In the Interest of H.P., N.P., N.P., and J.P., Minor Children

                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                      No. 23-1534
                               Filed December 20, 2023


IN THE INTEREST OF H.P., N.P., N.P., and J.P.,
Minor Children,

J.P., Father,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Tama County, Casey Jones, District

Associate Judge.



       A father appeals the termination of his parental rights. AFFIRMED.



       Joseph G. Martin, Cedar Falls, for appellant father.

       Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Natalie Hedberg, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

       Taylor Reichardt, Marshalltown, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor

children.



       Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Buller, JJ.
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SCHUMACHER, Judge.

          A father appeals the termination of his parental rights.          He argues

termination is not in the best interests of the children and the district court should

have delayed permanency to afford an additional period of reunification efforts.

The father also argues the district court should have established a guardianship

with the paternal grandmother in lieu of termination.

   I.        Background Facts and Prior Proceedings

          Twins H.P. and N.P., born in 2011, N.P., born in 2010, and J.P., born in 2016,

came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services

(HHS) in 2020 when concerns of sexual abuse by a non-family member living at

the family home were raised.1          These concerns were addressed when the

individual was removed from the home. But concerns of substance abuse by the

parents and concerns about the mental health of the mother were discovered in

the course of this initial contact.

          A child in need of assistance (CINA) petition was filed in October 2020, and

the children were adjudicated CINA in January 2021. The children were formally

removed from parental custody and placed with the paternal grandmother in

November 2021 because of concerns of methamphetamine use by the parents

and mental distress exhibited by the mother. The children have never returned to

parental custody. At the time of the termination hearing, the children had been

removed from the parents’ custody for nearly two years.




1 The father is the legal father of the youngest child, J.P., but is not the biological

father.
                                          3


       The parents made some progress, and a permanency hearing was

eventually set for December 2022. The permanency hearing was later continued

to April 2023, granting the parents an additional four months to work on case

permanency goals and reunification efforts. Over the four months, the parents’

progress stagnated and reversed, mirroring the patterns of the parents since case

initiation. The youngest child tested positive for the ingestion of methamphetamine

and reported he observed his parents smoking “weed” in their bedroom. The State

petitioned for termination of parental rights in February.

       The termination hearing was held in August 2023 after a series of

continuances. The court observed that the parents oscillated between being close

to regaining custody of their children to regressing to where they started at case

initiation. Their attempts at treatment were “on again/off again,” and the court

found they had failed to make progress from April to August.

       The father had inconsistent participation in drug testing and continued to

test positive for THC. He asserted he would not stop using marijuana, and he

tested positive for methamphetamine multiple times. He completed a substance-

abuse evaluation in April 2021. While he was ordered to complete a second

evaluation, he failed to do so. The mother tested positive for methamphetamine

throughout the underlying CINA case.          Neither parent had ever completed

substance-abuse treatment. The mother has also failed to address her mental

health problems. And the father testified at the termination hearing, “—right or

wrong, I am always going to be with my—in my wife’s corner.”
                                            4


            The court terminated both the mother and father’s parental rights. The

    father’s rights were terminated under Iowa Code sections 232.116(1)(d), (f), and

    (l) (2023). The father timely appealed. The mother does not appeal.

      II.      Discussion

            We review termination-of-parental rights cases de novo. In re W.T., 

, 322 (Iowa 2021). This means we are not bound by the juvenile court's

factual findings, but we give them weight, especially regarding credibility

determinations. 

 Our review of termination of parental rights under Iowa Code

chapter 232 is a three-step analysis. The first step is to determine whether any

ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been established. If we find

that a ground for termination has been established, then we determine whether the

best-interest framework as laid out in section 232.116(2) supports the termination

of parental rights. Finally, if we do find that the statutory best-interest framework

supports the termination of parental rights, we consider whether any exceptions in

section 232.116(3) apply to preclude termination of parental rights. In re M.W.,

, 219–20 (Iowa 2016) (internal citations omitted). We need not

address any step the parent does not raise on appeal. In re P.L., 

 (Iowa 2010).

            The father does not argue against the statutory grounds for termination.2

Rather, he contends that termination is not in the best interests of his children. He



2 The father’s brief states he “seeks a reversal of the juvenile court order
terminating the parental rights of [the father and mother] with respect to the
children.” However, one parent does not have standing to challenge the
termination of the other parent’s rights. In re L.J., No. 12-1410, 

,
at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 3, 2012).
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also urges a delay in permanency or guardianship in lieu of termination. Because

the father does not contest the grounds for termination, we conclude he has

conceded such grounds exist.        He has also failed to raise any permissive

exceptions regarding the termination.       Consequently, we address only his

arguments on best interests, a delay of permanency, and his request for the

establishment of a guardianship with the paternal grandmother.

   a. Best interests

      Even when grounds for termination exist, termination must still be in the

best interests of the child. In re J.E., 

 (Iowa 2006). Iowa

Code section 232.116(2) requires:

      In considering whether to terminate the rights of a parent under this
      section, the court shall give primary consideration to the child’s
      safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing
      and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional
      condition and needs of the child.

To determine best interests, we consider:

      the child’s long-range as well as immediate interests. This requires
      considering what the future holds for the child if returned to the
      parents. When making this decision, we look to the parents’ past
      performance because it may indicate the quality of care the parent is
      capable of providing in the future.

In re C.K., 

 (Iowa 1997). We also highlight that “[i]t is well-

settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved

a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will

learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.” P.L., 

.

      The children were adjudicated CINA three years ago, and they have not

been in parental custody for nearly two years. In that time, the parents oscillated
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between progress and regression. Despite numerous extensions, the parents

have not demonstrated sustained progress. The parents’ extended failure to make

consistent progress does not signal any forthcoming change. In re B.H.A., 

, 236 (Iowa 2020) (“Rather than speculate about what the future holds

for Dad . . ., it is more accurate to look in the rear-view mirror and make a decision

for [the child] based on what has already happened in his life.”). The father tested

positive for methamphetamine several times since HHS involvement, and he is

committed to his relationship with the children’s mother, who has consistently

tested positive for methamphetamine. In re J.H., 

, 172 (Iowa 2020)

(“Dad continues to reside with Mom, and his commitment to keeping [the child]

around Mom . . . is just another example of Dad’s inability to make appropriate

parenting decisions.”).

       The children have done well with their grandmother, and placement with her

after termination is likely. Termination of the father’s parental rights will allow the

four children to remain together and continue to have a relationship with the father,

while having the benefit of a stable, permanent home with their grandmother.

Termination is in the best interests of the children.

   b. Deferring Permanency

       The father also requests a deferment of permanency.            He argues the

ongoing and continuous placement with the paternal grandmother reduces the risk

of harm to the children created by depriving them of permanency.

       Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b) authorizes extending a child’s placement

for an additional six months if the court identifies “specific factors, conditions, or

expected behavioral changes” that provide a basis for determining “that the need
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for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the

additional six-month period.”

       In the nearly three years since the children were adjudicated CINA, the

father has failed to make the changes necessary to eliminate the need for removal.

It is unlikely further extensions will alter this. This conclusion is supported by the

father’s lack of consistent participation in the services offered by HHS over the last

three years, and his refusal to comply with requests that he complete an updated

substance-abuse evaluation. See In re A.K., No. 14-1752, 

, at *2

(Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2015).

       Additionally, the father has previously been granted additional time in the

hope that he could effectuate the necessary changes needed to have the children

returned to his custody. We, like the district court, are unable to identify specific

factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes to provide a basis that the

children will no longer need to be removed from parental custody at the conclusion

of an additional six-month period.         Further deferment of permanency is

unwarranted.

   c. Guardianship in lieu of Termination

   Lastly, the father argues that the children should be placed under a

guardianship with their grandmother in lieu of termination.

       To establish a guardianship “the court must determine by clear and

convincing evidence that ‘termination of the parent-child relationship would not be

in the best interest of the child[ren].’” In re T.M., No. 20-1163, 

,

at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2020) (quoting 

(4)(a)). But “a
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guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” In re B.T., 

 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017).

          When denying a guardianship, the court stated:

          It would not provide permanency for the children. Given their ages,
          the children could languish in the guardianship for years or it could
          be dissolved in a much shorter time with the children having to be
          returned to their parents without court supervision. Further, the
          grandmother would not get any of the benefits of adoption if a
          guardianship was put in place.

          We agree. It is in the best interests of the children that they be able to

achieve permanency after three cyclical years of progress and regression by their

father.      Termination and placement with their grandmother provides the

permanency that a guardianship cannot. See T.M., 

, at *3. After

all, “[g]uardianships can be challenged and dissolved.”          

   And given the

relationship between the paternal grandmother and the father, termination will

provide the children with stability and permanency while likely still allowing them a

relationship with their father under the protection of the grandmother.

   III. Conclusion

          We conclude that termination of the father’s parental rights is in the

children’s best interest.     And we also determine that an additional delay of

permanency is unwarranted, and that termination is the most appropriate

permanency option, rather than a guardianship. The children have spent three

years waiting for their father to make the progress necessary for their return to

parental custody. The time for the father to provide such permanency for these

four children has long since expired. We affirm the district court.

          AFFIRMED.