State of Louisiana v. Bernard Grant a/k/a Lucius B. Cummings

                                       Judgment rendered December 14, 2022.
                                       Application for rehearing may be filed
                                       within the delay allowed by Art. 922,
                                       La. C. Cr. P.

                               No. 54,847-KA

                          COURT OF APPEAL
                           SECOND CIRCUIT
                         STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                  *****

STATE OF LOUISIANA                                      Appellee

                                    versus

BERNARD GRANT A/K/A                                     Appellant
LUCIUS B. CUMMINGS

                                  *****

                              Appealed from the
                     First Judicial District Court for the
                         Parish of Caddo, Louisiana
                           Trial Court No. 377,600

               Honorable Erin Leigh Waddell Garrett, Judge

                                  *****

LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT                              Counsel for Appellant
By: Holli Ann Herrle-Castillo

BERNARD GRANT                                           Pro Se

JAMES E. STEWART, SR.                                    Counsel for Appellee
District Attorney

ERICA N. JEFFERSON
TOMMY J. JOHNSON
ROSS S. OWEN
Assistant District Attorneys

                                  *****


              Before MOORE, STONE, and THOMPSON, JJ.
STONE, J.

       This criminal appeal comes from the First Judicial District Court, the

Honorable Judge Erin Leigh Garrett, presiding. The defendant, Bernard

Grant a/k/a Lucius B. Cummings (“the defendant”), was charged with three

drug charges and two firearm charges. A unanimous jury found the

defendant guilty as charged on all five counts. The trial court ordered the

sentences to run concurrent with each other, resulting in a total sentence of

20 years, but consecutive to any other sentence that the defendant might be

serving. The defendant now appeals his conviction and sentence, arguing

that the state failed to sufficiently prove that he was guilty of possession of

the drugs and firearm found in his motel room; the trial court failed to

observe the 24-hour delay between the denial of the motion for new trial and

motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal and sentencing; and the

sentence imposed is excessive. For the following reasons, we affirm the

defendant’s convictions, vacate the sentences, and remand the matter to the

trial court for further proceedings.

                  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On August 4, 2020, Detective Richard Turpin (“Det. Turpin”), of the

Shreveport Police Department (“SPD”), was conducting a follow-up

investigation involving a stolen GMC Yukon Denali.1 Det. Turpin located

the vehicle in the parking lot of the Cajun Inn motel in front of room 122.

He retrieved a printout from the desk clerk as to the occupant of the room.

Det. Turpin and another officer knocked on the door of room 122, and the




       1
         In July 2020, the defendant’s ex-girlfriend filed a complaint with the SPD and
reported that the defendant carjacked her after beating her with a gun. Det. Turpin was
not the original officer who responded to the call.
defendant opened the door. Both officers identified themselves and showed

their badges.2 The defendant identified himself as the occupant of the room

and further confirmed his name and alias. The defendant allowed the

officers to enter the room. Det. Turpin explained to the defendant that they

were investigating a report of a carjacking that involved the vehicle parked

outside his room. Det. Turpin advised the defendant of his rights per

Miranda before he questioned him, and the defendant expressed that he

understood his rights. The defendant voluntarily responded to questions

regarding the name of the owner of the vehicle and informed Det. Turpin

that the keys to the vehicle were on the table.3 When Det. Turpin went to

retrieve the keys from the table, he noticed in plain view, plastic baggies

scattered on the bed that appeared to contain methamphetamine.

      Det. Turpin proceeded to handcuff the defendant. He asked the

defendant if the drugs belonged to him and whether there was anyone else in

the room. The defendant denied that the drugs belonged to him, but stated

that he was the only person in the room. The defendant consented to a

search of the room, and upon further search, the officers discovered a

backpack containing more methamphetamine, clear baggies containing

cocaine, a plastic tray, and a digital scale. Additionally, Det Turpin

discovered a loaded Ruger .22 caliber semiautomatic pistol in a duffel bag.

As Det. Turpin was capturing pictures of the crime scene, he questioned the

defendant about the backpack, duffel bag, clothes, drugs, and gun recovered

in the room. The defendant vehemently denied that the drugs and gun

belonged to him, but he confirmed that the clothing inside the duffel bag as


      2
          The officers were not in uniform, but were dressed in plain clothes and vests.
      3
          The keys were a match to the vehicle outside defendant’s motel room.
                                             2
well as the backpack discovered in the room were his personal property.

Det. Turpin called Detective Donald Belanger, Jr. (“Det. Belanger”), a

narcotics agent, to assist in the investigation.

      On September 21, 2020, the defendant was charged with one count of

possession with intent to distribute Schedule II CDS, 28 grams or more of

methamphetamine, in violation of La. R.S. 40:967(A)(1) and (B)(1)(b), one

count of illegal possession of a firearm while in possession of CDS, in

violation of La. R.S. 14:95(E), and one count of possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon, in violation of La. R.S. 14:95.1. On March 1, 2021, the

state filed an amended bill of information, adding one count of possession

with intent to distribute Schedule I CDS, less than 2 ½ pounds of synthetic

marijuana, in violation of La. R.S. 40:966(A)(1) and (B)(2)(a), and adding

one count of possession of Schedule II CDS, less than two grams of cocaine,

in violation of La. R.S. 40:967(C)(1).4 On May 14, 2021, the state orally

amended the bill to reflect less than 28 grams of methamphetamine. On

June 14, 2021, the state filed an amended bill adding the defendant’s name,

Bernard Grant, and designated the original name on the bill, Lucius

Cummings, as an alias.

          The defendant elected to have a jury trial. The state called a total of 5

witnesses including: Officer Joshua Isaac (responding patrol officer), Det.

Turpin, Det. Belanger, Chris Burg (“Burg”), defendant’s probation and

parole supervisor, and Randall Robillard (“Robillard”), a forensic chemistry

expert. Officers from the SPD testified about how the investigation ensued

and the details of the crime scene. Det. Turpin identified the defendant as



      4
          This misdemeanor conviction is not part of this appeal.
                                             3
the offender, and various items seized from the date of the incident were

presented as exhibits. Det. Belanger explained the instruments of

distribution for the jury and all the following items: a digital scale, small

baggies, firearm, and multiple drugs are consistent with intent to distribute.

Burg testified that he supervised the defendant’s parole for a 2005

conviction with intent to distribute Schedule II CDS. Burg further testified

that the defendant was advised and aware that he was not allowed to possess

a firearm and that he was currently still under parole supervision when this

incident occurred. Robillard explained the process of identifying the

narcotics and tested the evidence retrieved in this case; he identified the

chain of custody items as methamphetamine and cocaine that were presented

as exhibits. Additionally, Robillard testified that he weighed the drugs and

the crime lab report was admitted as evidence. At the conclusion of the two-

day trial, the defendant was found guilty of all five counts of the amended

bill of information.

      On August 26, 2021, the defendant filed a motion for new trial and a

motion for post-verdict judgment of acquittal, both of which were denied at

a hearing. On that same day, the defendant was sentenced on all counts. He

was sentenced to (1) 10 years’ imprisonment at hard labor for the possession

with the intent to distribute Schedule II CDS, less than 28 grams of

methamphetamine; (2) 10 years’ imprisonment at hard labor without the

possibility of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence for illegal

possession of a firearm while in possession of a CDS; (3) 20 years’

imprisonment at hard labor without the possibility of probation, parole, or

suspension of sentence for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon; (4)

15 days in the parish jail for possession of synthetic marijuana; (5) and two
                                        4
years’ imprisonment at hard labor for possession of Schedule II CDS, less

than two grams of cocaine. The sentences were ordered to run concurrent

with each other, resulting in a total sentence of 20 years, but consecutive to

any other sentence that the defendant might be serving.

      On September 2, 2021, the defendant filed a motion to reconsider, and

that motion was denied by the trial court as well. The court provided written

reasons on December 2, 2021. The defendant appeals his conviction and

sentence, urging the following assignments of error: (1) insufficiency of the

evidence to support his conviction; (2) the defense did not waive sentencing

delays; and (3) the trial court imposed an excessive sentence.

                                DISCUSSION

Sufficiency of evidence

      Drugs. First, the defendant argues that the state presented insufficient

evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was in intentional

possession of methamphetamine and cocaine. He urges that the state failed to

prove that he had intent to distribute the methamphetamine and no money was

found in the room. Furthermore, the defendant asserts that because the drugs

were not found in the defendant’s actual possession, the state was required to

prove constructive possession in which it failed.

      The state argues that the evidence established that the defendant was

the sole occupant and registrant of room 122 at the Cajun Inn, and the

defendant was the only person in the room at the time police were

investigating the stolen vehicle. It urges that the drugs found in the room

were in plain view for the officers to see which resulted in a further search of

the room. The state points out that the search of the remainder of the room

led to more drugs, the .22 Ruger pistol, digital scales, small baggies, and
                                       5
packaging for sale indicating the intent to distribute the methamphetamine.

The state also introduced testimony tending to prove that firearms and other

weapons are frequently associated with narcotics and narcotic sales.

Specifically, Det. Belanger testified that the defendant’s possession of

methamphetamine held in one large bag and in several small bags was

consistent with drug trafficking, and Robillard confirmed the identity of the

controlled dangerous substances as methamphetamine and cocaine.

      The standard of review for the sufficiency of the evidence to uphold a

conviction is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 

, 

 (1979); State v. Tate,

01-1658 (La. 5/20/03), 

, cert. denied, 

, 

, 

 (2004); State v. Ward, 50,872 (La. App. 2 Cir.

11/16/16), 

, writ denied, 17-0164 (La. 9/22/17), 

. This standard, now legislatively embodied in La. C.Cr.P. art. 821, does

not provide the appellate court with a vehicle to substitute its own

appreciation of the evidence for that of the factfinder. State v. 

State v. Dotie, 43,819 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/14/09), 

, writ denied,

09-0310 (La. 11/6/09), 

. On appeal, a reviewing court must

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and must

presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier of

fact could reasonably deduce from the evidence. 

      The appellate court does not assess the credibility of witnesses or

reweigh evidence. State v. Smith, 94-3116 (La. 10/16/95), 

;

State v. 

 A reviewing court accords great deference to a jury’s
                                       6
decision to accept or reject the testimony of a witness in whole or in part.

State v. 

 State v. Eason, 43,788 (La. App. 2 Cir. 2/25/09), 

, writ denied, 09-0725 (La. 12/11/09), 

. In the absence

of internal contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with the physical

evidence, the testimony of one witness, if believed by the trier of fact, is

sufficient support for a requisite factual conclusion. State v. Burd, 40,480

(La. App. 2 Cir. 1/27/06), 

, writ denied, 06-1083 (La.

11/9/06), 

.

      The 

 standard is applicable in cases involving both

direct and circumstantial evidence. An appellate court reviewing the

sufficiency of evidence in such cases must resolve any conflict in the direct

evidence by viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution. When the direct evidence is thus viewed, the facts established

by the direct evidence and inferred from the circumstances established by

that evidence must be sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude

beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of every essential

element of the crime. State v. Sutton, 

 (La. 1983); State v.

 State v. Speed, 43,786 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/14/09), 

,

writ denied, 09-0372 (La. 11/06/09), 

. To convict a defendant

based upon circumstantial evidence, every reasonable hypothesis of

innocence must be excluded. La. R.S. 15:438; State v. Johnston, 53,981 (La.

App. 2 Cir. 9/22/21), 

.

      At the time of the commission of the alleged possession with intent to

distribute schedule II CDS less than 28 grams of methamphetamine, La. R.S.

40:967(A)(1) and (B)(1)(a) states, in pertinent part:



                                        7
         A(1)… it is unlawful for any person to knowingly or
         intentionally to… possess with intent to distribute, a
         schedule II controlled dangerous substance, such as
         methamphetamine

         B(1)(a) Any person who violates possession with intent to
         distribute, a schedule II controlled dangerous substance
         such as methamphetamine with an aggregate weight of
         less than twenty-eight grams, shall be imprisoned, with or
         without hard labor, for not less than one year nor more
         twenty years…

      At the time of the commission of the alleged possession with intent to

distribute schedule II CDS less than two grams of cocaine, La. R.S.

40:967(C)(1) states, in pertinent part:

         (C)(1)… it is unlawful for any person to knowingly or
         intentionally to possess, a schedule II controlled dangerous
         substance, such as cocaine...Any person who violates
         possession of a schedule II controlled dangerous substance
         such as cocaine with an aggregate weight of less than two
         grams, shall be imprisoned with or without hard labor, for
         not more than two years …

      To convict a defendant of possession of CDS, the state must prove

that the defendant knowingly possessed an illegal drug. State v. Broome,

49,004 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/9/14), 

 writ denied, 14-0990 (La.

1/16/15), 

. Possession may be established by showing that

the defendant exercised either actual or constructive possession of the

controlled dangerous substance. Actual possession means having an object

in one’s possession or on one’s person in such a way as to have direct

physical contact with and control of the object. State v. 

The state need not prove the defendant actually possessed the drugs, as

evidence of constructive possession is sufficient. State v. Simon, 51,778 (La.

App. 2 Cir. 1/10/18), 

, writ denied, 18-0283 (La. 11/5/18),

. Constructive possession is established by evidence that the


                                          8
drugs were within the defendant’s dominion and control and that the

defendant had knowledge of its presence. State v. 

 Guilty

knowledge is an essential element of possession of contraband and can be

inferred from the circumstances. State v. Toups, 01-1875 (La. 10/15/02), 

; State v. 

 A defendant’s mere presence in area

where drugs are located or association with one possessing drugs does not

constitute constructive possession. State v. Brisban, 00-3437 (La. 2/26/02),

. However, proximity to the drug or association with the

possessor, may establish a prima facie case of possession when colored by

other evidence. State v. Durham, 53,922 (La. App. 2 Cir. 6/30/21), 

.

      Courts use several factors to determine whether a defendant exercised

dominion and control to constitute constructive possession, including: (1)

the defendant’s knowledge that drugs were in the area, (2) the defendant’s

relationship with other persons found in actual possession, (3) the

defendant’s access to the area where the drugs were found, (4) evidence of

drug paraphernalia or of recent drug use, and (5) the defendant’s physical

proximity to the drugs. State v. Durham, supra. Intent to distribute illegal

drugs may be established by proving circumstances surrounding the

defendant’s possession which give rise to reasonable inference of intent to

distribute. State v. Ramoin, 

 (La. 1981). The presence of

large sums of cash is considered circumstantial evidence of intent to

distribute. State v. Grant, 41,745 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/4/07), 

writ denied, 07-1193 (La. 12/7/07), 

.

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

we find that the state presented sufficient evidence at trial for a reasonable
                                       9
jury to convict the defendant of possession with intent to distribute

methamphetamine and possession of cocaine. Here, the jury heard Det.

Turpin’s testimony that the defendant was the only occupant of the motel

room when the officers arrived and for the duration of the investigation. The

methamphetamine and cocaine were in the defendant’s constructive

possession because he had dominion and control over the drugs as he was

the only person in the room, as previously mentioned. Also, the defendant

had knowledge that the drugs were in the room because Detective Turpin

testified that when he went to retrieve the keys, he saw in plain view small

plastic baggies strewn across the bed that appeared to be methamphetamine

and that led to the discovery of cocaine in the room. As previously

mentioned, Det. Belanger testified that all the following items were seized

from the defendant: a digital scale, small baggies, firearm, and multiple

drugs were consistent with intent and are the instruments of distribution.

Robillard testified he performed the analysis on all the various dangerous

substances that were items brought to the crime lab; he identified the drugs

and the weight of the items. All of the state witnesses identified the

defendant as the offender. The jury clearly chose to believe the officers and

forensic expert testimony over that of the defendant. It is within the

discretion of the trier of fact to make such credibility determination, and this

court will not disturb this determination on appeal. There is no internal

contradiction or conflict with the physical evidence. Thus, the evidence was

sufficient to support the defendant’s convictions for constructive possession

of methamphetamine with intent to distribute and possession of cocaine.

      Firearm. Second, the defendant contends that there is insufficient

evidence to sustain his conviction for illegal possession of a firearm while in
                                       10
possession of CDS and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

Specifically, he asserts that the state did not prove that he had actual or

constructive possession of the firearm.

      At the time of the commission of the alleged illegal carrying of a

firearm, La. R.S. 14:95(E) stated, in pertinent part:

         E. If the offender… possesses or has under his immediate
         control any firearm…while unlawfully in the possession of
         a controlled dangerous substance… the offender shall
         be… imprisoned at hard labor for not less than five nor
         more than ten years without the benefit of probation,
         parole, or suspension of sentence.

      At the time of the commission of the alleged possession of a firearm by

a convicted felon, La. R.S. 14:95.1 stated, in pertinent part:

      A. It is unlawful for any person who has been previously
         convicted of,…a felony enumerated in La. R.S. 14:2(B) to
         possess a firearm…

      B. Whoever commits the crime of possession of a firearm by
         a convicted felon shall be imprisoned at hard labor for not
         less than five nor more than twenty years without the
         benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence...

      The State can prove possession of a firearm by a convicted felon by

either actual or constructive possession. State v. Anderson, 36,969 (La. App.

2 Cir. 4/9/03), 

. Actual possession necessitates having an

object in one’s possession or on one’s person in such a manner as to have

direct physical contact with and control of the object. State v. Hill, 53,286

(La. App. 2 Cir. 3/4/20), 

. The state is not required to prove

actual possession, as evidence of constructive possession is sufficient. State

v. 

 Constructive possession is demonstrated when the state

shows the firearm was subject to defendant’s dominion and control. State v.

Washington, 

 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1992), writ denied, 

 (La. 1993). A defendant’s dominion and control over a weapon
                                       11
constitutes constructive possession even if it is only temporary in nature and

even if the control is shared. State v. 

      At trial, it was established that the items seized in the investigation

were CDS as Robillard, the forensic expert, testified. Burg testified that he

was the defendant’s probation and parole supervisor. He testified that the

defendant was convicted of possession with intent to distribute, and was

paroled for that crime on October 16, 2019, and was currently on probation

and parole when this incident occurred. The defendant had dominion and

control of the drugs and firearm because as previously mentioned, the

defendant was the only person in his motel room when the detectives arrived

and during the investigation. The testimonies were sufficient evidence that

the defendant had constructive possession of the handgun and narcotics

found in his motel room to support his convictions. A rational trier of fact

could conclude that the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. This assignment of error lacks merit and is rejected.

Sentencing Delay

      In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues that his sentence

should be vacated because the trial court failed to wait the requisite 24-hour

delay after the denial of the motion for new trial and motion for judgment of

acquittal before sentencing him. The state concedes that failure to observe

the 24-hour delay is not a harmless error.

La. C.Cr.P. art. 873 provides, in pertinent part:

         If a defendant is convicted of a felony, at least three days
         shall elapse between conviction and sentence. If a motion
         for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment is filed, sentence
         shall not be imposed until at least twenty-four hours after
         the motion is overruled. If the defendant expressly waives
         a delay provided for in this article or pleads guilty,
         sentence may be imposed immediately.
                                        12
      In State v. Kisack, 16-0797 (La. 10/18/17), 

, the

Louisiana Supreme Court held that the delay may not be implicitly waived

but must be explicitly waived on the record. In State v. Augustine, 

 (La. 1990), the Louisiana Supreme Court held that a trial court’s

failure to observe the 24-hour delay is not harmless error if the defendant

challenges the sentence on appeal.

      Here, the trial court denied the defendant’s motions for post-verdict

judgment of acquittal and new trial during the same hearing at which the

defendant was sentenced. Sentencing occurred immediately after the denial

of defendant’s motions. Consequently, the trial court did not observe the

required 24-hour delay between denying the defendant’s motions for new

trial and post-verdict judgment of acquittal and imposing the defendant’s

sentence. Furthermore, defense counsel implicitly waived the delay when he

responded in the affirmative that he was ready for sentencing, but an implicit

waiver runs afoul of the plain language of La. C.Cr.P. art. 873 that requires

that the waiver be expressly made. The record reflects that the defendant did

not expressly waive the delays. Neither the court nor defense counsel

advised the defendant that he had the right to wait 24-hours before

sentencing. Accordingly, we are required to vacate the sentences and

remand this matter for resentencing for compliance with La. C. Cr. P. art.

873. As such, we pretermit consideration of the third assignment of error

which raises the issue of excessive sentence.




                                      13
                             CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s convictions.

However, the sentences are vacated and remanded for resentencing.

CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES VACATED; CASE

REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.




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