Commonwealth v. Marcavage

The defendant, a street evangelist, was arrested on Halloween night, 2007, in the city of Salem and charged with disorderly conduct, G. L. c. 272, § 53. He was convicted following a bench trial in the District Court, and argues on appeal that (a) the evidence was insufficient; (b) he received inadequate notice of the Commonwealth’s theory of the case; and (c) the *35confiscation of a megaphone by police violated various State and Federal constitutional protections. We affirm.

Background.1 The defendant is the director of a proselytizing group that visits Salem each Halloween to preach to the crowds. Late in the afternoon, the defendant and his group stationed themselves in the Townhouse Square section of Salem.2 The area was extremely congested (most people stood “elbow-to-elbow”) and contained a dry fountain with an exterior wall comprised of three steps. Some group members took turns preaching with a megaphone from atop the fountain wall, while other members moved among the crowd gathered at its base. This was a visit that the defendant and his group made annually to Salem. They were well aware of the Halloween event and the crowd and conditions during the evening of Halloween.

The defendant’s interactions with the crowd generated many complaints to police. He blocked the path of some people and encroached upon the personal space of others with his megaphone. Some people were frightened by him. The defendant waved a Bible “within inches” of people’s faces. Some people became upset and backed away, while others walked around him. Other times, the defendant prompted complaints by using his megaphone within a foot of the faces of people passing by. His voice “tower[ed] over most,” notwithstanding that it was an extremely loud night. On three or four occasions between 7:30 and 8:30 p.m., the defendant accosted people by approaching them and yelling, at times within inches of their faces, and he created more of a disturbance than any other person in the area. A police officer relayed complaints he had received about the defendant to his supervisor, who also had received complaints regarding the defendant’s behavior.

Meanwhile, as the night progressed, more people entered Salem and the earlier family atmosphere began to disappear. *36The crowd became more hostile with the addition of intoxicated individuals. It became a younger crowd with a “lot of college students.” At around 8:00 p.m., the supervising police officer approached the defendant and one of his colleagues. The latter, standing atop the fountain wall, was preaching with a megaphone while the defendant stood nearby. The supervising officer ordered that the defendant’s colleague cease use of the megaphone.3 The colleague complied, and the officer left the area.

At approximately 8:20 p.m., the defendant resumed use of the megaphone, at which point the police officers promptly reiterated the order and warned that confiscation of the megaphone or arrest might result if the defendant refused to cooperate. The defendant temporarily complied with the order.

Around 8:35 p.m., the defendant, contrary to the police orders, persisted in using the megaphone. The supervising police officer approached the defendant once more, reiterated the earlier orders, and after issuing another warning, attempted to confiscate the megaphone. The defendant held tightly to the megaphone and verbally protested the confiscation. Two officers assisted the supervisor, and pushing and shoving between the defendant and the officers resulted. Then, the defendant “went limp,” which caused him to fall into the fountain, bringing the officers to the ground with him. Immediately thereafter, the officers stood up and arrested the defendant. The crowd was noisy and raucous, and the area was congested and became dangerous. The defendant, by refusing police orders and resisting the confiscation of the megaphone, drew a hostile crowd that was out of control. The police were concerned for their own safety as well as the safety of the crowd.4

Discussion. Ordinarily, in assessing whether the evidence adduced at trial is sufficient to meet the government’s threshold *37burden of proof, all evidence presented to the fact-finder is considered. Moreover, the evidence is, according to the familiar formulation, “viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.” See Commonwealth v. Latimore, 378 Mass. 671, 676-677 (1979). Here, however, there are strong indications in the record that the fact finder — in this case the trial judge — expressly discredited at least some of the government’s proof; viz., evidence that the defendant had engaged in violent or tumultuous conduct apart from his refusal to obey a police order to stop using the megaphone. Consistent with these findings, the judge apparently premised the defendant’s conviction solely on his defiance of the order to stop using the megaphone and the direct consequences of his refusal to do so.5 In these circumstances, our inquiry is limited to the question whether those actions, in context, amounted to disorderly conduct as contemplated by G. L. c. 272, § 53.6

General Laws c. 272, § 53, proscribes, inter alia, engaging in *38“tumultuous behavior.” Commonwealth v. Feigenbaum, 404 Mass. 471, 474 (1989). While susceptible to multiple meanings, see Commonwealth v. Sholley, 432 Mass. 721, 727-728 (2000), “tumultuous behavior,” for the purposes of § 53, includes the refusal to obey a police order. See Commonwealth v. Sinai, 47 Mass. App. Ct. 544, 548-549 (1999). There, the defendant, angry at being forced to pay a parking fee, refused a police order to leave the area; pounded the steering wheel of his car and shouted obscenities; attracted a large crowd of onlookers; forced traffic to be rerouted; and resisted attempts by police to take him into custody. This behavior, the court concluded, amounted to “tumultuous conduct.” Id. at 549.

The facts of the present case require a consistent result. The evidence supports the inference that the defendant, by refusing the police order to stop using the megaphone, created the same sort of threat to public safety occasioned by the defendant’s conduct in Commonwealth v. Sinai, supra. Indeed, if anything, the danger was far greater here in view of the very large crowds involved, the likely widespread public intoxication, the history of criminal conduct on Halloween in Salem, and the intensity of the physical altercation between the defendant and police.

Bolstering our conclusion that the defendant’s conduct amounted to tumultuous behavior is the fact that there was evidence that the defendant, by disobeying the order to stop using the megaphone, had engendered hostility toward police and disrespect for their authority among the crowd. Precisely the same factors were cited in Commonwealth v. Richards, 369 Mass. 443, 446-448 (1976), in concluding that the defendant had engaged in tumultuous behavior. Likewise, in Commonwealth v. Carson, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 920, 921 (1980), we relied upon the fact that the defendant’s conduct “attracted approximately 50 people, some of them laughing or yelling abuse at the police,” in concluding that the defendant properly had been convicted of being a disorderly person under § 53. The defendant’s actions here, like those of the defendants in Richards and Carson, exposed both the police and the public to danger by reducing the ability of police to maintain order. See Commonwealth v. Mulero, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 963, 965 (1995) (defendant engaged in tumultuous behavior when he flailed his hands “in an agitated and belligerent manner while berating [the officer] with loud profanities”).

*39Finally, while the defendant argues otherwise, we conclude that the police had ample authority to order the defendant to stop using the megaphone once they determined that such conduct posed a public safety risk. Within the scope of their community caretaker function, and under the general power of arrest conferred on police by G. L. c. 41, § 98,7 police have authority to take reasonable protective measures whenever public safety is threatened by acts that are dangerous, even if not expressly unlawful. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Bates, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 217, 219 & n.2 (1990) (emergency or “community caretaker” exception authorizes police to make otherwise unlawful entries or searches in certain emergencies “to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury”). As the judge specifically found, the police exercised that power with admirable restraint on the night of the defendant’s arrest. Several government witnesses testified that the defendant’s use of the megaphone cultivated both fear and anger in the very large crowd, which implicated legitimate safety concerns.

Contrary to the defendant’s claims, we find nothing in the record to support the inference that the decision to curtail the defendant’s use of the megaphone was in any way connected with the content of his speech. See Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989). Indeed, as the defendant concedes, similar Emits were imposed on at least one other nearby group. It is also *40significant to note that the police order by no means prevented the defendant from disseminating his message; rather, it was directed only at the manner of the defendant’s delivery. See Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984) (manner restrictions in public spaces permissible provided they are content neutral, serve a significant government interest, and leave open alternative channels of communication). Moreover, the restriction was imposed in direct response to the changing conditions during the evening. See Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51, 58-59 (1965) (describing procedural safeguards required to justify any prior restraint on potentially protected speech). Both of these factors militate in favor of finding the police action lawful as a measured and appropriate response to a bona fide public safety threat.

In view of the foregoing, we conclude that the defendant’s failure to obey the police command to stop using the megaphone, in the particular context of Halloween night in Salem, ultimately created the kind of “hazardous or physically offensive condition affecting the public,” Commonwealth v. Molligi, 70 Mass. App. Ct. 108, 111 (2007), cognizable by § 53. While his underlying conduct, particularly dissemination of his religious message, may have enjoyed First Amendment protection, that protection did not entitle him to disregard police commands reasonably calculated at ensuring public safety amid potentially dangerous circumstances. Moreover, the police-imposed limits were content neutral, and no more restrictive than necessary to protect the public. The defendant’s conviction, therefore, transgressed no constitutional limits, and was otherwise proper in all respects. The defendant’s motion for a required finding of not guilty was properly denied.

Judgment affirmed.