Cooney v. Chicago Public Schools

delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiffs appeal the circuit court’s order dismissing claims stemming from disclosure of the personal information of approximately 1,700 former Chicago Public School (CPS) employees. We affirm.

Defendant All Printing & Graphics, Inc., was retained by the Board of Education of the City of Chicago (Board) to print, package and mail a “Chicago Public Schools-COBRA Open Enrollment List” to over 1,700 former CPS employees. The mailing, sent sometime between November 23, 2006, and November 27, 2006, informed the former employees that as COBRA participants, they could change their insurance benefit plans. The list sent to each plaintiff contained the names of all 1,750 plaintiffs, along with their addresses, social security numbers, marital status, medical and dental insurers and health insurance plan information (COBRA list).

On November 26, 2006, the Board learned of the disclosure of the personal information. The following day the Board sent a letter to the former employees, asking them to return the COBRA list or destroy it.

On December 8, 2006, the Board mailed the former employees a letter offering one year of free credit protection insurance.

Some of the former employees filed individual and class action lawsuits, and the cases were later consolidated. The complaints allege: (1) violation of the Personal Information Protection Act (the Act) (815 ILCS 530/1 et seq. (West 2006)); (2) violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2006)); (3) violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) (42 U.S.C. §1320d—6 (2006)) under 42 U.S.C. §1983; (4) violation of the common law right to privacy; (5) violation of the Illinois Constitution’s privacy clause (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §6); (6) negligent infliction of emotional distress; (7) negligence; and (8) breach of fiduciary duty. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaints under sections 2—615 and 2—619 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2—615, 2—619 (West 2006)). The trial court dismissed the complaints with prejudice.

Plaintiffs appeal the dismissal of all claims with the exception of the alleged violation of the Illinois Constitution’s privacy clause.

We review de novo a dismissal under sections 2—615 and 2—619 of the Code. Solaia Technology, LLC v. Speciality Publishing Co., 221 Ill. 2d 558, 578-79, 852 N.E.2d 825 (2006). A complaint is properly dismissed under section 2—615 of the Code where there is no set of facts that if proven would entitle the plaintiff to recovery. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429, 856 N.E.2d 1048 (2006). A complaint is properly dismissed under section 2—619 of the Code where no genuine issue of material fact exists and the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Doyle v. Holy Cross Hospital, 186 Ill. 2d 104, 109-10, 708 N.E.2d 1140 (1999).

Plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred in dismissing their common law and statutory negligence claims. To succeed on their negligence claims, plaintiffs must allege and prove that (1) defendants owed a duty to plaintiffs; (2) defendants breached that duty; and (3) the breach caused injury to plaintiffs. First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman, 188 Ill. 2d 252, 256, 720 N.E.2d 1068 (1999).

•1 We must first decide whether the Board had a duty to safeguard plaintiffs’ personal information under a statutory directive, because where no duty is owed, there is no negligence. Washington v. City of Chicago, 188 Ill. 2d 235, 239, 720 N.E.2d 1030 (1999). Plaintiffs argue that HIPAA (42 U.S.C. §1320d—6 (2006)) provides a statutory basis for the creation of a new duty. A violation of a statute designed to protect human life and property may be used as prima facie evidence of negligence. Kalata v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434-35, 581 N.E.2d 656 (1991). HIPAA prohibits the disclosure of “individually identifiable health information to another person.” 42 U.S.C. §1320d—6(a)(3) (2006). But, “employment records held by a covered entity in its role as employer” are specifically excluded from HIPAA protection. 45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2006). Because the Board held plaintiffs’ health insurance elections in its role as an employer, the Board’s disclosure falls outside HIPAA’s coverage.

•2 Plaintiffs also contend that the Act (815 ILCS 530/1 et seq. (West 2006)) creates a legal duty. The Act provides:

“Any data collector that maintains computerized data that includes personal information that the data collector does not own or license shall notify the owner or licensee of the information of any breach of the security of the data immediately following discovery, if the personal information was, or is reasonably believed to have been, acquired by an unauthorized person.” 815 ILCS 530/10(b) (West 2006).

The “ ‘[b]reach of the security of the system data’ means unauthorized acquisition of computerized data that compromises the security, confidentiality, or integrity of personal information [including social security numbers] maintained by the data collector.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006). In defining “data collector,” the Act includes “government agencies *** and any other entity that, for any purpose, handles, collects, disseminates, or otherwise deals with nonpublic personal information.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006).

Plaintiffs claim that the Board, as a data collector, violated the Act because a “breach of the security of the system data” occurred. Plaintiffs are correct, but while the statute defines what a breach of system security is, it also codifies the remedy: the data collector must provide timely notice of a security breach to the parties affected. 815 ILCS 530/10 (West 2006). The Board complied with the statute by timely notifying plaintiffs of the breach.

Plaintiffs suggest that we adopt an expansive reading of the Act. The argument can be summarized as follows: in enacting the Act, the legislature intended to protect personal information from disclosure. If the only obligation imposed by the Act is to provide notice of a breach, its purpose would be defeated because entities could repeatedly disclose personal information and then exonerate themselves by providing notice. So, the statute’s purpose can only be realized by penalizing the disclosure itself.

Because the provisions in the Act are clear, we must assume it reflects legislative intent to limit defendants’ duty to providing notice. See Comprehensive Community Solutions, Inc. v. Rockford School District No. 205, 216 Ill. 2d 455, 473, 837 N.E.2d 1 (2005) (“[t]he plain language of a statute remains the best indication of [the legislature’s] intent”).

•3 Plaintiffs next contend that we should recognize a “new common law duty” to safeguard information. They claim a duty is justified by the sensitive nature of personal data such as dates of birth and social security numbers. Plaintiffs do not cite to an Illinois case that supports this argument. While we do not minimize the importance of protecting this information, we do not believe that the creation of a new legal duty beyond legislative requirements already in place is part of our role on appellate review. As noted, the legislature has specifically addressed the issue and only required the Board to provide notice of the disclosure.

•4 All Printing also had no duty to protect plaintiffs’ information from disclosure. All Printing met its contractual obligations by printing and mailing the Board’s information packets. Plaintiffs cite to no authority for the proposition that All Printing had a duty to inspect the contents of the packets or inform the Board of any irregularity. Absent a duty, there is no negligence. Washington, 188 Ill. 2d at 239. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ negligence claims.

•5 Plaintiffs next seek recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress. A plaintiff claiming to be a direct victim of negligently inflicted emotional distress must establish the traditional elements of negligence: duty, breach, causation and injury. Corgan v. Muehling, 143 Ill. 2d 296, 306, 574 N.E.2d 602 (1991). Because plaintiffs failed to establish a duty on the part of either defendant, their negligent infliction of emotional distress claim must fail with their general negligence claims.

•6 Plaintiffs next assert that the Board, as their former employer, had a fiduciary duty to avoid disclosure of personal information. “To state a cause of action for a breach of a fiduciary relationship, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant owed a fiduciary duty to the plaintiff, and that duty must exist as a matter of law.” Dames & Moore v. Baxter & Woodman, Inc., 21 F. Supp. 2d 817, 823 (N.D. Ill. 1998), citing Mid-America National Bank of Chicago v. First Savings & Loan Ass’n of South Holland, 161 Ill. App. 3d 531, 538, 515 N.E.2d 176 (1987). Plaintiffs’ sole contention is that a fiduciary duty was created when they provided the Board with information “in confidence.” Plaintiffs cite to no authority supporting such a duty. See Eckiss v. McVaigh, 261 Ill. App. 3d 778, 786, 634 N.E.2d 476 (1994) (“[m]ere contentions without argument or citation of authority do not merit consideration on appeal”). We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of this claim.

•7 Next, plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in dismissing their causes of action under 42 U.S.C. §1983 for a violation of HIPAA (42 U.S.C. §1320d—6 (2006)) and the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. IV).

To establish municipal liability under section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code (42 U.S.C. §1983 (2006)), a plaintiff must allege that he has been deprived of a constitutionally protected right and that deprivation was caused by a municipal policy, custom or practice. Waters v. City of Chicago, 580 F.3d 575, 580 (7th Cir. 2009), citing Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 694, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611, 638, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 2037-38 (1978); see also Weimann v. County of Kane, 150 Ill. App. 3d 962, 965, 502 N.E.2d 373 (1986). “A plaintiff may establish municipal liability by showing ‘(1) an express policy that causes a constitutional deprivation when enforced; (2) a widespread practice that is so permanent and well-settled that it constitutes a custom or practice; or (3) an allegation that the constitutional injury was caused by a person with final policymaking authority.’ ” Waters, 580 F.3d at 581, quoting Estate of Sims ex rel. Sims v. County of Bureau, 506 F.3d 509, 515 (7th Cir. 2007). Non-state actors, such as All Printing here, may be found liable where they have conspired or acted in concert with state actors to deprive a person of his civil rights. Pesek v. Marzullo, 566 F. Supp. 2d 834, 839 (N.D. Ill. 2008) (mem. op.), citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 152, 26 L. Ed. 2d 142, 151, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 1605-06 (1970).

Plaintiffs have not cited to a case that supports the assertion of these rights in the context of a private right of action under HIPAA. See Bagent v. Blessing Care Corp., 363 Ill. App. 3d 916, 919-20, 844 N.E.2d 469 (2006) (“[HIPAA] *** does not support a private cause of action”), overruled on other grounds, 224 Ill. 2d 154, 862 N.E.2d 985 (2007); University of Colorado Hospital Authority v. Denver Publishing Co., 340 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1145 (D. Colo. 2004) (finding HIPAA precludes “implication of a private right of action” and citing other federal decisions finding no private right of action under HIPAA); Doe v. Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 429 F. Supp. 2d 930, 944 (N.D. Ill. 2006) (“[e]very court to have considered the issue *** has concluded that HIPAA does not authorize a private right of action”); see also Gonzaga University v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 284, 153 L. Ed. 2d 309, 321-22, 122 S. Ct. 2268, 2275-76 (2002) (“a plaintiff suing under an implied right of action must still show that the statute manifests an intent ‘to create not just a private right, but a private remedy’ ” (emphasis in original)), quoting Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286, 149 L. Ed. 2d 517, 528, 121 S. Ct. 1511, 1519 (2001).

We also find that plaintiffs have forfeited the appeal of their fourth amendment claim. Plaintiff Cooney mentioned the fourth amendment in her third amended complaint but never briefed or argued the issue before the trial court. The trial court “completely ignored” the fourth amendment claim because Cooney failed to bring it before the court. See People v. Phipps, 238 Ill. 2d 54, 62, 933 N.E.2d 1186, 1191 (2010), citing People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 443-44, 831 N.E.2d 604 (2005) (forfeiture applies to issues that could have been raised but were not).

•8 We turn next to plaintiffs’ claims under the Consumer Fraud Act. 815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2006). Section 2QQ of the Consumer Fraud Act provides that a “person” may not “[p]ublicly post or publicly display in any manner an individual’s social security number.” 815 ILCS 505/2QQ(a)(1) (West 2006) (renumbered as 505/2RR in West 2008). It defines “[to] ‘publicly post’ or ‘publicly display’ ” as “to intentionally communicate or otherwise make available to the general public.” 815 ILCS 505/2QQ(a)(1) (West 2006).

The statute defines a “person” as “any natural person or his legal representative, partnership, corporation (domestic and foreign), company, trust, business entity or association, and [agents and representatives of these entities].” 815 ILCS 505/1(c) (West 2006). The Board, as a body politic, is not a “person” within the meaning of the Consumer Fraud Act and therefore cannot be held liable for a violation of the statute. Board of Education of the City of Chicago v. A, C & S, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 428, 467-68, 546 N.E.2d 580 (1989).

Unlike the Board, All Printing is a domestic corporation and qualifies as a “person” within the meaning of the Consumer Fraud Act. See 815 ILCS 505/1(c) (West 2006). But, plaintiffs must allege actual damages to bring a Consumer Fraud Act action. See 815 ILCS 505/10a(a) (West 2006) (“[a]ny person who suffers actual damage as a result of a violation of this Act committed by any other person may bring an action against such person”); see Morris v. Harvey Cycle & Camper, Inc., 392 Ill. App. 3d 399, 402, 911 N.E.2d 1049 (2009) (“[t]he failure to allege specific, actual damages precludes a claim brought under the Consumer Fraud Act”). To support a Consumer Fraud Act claim, actual damages must arise from “purely economic injuries.” Morris, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 402.

Plaintiffs contend that they alleged actual damages because the disclosure put them at increased risk of future identity theft. In Yu v. International Business Machines Corp., 314 Ill. App. 3d 892, 732 N.E.2d 1173 (2000), we held that allegations of potential harm arising from a software defect were insufficient to support a Consumer Fraud Act claim, justifying a section 2—615 dismissal. Without actual injury or damage, the plaintiffs claims “constitute^] conjecture and speculation.” Yu, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 897. See also Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 425, 888 N.E.2d 1 (2008) (“as a matter of law, an increased risk of future harm is an element of damages that can be recovered for a present injury—it is not the injury itself’) (emphasis in original); Pisciotta v. Old National Bancorp, 499 F.3d 629, 639 (7th Cir. 2007) (“[wjithout more than allegations of increased risk of future identity theft, the plaintiffs have not suffered a harm that the law is prepared to remedy”); Morris, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 403, citing Xydakis v. Target, Inc., 333 F. Supp. 2d 686, 688 (N.D. Ill. 2004) (“[tjhere is no cause of action under the Consumer Fraud Act when a plaintiff alleges only aggravation and not actual damages”).

Plaintiffs also allege actual economic injury: the purchase by some plaintiffs of credit monitoring services. They claim that the Board’s offer of credit monitoring services constitutes an admission of actual damages.

While neither party has directed us to Illinois authority addressing whether the purchase of credit monitoring services constitutes an economic injury under the Consumer Fraud Act, there is federal authority on this issue supporting the position that the purchase of these services, without more, is not an economic injury. See Rowe v. Unicare Life & Health Insurance Co., No. 09 C 2286 (N.D. Ill. January 5, 2010) (finding the provision of credit monitoring services by the defendants “does not resolve the question of whether credit monitoring costs are actual damages” and finding that “the costs of credit monitoring services are not a present harm in and of themselves”); Aliano v. Texas Roadhouse Holdings LLC, No. 07 C 4108 (N.D. Ill. December 23, 2008) (finding that the purchase of credit monitoring services does not constitute actual damages and citing district courts in Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and New York in agreement); see also Harris v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., No. 07 C 02561 (N.D. Ill. November 25, 2008) (rejecting claim for damages under the Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110—241, 122 Stat. 1565 (2008) (codified at 15 U.S.C. §1681) for the cost of credit monitoring services). We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ Consumer Fraud Act claims.

Finally, we address plaintiffs’ invasion of privacy claims. Illinois courts recognize four ways to state a cause of action for invasion of privacy: “(1) intrusion upon the seclusion of another; (2) appropriation of another’s name or likeness; (3) public disclosure of private facts; and (4) publicity placing another in a false light.” Busse v. Motorola, Inc., 351 Ill. App. 3d 67, 71, 813 N.E.2d 1013 (2004). Plaintiffs allege facts to support the first and third theories: intrusion upon seclusion and public disclosure of private facts.

To support the intrusion theory, plaintiffs must allege: (1) an unauthorized intrusion into seclusion; (2) the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person; (3) the matter intruded upon was private; and (4) the intrusion caused the plaintiffs anguish and suffering. Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 71. Public disclosure of private facts requires that “(1) publicity was given to the disclosure of private facts; (2) the facts were private, and not public, facts; and (3) the matter made public was such as to be highly offensive to a reasonable person.” Miller v. Motorola, Inc., 202 Ill. App. 3d 976, 978, 560 N.E.2d 900 (1990), citing W. Prosser, Torts §117 (5th ed. 1984). While the theories contain different elements, both the intrusion and public disclosure torts require “private” matters or facts.

In Busse, we suggested that “[i]n the absence of an Illinois law defining social security numbers as private information, we cannot say that defendants’ use of this number fulfills the privacy element necessary to plead intrusion upon seclusion.” Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 73. We also noted that matters of public record such as names and dates of birth have not been held to be private facts. Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72, citing Geisberger v. Willuhn, 72 Ill. App. 3d 435, 439, 390 N.E.2d 945 (1979).

•9 Plaintiffs contend that, after Busse, the legislature defined social security numbers as private facts, overruling that holding. They again rely on the Act, which includes social security numbers in its definition of “personal information.” 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006). By equating “personal” with “private” information, plaintiffs ignore the distinction we relied on in Busse. See Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72 (“[h]ere, none of the ‘personal’ information furnished by the customers *** has been held to be private facts”). The language of the Act is consistent with Busse, which distinguished personal information, such as names and social security numbers, from private facts, which are facially embarrassing and highly offensive if disclosed. See 815 ILCS 530/5 (West 2006); Busse, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 72-73, comparing Johnson v. Kmart Corp., 311 Ill. App. 3d 573, 578-79, 723 N.E.2d 1192 (2000) (private facts were clearly alleged); see also Phillips v. Grendahl, 312 F.3d 357, 373 (8th Cir. 2002); Andrews v. TRW, Inc., 225 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2000), rev’d on other grounds, 534 U.S. 19, 151 L. Ed. 2d 339, 122 S. Ct. 441 (2001).

Having found no viable causes of action, there is no need for us to address the applicability of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act. 745 ILCS 10/1—101 et seq. (West 2006).

For the foregoing reasons we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaints.

Affirmed.

GARCIA, PJ., concurs.