Commonwealth v. Howard

A Superior Court jury found the defendant, Clyde Howard, guilty of murder in the first degree on theories of deliberate premeditation and extreme atrocity or cruelty. 1 The defendant appeals his conviction, arguing that (1) the motion judge erred in denying his pretrial motion to suppress statements that he made to police both on the day of his arrest and on the following day during an interview with police; (2) the Commonwealth impermissibly focused on prior bad acts and character evidence during trial; (3) statements made by the prosecutor during his closing argument prejudiced the defendant and warrant a new trial; and (4) the jury instructions on mental impairment *723 and the voluntariness of the defendant’s statements were erroneous and warrant reversal of his convictions. Pursuant to our review of the entire case under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, we conclude that the erroneous admission of portions of the defendant’s statement to the police, combined with other errors, require reversal of the defendant’s conviction of murder in the first degree. On remand, at the Commonwealth’s option, a verdict of murder in the second degree may be entered in lieu of a new trial on the indictment charging murder in the first degree.

1. Background. We recite the facts as the jury could have found them, reserving other facts for later discussion. On the morning of January 28, 2009, the victim, Maurice Ricketts, was shot in the head and killed while at his job at Baystate Pool Supplies (Baystate), a pool supply distributor located in Cambridge. He was shot by the defendant, who worked at Baystate as a handyman.

Earlier that morning, at around 9 a.m., the defendant was asked by the Baystate branch manager Derek Roczynski and operations manager Michael Najarían, Jr., to buy breakfast for them at a local fast food restaurant. 2 After breakfast, Najarían joined the victim in the warehouse known to Baystate employees as the “chemical building,” located directly across the street from Baystate’s offices and other warehouses. Shortly after 10 a.m., the defendant entered the front door of the chemical building carrying a bag of trash. Singing and joking with Najarían as he passed, he walked down a pathway toward the back exit and out to the dumpster. This outdoor area was known to employees as the “chemical backyard” (chemical yard). After taking out the trash, the defendant returned through the chemical building and proceeded to leave through the front door, but then turned around, reentered, and exchanged words with the victim who was working nearby. Najarían heard an “explosion of yelling” between the defendant and victim, and he approached them, “scream[ing]” for them to stop. Within moments, the defendant reached into his right pocket, pulled out a gun, and pointed it at the victim, who turned and ran through the warehouse toward the back door leading to the chemical yard. The defendant fired once, missing the victim, and then quickly followed him. Najarían shouted *724 twice at the defendant to “stop it”; each time, the defendant responded, “What?” but continued to pursue the victim while looking straight ahead toward the back door.

After the two men ran out of the warehouse, Najarían ran to the company offices across the street, where he alerted Roczynski and assistant manager James McGaffigan before telephoning 911. Roczynski and McGaffigan immediately ran toward the chemical building but heard shots coming from the chemical yard before they reached the building entrance. They ran along the building toward the chemical yard and peered through an opening in the locked fence. There, they saw the defendant facing the back of the dumpster with his arm outstretched and pointed slightly downward, and then heard two additional shots. After each shot, Roczynski heard the victim make a grunting sound and, after the second, also heard the defendant mutter, “I got you.” Roczynski then shouted, “[Wjhat the f are you doing”; the defendant briefly glared at him. McGaffigan saw the defendant walk toward the back door, stop, return to the dumpster area, and fire an additional shot. Roczynski and McGaffigan returned to the entrance of the chemical building, and Roczynski bumped into the defendant, who was coming out of the door. The defendant muttered, “I got to get out of here,” ran to a white van, and drove away.

Roczynski, McGaffigan, and other Bay state workers rushed to the chemical yard where they found the victim behind the dumpster, wedged between a stack of wood pallets. He had suffered two gunshot wounds to the head. Shortly thereafter, paramedics responded to the scene and, finding a faint pulse, transported him to the hospital. During transport, the victim went into cardiac arrest, and medics performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation on him. He was pronounced dead shortly after arriving at the emergency room.

Later that day, at approximately 4 p.m., Sergeant Thomas J. Teahan of the Boston police department heard a radio broadcast to be on the lookout for the defendant in a white van in the Roxbury area. Teahan, who was driving in Roxbury at the time, came across a van parked alongside the road that matched the description of the defendant’s vehicle. He called for backup, parked his vehicle to block the van, and approached the driver’s side door on foot. Teahan observed the defendant apparently asleep in the driver’s seat with a cellular telephone at his ear; he removed the defendant from the van and conducted a pat frisk to locate weapons. When Teahan asked the defendant if he was *725 carrying a firearm, he replied, “No, I threw it in the Charles River.” The defendant was then placed under arrest, handcuffed, and transported to the Boston police department station in Roxbury for initial booking (Roxbury booking). At the station, Teahan read the defendant the Miranda rights and informed him that he was under arrest for murder. During the booking, the defendant made several unsolicited statements to Teahan.

Thereafter, State police Trooper Erik Gagnon and two Cambridge police officers transported the defendant to the Cambridge police department for further booking (Cambridge booking). Gagnon detected the odor of alcohol on the defendant’s breath, as well as slurred speech and a slightly unsteady gait while the defendant was walking, although he was not slipping, falling, or stumbling. During the twenty-five minute ride to Cambridge, the officers did not ask the defendant any questions. Nevertheless, the defendant made several unsolicited statements about the events that had transpired earlier in the day. At around 5:15 p.m., the defendant arrived at the Cambridge police department where he was booked, his clothing was taken, and he was placed in a cell. Thereafter, Gagnon and his colleagues decided that because the defendant appeared “somewhat impaired,” they would wait until the following morning to interview him. The next morning, at approximately 6:30 a.m., Gagnon and Detective Daniel McNeill of the Cambridge police department interviewed the defendant.

At trial, the defendant did not dispute that he shot and killed the victim. He did not testify but presented evidence to show that, because of a mental impairment, he lacked the capacity to commit murder in the first degree at the time of the killing. In particular, the defendant introduced the testimony of Dr. Robert Joss, a certified forensic psychologist, who opined that at the time of the killing the defendant had an Axis II personality disorder, not otherwise specified, with obsessive compulsive, schizoid, and paranoid features. Joss characterized the defendant as having a “substantial disorder of perception, particularly the perception of the sort of social interactions that grossly impaired his judgment.” Therefore, whether the defendant actually was threatened or intimidated by the victim on the day of the killing was immaterial because the defendant was “predisposed to perceive [the victim] as threatening.” Overall, Joss concluded that at the time of the killing, the defendant had a diminished capacity to form the intent necessary to premeditate deliberately or to act with extreme atrocity or cruelty, as well as more generally the intent necessary for malice.

*726 In rebuttal, the Commonwealth called Dr. Alison Fife, a psychiatrist, who testified to her opinion that at the time of the killing, the defendant was not suffering from any mental illness, mental defect, or personality disorder, and had the capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his acts.

2. Motion to suppress. Before trial, the defendant moved to suppress statements he made after his arrest on January 28, 2009, on the ground that they were involuntary due to his intoxication; he also argued that the statements made during his interview with police on January 29 were obtained in violation of his Miranda rights, see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and his constitutional right against self-incrimination. 3 After an evidentiary hearing, the motion judge, who was the trial judge, denied the motion. The defendant argues that the denial constituted error.

a. Standard of review. “In reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we accept the judge’s subsidiary findings of fact absent clear error ‘but conduct an independent review of [her] ultimate findings and conclusions of law.’ ” Commonwealth v. Scott, 440 Mass. 642, 646 (2004), quoting Commonwealth v. Jimenez, 438 Mass. 213, 218 (2002). We “make an independent determination of the correctness of the judge’s application of constitutional principles to the facts as found.” Id., quoting Commonwealth v. Mercado, 422 Mass. 367, 369 (1996). Here, in addition to testimony, the motion judge considered videotape evidence of the defendant’s Cambridge booking on January 28 and of his interview with police on January 29. Thus, “to the extent that the judge based [her] legal conclusions on facts found by virtue of a video recording, ‘we are in the same position as the judge in viewing the videotape,’ ” and independently review it without deference to the motion judge. 4 Commonwealth v. Clarke, 461 *727 Mass. 336, 341 (2012), quoting Commonwealth v. Prater, 420 Mass. 569, 578 n.7 (1995).

b. January 28, 2009, statements. The defendant does not dispute that the statements he made at the time of his arrest, his transport, and the Roxbury booking were spontaneous and not obtained through police questioning, and that therefore Miranda protections did not apply. 5 See Commonwealth v. Diaz, 422 Mass. 269, 271 (1996). His sole argument is that, because he was intoxicated, the Commonwealth did not meet its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that his statements were voluntary. “The test for voluntariness is ‘whether, in light of the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement, the will of the defendant was overborne to the extent that the statement was not the result of a free and voluntary act.’ ” Commonwealth v. Durand, 457 Mass. 574, 595-596 (2010), quoting Commonwealth v. Souza, 428 Mass. 478, 483-484 (1998). Relevant factors “include whether promises or other inducements were made to the defendant by the police, as well as the defendant’s age, education, and intelligence; experience with the criminal justice system; and his physical and mental condition, including whether the defendant was under the influence of drugs or alcohol.” Durand, supra at 596. The mere presence of one or more factors “is not always sufficient to render the statements involuntary.” Commonwealth v. Selby, 420 Mass. 656, 664 (1995). Further, although “special care must be taken to assess the voluntariness of a defendant’s statement where there is evidence that he was under the influence of alcohol or drugs, an ‘otherwise voluntary act is not necessarily rendered involuntary simply be *728 cause an individual has been drinking or using drugs.’ ” Commonwealth v. Brown, 462 Mass. 620, 627 (2012), quoting Commonwealth v. Silanskas, 433 Mass. 678, 685 (2001).

Considering these factors, the motion judge found the defendant’s statements to be voluntary. There was no error. The defendant indisputably showed signs of intoxication. 6 However, as the motion judge found (and as the videotape of the Cambridge booking confirms), the defendant was not so intoxicated that he was stumbling or falling down — he followed commands, answered questions, carried on conversations, and stood, walked, and removed his clothing without assistance. Further, during that booking, the defendant acknowledged that he had received the Miranda rights earlier and asked questions about his location, the charges against him, and what would happen to him next; all of this signifies that he was lucid, cognizant of his surroundings, and had some appreciation of the gravity of his situation. 7 We agree with the motion judge’s conclusion, “put in different terms by her, that ‘although the defendant may have been somewhat intoxicated when he spoke to the police, his mind was rational and his faculties were under control.’ ” Commonwealth v. Koney, 421 Mass. 295, 305 (1995), quoting Commonwealth v. Simmons, 417 Mass. 60, 65 (1994).

c. January 29, 2009, statements. The defendant further argues that his motion to suppress was erroneously denied because, when police interviewed him on January 29, 2009, the officers *729 obtained statements from him in violation of his rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and art. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights.

i. Initial Miranda warnings. Finding the defendant awake and alert in his cell the morning after his arrest, Detective McNeill and Trooper Gagnon asked him if he would agree to be interviewed and, after obtaining consent, brought him to an interview room. He was given coffee and a bagel, and his handcuffs were removed. At the outset, McNeill, who conducted the majority of the interview, read the defendant the Miranda rights. After the defendant indicated that he understood those rights, the following exchange occurred:

Detective McNeill: “Having these [Miranda] rights in mind, do you wish to speak to us now?”

Defendant: “Yeah, but — yes, I’ll speak to you but there’s certain things that might be kind of like sensitive —”

McNeill: “Okay.”

Defendant: “— that may jeopardize me because my rights has been read and —”

McNeill: “I understand that.”

Defendant: “And then say hey look [inaudible] the rest of [inaudible].”

McNeill: “Again, I’m going to ask you to initial right here. Right here where it says — right here under your previous initials and sign right here on the line. Just sign your name right there.”

The defendant then signed the Miranda waiver form and permitted the interview to be recorded.

The officers began by asking the defendant about his upbringing, family, education, and employment. After about fifteen minutes, McNeill stopped the interview and read the defendant a form explaining his right to prompt arraignment under Commonwealth v. Rosario, 422 Mass. 48, 56 (1996). The defendant signed a Rosario waiver form and agreed to continue speaking with the officers but also stated that he “would kind of deviate from the more sensitive matters.”

On appeal, the defendant claims that his waivers of the right to remain silent in response to the administration of Miranda rights *730 were conditional rather than unequivocal, and as a result, the officers were obligated to seek further clarification from him before proceeding with the interview. At least with respect to the defendant’s initial Miranda waiver, we disagree. 8 The motion judge found that the defendant’s words, “Yes, I’ll speak with you,” and his signature of the Miranda waiver signified an unequivocal, knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of his right to silence. 9 There was no error. The statement by the defendant that he may want to “deviate” from more “sensitive” matters merely indicated that he understood that he could invoke the right to remain silent, and might choose to do so, in the future. See Commonwealth v. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. 244, 265 (1982) (“defendant has not only the right to remain silent from the beginning but also a continuing right to cut off, at any time, any questioning that does take place”). Accordingly, the officers were not obligated to seek clarification, at the time of the defendant’s waiver. See Clarke, 461 Mass. at 351-352.

ii. Postwaiver statements. After waiving his Miranda rights, the defendant spoke openly with the officers for approximately forty-five minutes, answering all questions asked of him. As questioning progressed, the conversation became increasingly focused on the defendant’s prior relationship with the victim and the moments leading up to the shooting. After describing how the victim had approached him holding a hammer on the morning of the shooting, the defendant stated:

Defendant: “Then I went to [buy] the breakfast and stuff and then I came back. But I would like to stop at that point because it [bejcomes more intricate now and who knows what’s going to happen” (emphasis added).

McNeill: “Okay. But, you know, I just want to say it’s happened.”

Defendant: “Yeah.”

*731 McNeill: “There are witnesses and the employees.” Defendant: “Yeah. I think —”

McNeill: “You know people — Mike, Derek, Jimmy.” Defendant: “Yeah, Mike, yeah.”

McNeill: “I just want to —”

Defendant: “But I don’t know if Jimmy saw anything.”

McNeill: “Well, they did, right. But what did [the victim] say — what just — you just had enough of his tactic [inaudible] of bullying you?”

Defendant: “Yeah. A lot of intimidation, yeah.”

The defendant contends that once he stated, “I would like to stop at that point,” he invoked unequivocally his right to remain silent, and that, rather than honoring his request, McNeill began pressuring him by emphasizing that “it happened” and pointing out that there were witnesses to try to get him to talk about the incident. The motion judge acknowledged the defendant’s statement that he “would like to stop,” but determined that at no point during the interview did the defendant “cho[o]se to cut off questioning.”

A defendant who has waived his right to silence may subsequently invoke that right at any point during questioning. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. at 265. However, in the postwaiver context, a subsequent invocation of the right to remain silent must be clear and “unambiguous[],” see Clarke, 461 Mass. at 342, quoting Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 381 (2010), such that “ ‘a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would understand the statement’ to be an invocation of the Miranda right.” Clarke, supra, quoting Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994). See Commonwealth v. Robidoux, 450 Mass. 144, 161 (2007), quoting Commonwealth v. James, 427 Mass. 312, 314 (1988) (postwaiver invocation of right to silence requires that defendant show “expressed unwillingness to continue”). Whether the defendant has met this burden is a fact-specific determination to be made based on the totality of the circumstances. Commonwealth v. Almonte, 444 Mass. 511, 519, cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1040 (2005), overruled on another ground by Commonwealth v. Carlino, 449 Mass. 71 (2007).

*732 The Commonwealth argues that the defendant’s statement about wanting to stop “reflects] nothing more than the defendant’s desire to deviate from questioning touching on the shooting itself.” It is the case that “a suspect’s unwillingness to answer questions on a particular topic does not unambiguously indicate that the suspect is unwilling to continue speaking with police or obligate them to inquire whether the suspect would ‘like to reassert his right to silence.’ ” Commonwealth v. Santos, 463 Mass. 273, 285 (2012), quoting Robidoux, 450 Mass. at 161 n.7. 10 Cf. Commonwealth v. Sicari, 434 Mass. 732, 748-749 (2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1142 (2002) (prolonged silence in response to police questions); Commonwealth v. Senior, 433 Mass. 453, 463 (2001) (silence). However, considering the totality of the circumstances here, we disagree with the Commonwealth that the defendant’s statement is to be read so narrowly. There is nothing in the language of the defendant’s entire statement, “I would like to stop at that point, because it [be] comes more intricate now and who knows what’s going to happen,” that qualifies or limits it to a particular question.

A defendant’s request to halt the questioning at a later point of an interview, or failure to answer one specific question, “must be interpreted in the context of his willingness to talk both immediately prior to and subsequent to” that point. Senior, 433 Mass. at 463, quoting Commonwealth v. Pennellatore, 392 Mass. 382, 387 (1984). Here, although initially the defendant had indicated twice that he might want to avoid “sensitive” matters, in the period immediately prior to his statement about stopping, he had engaged in conversation with the officers and willingly answered every one of their questions without any qualification at all for approximately forty-five minutes; there was no indication that the defendant was “picking] and choos[ing]” among which questions to answer. 11 See Senior, supra. In this context, his statement, “I would like to stop at that point,” indicated that he had reached the *733 “sensitive” areas that he did not want to talk about, and, accordingly, no longer wanted to proceed with the interview, but as he said, wanted “to stop.” In the circumstances, we conclude that in stating, “I [want] to stop at that point,” the defendant invoked his right to silence. 12

We appreciate that an appellate court reviewing a police interview after the fact — generally aided by a written transcript and, often, a videotape of the interview, both of which can be reviewed more than once — is in a different position from that of the police officers who are conducting that interview and acting in the moment. 13 Here, the testimony at the motion to suppress hearing reflected that at least one of the interrogating officers, Gagnon, and perhaps also the officers’ supervisors who were observing the interview through a two-way mirror, had some question about whether the defendant’s statement about wishing to “stop at that point” meant he was terminating the interview altogether or only expressing a wish not to talk specifically about the actual shooting incident. 14 See Santos, 463 Mass. at 286. Assuming this to be the case, the uncertainty would have permitted the officers to ask *734 a direct question designed to clarify the defendant’s intent. See id. (“The question . . . should be brief, worded only to elicit an affirmative or negative response concerning whether the suspect wants [to stop] and should not be designed to keep the suspect talking”). The officers here did not follow such a course, however. Rather, when the defendant stated he “would like to stop at that point,” McNeill, who was questioning the defendant at the time, immediately pressed on with arguments for why the defendant should keep speaking about the shooting incident. It was only a bit later, following a series of questions by McNeill about the gun the defendant had used, that Gagnon abruptly announced a “two minute” break that actually lasted fifty-one minutes. During the break the defendant was brought to the restroom, but otherwise kept in the interview room alone, although he was given reading glasses and a drink. At some point before the break ended, Gagnon apparently returned to the room and asked the defendant in substance about whether he wanted to continue. According to Gagnon, this conversation, which was not audiorecorded, lasted about three minutes, but there is no indication that Gagnon specifically sought clarification about the meaning of the defendant’s earlier statement about wishing to stop, or that he referenced that earlier statement at all. 15

In these circumstances — where McNeill did not seek to clarify but sought to keep the defendant talking, where a break occurred before any effort at all was made to inquire about the defendant’s wishes about speaking to the police, and where no reference ever was made to the defendant’s statement about wanting to stop — we conclude that the officers “exceeded the narrow scope that was permitted [to clarify], and intruded into the defendant’s invocation *735 of his right” to remain silent. See Santos, 463 Mass. at 287.

When a person in custody has exercised his right to cut off police questioning, this does not “create a per se proscription of indefinite duration upon any further questioning by any police officer on any subject.” Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102-103 (1975). Rather, once such a person invokes this right, we must inquire “whether the person’s right to be free from interrogation, once exercised, was ‘scrupulously honored’ before questioning resumed.” Commonwealth v. Atkins, 386 Mass. 593, 598 (1982), quoting Mosley, supra at 104. To do so, we consider factors such as whether “the police (1) had immediately ceased questioning; (2) resumed questioning ‘only after the passage of a significant period of time and the provision of a fresh set of warnings’; and (3) limited the scope of the later interrogation ‘to a crime that had not been a subject of the earlier interrogation’ ” (Mosley factors). Clarke, 461 Mass. at 344, quoting Mosley, supra at 106.

In this case, the first and third Mosley factors unmistakably favor the defendant. As to the first, when the defendant invoked his right to silence, the officers did not immediately cease questioning. Id. Instead, in an obvious effort to “overcome the defendant’s resistance to interrogation,” Commonwealth v. Brant, 380 Mass. 876, 884-885, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1004 (1980), McNeill immediately reminded the defendant that the crime already had happened and that there were numerous witnesses, and persisted in questioning the defendant about the gun he had used. Although Gagnon called for a break shortly thereafter, by that point, McNeill had already pressured the defendant to talk and had obtained additional substantive statements from him. 16 With respect to the third Mosley factor, the officers plainly did not limit *736 the scope of the later interrogation “to a crime that had not been a subject of the earlier interrogation.” Clarke, 461 Mass. at 344, quoting Mosley, 423 U.S. at 106. Here, there was no separate crime ever at issue. 17 Compare Mosley, supra at 105 (no violation when second interrogation focused on “a crime different in nature and in time and place of occurrence” from subject of first interrogation), with Commonwealth v. Taylor, 374 Mass. 426, 435 (1978) (when subsequent “questioning of the defendant was not restricted to an unrelated crime, the police had departed from the procedure approved in Mosley, and . . . the judge was warranted in finding the defendant’s Miranda rights to have been violated”).

Assessment of the second Mosley factor is less clear. The second factor looks at the passage of time between the individual’s invocation of the right to remain silent and the resumption of police questioning. There is no bright line that divides what would be a permissible break from one that is too short to be acceptable. 18 Nonetheless, because there was no meaningful change in circumstances before and after the fifty-one minute *737 break between the defendant’s invocation and the officers’ return to questioning — the defendant remained in police custody, was returned to the same room, and did not reinitiate questioning on his own, and when questioning resumed the same officers continued with the interview on the same subject — the fifty-one minutes likely did not constitute a “significant period of time” sufficient to honor the defendant’s invocation of his right to silence, even with the administration of a fresh set of Miranda warnings. See Commonwealth v. Callender, 81 Mass. App. Ct. 153, 158 n.5 (2012) (thirty-five-minute break between interrogations insufficient, particularly in light of officers’ violation of other Mosely factors).

In sum, considering the totality of the circumstances, the officers did not “scrupulously honor” the defendant’s invocation of his right to silence. The question is whether that error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967); Santos, 463 Mass. at 287. To make this determination, we consider factors such as

“the importance of the evidence in the prosecution’s case; the relationship between the evidence and the premise of the defense; who introduced the issue at trial; the frequency of the reference; whether the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of properly admitted evidence; the availability or effect of curative instructions; and the weight or quantum of evidence of guilt.”

Commonwealth v. Tyree, 455 Mass. 676, 701 (2010), quoting Commonwealth v. Dagraca, 447 Mass. 546, 553 (2006).

The Commonwealth contends that any error in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the erroneously admitted statements were largely cumulative of other evidence and the evidence of the defendant’s guilt was overwhelming. The defendant disagrees, arguing that the prejudicial impact of his image and words on the video was too strong to be considered harmless. The Commonwealth’s points are not without merit: there is overlap between a good number of the defendant’s statements after he invoked his right to end the interview and properly admitted evidence of statements he had volunteered to police the day before the interview, and the evidence of the defendant’s guilt was indeed extremely strong. But for reasons we explain infra, we conclude that the erroneous admission of the defendant’s postinvocation statement, when considered in com *738 bination with (1) the prosecutor’s use in his closing argument of that statement and other improper aspects of the closing, and (2) errors in the judge’s final instruction on mental impairment, was not harmless and reversal of the defendant’s murder conviction is required. Because the issue bears on our consideration of the closing argument and may arise at a new trial, we first consider the defendant’s claims of error relating to the admission of prior bad act evidence.

3. Prior bad acts. The defendant argues that the prosecution improperly introduced prior bad act and character evidence for which the unfair prejudice substantially outweighed its probative value. The Commonwealth counters that the evidence complained of was properly admitted because it “established a pattern of workplace violence and hostility towards co-workers,” and therefore was relevant and admissible to show the defendant’s capacity to form the intent required for conviction; and that because the defendant touched on these same topics in his interview with the police, he “opened the door” to most of the prior bad act evidence admitted at trial.

The general rule governing prior bad act evidence is well settled:

“The prosecution may not introduce evidence that a defendant previously has misbehaved, indictably or not, for the purpose of showing his bad character or propensity to commit the crime charged, but such evidence may be admissible if relevant for some other purpose. . . . Such evidence can be highly prejudicial to the defendant, and therefore must be excluded unless it comes within one of the permitted uses, such as to show a common scheme, pattern of operation, absence of accident or mistake, identity, intent, or motive [or state of mind].” (Citations omitted.)

Commonwealth v. Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224-225 (1986). Accord Commonwealth v. Sharpe, 454 Mass. 135, 143 (2009). Additionally, to be admissible, a defendant’s prior bad acts may not be too remote in time. Commonwealth v. Butler, 445 Mass. 568, 574 (2005). Here, the prior bad act and character evidence the defendant complains of includes (1) a previous incident between the defendant and the victim over a forklift; (2) a previous incident between the defendant and another Bay state employee, Miguel Carballido, over a forklift; and (3) derogatory *739 comments about Haitian women that the defendant allegedly made in the victim’s presence. We consider each separately.

i. Prior forklift incident with victim. The Commonwealth presented evidence of a confrontation between the defendant and the victim over the use of a forklift at work that occurred in November, 2008, approximately three months before the victim was killed. The evidence came in through the testimony of other Bay state employees as well as from the portion of the defendant’s statement to police that was properly admitted at trial. 19 There was no error in the admission of this evidence. It tended to show the antagonistic character of the defendant’s and the victim’s relationship, was not too remote in time, and was probative of the defendant’s motive, state of mind, and intent. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Rosenthal, 432 Mass. 124, 126-128 (2000) (evidence of violent relationship between defendant and victim, including two black eyes sustained by victim, admissible to demonstrate motive and intent and to rebut defendant’s claim of lack of criminal responsibility); Commonwealth v. Ashman, 430 Mass. 736, 741-742 (2000) (evidence of altercation between defendant and victim in month preceding murder properly admitted to show defendant’s state of mind, intent, and relationship with victim). See generally Commonwealth v. Morgan, 460 Mass. 277, 289 (2011), quoting Robidoux, 450 Mass. at 158 (“Determinations of the relevance, probative value, and prejudice of such evidence are left to the sound discretion of the judge, whose decision to admit such evidence will be upheld absent clear error”).

ii. Prior forklift incident between defendant and Carballido. The prosecutor elicited testimony from Bay state employee Miguel Carballido, who was Mexican, that for at least three years, the defendant, who was from Trinidad, would “always bother” him at work in various ways, including calling Carballido a racist and making comments about Mexicans. Carballido testified that in June, 2008, approximately six months before the killing, the defendant took a forklift that Carballido was using. On realizing that the defendant had done so, Carballido physically pulled the defendant from the forklift, and the defendant “pulled a knife” on *740 Carballido. In response, Carballido picked up a stick and challenged the defendant; the defendant walked away, and the confrontation ended. The day after this incident, the defendant threatened to shoot and kill Carballido.

Throughout the defendant’s statement to police, including the properly admitted portion, he portrayed himself as the victim of harassment and intimidation by both Carballido and the victim, and implied that they acted together to antagonize him. Admission of the forklift incident with Carballido served to rebut the defendant’s assertions about the source of his hostile relationships with both men, thereby providing the jury with a complete picture of those relationships. See Commonwealth v. McCowen, 458 Mass. 461, 479 (2010) (defendant’s cross-examination of police officer “opened the door” for prior bad act evidence on redirect to rebut implications raised by defense counsel); Commonwealth v. Maimoni, 41 Mass. App. Ct. 321, 327-328 (1996) (prior bad acts admissible, in part, to rebut defendant’s testimony). See also Commonwealth v. Young, 382 Mass. 448, 463 (1981) (prior bad act evidence admissible to show full picture of entire relationship between defendant and victim). Further, although it presents a close question, evidence of the defendant’s state of mind toward another Bay state employee was arguably probative of his state of mind and intent toward the victim. Cf. Commonwealth v. Riley, 467 Mass. 799, 818 (2014) (defendant’s abuse toward other children probative of his state of mind toward child who was victim of murder). As such, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in admitting the Carballido evidence.

iii. Defendant’s comments about Haitian women. Baystate employee Shane Nixon testified that, in the summer of 2008, he and the victim were having a conversation about the women they were dating, both of whom were Haitian or of Haitian descent. The defendant interjected, “You’d pretty much be a fool to date a Haitian woman.” Nixon also related that after that initial comment, the defendant purposely made additional negative remarks about Haitian women in the victim’s presence and that these comments upset the victim. The comments illustrated a facet of the defendant’s relationship with the victim — a proper nonpropensity purpose — and we cannot say that the trial judge abused her discretion in admitting evidence of them. 20 See Commonwealth v. Mendes, 441 Mass. 459, 464-465 (2004) (ver *741 bal fights between defendant and victim admissible to demonstrate defendant’s hostile relationship with victim). See also Commonwealth v. Thomas, 448 Mass. 180, 188 (2007); Commonwealth v. Robertson, 408 Mass. 747, 750-751 (1990).

4. Prosecutor’s closing argument. The defendant complains that the prosecutor’s closing argument prejudiced his trial and warrants reversing his convictions. He specifically argues that the prosecutor (1) impermissibly commented on the defendant’s invocation of his right to silence; (2) misused — for character and propensity purposes — the prior bad act evidence that had been admitted solely on the issues of motive, intent, and relationship between the defendant and victim; and (3) affirmatively misrepresented certain evidence. We agree that the closing was improper. 21

We summarize the critical portions of the prosecutor’s closing. Near the beginning of his argument, the prosecutor told the jury that “this case started back in November of 2008” with the “forklift incident”:

“[Ajfter [the forklift incident,] ... the gun’s coming to work____My gun, a loaded gun, it’s coming with me because at some point sometime I’m going to use it. And this day, January 28th, was the time. Premeditation can be a matter of seconds, and the Court will tell you, or it can be longer. In this case you have both. He was thinking about taking out [the victim] since early November.

“[D]on’t ever get in his face. Don’t ever confront him like Miguel [Carballido] did[,] or he’ll pull a knife on you.“

The prosecutor then reprised the forklift incidents with the victim and Carballido as well as the defendant’s comments to the two men as follows:

“He jumps on the forklift. He does it just to irritate people when they’re using it. That’s why he talked to [the victim] *742 about, you shouldn’t go out with Haitian women. That’s why he called Miguel a Mexican. It’s the world of Clyde Howard.

“Knife to Miguel; violent, rams the car in a stinking rage.”

Shortly thereafter, the prosecutor discussed the defendant’s January 29, 2009, statement to the police, saying,

“Defense counsel says, oh, he really can’t remember the details. Kind of having a bad day. It’s a ... little fuzzy. What did he tell the police? I’ll talk to you guys, but there are certain things I’m not going to talk about because they might incriminate me. And the police say[ ], okay, whatever. Those are your rights. And he never wanted to go there. He didn’t want to talk about the gun. He didn’t want to talk about where it was. He didn’t want to talk about the shooting because it might incriminate him. No kidding, Clyde. He’s a violent man.”

Toward the end of the closing, the prosecutor turned to testimony from the defense expert Joss, using it to undercut the defendant’s theory of diminished capacity. The prosecutor stated:

“Defense counsel says there’s only one Clyde Howard. That’s not what Dr. Joss said. He agreed with me; there are two sides to him. He wants to please his superiors, Roczynski, Najarían, McGaffigan. He looks down to people he feels are inferior to Clyde Howard and makes derogatory comments towards them and is arrogant towards them. That’s what that fancy little test showed.[ 22 ]

“Do you know what else it showed? He has a history of intimidating his wife and his children — intimidating. That’s the other side of Clyde Howard. He’s a mean man, he’s an intimidating man, he’s a violent man who took a life with no justification, no reason.

“He deserves no sympathy. He didn’t snap. You don’t snap when you bring a gun to work [f]or over two months loaded.”

These excerpts from the closing reflect essentially two categories of impropriety: (1) use of portions of the defendant’s state *743 ments that were obtained in violation of his Miranda rights; and (2) propensity-based argument.

a. Miranda rights. The prosecutor referred to the defendant bringing a loaded gun to work for several months at the beginning and the end of the closing, and also referenced the defendant’s unwillingness to discuss with the police either the shooting itself or the gun he used in the shooting. Each of these references was to the portion of the defendant’s statement that followed his invocation of the Miranda-protected right to cut off questioning and remain silent — the portion that should not have been admitted in evidence.

By including the two references to the defendant’s decision to bring a loaded gun to work for months preceding the shooting, the -prosecutor directly connected it to the defendant’s capacity to form the necessary intent for deliberately premeditated murder. Moreover, by making these references at the beginning and close to the end of the argument the prosecutor created bookends that served to highlight the premeditation theme. 23 See Tyree, 455 Mass. at 702-704 (prosecutor’s use of unconstitutionally admitted evidence as organizing theme of closing rendered error harmful).

As for the comments about the defendant’s desire not to answer questions about the gun or the actual shooting incident, by arguing, “He didn’t want to talk about the shooting because it might incriminate him,” the prosecutor in effect connected the defendant’s invocation of his right to remain silent to the issue of his substantive guilt. Using the invocation of Miranda rights to comment on a defendant’s substantive guilt is strictly prohibited. See Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619 (1976); Commonwealth v. Mahdi, 388 Mass. 679, 694 (1983), citing United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 175, 181 (1975). In addition, this section of the prosecutor’s argument sought to emphasize the rational thought process of the defendant during the interview to undercut the defense’s theory that he suffered from diminished capacity at the time of the crime. Cf. Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284, 295 (1986) (defendant’s post-Miranda silence inadmissible to *744 prove criminal responsibility); Madhi, supra at 694-695 (same).

b. Prior bad acts and propensity. As discussed, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in admitting evidence of certain prior bad acts committed by the defendant. But, as the judge explained to the jury both when the evidence was admitted and in her final charge, this evidence was only to be used for the limited purpose of evaluating the defendant’s motive, intent, state of mind, or, in some instances, the nature of the relationship between the defendant and the victim — not for assessing the defendant’s character. See part 3, supra. In his closing, the prosecutor repeatedly and quite blatantly ignored the judge’s evidentiary limitation; the argument is laced with remarks describing the defendant as a “mean” and “violent man” likely to commit violent acts — i.e., using the bad acts directly as propensity evidence and negative character evidence. This use is forbidden and prejudicial. See Helfant, 398 Mass. at 224-225. See also Commonwealth v. Anestal, 463 Mass. 655, 672 (2012) (“It is implicit in the general rule regarding the inadmissibility of prior bad acts evidence that admission of such evidence carries with it a high risk of prejudice to the defendant” [citation omitted]).

The prosecutor’s attempt to paint the defendant in a negative light reached its nadir with the reference to the defendant’s intimidation of his family — a reference that also misrepresented the evidence at trial. The prosecutor asserted that the psychological testing performed by Joss showed the defendant had a history of intimidating his wife and children. Although Joss had stated at trial, in response to the prosecutor’s question on cross-examination, that the defendant had had, in the past, a history of being intimidating, there was no suggestion by Joss that this “history” of intimidation was revealed by a psychological test of the defendant. 24 More to the point, the prosecutor transformed Joss’s reference to a past “history” into a current character trait of the defendant, summarizing: “Intimidating. That’s the other side of Clyde Howard. He’s a mean man, he’s an intimidating man, he’s a violent man who took a life with no justification, no reason.”

In sum, the prosecutor’s extensive use of propensity-based argument in his closing was improper. It remains to evaluate the impact of these improprieties and the prosecutor’s erroneous use *745 of portions of the defendant’s statement in the argument. We do so in conducting our review of the entire case under G. L. c. 278, § 33E. See part 6, infra.

5. Jury instructions. The defendant claims error in the judge’s final charge on mental impairment, the voluntariness of the defendant’s statement, and the inference of malice the jury were permitted to draw from the intentional use of a dangerous weapon. 25

a. Mental impairment. The judge instructed the jury on mental impairment following her full instructions on the elements of murder in the first degree committed with deliberate premeditation and committed with extreme atrocity or cruelty. The instruction is reproduced below. 26

The instruction in itself is confusing, given its suggestion that the Commonwealth was required to prove “intent to commit first degree murder by deliberate premeditation or by extreme atrocity or cruelty.” The Commonwealth does not have such a burden. Rather, the Commonwealth’s obligation is to prove “malice” — *746 a term that certainly focuses on intent, but each of its prongs has a meaning distinct from “intent to commit murder by deliberate premeditation” or “by extreme atrocity or cruelty.” But of greater significance, and similar to Commonwealth v. Gonzalez, ante 410, 421-422 (2014), insofar as the judge’s explanation of mental impairment focused solely on intent (and associated knowledge), the instruction never explained that the jury might consider the defendant’s mental impairment in weighing whether the defendant more generally committed the crime with extreme atrocity or cruelty, an instruction that was required in substance. 27 See id.; Commonwealth v. Rutkowski, 459 Mass. 794, 798 (2011); Commonwealth v. Gould, 380 Mass. 672, 685-686 & n.16 (1980). See also Model Jury Instructions on Homicide 62 (1999); id. at 49 (rev. 2013). 28 Particularly where the defendant’s entire defense was based on his allegedly impaired mental state, the omission of these instructions was error. 29

b. Voluntariness. In her instruction on the voluntariness of the defendant’s statements, the judge stated:

*747 “You may consider whether the statements, if any, made by [the defendant] were calculated to exculpate or mitigate his actions, such as an inference [that] might be drawn that he knew his statements to the police could have adverse consequences, and therefore, you may draw an inference that he made the statements voluntarily. Or you may not draw that inference and you may determine that that inference is not reasonable.”

As the Commonwealth points out, there are cases that offer support for considering the fact that a defendant made an exculpatory statement in the course of a police interrogation in determining whether statements were voluntary. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Davis, 403 Mass. 575, 581 (1988); Commonwealth v. Vazquez, 387 Mass. 96, 99-100 (1982). These cases, however, did not involve jury instructions but were reviews of denials of motions to suppress. In a case such as this, where a claim of mental impairment is made and is central to the case, there is a potential for misuse by a jury, that is, a risk that the exculpating nature of the defendant’s words or statements will be used as evidence of his mental capacity. A jury instruction such as the one given is better left unsaid.

6. Review under G. L. c. 278, § 33E. “Our duty under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, is to consider broadly the whole case on the law and the facts to determine whether the verdict is ‘consonant with justice.’ ” (Citation omitted.) Gould, 380 Mass. at 680.

We have discussed previously that the admission of the defendant’s postinvocation statement constituted error, in violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to remain silent, and that, because the defendant objected to the statement’s admission, the error must be shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 24; Santos, 463 Mass. at 287. Although many of the defendant’s postinvocation remarks were cumulative, evidence that the defendant had been carrying a gun to work every day for two to three months distinctly was not, and as described in part 4, supra, this admission by the defendant became an important focal point of the prosecutor’s closing argument. Furthermore, the admission of the defendant’s postinvocation statement placed before the jury the defendant’s repeated requests to the officers not to answer questions about the shooting itself or to leave parts of the narrative out, and two instances of damning explanation as to why the defendant chose this path: because it left him appearing “guilty” (Gagnon’s *748 word) 30 and as “the culprit” (the defendant’s word). 31 The jury obviously could view the defendant’s reluctance to speak about the details of the shooting as reflecting repeatedly his consciousness of guilt, brought home even more clearly by the “guilty” and “culprit” remarks, which was stressed by the prosecutor in his closing. In addition, the specific details about the shooting incident and his own appreciation of the victim’s state of mind (see note 16, supra), which the defendant finally supplied to the officers near the end of his statement, were chilling and could *749 certainly be understood by the jury as evidence of deliberate premeditation as well as extreme atrocity or cruelty. The potential for prejudice to the defendant arising from the admission of the statement — both in itself and then as used by the prosecutor in the closing — is obvious.

The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree committed with deliberate premeditation and also committed with extreme atrocity or cruelty. Although the evidence of the defendant’s guilt under both theories was very strong, with respect to deliberately premeditated murder, we cannot say that the erroneous admission of the defendant’s postinvocation statement, and its use by the prosecutor in his closing, was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 32 See Commonwealth v. Perrot, 407 Mass. 539, 549 (1990) (in determining whether error was harmless beyond reasonable doubt, “[t]he essential question is whether the error had, or might have had, an effect on the jury and whether the error contributed to or might have contributed to the verdicts”).

Turning to murder committed with extreme atrocity or cruelty, we similarly conclude that a combination of errors created sufficient harm to require reversal on that theory. As discussed, a number of the defendant’s postinvocation statements that were admitted in error provided support for the jury to find extreme atrocity or cruelty, as did the propensity-based descriptions of the defendant in the prosecutor’s closing argument. It is true that in contrast to deliberate premeditation, the prosecutor did not use *750 postinvocation evidence in his closing explicitly to build the case for a finding of extreme atrocity or cruelty. At the same time, however, the errors in the judge’s instruction on mental impairment had a particularly prejudicial effect. In relation to extreme atrocity or cruelty, the judge’s mental impairment instruction, which focused solely on intent and knowledge, missed the mark: “Intent and knowledge are not aspects of extreme atrocity or cruelty.” Rutkowski, 459 Mass. at 797-798. 33 Rather, as was true in that case, “[i]t should have been made clear to the jury that they could consider evidence of mental impairment on the specific question whether the murder was committed with extreme atrocity or cruelty.” Id. at 798. “A jury could have found the defendant’s act intentional, yet not extremely atrocious or cruel, due to the defendant’s [mental impairment],... [T]hejury should reflect the community’s conscience in determining what constitutes an extremely cruel or atrocious killing.” Commonwealth v. McDermott, 393 Mass. 451, 458 (1984). See Gould, 380 Mass. at 685-686. See also Gonzalez, supra at 422-423.

7. Conclusion. The defendant’s conviction of murder in the first degree on the theories of extreme atrocity or cruelty and deliberate premeditation is vacated. The Commonwealth has the option of either retrying the defendant on the murder indictment or accepting a reduction of the verdict to murder in the second degree, which was the verdict urged by the defendant at his first trial. 34 See Gonzalez, supra at 424; Commonwealth v. Thomas, ante 531, 532 (2014). See also Commonwealth v. Bell, 460 Mass. 294, 310 (2011). The Commonwealth shall inform this court within fourteen days of the date this opinion issues whether it will retry *751 the defendant for murder in the first degree or move to have the defendant sentenced on murder in the second degree. After the Commonwealth so informs us, we will issue an appropriate rescript to the Superior Court.

So ordered.