Sullivan v. Woody
Date Filed2022-12-20
Docket21-651
Cited0 times
StatusPublished
Syllabus
Grandparent Visitation Attorney's Fees under N.C. Gen. Stat. ç 50-13.6 Appellate Attorney's Fees under Rule 34 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure Prior Appeal State Bar Rule 1.5 Required Finding of Fact Failure to Follow Mandate on Remand
Full Opinion (html_with_citations)
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-849
No. COA21-651
Filed 20 December 2022
Mitchell County, No. 16 CVD 131
KARA ANN SULLIVAN, Plaintiff,
v.
SCOTT NELSON WOODY, Defendant,
and
E. LYNN WOODY and JAMES NELSON WOODY, Intervenors.
Appeal by Intervenors from orders entered 13 April 2021 by Judge Rebecca
Eggers-Gryder in Mitchell County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
9 August 2022.
Jackson Family Law, by Jill Schnabel Jackson, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Arnold & Smith, PLLC, by Matthew R. Arnold and Ashley A. Crowder, for
Intervenors-Appellants.
TYSON, Judge.
¶1 E. Lynn Woody and James Nelson Woody (âGrandparentsâ), Intervenors-
Appellants, appeal for the second time from orders awarding attorneyâs fees to Kara
Ann Sullivan (âMotherâ). Grandparents intervened to secure visitation rights with
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their granddaughter during a highly-contested domestic and custody dispute between
their son, Scott Woody Nelson (âFatherâ) and Mother, which has lasted for nearly
seven years.
¶2 After careful review of the record and this Courtâs previous mandate in this
case, we once again vacate the trial courtâs amended order and remand for further
findings to delineate and separate between reasonable attorneyâs fees Mother
purportedly incurred to defend against Grandparentsâ visitation claim, as opposed to
reasonable attorneyâs fees she may have incurred to litigate all remaining claims for
custody and child support against Father. We also vacate the trial courtâs entry of an
additional award for attorneyâs fees resulting from Grandparentsâ first successful
appeal and remand.
I. Background
¶3 This Court summarized the factual history of this case in Grandparentsâ first
appeal:
This appeal arises from a heavily litigated child custody
dispute that has now stretched on for more than three and
a half years. [Mother] and [Father] were married on May
12, 2006. [Mother] filed a complaint seeking temporary
and permanent custody of a minor child, child support, and
attorney[âs] fees on June 17, 2016. [Mother] and [Father]
were not separated when the complaint was originally
filed. The parties subsequently divorced.
On August 21, 2016, [Grandparents], who are the parents
of [Father] and grandparents of the minor child, filed a
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motion to intervene. The trial court granted
[Grandparents]â motion on October 31, 2016. On December
5, 2016, [Grandparents] filed a complaint seeking
temporary and permanent visitation rights and
attorney[âs] fees. [Mother] filed an answer to
[Grandparents]â complaint on February 8, 2017.
Before the matter was called for trial, [Mother] and
[Father] stipulated that [Mother] was a fit and proper
parent and that it would be in the best interest of the minor
child to reside with [Mother], who would have legal and
physical custody of the minor child. A trial was held on the
remaining issues in the caseâincluding [Father]âs
visitation rights, [Grandparents]â visitation rights, and
[Mother]âs claim for attorneyâs feesâover six days between
March 28, 2018[,] and August 31, 2018.
On September 12, 2018, the trial court entered a final order
in the case. Pursuant to the final order, the trial court
granted [Grandparents] visitation rights with the minor
child. The trial court also ordered that [Father] and
[Grandparents] were to be jointly liable for [Mother]âs
attorney[âs] fees in the amounts of $12,720.00 and
$74,491.50.
[Grandparents] filed a Notice of Appeal on 4 October 2018.
Sullivan v. Woody, 271 N.C. App. 172, 173-74,843 S.E.2d 306
, 307-08 (2020).
¶4 In their first appeal, Grandparents argued âthe trial court erred[:] (1) when it
made an award of attorney[âs] fees against [them]; and[,] (2) when it found
[Grandparents] liable for attorney[âs] fees unrelated to their involvement in the
custody action.â Id. at 174, 843 S.E.2d at 308. This Courtâs decision, issued on 21
April 2020, held the trial court properly concluded an award of attorneyâs fees against
Grandparents may be authorized by our General Statutes, but reversed the fee award
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order and remanded for the trial court to make additional findings of fact and
conclusions of law regarding the reasonableness of the fee award against
Grandparents, and of the costs Mother incurred to challenge Grandparentsâ claim
specifically. Id. at 176-77, 843 S.E.2d at 309-10.
¶5 This Court concluded the trial court âfailed to make the findings of fact
necessary for a determination regarding what amount of [Mother]âs attorney[âs] fees
were reasonably incurred as the result of litigation by [Grandparents], as opposed to
litigation by [Father].â Id. at 177, 843 S.E.2d at 309. This Court reversed the order
and remanded the case based on the following reasoning:
[T]he trial court failed to make those findings required by
our precedent concerning[:] (1) the scope of legal services
rendered by [Mother]âs attorneys in defending against
[Grandparents]â visitation claim, or[,] (2) the time required
of [Mother]âs attorneys in defending against that claim.
Rather, the trial courtâs findings broadly relate to
[Mother]âs attorney[âs] fees associated with the entire
actionâincluding those claims brought by [Father], to
which [Grandparents] were not parties.
[Mother] has cited no authority, and we are aware of none,
holding that [Grandparents] may be held liable for
attorney[âs] fees incurred as the result of claims or defenses
they did not assert simply because they paid the opposing
partyâs attorney[âs] fees.
Id. at 177, 843 S.E.2d at 309-10.
¶6 Upon remand, the trial court conducted hearings on 19 November and 3
December 2020. The trial court did not hear or conduct a further evidentiary hearing,
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but Motherâs attorneys submitted supplemental affidavits related to fees for services
provided since entry of the original order. On 13 April 2021, the trial court entered
an amended order for the same amount of attorneyâs fees awarded in its original
order, totaling $87,211.50 against Grandparents.
¶7 On the same day, the trial court entered an additional judgment of $21,138.50
for attorneyâs fees Mother purportedly incurred after the original erroneous order, as
those fees consisted of the attorneyâs fees used to challenge Grandparentsâ initial
appeal. Grandparents again appeal from entry of both judgments for attorneyâs fees
to this Court.
II. Jurisdiction
¶8 Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b)(2) (2021).
III. Issues
¶9 Grandparents present extensive challenges to the trial courtâs award of
attorneyâs fees. We again vacate and remand the amended order, because the trial
court failed to follow this Courtâs prior mandate, and to make sufficient findings as
required to find and hold Grandparents responsible only for reasonable attorneyâs
fees Mother incurred solely as a result of Grandparentsâ successful claim for
visitation.
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¶ 10 Grandparents also argue the trial court erred by awarding attorneyâs fees for
Grandparentsâ appeal âas punishment for providing financial assistance to their son
and participating in the litigation.â
IV. Insufficient Additional Findings About Allocation of Attorneyâs Fees
A. Standard of Review
¶ 11 Whether the statutory requirements for attorneyâs fees are met is a question
of law, which is reviewed de novo on appeal. Cox v. Cox, 133 N.C. App. 221, 228,515 S.E.2d 61, 66
(1999) (citations omitted). The trial court must make âadditional
findings of fact upon which a determination of the requisite reasonableness can be
based, such as findings regarding the nature and scope of the legal services rendered,
the skill and time required, the attorneyâs hourly rate, and its reasonableness in
comparison with that of other lawyersâ to enter an award of attorneyâs fees. Cobb v.
Cobb, 79 N.C. App. 592, 595-96,339 S.E.2d 825, 828
(1986) (citations omitted). â[T]he
trial courtâs findings of fact are conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial
evidence, even if there is sufficient evidence to support contrary findings.â Peters v.
Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 12-13,707 S.E.2d 724, 733
(2011) (citation omitted).
¶ 12 If the statutory requirements for attorneyâs fees âhave been satisfied, the
amount of the [attorneyâs fee] award is within the discretion of the trial judge and
will not be reversed in the absence of an abuse of discretion.â Smith v. Barbour, 195
N.C. App. 244, 255,671 S.E.2d 578, 586
(2009) (citation, internal quotation marks,
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and alterations omitted). A trial court has no discretion to misapply, ignore, or fail
to follow or properly apply this Courtâs mandates, controlling statutes, or precedents.
Id. âWhether a trial court has properly interpreted the statutory framework
applicable to costs is a question of law reviewed de novo on appeal.â Peters, 210 N.C.
App. at 25,707 S.E.2d at 741
(citation omitted).
B. Analysis
¶ 13 âA mandate of an appellate court is binding upon the trial court and must be
strictly followed without variation or departure. No judgment other than that directed
or permitted by the appellate court may be entered.â McKinney v. McKinney, 228
N.C. App. 300, 302,745 S.E.2d 356, 357
(2013) (emphasis supplied) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted).
¶ 14 In this case, the trial courtâs amended order fails to follow and apply this
Courtâs prior mandate on remand in the first appeal, requiring the trial court to
âmake the findings of fact necessary for a determination regarding what amount of
[Mother]âs attorney[âs] fees were reasonably incurred as the result of litigation by
[Grandparents], as opposed to litigation by [Father].â Sullivan, 271 N.C. App. at 177,
843 S.E.2d at 309 (emphasis supplied). The amended order merely limited the
attorneyâs fees to be paid by Grandparents to include only legal services provided after
they petitioned for lawful visitation with their granddaughter and intervened in the
action:
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31. Prior to the entry of the Original Order, the
Court reviewed Mr. Daniel M. Hockadayâs Affidavit of
Attorney[âs] fees, which [Mother] incurred in this action for
custody and support, and in defending the claims of
[Father] for custody of the minor child and for child
support, and in defending [Grandparents]â claims for
visitation and attorney[âs] fees. Mr. Hockadayâs presence
was necessary to represent [Mother] against
[Grandparents]â claim for visitation, as well as to assist Ms.
Hemphill in [Mother]âs case in chief. His legal assistance
was also necessary because of the complicated nature of
this matter, and the additional legal work needed in the
discovery, due to [Grandparents]â and [Father]âs failure to
cooperate fully in providing information. The law firm of
Hockaday & Hockaday, P.A. has been paid the sum of
$8,000.00 in legal fees, and another $4,720.00 is due. The
total attorney[âs] fees incurred by [Mother] from that firm
are $12,720.00, which the Court finds as reasonable. The
$8,000.00 was paid to Hockaday & Hockaday, P.A. by
[Mother]âs parents.
32. The attorney[âs] fees and costs incurred by
[Mother] for the services of Mr. Hockaday prior to the entry
of the Original Order were reasonable. With regard to the
statement offered to the Court by Mr. Hockaday, his
statement begins with February 2, 2017[,] which is after
the date [Grandparents] became parties to this action. The
Court finds that all of Mr. Hockadayâs legal services for the
period from 15 February 2017 through 16 May 2018 are
relevant to the action initiated by [Grandparents] and their
participation in this case as herein stated. Mr. Hockadayâs
legal expertise has been necessary on behalf of [Mother].
Therefore, the Court finds that [Grandparents] are liable
to Hockaday & Hockaday, P.A. for reasonable attorney[âs]
fees in the amount of $12,720.00.
....
37. With regard to the Affidavit and statement
offered to the Court by Ms. Hemphill, on 31 August 2018,
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the liability of [Grandparents] should be limited to the
period of time beginning December 5, 2016, when
[Grandparents] became full parties to this action and when
they plead for attorney[âs] fees. At the Courtâs direction,
Ms. Hemphill re-submitted to the Court a revised Affidavit
with accompanying Exhibits âAâ and âBâ for the time
December 5, 2016[,] through September 5, 2018. From
December 5, 2016, when [Grandparents] became parties,
through the conclusion of the 31 August 2018 hearing and
the entry of the final order, the Court finds that all of Ms.
Hemphillâs legal services are relevant to the action
initiated by [Grandparents] and their participation in this
case. Ms. Hemphillâs legal expertise has been necessary on
behalf of [Mother]. For that period, the total attorney[âs]
fees which [Grandparents] are liable to Hemphill Law Finn
[sic], PLLC are $68,851.00; total paralegal/legal assistant
fees are $5,496.00, and the total expenses and costs are
$144.50. These amounts total $74,491.50, and the Court
finds that these attorney[âs] fees and costs incurred by
[Mother] for the services of Ms. Hemphill were reasonable.
The Court finds that [Grandparents] are liable to the
Hemphill Law Firm, PLLC for the attorney[âs] fees and
expenses in the amount of $74,491.50 for the time period
from December 5, 2016[,] through September 5, 2018.
¶ 15 The trial court clarified Grandparents would only be responsible for attorneyâs
fees Mother incurred to two separate law firms after they intervened and held Father
liable for Motherâs attorneyâs fees incurred from 16 June through 4 December 2016,
before Grandparents intervened, in the amount of $26,539.60. The amended order,
however, fails to distinguish between âthe scope of legal services rendered by
[Mother]âs attorneys in defending against [Grandparents]â visitation claimâ or
describe âthe time required of [Mother]âs attorneys in defending against that claim.â
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Id. at 177, 843 S.E.2d at 310 (emphasis supplied); see generally Robinson v. Robinson,
210 N.C. App. 319, 337,705 S.E.2d 785
, 797 (2011) (âBecause this is a combined action
for equitable distribution, alimony, and child support, the trial courtâs findings should
have reflected that the fees awarded are attributable only to fees which Ms. Robinson
incurred with respect to the alimony and/or child support actions.â) (citation omitted).
¶ 16 The amended order before us again holds Grandparents liable for fees
associated with âdefending the claims of [Father] for custody of the minor child and
for child supportâ and for Motherâs âcase in chiefâ on the fees due to Hockaday &
Hockaday, P.A. For example, only two entries in one of the amended affidavits for
attorneyâs fees from one of Motherâs attorneys, Mr. Hockaday, explicitly mention
services related to Grandparents, totaling $495.00 of the $4,720.00 billed in services
rendered.
¶ 17 In addition, the trial court limited Grandparentsâ liability for Motherâs
attorneyâs fees with the separate Hemphill Law Firm from 5 December 2016 to 5
September 2018, but the supplemental affidavit and accompanying billable hours log
fail to distinguish between services provided to defend against all of Fatherâs claims
as opposed to those services solely related to Grandparentsâ claim for visitation.
¶ 18 By contrast, the supplemental affidavits introduced to support the trial courtâs
second judgment for attorneyâs fees entered on 13 April 2021 were âintended solely
for the purpose of representing [Mother] in the appeal by [Grandparents] in this
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actionâ and âincurred as a result of the appeal of [Grandparents] in this action and
the remand.â In the original order and in the amended order for attorneyâs fees, the
trial court recited five remaining issues to be resolved at trial, but only one, â[t]he
childâs best interest determination as to [Grandparents]â schedule of visitation with
the minor child,â directly pertained to Grandparentsâ claim for visitation.
¶ 19 The trial court failed to strictly follow this Courtâs prior mandate, and we again
vacate and remand the amended order of the trial court for further findings and
conclusions. McKinney, 228 N.C. App. at 302,745 S.E.2d at 357
. We re-emphasize
our holding and law of the case in Grandparentsâ first appeal that â[Mother] has cited
no authority, and we are aware of none, holding that [Grandparents] may be held
liable for [reasonable] attorney[âs] fees incurred as the result of claims or defenses
they did not assert simply because they paid the opposing partyâs attorney[âs] fees.â
Sullivan, 271 N.C. App. at 177, 843 S.E.2d at 310.
¶ 20 The amended orders also fail to address whether Motherâs or her attorneysâ actions
demonstrate recalcitrance, stubbornness, needless delays, or good faith to extend or
incur unwarranted expenses on the settlement or resolution of Grandparentsâ
statutory visitation claim. The amended orders also do not demonstrate Motherâs
reasons or need to employ three separate law firms simultaneously in this seven-year
litigation that she initiated.
¶ 21 Under the statutory authority stated in North Carolina General Statute Chapter
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84-23, the North Carolina State Bar has issued Rule 1.5 regarding attorneyâs fees and
the reasonableness thereof:
(a) A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or
collect an illegal or clearly excessive fee or charge or collect
a clearly excessive amount for expenses. The factors to be
considered in determining whether a fee is clearly
excessive include the following:
(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and
difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
requisite to perform the legal service properly;
(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that
the acceptance of the particular employment will
preclude other employment by the lawyer;
(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for
similar legal services;
(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or
by the circumstances;
(6) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client;
(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the
lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.
(b) When the lawyer has not regularly represented the
client, the scope of the representation and the basis or rate
of the fee and expenses for which the client will be
responsible shall be communicated to the client, preferably
in writing, before or within a reasonable time after
commencing the representation.
N.C. Rev. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a)-(b).
¶ 22 Rule 1.5, subsection (e) provides:
â(e) A division of a fee between lawyers who are not in the
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same firm may be made only if:
(1) the division is in proportion to the services
performed by each lawyer or each lawyer assumes
joint responsibility for the representation;
(2) the client agrees to the arrangement,
including the share each lawyer will receive, and the
agreement is confirmed in writing; and
(3) the total fee is reasonable.â
N.C. Rev. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(e).
¶ 23 Upon remand, the trial court may receive new evidence to clarify which
services provided related solely to Motherâs challenge of Grandparentsâ statutory
claim for visitation and the reasonableness and division of those fees under Rule 1.5.
See Hicks v. Alford, 156 N.C. App. 384, 389,576 S.E.2d 410, 414
(2003) (âWhether on
remand for additional findings a trial court receives new evidence or relies on
previous evidence submitted is a matter within the discretion of the trial court.â
(citations omitted)).
¶ 24 Because we again vacate the trial courtâs amended order and remand on this
ground, it is unnecessary at this time to address Grandparentsâ remaining challenges
to the fees awarded in the amended order, which are preserved. See Sullivan, 271
N.C. App. at 173, 843 S.E.2d at 307 (âBecause we conclude the trial court failed to
make those findings necessary for the fees awarded, we need not address
[Grandparents]â additional assignments of error, all of which relate to the award.â).
V. Attorneyâs Fees Associated with Grandparentsâ First Appeal
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A. Standard of Review
¶ 25 âWhether a trial court has properly interpreted the statutory framework
applicable to costs is a question of law reviewed de novo on appeal. The
reasonableness and necessity of costs is reviewed for abuse of discretion.â Peters, 210
N.C. App. at 25,707 S.E.2d at 741
(citations omitted). As consistent with State Bar
Rule 1.5: âWhere the applicable statutes afford the trial court discretion in awarding
costs, we review the trial courtâs determinations for an abuse of discretion.â Khomyak
v. Meek, 214 N.C. App. 54, 57,715 S.E.2d 218, 220
(2011).
B. Analysis
1. âAmerican Ruleâ Regarding Attorneyâs Fees
¶ 26 âOur legal system generally requires each party to bear his [or her] own
litigation expenses, including attorneyâs fees, regardless [of] whether he [or she] wins
or loses. Indeed, this principle is so firmly entrenched that it is known as the
âAmerican Rule.ââ Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 832,180 L. Ed. 2d 45, 53
(2011) (citing
Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 247,44 L. Ed. 2d 141, 147
(1975) (âIn the United States, the prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled
to collect a reasonable attorneysâ fee from the loser.â)); see also Batson v. N.C. Coastal
Res. Commân, 282 N.C. App. 1, 12, 2022-NCCOA-122, ¶ 39,871 S.E.2d 120
, 129
(2022) (Tyson, J., dissenting) (first citing Ehrenhaus v. Baker, 243 N.C. App. 17, 27-
8, 776 S.E.2d 699, 705-06(2015); and then citing In re King,281 N.C. 533, 540
, 189
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S.E.2d 158, 162 (1972)). The English Rule, on the other hand, provides attorneyâs
fees fall within the courtâs direction, but are âregularly allowed to the prevailing
party.â Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., 421 U.S. at 247,44 L.Ed.2d at 147
(emphasis
supplied).
¶ 27 Our Supreme Court has held a trial court may only award attorneyâs fees when
authorized by statute. City of Charlotte v. McNeely, 281 N.C. 684, 691,190 S.E.2d 179, 185
(1972) (âToday in this State, all costs are given in a court of law by virtue of
some statute. The simple but definitive statement of the rule is: Costs, in this state,
are entirely creatures of legislation, and without this they do not exist.â) (citations,
quotation marks, and alterations omitted); Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. Pacific
Gas & Elec. Co., 549 U.S. 443, 448,167 L. Ed. 2d 178, 185
(2007) (explaining the
American Rule is a âdefault rule [and] can, of course, be overcome by statuteâ)
(citation omitted); Batson, 282 N.C. App. at 12, ¶ 39, 871 S.E.2d at 129 (Tyson, J.,
dissenting) (citations omitted).
2. North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure 34(a)
¶ 28 Rule 34 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure provides â[a] court
of the appellate division may, on its own initiative or motion of a party, impose a
sanction against a party or attorney or bothâ if it finds âan appeal or any proceeding
in an appeal was frivolous.â N.C. R. App. P. 34(a) (emphasis supplied). An appellate
court may impose various sanctions against a party for bringing frivolous appeals,
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including the award of âreasonable expenses, including reasonable attorney[âs] fees,
incurred because of the frivolous appeal or proceeding.â N.C. R. App. P. 34(b)(2)
(emphasis supplied).
3. North Carolina General Statute § 50-13.6
¶ 29 Our General Assembly has also enacted legislation governing the assignment
of attorneyâs fees in actions for child support or custody in the district court. N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 (2021). âIn an action or proceeding for the custody or support, or
both, of a minor child . . . the court may in its discretion order payment of reasonable
attorneyâs fees to an interested party acting in good faith who has insufficient means
to defray the expense of the suit.â Id.
[T]he clear intent of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 is to allow
the trial court the discretion to ensure one parent in a
custody action will not have an inequitable advantage over
the other parentâbased upon a parentâs inability to afford
qualified counsel. North Carolina General Statute § 50-
13.6 concerns leveling the field in a custody action by
ensuring each parent has competent representation. The
trial courtâs authority to award attorneyâs fees under N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 does not depend upon who âwinsâ any
particular ruling in a custody proceeding.
Blanchard v. Blanchard, 279 N.C. App. 269, 277, 2021-NCCOA-487, ¶ 15,865 S.E.2d 686
, 692 (2021) (emphasis supplied) (citation omitted) (confirmingN.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6
was intended to place parents on equal footing with their available funds
and assets in parental custody disputes, not to punish grandparents or other third
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parties such as siblings for claiming visitation rights, according to Burr v. Burr, 153
N.C. App. 504, 506,570 S.E.2d 222, 224
(2002)).
¶ 30 Trial courts, nevertheless, do not possess âunbridled discretionâ when
assessing attorneyâs fees. Burr, 153 N.C. App. at 506,570 S.E.2d at 224
(citations
omitted) (explaining trial courts âmust find facts to support its awardâ). As explained
in Davignon v. Davignon and consistent with State Bar Rule 1.5:
The trial court must make findings of fact to support and
show âthe basis of the award, including: the nature and
scope of the legal services, the skill and time required, and
the relationship between the fees customary in such a case
and those requested.â The trial court is also required to
make findings to allocate and show what portion of the
attorneyâs fees was attributable to the custody and child
support aspects of the case.
245 N.C. App. 358, 365-66,782 S.E.2d 391, 396-97
(2016) (citing Robinson v.
Robinson, 210 N.C. App. 319, 337,707 S.E.2d 785, 798
(2011); Smith v. Price,315 N.C. 523, 538
,340 S.E.2d 408, 417
(1986)); see N.C. Rev. R. Prof. Conduct 1.5. Also
consistent with State Bar Rule 1.5: âReasonableness, not arbitrary classification of
attorney activity, is the key factor under all our attorney[âs] fees statutes.â Coastal
Production Credit Assân v. Goodson Farms, 70 N.C. App. 221, 228,319 S.E.2d 650, 656
(1984) (citations omitted).
¶ 31 In derogation to and contrary to the âAmerican Rule,â which specifies parties
must bear their own attorneyâs fees and fee-shifting statutes must be narrowly
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construed, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 should not be used by trial courts as a third-
party, fee-shifting, full employment act for the domestic relations bar, nor should trial
courts use the statute to punish or deplete partiesâ marital or other assets through
endless litigation. Id.; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6; see Fox v. Vice,563 U.S. 826, 832
,
180 L. Ed. 2d 45, 53 (2011) (citation omitted).
¶ 32 Here, the trial court found, in the order for the attorneyâs fees associated with
Grandparentsâ appeal, â[Grandparents] have acted in bad faith in this litigation.â The
trial courtâs decision to reference Grandparentsâ purported âbad faithâ for intervening
and asserting their statutory right to visit their grandchild tends to show the trial
court intended to punish Grandparents for exercising their rights. N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 50.13.1(a) (2021) (providing â[a]n order for custody of a minor child may provide
visitation rights for any grandparent of the child as the court, in its discretion, deems
appropriateâ).
¶ 33 This Court has held âattorneyâs fees and costs incurred in defending an appeal
may only be awarded under N.C. R. App. P. 34 by an appellate courtâ because holding
otherwise would discourage litigants from pursuing âvalid challengesâ to trial court
decisions. Hill v. Hill, 173 N.C. App. 309, 318,622 S.E.2d 503, 509
(2005) (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted); cf McKinney, 228 N.C. App. at 305,745 S.E.2d at 360
(distinguishing Hill in a case where âattorneyâs fees [we]re not being
awarded as a sanction, but as a discretionary award pursuant to § 50-13.6â).
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2022-NCCOA-849
Opinion of the Court
¶ 34 Grandparents lawfully and properly asserted their statutory right to visit with
their grandchild and their right to appeal the trial courtâs erroneous distribution of
attorneyâs fees between Father and Grandparents. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 may not
be used to sanction Grandparents for their purported âbad faithâ in lawfully
intervening for visitation or bringing forth the trial courtâs error in their first appeal.
¶ 35 This Courtâs prior mandate and remand did not anticipate nor direct the trial
court to find facts nor sanction Grandparents under Rule 34 or any other basis by
awarding Mother attorneyâs fees purportedly incurred by yet a third attorney she
retained to diminish Grandparentâs successful assertion of visitation and to defend
their meritorious appeal, which was necessitated by the trial courtâs failure to follow
and apply the law. N.C. R. App. P. 34(a); Hill, 173 N.C. App. at 318,622 S.E.2d at 509
.
¶ 36 Again, the trial courtâs erroneous and unlawful order is vacated and
jurisdiction is remanded for compliance with this Courtâs rulings and mandate.
Grandparentsâ present and meritorious second appeal is necessitated solely by the
trial courtâs recalcitrant and inexplicable failure to follow and implement this Courtâs
prior mandate upon remand. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c) (2021); McKinney, 228 N.C.
App. at 302,745 S.E.2d at 357
; see also Sullivan, 271 N.C. App. at 177, 843 S.E.2d
at 309.
VI. Conclusion
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Opinion of the Court
¶ 37 We vacate the trial courtâs amended order and again remand for further
findings and conclusions not inconsistent with the prior mandate and this opinion.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c) confers â[t]he Court of Appeals [with] [ ] jurisdiction . . . to
supervise and control the proceedings of . . . trial courts[.]â Id.
¶ 38 In the event the trial judge is unwilling or incapable of again precisely
following this Courtâs mandate on remand, the Chief District Court Judge of the 24th
Judicial District is authorized and directed to implement this Courtâs opinion and
order upon remand. Id.; McKinney, 228 N.C. App. at 302,745 S.E.2d at 357
. It is so
ordered.
VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
Judge GORE concurs.
Judge INMAN concurs in part and dissents in part by separate Opinion.
No. COA21-651 â Sullivan v. Woody
INMAN, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 39 I agree with the majorityâs conclusion that the trial courtâs amended order and
judgment awarding attorneyâs fees to Mother arising from the initial custody
disputeâthe same fees award addressed in our earlier decisionâmust be vacated
and remanded a second time for the trial court to make findings of fact to delineate
between the attorneyâs fees Mother incurred to defend against Grandparentsâ
visitation claim as opposed to fees she incurred to litigate claims for custody and child
support against Father. I disagree, however, with the majorityâs reversal of the trial
courtâs second order and judgment requiring Grandparents to pay Motherâs additional
attorneyâs fees incurred as a direct result of Grandparentsâ visitation claims and
Grandparentsâ earlier appeal. The majority has replaced the trial courtâs
unchallenged findings of fact with its own view of the evidence and has disregarded
controlling precedent. As to this issue, I respectfully dissent.
¶ 40 I would conclude the trial courtâs second order and judgment awarding
attorneyâs fees incurred in the first appeal complies with the governing statute, is
consistent with binding precedent, is supported by unchallenged findings of fact, and
falls within the trial courtâs discretion.
4. Standard of Review
¶ 41 Although the issue of whether the statutory requirements for attorneyâs fees
are met is a question of law, which we review de novo on appeal, Cox v. Cox, 133 N.C.
App. 221, 228,515 S.E.2d 61, 66
(1999), âthe trial courtâs findings of fact supporting
the award of attorneyâs fees are conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial
evidence, even if there is sufficient evidence to support contrary findings,â Peters v.
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2022-NCCOA-849
INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 12-13,707 S.E.2d 724, 733
(2011). Further,
â[u]nchallenged findings are deemed to be supported by the evidence and are binding
on appeal.â In re S.C.L.R., 378 N.C. 484, 2021-NCSC-101, ¶ 9 (citation omitted). If
the statutory requirements for attorneyâs fees have been satisfied, âthe amount of the
attorney fee award is within the discretion of the trial judge and will not be reversed
in the absence of an abuse of discretion.â Smith v. Barbour, 195 N.C. App. 244, 255,
671 S.E.2d 578, 586 (2009) (cleaned up).
5. Section 50-13.6 Authorizes Trial Courtâs Award of Appellate Fees
against Grandparents
¶ 42 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 (2021) provides: âIn an action or proceeding for the
custody or support, or both, of a minor child . . . the court may in its discretion order
payment of reasonable attorneyâs fees to an interested party acting in good faith who
has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit.â
¶ 43 Grandparents concede in their brief that the statute does not require a party
be the prevailing party or that the party awarded fees be entitled to custody. And
our caselaw is clear that an award for attorneyâs fees in a child custody or support
proceeding is not dependent on the outcome of the case. See, e.g., Blanchard v.
Blanchard, 279 N.C. App. 269, 2021-NCCOA-487, ¶ 14 (âNothing in the plain
language of [Section 50-13.6] suggests a determination that an interested party has
acted in good faith or has insufficient means to cover the costs associated with the
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INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
action are determinations contingent on the ultimate outcome of an appeal, by either
party, from the underlying judgment.â (citation omitted) (emphasis added)); Wiggins
v. Bright, 198 N.C. App. 692, 695,679 S.E.2d 874, 876
(2009) (âIf the proceeding is
one covered by [Section] 50-13.6, as is the case here, and the trial court makes the
two required findings regarding good faith and insufficient means, then it is
immaterial whether the recipient of the fees was either the movant or the prevailing
party.â (emphasis added)).
¶ 44 Grandparents argue for the first time on appeal, and the majority agrees, that
the trial court was not authorized to award attorneyâs fees incurred in the prior
appeal because that appeal was taken solely from an award of attorneyâs fees.
Grandparents cite not authority to support their argument and other than its own
policy statement, the majority cites no authority to support this conclusion. âIt is not
the role of the appellate courts to create an appeal for an appellant. It is likewise not
the duty of the appellate courts to supplement an appellantâs brief with legal
authority or arguments not contained therein.â Kabasan v. Kabasan, 257 N.C. App.
436, 443,810 S.E.2d 691, 697
(2018) (citations and quotation marks omitted) (cleaned
up).
¶ 45 Bolder than creating a new rule of law, the majorityâs holding directly conflicts
with binding precedent. A fundamental principle of the rule of law is that courts
respect precedent. âWhere a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same
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INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that
precedent[.]â In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384,379 S.E.2d 30, 37
(1989) (citations
omitted).
¶ 46 In McKinney v. McKinney, 228 N.C. App. 300,745 S.E.2d 356
(2013), this Court
applied Section 50-13.6 to affirm the trial courtâs award of appellate attorneyâs fees
from a prior appeal, holding that âthe award of appellate attorneyâs fees in matters of
child custody and support, as well as alimony, is within the discretion of the trial
court.â 228 N.C. App. at 304, 307,745 S.E.2d at 359, 361
(applying, explicitly, this
Courtâs holding in Fungaroli v. Fungaroli, 53 N.C. App. 270, 273,280 S.E.2d 787, 790
(1981) to the context of child custody and support). See also Whedon v. Whedon, 313
N.C. 200, 208-09,328 S.E.2d 437, 442
(1985) (holding the trial court erred in
dismissing the defendantâs request for appellate attorneyâs fees without prejudice).
¶ 47 This case is procedurally identical to McKinney. McKinney arose, like this
case, from the second appeal of an attorneyâs fee award. 228 N.C. App. at 300-01,
307,745 S.E.2d at 357
. And, as in this case, the first appeal in McKinney concerned
only the award of attorneyâs fees. Id. McKinney followed a trial courtâs amended fee
award order, pursuant to this Courtâs mandate to vacate an earlier award and
remand for more precise findings of fact to award only fees within the scope of the
statute. Id. at 301,745 S.E.2d at 357-58
. As here, on remand, the trial court made
an award for appellate attorneyâs fees associated with the first appeal. Id. This Court
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INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
in McKinney affirmed the award of attorneyâs fees incurred in the first appeal. Id. at
307,745 S.E.2d at 361
. As in this case, in McKinney, the award of attorneyâs fees was
the only issue raised in both the first and second appeals. The majority does not
distinguish or otherwise address the holding in McKinney.
¶ 48 The majority further reasons that the trial court lacked statutory authority to
order Grandparents, as opposed to Father, to pay Motherâs attorneyâs fees incurred
in the first appeal. This reasoning ignores that only Grandparentsânot Fatherâ
took the first appeal, so that only Grandparents could be responsible for Motherâs
attorneyâs fees incurred defending that appeal. It also ignores that Grandparents, as
a result of intervening in this matter, are parties adverse to a custody action and
subject to liability for attorneyâs fees pursuant to Section 50-13.6. This Court has
interpreted N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.1(a) to provide that âgrandparents have standing
to seek visitation with their grandchildren when those children are not living in
a[n] . . . âintact family.ââ Fisher v. Gaydon, 124 N.C. App. 442, 444,477 S.E.2d 251, 253
(1996) (emphasis in original). Neither this Court nor our Supreme Court has
previously held that attorneyâs fees may not be awarded against Grandparents
pursuant to Section 50-13.6. Perhaps that is why Grandparents did not even advance
this argument in their appeal.
¶ 49 Further advocating for appellants more than their own counsel, the majority
categorizes the trial courtâs award of appellate attorneyâs fees as a sanction for
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2022-NCCOA-849
INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
Grandparentsâ âbad faithâ and asserts that such an award is solely in the province of
this Court pursuant to Rule 34 of our Rules of Appellate Procedure. This assertion
again ignores this Courtâs binding precedent and the trial courtâs order, which
expressly awarded appellate fees pursuant to its discretionary, statutory authority
under Section 50-13.6. The trial courtâs finding that Grandparents âacted in bad faith
in this litigationâ does not constitute a Rule 11 sanction. Second, this Courtâs
authority to award fees and costs associated with defending an appeal under
Appellate Rule 34 does not divest the trial courtâs authority to award discretionary
attorneyâs fees pursuant to Section 50-13.6âthe two are not mutually exclusive.
¶ 50 In Hill v. Hill, 173 N.C. App. 309,622 S.E.2d 503
(2005), the decision quoted
by the majority on this point, this Court reversed the trial courtâs order for sanctions
under Rule 11 âawarding attorneyâs fees and costs incurred by defendants due to
plaintiffâs appeal to this Court and petition to our Supreme Court.â 173 N.C. App. at
322,622 S.E.2d at 512
. We held that â[t]he authority to sanction frivolous appeals by
shifting âexpenses incurred on appeal onto appellantsâ is exclusively granted to the
appellate courts under N.C. R. App. P. 34.â Id. at 317,622 S.E.2d at 509
(emphasis
added) (citations omitted) (cleaned up). Hill does not hold that trial courts are not
authorized to award appellate attorneyâs fees pursuant to Section 50-13.6.
6. Grandparents Have Not Demonstrated Abuse of Discretion
¶ 51 Finally, the majority asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in
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INMAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
awarding attorneyâs fees paid to Motherâs third attorney in the first appeal. Notably,
Grandparents do not challenge the trial courtâs findings of fact regarding the third
attorney, including the reasonableness of her fees. Indeed, Grandparents do not
challenge a single finding of fact or conclusion of law in the appellate fees order.
Regardless of the majorityâs opinion about whether it was necessary for Mother to
retain an additional attorney to represent her on appeal, the trial courtâs finding that
the representation was necessary and reasonable is binding on appeal where
unchallenged. See In re S.C.L.R., ¶ 9.
¶ 52 Grandparents have failed to demonstrate the trial court abused its discretion
in the amount it awarded Mother for attorneyâs fees incurred after the original order
and in defending against Grandparentsâ first appeal. See Smith, 195 N.C. App. at
256,671 S.E.2d at 586
. The majorityâs conclusion to the contrary is based solely on
its own characterization of the award, which disregards the trial courtâs findings of
fact and exceeds the arguments raised by Grandparents.
¶ 53 For the above reasons, I would affirm the trial courtâs order awarding appellate
attorneyâs fees and respectfully dissent from the majority opinion regarding this fee
award.