua’s
attorney “for the reason that the case ha[d] been transferred
to Megan E. McDowell,” another attorney at the Cordell Law
Firm. In the motion, Megan E. McDowell entered her appear-
ance as counsel. Ahrens was not mentioned in the motion.
   On May 23, 2022, Emily moved to continue the hearing
that was scheduled for June 14. Following a videoconference
(Zoom) hearing, in an order dated May 27, 2022, the district
court granted Emily’s motion and scheduled trial for August 3.
The court described that McDowell had appeared for Joshua
at the hearing.
   On July 21, 2022, McDowell filed a substitution of counsel
motion with the district court. McDowell withdrew as Joshua’s
counsel “for the reason that the case ha[d] been transferred to
Christopher Johnson, with [Cordell Law Firm].” In the filing,
Christopher M. Johnson also entered his appearance. Ahrens
was not mentioned.
   On July 28, 2022, Ahrens filed a motion to continue the hear-
ing because discovery was ongoing, and Joshua had recently
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                        SULZLE V. SULZLE
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obtained new counsel. The motion set forth that it was brought
by “[Joshua], by and through his attorney, Jerrad R. Ahrens.”
   On July 29, 2022, the court granted Joshua’s motion to con-
tinue trial. The matter was set for hearing on October 20.
   On October 19, 2022, Emily filed a motion to compel dis-
covery responses with the district court. Emily described that
Joshua had yet to respond to Emily’s first set of interrogatories
and first set of requests for production of documents, which
were sent on July 5. The motion set forth a notice of hearing
to be held on October 20.
   The certificate of service electronically signed by Emily’s
attorney stated a copy of the motion had been served via email
“upon [Joshua’s] counsel, Meghan E. Wolf.”
   The appellate record does not specify when Meghan E.
Wolf began representing Joshua. The appellate record does not
reflect a filing of substitution of counsel or entry of appearance
by Wolf.

                 Joshua’s Failure to Appear
   The hearing on contempt and modification of the decree
occurred on January 31, 2023. According to Joshua’s brief on
appeal and the clerk of the district court’s responses to Joshua’s
requests for a supplemental transcript, no document, other
than Emily’s motion to compel discovery responses, was filed
between July 30, 2022, and February 20, 2023.
   Joshua did not appear at the January 31, 2023, hearing in
person or via Zoom. Wolf, however, appeared on his behalf via
Zoom. Wolf described to the court her “minimal communica-
tion” with Joshua and her not knowing “what is going on with
that,” explaining only, “I do know that he was searching for
employment the last time I had spoken to him.”

                 Motion for Continuance
   Wolf asked to continue the hearing an additional 14 days
to respond to the discovery that was the subject of Emily’s
motion to compel and to discuss with Joshua an offer made
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                        SULZLE V. SULZLE
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by Emily’s counsel. Wolf stated, “And if I do not hear from
my client within the next 10 to 14 days or get the things that
[opposing counsel] needs, I will certainly be filing a motion
to withdraw, as well, but I am just asking for an additional
14 days.”
   Emily’s attorney objected to further delay, noting the con-
tempt and modification of the decree had been pending since
May, he had “issued discovery a long time ago,” and there had
been multiple continuances and other attorneys involved, with
no fault of Emily for the delay. Emily’s attorney summarized:
     I’m not trying to be . . . unreasonable here, but my client
     has paid me . . . a significant amount of money to pre-
     pare for a contempt, prepare for trial, to do discovery, to
     show up today, to prosecute the case, to litigate the case,
     and I think this is the second time opposing party has not
     shown up.
        So . . . I truly believe that it would be inappropriate to
     continue the matter.
   The district court overruled the motion for continuance and
vacated its order to show cause. The district court proceeded to
hold a modification hearing on Emily’s counterclaim.
             Evidence at Modification Hearing
    Emily testified that the current parenting plan is not in the
best interests of Aurora and Olivia. With respect to holidays,
vacations, and special occasions, Emily explained that “with
very short notice,” Joshua does not “show up on some holi-
days.” She said that Joshua presents this failure to exercise his
parenting time “as a gift” to Emily, but Emily was “generally
under the assumption that he is blowing [the children] off.”
    Emily explained that Joshua is currently behind on his child
support obligations by $3,500. She testified, “[H]e will be $730
more behind tomorrow.” It was her understanding that Joshua
had full-time employment.
    With respect to the regular visitation schedule, Emily tes-
tified that “[t]he boys go over for their parenting time,” but
the girls “refuse to go over.” She testified that she imposes
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consequences on the girls for violating her direction to par-
ticipate in their visitation time with Joshua. She testified that
Joshua communicates with the girls by phone and text messag-
ing but that often “he’ll go on a tirade about [Emily], and so
they’ll cut him off and place a boundary there.”
   Emily testified without objection that Aurora’s therapist
would opine that it was not in Aurora’s best interests to be
forced to participate in parenting time with Joshua. Emily
testified that she “would hope that [Joshua] would invite [the
girls] to see him, work on their relationship . . . but [she does]
not believe forcing them is wise.” Emily explained she had
provided Joshua the information for the therapist “multiple
times.” She testified she is not opposed to Joshua’s seeing his
daughters, but, rather, that it is not in their best interests to
be forced to visit him when Joshua has failed to take steps to
build a relationship with them.
   Emily believed that reasonable visitation with Aurora and
Olivia at her discretion would be appropriate. She stated she
would comply with any reasonable request for parenting time
with the girls and would be able to communicate with Joshua
to effectuate reasonable parenting time. She explained that she
and Joshua currently use the “Talking Parents app” for their
communication. However, Emily testified Joshua “frequently
uses it to send insulting and harassing messages to [her], as
opposed to communicate about the kids.” Further, Joshua had
expressed to Emily that “he does not want to use the app
because [she] can manipulate it.”
   Emily pointed out an inconsistency between the original
2020 decree and its attached parenting plan regarding legal
custody. She noted the decree specified she retained both
sole legal and physical custody of the children, but under
its attached parenting plan, she retained only sole physical
custody of the children, and the parties shared legal custody.
Emily opined that awarding her sole legal and physical cus-
tody would correct this inconsistency and serve the children’s
best interests.
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                     Arguments By Wolf
   Following the presentation of evidence, Wolf first noted that
although she had informed Joshua of the date of the hearing,
she did not have “acknowledgment” from him. She said: “For
purposes of the record, I would like to state that I do not have
confirmation from my client. I have not spoken to him since
providing him this date; therefore, I’m unsure of his acknowl-
edgment of today’s date.” She then argued that Joshua “had
concerns about his time being alienated and that information
coming from [Emily] is certainly concerning that she wishes
to hold off on visitation between the girls and their dad, with-
out any actual, physical evidence from a professional or a
third party.”
            Order of Modification and Dismissal
                     of Joshua’s Complaint
   The court pronounced from the bench, “Well, consider-
ing that [Joshua] has failed to appear today and was ordered
to appear, the Court does grant [Emily’s] counterclaim for a
modified parenting plan . . . the Court finds that there has been
a material change in circumstances in the relationship between
the two minor girls and their father . . . .”
   In a written order for modification dated February 21, 2023,
the court set forth that at the modification hearing, “[Joshua]
was not present but was represented by his attorney, Meghan
Wolf.” The court formally overruled Joshua’s motion for an
order to show cause and vacated its order to show cause. The
court dismissed Joshua’s complaint for modification.
   The court then found there had been a material change
in circumstances since the decree was issued that warranted
modification.
   The order stated Emily shall have sole legal and physical
custody of all four children, subject to Joshua’s parenting time
and specified in a new parenting plan attached and incorpo-
rated into the order for modification, which the court found to
be in the best interests of the minor children.
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   The court set forth that any provisions of the 2020 decree
not specifically modified shall remain in effect as ordered.
   The court’s modification order provided that the best inter-
ests of the four minor children “will be maintained through
the ongoing involvement of both [Emily] and [Joshua].” The
court found that “[e]ach parent is a fit and proper person to be
involved in the parenting of the minor children.”
   Each parent was ordered to provide the other with “informa-
tion related to educational achievements and deficiencies of the
children” and “provide each other reasonable advance notice of
any events, occurrences or decisions relevant to the children’s
education.” The order stated that all communications between
the parents shall be through a coparenting application and
conducted “in a business-like manner without language that is
sarcastic, derogatory, inflammatory, threatening, demeaning,
judgmental, accusatory, or relates to past problems or failures
to communicate.”
   Several more particulars of said communication were set
forth in the new parenting plan. The parenting plan also
described that it was “not a violation of the terms of this plan
if [Emily] allows [Joshua] parenting time in addition to” that
set forth.
   The new parenting plan specified that “[a]ny and all of
[Joshua’s] parenting time, both regular and holidays,” with
Aurora and Olivia “shall be at [Emily’s] sole discretion with
at least seven (7) days prior notice from [Joshua].” If Emily
agreed on a specific parenting time, Joshua was to pick up
Aurora and Olivia from Emily at the beginning of the parenting
time and return them to Emily at the end of the parenting time.
   The modified parenting plan provided that Joshua shall
have regular parenting time with Samuel and Elijah “every
week beginning [at] 7:30 p.m. on Sunday and concluding
at 7:30 p.m. on Monday and beginning at 7:30 p.m. on
Wednesday and concluding at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday.” This
changed only the concluding time, which was 9 p.m. under the
prior parenting plan. Because many of the holidays, vacations,
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and special occasions followed the regular parenting time
schedule, these also concluded at 7:30 p.m., rather than 9
p.m., as originally ordered in the 2020 parenting plan. The
court ordered that Joshua was responsible for picking up the
minor children from Emily at the beginning of his parenting
time and returning them to her at the conclusion of his parent-
ing time, which was a change from the 2020 parenting plan,
when the parent beginning parenting time was responsible for
pickup. The new parenting plan added provisions about being
on time for visitation and scheduling activities during the
other parent’s parenting time.
                    Motion For New Trial
   On March 1, 2023, Joshua, proceeding pro se, filed a
motion for new trial. He cited as statutory grounds 

(1) (Reissue 2016) (irregularity or abuse of
discretion), (3) (accident or surprise), and (6) (insufficiency
of evidence or contrary to law). He asserted in the motion
that he was “not informed by Christopher Johnson, Jerrod
[sic] Ahrens (my attorneys on record) Meghan Wolf or any-
one else at the Cordell [L]aw [F]irm that there was a trial
set for January 31, 2023.” He also asserted, “There was no
written order entered by the court setting the matter for trial
on January 31st, 2023.” Joshua attached to his motion an affi-
davit averring he “never received any notice of any kind that
there would be a trial or other hearing on January 31, 2023,”
and describing communications with the Cordell Law Firm,
including with Wolf, who allegedly informed him that the
October 20, 2022, hearing date would need to be moved but
did not ever tell him the new date of the hearing.
   The hearing on the motion for new trial was held on March
28, 2023. Joshua personally offered the affidavit into evidence,
and it was received.
   Wolf appeared as Joshua’s counsel at the hearing but
explained she had a pending motion to withdraw. She said she
had “no position, essentially, on the motion that was filed. . . .
That was filed by [Joshua] on his own.”
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   Motions to withdraw were filed on March 13 and 15, 2023,
for the stated reason that Joshua had failed to fulfill the terms
of the fee agreement. “MEGHAN WOLF, and CORDELL
LAW, LLP, (“Counsel”),” made the requests. Ahrens was also
listed under the signature lines in the motions.
                           Affidavit
   According to the affidavit, Joshua initially retained Ryan
of the Cordell Law Firm to pursue a contempt claim against
Emily. On May 4, 2022, Joshua received an email from Ahrens,
the “‘Management Partner’” of the Cordell Law Firm, notify-
ing him that Ryan was “‘transitioning’” out of the firm and
that McDowell would be “‘stepping in’” as lead attorney in
the case.
   On July 8, 2022, Joshua received another email from
Ahrens stating McDowell was also transitioning out of the
firm and that Johnson would be stepping in as lead attorney
until August 1, after which Joseph Neuhaus would take over
as lead attorney.
   Joshua sent an email on August 2, 2022, to a paralegal at
the Cordell Law Firm requesting to schedule an appointment
“with ‘whoever’ [his] lawyer was.” The paralegal advised him
to contact Wolf.
   Joshua met with Wolf via Zoom on August 17, 2022. He
stated in his affidavit that “[e]ven after [his] Zoom meeting
with Ms. Wolf, [he] was still confused as to who [his] actual
lawyer was. Was it Christopher Johnson? Joseph Neuhaus?
Jerrad Ahrens? Meghan Wolf?”
   Around this time, Joshua was informed through the para-
legal that trial had been rescheduled from August 2, 2022, to
October 20. On October 17, Joshua contacted Wolf via email
regarding his upcoming trial and explained that he had not
heard from her since their meeting. Wolf told Joshua that the
hearing was still scheduled for October 20 and that she was
trying to communicate with opposing counsel about some
remaining issues.
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   The next morning, Wolf contacted Joshua regarding out-
standing discovery. At that time, she indicated that the trial
scheduled for October 20, 2022, would need to be moved to
allow sufficient time to respond.
   Joshua averred that, after further communications with
Wolf regarding discovery, he received an email from Wolf
on January 30, 2023, the day before trial. The email stated,
“‘I have spoken with opposing counsel, and she is willing to
lower the child support amount, and discuss a few weeks with
the girls for the summer. They are requesting updated paystubs
from you to determine an appropriate amount of support.’”
According to the affidavit, “[n]owhere in that email did Ms.
Wolf mention a trial the following day.”
   Joshua averred that on February 1, 2023, he received a fol-
lowup email from Wolf that read: “‘The judge entered an order
regarding the contempt and modification over my objection
yesterday. Your time with the girls has been modified. The girls
are in therapy and you will be receiving time with them at her
discretion. I do not have the order yet to send you.’” According
to Joshua, he “had no idea what she was talking about.”
           Statements at Hearing on Motion for
                 New Trial Regarding Notice
   Emily’s attorney argued at the hearing on the motion for
new trial that Joshua was on notice of the trial and that Joshua
had a history of not appearing in court. Emily’s attorney
claimed Joshua was communicating with his attorneys and that
his attorney was present at trial.
   Wolf stated that notice of the January 31, 2023, hearing was
in fact provided to Joshua. She explained:
      Your Honor, it’s our position that not only was notice
      provided, but also there was a domestic term email from
      the Court’s bailiff that kind of had the cases on there, and
      some were crossed out due to, you know, settling or what-
      ever, and it is our position that that was sent to the client,
      as well, that email we received from the Court.
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   The court pronounced from the bench that it was overrul-
ing the motion for new trial and allowing Wolf to withdraw
from the case. A subsequent written order was signed and file
stamped on April 27, 2023. The order provided: “This matter
comes on for consideration on [Joshua’s] request (by tele-
phone) for a written order memorializing this Court’s ruling on
[Joshua’s] Motion for New Trial. The Motion was heard and
overruled on March 28, 2023 on the record in open court. No
further Order is required.”
                   ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Joshua first assigns that the district court erred by denying
his motion for new trial
      because (a) there was no written, filed order directing
      that the trial occur at the time the trial was actually held,
      and because Joshua did not personally appear at the trial,
      (b) neither of Joshua’s attorneys of record appeared at
      the trial, (c) the attorney who ostensibly represented
      Joshua at the trial had not filed an appearance as his
      attorney as of the trial, did not even personally appear
      at the trial, and did not file an appearance as Joshua’s
      attorney by the close of the next business day after the
      trial, as required by court rule, and (d) Joshua swore in
      an affidavit that he had no notice of the trial.
   Joshua further assigns as error: “In the event that the district
court’s denial of Joshua’s motion for new trial is reversed, the
district court judge should be ordered disqualified on remand
due to the appearance of bias against Joshua.”
   In the event he is not entitled to a new trial, Joshua assigns
the district court erred in modifying the decree “because there
was no evidence of a material change in circumstances affect-
ing the best interests of the children, and because there was
insufficient evidence that the actual modifications adopted
were in the children’s best interests.”
   Lastly, Joshua assigns as error that “[t]he district court erred
in delegating its authority to determine Joshua’s parenting time
with Aurora and Olivia to Emily.”
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                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] Modification of a judgment or decree relating to child
custody, visitation, or support is a matter entrusted to the dis-
cretion of the trial court, whose order is reviewed de novo on
the record, and will be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion. 1
   [2] A motion for new trial is addressed to the discretion of
the trial court, and the trial court’s decision will be upheld
unless it is based upon reasons that are untenable or unreason-
able or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience,
reason, and evidence.

                            ANALYSIS
                     Appearance and Notice
   Joshua argues that his motion for new trial should have been
granted because there was no written court order scheduling
the modification hearing; he did not receive actual notice of
the hearing; Wolf was not his attorney “of record” 2 because
there was no written entry of appearance, as described in
Neb. Ct. R. § 2-204(D) (rev. 2022); and Wolf appeared at the
hearing via Zoom. Joshua does not challenge the denial of
Wolf’s oral motion to continue the modification hearing on the
grounds that Joshua did not appear. The district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying Joshua’s motion for new trial.
   Joshua’s motion was brought under § 25-1142(1), (3), and
(6), which provide for a new trial when the aggrieved party’s
substantial rights are materially affected by irregularity in the
proceedings, a court order or abuse of discretion preventing a
fair trial, accident or surprise that ordinary prudence could not
have guarded against, or a verdict unsupported by the evidence
or contrary to law.
   In asserting the facts that he highlights on appeal warranted
a new trial, Joshua relies on § 2-204(D) and a proposition
1
    Windham v. Kroll, 

, 

 (2020).
2
    Brief for appellant at 21.
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from Pennsylvania that courts should record all their orders,
rules, and decrees.
   Section 2-104(D) provides:
      Appearance. Attorneys shall make an entry of appearance
      by filing a notice of appearance. If an attorney initially
      appears at a proceeding in open court and orally enters
      an appearance, he or she shall file an entry of appearance
      by the close of the next business day. An oral entry of
      appearance captured by the courtroom clerk which gen-
      erates a journal entry showing such entry of appearance
      satisfies this requirement.
Section 2-104(D) does not specify the consequences of the
lack of a written entry of appearance. Nor does it state that,
without such written of entry of appearance, an attorney is not
the attorney of record. Indeed, in Roemer v. Maly, 3 we said that
an attorney was the attorney of record by virtue of signing the
initial pleading.
   The Pennsylvania proposition Joshua relies upon concerns
the need for written orders and states: “Decrees and orders of
courts of record cannot be carried in the breast of the judge
who makes them. If any regard is to be had to the regular
and orderly conduct of judicial proceedings in such courts, all
their orders, rules, and decrees must be recorded.” 4 The cases
in which this proposition has been cited concern contempt for
disobeying an order of the court. 5 This proposition does not
address under what circumstances an order following a hearing
should be set aside when the aggrieved party did not appear
but was represented by counsel.
3
  Roemer v. Maly, 

, 

 (1995).
4
  In re Tumpson, 

, 

 (1975),
  quoting Commonwealth ex rel. Magaziner v. Magaziner, 

, 

 (1969), quoting In re Garis, 

, 

 (1898)
  (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis omitted). See, also, e.g., In
  Interest of Vaglica, 

, 

 (1985).
5
  See 

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   [3,4] It is somewhat difficult to discern Joshua’s argu-
ment, untethered as it is to any law that would lead us to the
conclusion that the district court erred in denying his motion
for new trial. But we agree with Emily that procedural due
process is the substantial right that Joshua, in essence, argues
was materially affected by his alleged lack of notice and rep-
resentation. Due process does not guarantee an individual any
particular form of state procedure; instead, the requirements
of due process are satisfied if a person has reasonable notice
and an opportunity to be heard appropriate to the nature of
the proceeding and the character of the rights which might be
affected by it. 6 An “elementary and fundamental” requirement
of procedural due process is notice reasonably calculated,
under all the circumstances, to inform interested parties of
action affecting their rights. 7 While actual notice is not the test
of compliance with procedural due process, 8 procedural due
process is not violated when there is actual notice, because
actual notice serves the same purposes legal notice is intended
to accomplish. 9
   [5] We have held that notice to the counsel of record con-
stitutes notice to the party represented by such counsel. 10
Accordingly, in Roemer, we affirmed an order of dismissal
following a hearing on an order to show cause, even though
neither the plaintiff, nor the plaintiff’s counsel, appeared at
the hearing. 11 We held that the court did not err in denying the
plaintiff’s motion to vacate the order to show cause because
6
   Blank v. Blank, 

, 

 (2019).
7
   See Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr. Co., 

, 

,
   

 (1950).
 8
   See, e.g., Slaven v. Engstrom, 

 (8th Cir. 2013); Griffin v.
   Bierman, 

, 

 (2008).
 9
   See, Hroch v. City of Omaha, 

 (8th Cir. 1993); Pessolano v.
   Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 

, 

 (1993).
10
   Roemer v. 

. See, also, Emry v. American Honda Motor
   Co., 

, 

 (1983).
11
   Roemer v. 

.
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the clerk of the court had sent the notice of the hearing to the
attorney who had signed the initial pleading using the address
listed on the docket sheet. A different attorney at the same
partnership signed other documents that were filed with the
court, but the partnership dissolved before the hearing, and
neither attorney sent the court notification of which attor-
ney was representing the plaintiff or of a change of address.
We observed that standard local court practice instructed the
clerk to mail notice to attorneys of record and that, by virtue
of signing the initial pleading, the attorney who did so was
the plaintiff’s sole attorney “of record,” and neither attorney
“advised the court to the contrary.” 12 We rejected the plain-
tiff’s argument that a mistake, neglect, omission of the clerk,
or irregularity in obtaining the judgment had occurred. We
said it was the responsibility of the litigant and not the court or
opposing counsel to follow the progress of the case.
   [6,7] We do not read Roemer as suggesting there is only
one manner by which an attorney may be “of record,” espe-
cially when considering an actual appearance by counsel at the
hearing at issue. In this case, the district court, in its written
order following the modification hearing, set forth that Joshua
was “represented by his attorney, Meghan Wolf.” In appellate
proceedings, unless there is proof to the contrary, the journal
entry in a duly authenticated record of the trial court imports
absolute verity. 13 In the context of court orders describing what
has transpired below, we have said, “The transcript imports
absolute verity, and cannot be impeached. If incorrect, or if
it fails to speak the truth, the correction must be made in the
district court and not here.” 14 Stated another way, the transcript
12
   Id. at 743, 

.
13
   Ginger Cove Common Area Co. v. Wiekhorst, 

, 

 (2017).
14
   Lippincott v. Lippincott, 

, 

 (1944)
   (internal quotation marks omitted). See, also, e.g., Alder v. First Nat. Bank
   & Trust Co., 

, 

 (1992); Zabloudil v. Lane,
   

, 

 (1955).
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of the orders or judgment entered is the sole, conclusive, and
unimpeachable evidence of the proceedings in the district
court, and the correctness of the record may not be assailed
collaterally in an appellate court. 15 Nothing in the appellate
record contradicts the district court’s statement, in the record,
that Joshua was represented by his attorney at the modification
hearing. This is sufficient to satisfy procedural due process
requirements of reasonable notice and an opportunity to be
heard appropriate to the nature of the proceeding and the char-
acter of the rights affected by it.
   Furthermore, the record reflects that Ahrens signed the ini-
tial pleadings on Joshua’s behalf, and Joshua admits Ahrens
was a counsel of record. In the context of notice to a litigant,
we have said that “[w]hen one member of a law firm is retained
or employed, such employment or retainer is that of the entire
firm . . . .” 16 Thus, in Ganzer v. Schiffbauer, 17 we held that the
district court did not err in overruling the defend­ant’s motion
for new trial alleging he did not have notice of the hearing
where neither he appeared, nor any attorney appeared on his
behalf. The attorney the defendant had hired was otherwise
engaged and did not inform other members of the firm about
the case. We said that while the defendant might have a cause
of action against the law firm, the neglect of his counsel did
not justify a new trial. 18
   Wolf had actual notice of the hearing, which is evident by
her appearance via Zoom. Notice to Wolf was notice to Joshua
for purposes of procedural due process. The fact that Wolf
appeared via Zoom, rather than in person, is of no consequence
to a procedural due process analysis. We find no merit to this
assignment of error.
15
   See Anzalone Inv. Co. v. City of Omaha, 

, 

   (1965).
16
   Ganzer v. Schiffbauer, 

, 

 (1894).
17
   

18
   See 

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            Material Change of Circumstances
   Turning to the merits of the modification order, Joshua
argues as a threshold matter that the court erred in finding a
material change of circumstances. We disagree.
   [8,9] The right of parenting time is subject to continual
review by the court, and a party may seek modification of
a parenting time order on the grounds that there has been a
material change in circumstances. 19 Proof of a material change
of circumstances is the threshold inquiry in a proceeding on
a complaint to modify, because issues determined in the prior
custody order are deemed preclusive in the absence of proof of
new facts and circumstances. 20
   Joshua points out there was no evidence of exactly when
Joshua’s relationship with Aurora and Olivia deteriorated.
Joshua does not explain how the remaining evidence, con-
sisting of Emily’s undisputed testimony that Joshua failed to
always exercise his visitation rights, sent Emily “insulting and
harassing messages,” disparaged her to Aurora and Olivia, and
was behind on his child support, was insufficient.
   [10,11] A material change in circumstances means the occur-
rence of something which, had it been known to the dissolution
court at the time of the initial decree, would have persuaded
the court to decree differently. 21 The party seeking to modify
visitation has the burden to show a material change in circum-
stances affecting the best interests of the child. 22
   Poor communication between the parents can constitute a
material change of circumstances warranting a change in cus-
tody or visitation. 23 Furthermore, disparagement of the other
19
   Weaver v. Weaver, 

, 

 (2021).
20
   

21
   Tilson v. Tilson, 

, 

 (2020).
22
   

23
   See State on behalf of Maddox S. v. Matthew E., 

, 

 (2016).
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parent to the children can be a material change of circum-
stances. In Hossack v. Hossack, 24 we said:
      [C]onduct toward a child which tends to poison the
      child’s mind against, and alienate his affection from, his
      mother or father, is so inimical to the child’s welfare as
      to be grounds for a denial of custody to, or a change of
      custody from, the party guilty of such conduct.
   Also, deterioration of the parent child relationship and the
child’s preferences can be a material change of circumstances
affecting the child’s best interests with respect to child cus-
tody. In Miles v. Miles, 25 for instance, we held that a material
change of circumstances supported a change of custody because
a 15-year-old child had a poor emotional relationship with
his mother. Additionally, the mother struggled to discipline
the child, who had violent outbursts and threatened self-harm
in connection with constant expressions of his desire to live
with his father. Two mental health experts supported a change
in custody.
   In a less dramatic example, Floerchinger v. Floerchinger, 26
the Nebraska Court of Appeals held that a 15-year-old child’s
preference to live with his father was a material change of
circumstances supporting a change in custody. The child had
expressed he was more comfortable living with his father, due
to the relaxed environment at his father’s house and because
he enjoyed his interactions with his father. This was in con-
trast to living with his mother in another state in a trailer
with the mother’s husband and two young children from her
second marriage. The Court of Appeals noted that the child’s
preference “was not a hasty decision, but, rather, was thought-
fully developed over a period of a couple years.” 27 Also, the
child had been living with his father during the pendency of
24
   Hossack v. Hossack, 

, 

 (1964).
25
   Miles v. Miles, 

, 

 (1989).
26
   Floerchinger v. Floerchinger, 

, 

 (2016).
27
   Id. at 142, 883 N.W.2d at 435.
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the modification hearing and was “thriving both socially and
academically in Nebraska, although he may have enjoyed
similar benefits [with his mother].” 28
   The implication with respect to the deterioration of Joshua’s
relationship with Aurora and Olivia and his disparagement of
Emily to them was that these occurred after the 2020 decree
was issued. Joshua presented no evidence to the contrary. Also,
Joshua’s failure to exercise holiday visitation or timely pay
child support and his harassing messages to Emily occurred
after the decree was issued. The district court did not abuse its
discretion in finding material changes in circumstances.
          Unlawful Delegation and Best Interests
                      of Aurora and Olivia
   Joshua argues that even if there was a material change of
circumstances, giving Emily sole discretion to allow him to
exercise any parenting time with Aurora and Olivia was not in
Aurora and Olivia’s best interests and was an unlawful delega-
tion to Emily of the court’s sole responsibility to determine
visitation. We agree.
   [12-15] Once the court determines that a material change in
circumstances warrants a modification of the parenting plan,
a trial court has discretion to set a reasonable parenting time
schedule. 29 The best interests of the children are the primary
and paramount considerations in determining and modifying
visitation rights. 30 Parenting time relates to continuing and
fostering the normal parental relationship of the noncustodial
parent. 31 Generally, a reasonable visitation schedule is one that
provides a satisfactory basis for preserving and fostering a
child’s relationship with the noncustodial parent. 32
28
   

29
   See Wolter v. Fortuna, 

, 

 (2019).
30
   

31
   

32
   State on behalf of Pathammavong v. Pathammavong, 

, 

 (2004).
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   [16-19] The authority to determine custody and visitation
cannot be delegated, because it is a judicial function. 33 Parental
visitation rights, as a subject within the Nebraska Juvenile
Code, are matters for judicial determination. 34 The rule that
custody and visitation of minor children are to be determined
on the basis of their best interests clearly envisions an indepen-
dent inquiry by the court. 35 Delegation of the court’s duty to
determine custody and visitation could result in the denial of
proper visitation rights of the noncustodial parent. 36
   In Barth v. Barth, 37 the Court of Appeals accordingly held
that the district court abused its discretion by including in
the parenting plan a restriction providing that if the father
was not living with an unrelated member of the opposite sex,
but the mother was, then the father could refuse to allow her
overnight visitation with the minor child, and vice versa. The
Court of Appeals reasoned that the provision was an unlaw-
ful delegation of the trial court’s duty to determine questions
of custody and visitation of minor children according to their
best interests. 38
   Subsequently, in Schmeidler v. Schmeidler, 39 the Court of
Appeals held it was an unlawful delegation of the district
court’s judicial functions to provide in the parenting plan
that whenever the mother learned the father had been drink-
ing alcohol during his parenting time, the father’s parenting
33
   State on behalf of Ryley G. v. Ryan G., 

, 

   (2020).
34
   In re Interest of Teela H., 

, 

 (1995).
35
   See 

36
   Deacon v. Deacon, 

, 

 (1980), disapproved
   on other grounds, Gibilisco v. Gibilisco, 

, 

   (2002).
37
   Barth v. Barth, 

, 

 (2014).
38
   See 

39
   Schmeidler v. Schmeidler, 

, 

 (2018),
   disapproved on other grounds, State on behalf of Kaaden S. v. Jeffery T.,
   

, 

 (2019).
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time would cease, and the mother could pick the child up. The
Court of Appeals noted that because there was no requirement
that such information be confirmed, the provision essentially
permitted the mother to “unilaterally terminate [the father’s]
parenting time based on an unconfirmed belief that he ha[d]
been drinking.” 40 The court found this “has the potential to
become problematic, particularly given the parties’ history
of conflict, and could result in the denial of proper visitation
rights of the noncustodial parent.” 41
   In a similar vein, in State on behalf of Ryley G. v. Ryan G., 42
we held that blanket permission for the custodial parent to
remove the child to one of two possible states, in accordance
with future military employment opportunities, was an unlaw-
ful delegation of the judicial function to determine custody
and visitation. The district court had given permission for the
mother to move with the child to a specific state but then also
granted blanket permission to later move the child to one of
two specific states, at the mother’s discretion. We noted that no
evidence was presented at the modification hearing, nor were
findings made in the best interests framework, in relation to
those two states.
   More recently, in VanSkiver v. VanSkiver, 43 we confirmed the
concept of impermissible delegation of judicial authority but
ultimately affirmed as modified the custody order because it, in
substance, suspended visitation rather than delegating judicial
authority. And the suspension of visitation with the children
was justified.
   The district court’s order in VanSkiver stated that the chil-
dren could decline visitation with the father that was set forth
in the parenting plan and that no overnight visitations would
take place until the father engaged in individual mental health
40
   Id. at 813, 

.
41
   

, 

.
42
   State on behalf of Ryley G. v. Ryan G., supra note 33.
43
   VanSkiver v. VanSkiver, 

, 

 (2019).
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counseling and then counseling with the children, after which
he could petition the court for additional parenting time. In
support of the order, the district court found that the children
were at risk for mental abuse during visitation and expressed
its intent that the order would allow the children to see their
father at their discretion.
   We explained that the order did not retain any enforceable
parenting time with the father; therefore, it was not an unlaw-
ful delegation to the children of the court’s duty of establish-
ing a parenting schedule. We elaborated, “[T]he children were
not given discretion to set the parenting time schedule, nor
were they given authority to determine whether or when [the
father] could exercise parenting time.” 44 The order simply rec-
ognized that “the practical reality that the boys may at times
still wish to spend time with their father.” 45 Still, we modified
the order to suspend all of the father’s scheduled parenting
time, explaining that is what the lower court intended.
   The present order sets forth a specific parenting time sched-
ule and then delegates to Emily the sole authority to determine
if Joshua could exercise his parenting time so described. The
court delegated to Emily the “sole discretion” to permit Joshua
to exercise “[a]ny and all . . . parenting time” with Aurora
and Olivia, as described by the order. On its face, the order
allows Emily to unilaterally terminate Joshua’s parenting time
with Aurora and Olivia as she sees fit. Granting such blanket
authority to Emily was an unlawful delegation of the district
court’s judicial function to determine custody and visitation.
   [20,21] Even if, like in VanSkiver, we construe the district
court’s order as a total suspension of parenting time, the facts
of this case are meaningfully different from those presented
in VanSkiver as to the risks to the minor children during the
noncustodial parent’s visitation. We have long held that a
decree awarding one parent the custody of a child should,
under normal circumstances, include a provision permitting
44
     Id. at 673, 930 N.W.2d at 575-76.
45
     Id. at 673, 930 N.W.2d at 575.
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the noncustodial parent visitation with the child under such
conditions and in such manner as the circumstances may war-
rant, and only under exceptional circumstances should that
right be totally denied. 46 There is a strong presumption in
favor of visitation, 47 and the right of access to one’s children
should not be denied unless the court is convinced such visi-
tations are detrimental to the best interests of the child. 48
   

(6) (Reissue 2016) provides that
in determining parenting arrangements, the court shall con-
sider the best interests of the minor child, which shall include,
but not be limited to, consideration of the relationship of the
minor child to each parent; the desires and wishes of the minor
child if of an age of comprehension and when based on sound
reasoning; the general health, welfare, and social behavior of
the minor child; credible evidence of abuse inflicted on any
family or household member; and credible evidence of child
abuse or neglect or domestic partner abuse.
   

 (Cum. Supp. 2022) defines emo-
tional abuse as
      a pattern of acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics,
      including, but not limited to, threatening or intimidating
      to gain compliance, destruction of the victim’s personal
      property or threats to do so, violence to an animal or
      object in the presence of the victim as a way to instill
      fear, yelling, screaming, name-calling, shaming, mock-
      ing, or criticizing the victim, possessiveness, or isolation
      from friends and family. Emotional abuse can be verbal
      or nonverbal.

 (Reissue 2016) requires that limi-
tations, which may include limitations on parenting time, be
imposed to protect a child from harm if the preponderance of
the evidence demonstrates a parent has committed child abuse
or neglect.
46
   See Syas v. Syas, 

, 

 (1948).
47
   See Smith v. Smith, 

, 

 (1986).
48
   Koch v. Koch, 

, 

 (1985).
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   Here, the evidence consisted solely of Emily’s testimony.
Emily opined that forcing Aurora and Olivia to participate in
parenting time was not in their best interests. To support this
opinion, she described their refusal to go to visitation, that
Joshua would sometimes “go on a tirade about [her]” to the
girls, that Joshua does not show up for his visitation on some
holidays, and that he had not taken steps to build his relation-
ship with Aurora and Olivia. Emily also testified, without
objection, that Aurora was seeing a therapist who would opine
that forced visitation was not in Aurora’s best interests.
   This evidence does not establish emotional or physical
abuse or neglect. Neither is it sufficient to rebut the strong
presumption in favor of noncustodial parent visitation, under
such conditions and in such manner as the circumstances may
warrant. Emily did not prove exceptional circumstances show-
ing that any visitation with Joshua is detrimental to Aurora
and Olivia.
   We hold with respect to Joshua’s parenting time with Aurora
and Olivia that the modification order unlawfully delegated
to Emily a judicial function and that there was insufficient
evidence to rebut the presumption in favor of preserving and
fostering Joshua’s relationship with Aurora and Olivia through
adequate parenting time, so as to support depriving Joshua of
any visitation.

            Best Interests of Samuel and Elijah
                   and Other Modifications
   On the other hand, we find no merit to Joshua’s contention
that the district court abused its discretion with respect to any
of the other modifications ordered. Under the modification
order, any matter in the prior parenting plan, which was not
specifically changed, remained in effect. Matters specifically
changed by the modification order included parenting time
ending at 7:30 p.m., rather than 9 p.m., requiring Joshua to
transport Samuel and Elijah to and from his parenting time, the
requirements as to the means and manner of communication
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between Emily and Joshua, and clarification of its prior order
with respect to legal custody.
   The amount of parenting time with Samuel and Elijah set
forth in the modification order is reasonable, providing a satis-
factory basis for preserving and fostering Joshua’s relationship
with them. The modifications to transportation and commu-
nication are reasonable, especially considering the evidence
of the poor communication between Emily and Joshua and
between Joshua and Aurora and Olivia. While Joshua seems
to take issue with having to utilize a coparenting application
designed for that purpose, he does not explain why this is
unreasonable. Joshua does not appear to challenge the other
requirements that the communications be civil.
   [22] It was also reasonable for the court to clarify its prior
order with respect to legal custody. Under the Parenting Act,
joint legal custody is the “‘joint authority and responsibility
for making major decisions regarding the child’s welfare,’”
while sole legal custody essentially establishes that one party
will have the final say in such decisions. 49 The 2020 decree
stated that Emily was a fit and proper person to have legal
custody and control of the minor children with Joshua hav-
ing reasonable right of parenting time pursuant to the attached
parenting plan. While the 2020 parenting plan referred to joint
legal custody and, if mutual agreement could not be found,
seeking third-party mediation with respect to education deci-
sions, it gave Emily the final decision with respect to nonemer-
gency health care.
   [23] The parenting plan incorporated with the decree
becomes one integrated judgment, the meaning of which must
be determined from all parts thereof, read in its entirety and,
if possible, bringing all parts into harmony as far as this can
be done by fair and reasonable interpretation. 50 Read in its
49
   See Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 

, 

 (2021).
   See, also, § 43-2922 (11) to (13).
50
   See Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 

, 

 (2022).
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entirety, the 2020 decree arguably granted Emily sole legal
custody. Even if it did not, the communication problems
between Emily and Joshua evidenced at the modification hear-
ing supported the court’s modification of any joint legal cus-
tody arrangement.
                Remand and Disqualification
   We reverse the modification order as it pertains to Aurora
and Olivia and remand the matter with directions for the dis-
trict court to evaluate, under the principles set forth above, a
reasonable visitation plan that is in Aurora’s and Olivia’s best
interests. There is no merit to Joshua’s contention that we
should remand the matter to a new judge. First, Joshua did
not move for disqualification below and therefore has not pre-
served this issue. Second, absent any direct personal connec-
tion to the proceeding, a judge’s disqualification is not required
as a matter of law. 51 Disqualification is not required simply
because the court’s rulings have been unfavorable.
                         CONCLUSION
   We affirm the modification order in all respects except
as to its provisions governing Joshua’s parenting time with
Aurora and Olivia. We reverse that part of the order concern-
ing visitation with Aurora and Olivia and remand the matter
with directions to formulate a visitation plan in Aurora’s and
Olivia’s best interests, which provides a satisfactory basis for
preserving and fostering their relationship with Joshua, unless
the strong presumption in favor of visitation is rebutted.
                   Affirmed in part, and in part reversed
                   and remanded with directions.
51
     State v. Ezell, 

, 

 (2023).

  Stacy, J., concurring.
  Although I agree with the outcome reached by the majority
opinion, I write separately to address parenting plan provisions
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that purport to give one parent sole discretion to determine the
other’s parenting time.
   To meet the requirements of Nebraska’s Parenting Act, 1
every parenting plan must include certain elements, whether
the plan was developed by the parties, a mediator, a court con-
ciliation program, or created by the court. 2 As relevant here,
every parenting plan shall include a determination of:
      Apportionment of parenting time, visitation, or other
      access for each child, including, but not limited to, speci-
      fied religious and secular holidays, birthdays, Mother’s
      Day, Father’s Day, school and family vacations, and
      other special occasions, specifying dates and times for
      the same, or a formula or method for determining such
      a schedule in sufficient detail that, if necessary, the
      schedule can be enforced in subsequent proceedings by
      the court, and set out appropriate times and numbers for
      telephone access. 3
Courts are required to review a parenting plan and determine if
it meets the requirements of the Parenting Act. 4 If a parenting
plan “lacks any of the elements required by the act,” 5 the court
shall either
      modify and approve the parenting plan as modified, reject
      the parenting plan and order the parties to develop a new
      parenting plan, or reject the parenting plan and create a
      parenting plan that meets all the required elements and is
      in the best interests of the child. 6
   In light of these express statutory requirements, we have
repeatedly emphasized that whether parents have agreed on a
1
  

 to 43-2943 (Reissue 2016 & Cum. Supp.
  2022).
2
  See § 43-2929(1)(b)(i) to (ix).
3
  § 43-2929(1)(b)(ii) (emphasis supplied).
4
  § 43-2935(1). See Becher v. Becher, 

, 

 (2018).
5
  § 43-2935(1).
6
  Id.
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parenting plan or whether issues of custody and parenting time
are disputed, “‘the court is required to independently deter-
mine that any parenting plan being ordered is in the child’s
best interests and must reject or modify parenting plans that
are not in the child’s best interests or which do not meet the
requirements of the Parenting Act.’” 7
   Because determining custody and parenting time is a judicial
responsibility, it cannot be controlled by an agreement or stip-
ulation of the parties. 8 And because the authority to determine
custody and parenting time is a judicial function that cannot be
delegated to others, 9 Nebraska’s appellate courts have consist­
ently reversed provisions in decrees and parenting plans that
purport to give parents, 10 therapists, 11 psychologists, 12 or child
7
   Hernandez v. Dorantes, 

, 

 (2023)
   (Stacy, J., concurring) (emphasis supplied). See State on behalf of Kaaden
   S. v. Jeffery T., 

, 

 (2019). See, also,
   §§ 43-2923(4), 43-2929(1) and 43-2935(1).
 8
   See, 

 (Stacy, J., concurring); 

.
 9
   VanSkiver v. VanSkiver, 

, 

 (2019) (finding
   court’s authority to determine parenting time is judicial function that
   cannot be delegated to third party).
10
   Barth v. Barth, 

, 

 (2014) (finding order
   giving each parent discretion to withhold visitation from other amounted
   to unlawful delegation of trial court’s duty to establish visitation); Mark
   J. v. Darla B., 

, 

 (2014) (holding court
   abused its discretion by giving custodial parent discretion to determine
   terms and conditions of parenting time).
11
   Hajenga v. Hajenga, 

, 

 (1999) (finding
   provision of decree giving family therapist discretion to increase father’s
   visitation was improper delegation of judicial authority).
12
   Deacon v. Deacon, 

, 

 (1980) (concluding
   order authorizing psychologist to determine scope of noncustodial parent’s
   visitation was improper delegation of judicial duty), disapproved on other
   grounds, Gibilisco v. Gibilisco, 

, 

 (2002); In
   re Interest of Teela H., 

, 

 (1995) (finding
   order giving psychologist authority to determine time, manner, and extent
   of parenting time was improper delegation of judicial authority).
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support officers 13 the authority to make such determinations.
Given the clarity of our case law in this area, it is surprising
that lawyers continue to propose parenting plans that include
improper delegation provisions and that courts continue to
approve them.
   Here, the mother’s attorney developed a proposed parent-
ing plan that expressly acknowledged, “Each parent is a fit
and proper person to be involved in the parenting of the minor
children.” The plan included a specific parenting time schedule
for the parties’ two boys that gave the father regular weekly
parenting time on certain days and addressed holiday and
extended summer parenting time. But as to the parties’ two
girls, the proposed parenting plan stated:
         Any and all of the Father’s parenting time, both regu-
      lar and holidays, with the minor [girls] shall be at the
      Mother’s sole discretion with at least seven (7) days prior
      notice from the Father. In the event the Mother agrees on
      a specific parenting time, the Father shall pick up [the
      girls] from the Mother at the beginning of said parenting
      time and shall return the minor children to the Mother at
      the end of said parenting time.
   To the extent this proposed parenting plan gave the mother
“sole discretion” to determine whether the father would have
any parenting time at all with the girls, it was an improper and
unlawful delegation of judicial authority that should have been
rejected by the court. Moreover, because the proposed plan
contained no specific dates, times, or methods by which to
determine the father’s parenting time schedule with his daugh-
ters in sufficient detail to allow him to enforce the schedule
through contempt proceedings, it should have been rejected on
that basis too.
13
     Ensrud v. Ensrud, 

, 

 (1988) (holding decree
     authorizing child support officer to control custody and parenting time was
     improper delegation of judicial authority), disapproved on other grounds,
     State on behalf of Kaaden S., supra note 7.
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   Instead, the court approved the proposed parenting plan
without modification and incorporated it into the modification
order. I therefore agree that we must reverse that portion of
the modification order that approved and incorporated the par-
enting plan provisions regarding the parties’ minor daughters
and remand the matter with directions for the court to create a
parenting plan that meets all the requirements of the Parenting
Act and is in the best interests of the children.