K.T. v. K.H.
Citation153 Haw. 417
Date Filed2023-12-20
DocketCAAP-22-0000128
Cited0 times
StatusPublished
Full Opinion (html_with_citations)
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Electronically Filed
Intermediate Court of Appeals
CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
20-DEC-2023
01:44 PM
Dkt. 101 MO
NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX
IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
OF THE STATE OF HAWAI‘I
K.T., Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
K.H., Respondent-Appellee
APPEAL FROM THE FAMILY COURT OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT
(CASE NO. 1DA211002876)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(By: Ginoza, Chief Judge, McCullen and Guidry, JJ.)
This matter arises from Petitioner-Appellant K.T.'s
(mother) petition for a protective order based on allegations of
domestic abuse. Mother appeals from the Order Dissolving
Temporary Restraining Order (Order), entered by the Family Court
of the First Circuit1 (family court) on February 15, 2022. Upon
careful review of the record and the brief submitted by mother,
and having given due consideration to the arguments advanced and
1 The Honorable Rebecca A. Copeland presided over the trial, and
entered the Order.
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the issues raised, we vacate and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this memorandum opinion.
I. Background
Mother filed a Petition for an Order for Protection
(mother's petition), pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS)
§ 586-3 (2018), against Respondent-Appellee K.H. (father). In
addition to herself, mother's petition also listed her minor son
and minor daughter (collectively, the children), as protected
persons. Mother's petition listed five allegations of abuse,
and requested a six-year protective order, temporary visitation
and custody orders, and a temporary prohibition of visitation
between the children and father.
The family court approved and filed an ex parte
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO), which was amended to ensure
the inclusion of the two children. The family court ordered the
State of Hawaiʻi, Department of Human Services (DHS) to
investigate the matter and submit a written report to the family
court; the family court further ordered the investigating DHS
social worker to appear to testify at the return hearing.
DHS, through DHS social worker Jacqueline Espinueva-
Xiong (the DHS worker), filed its Report (the DHS Report) with
the family court on January 10, 2022. The DHS Report included
the DHS worker's findings, based inter alia, on interviews with
the parties and the children. The DHS Report found the
allegations of abuse in mother's petition to be "unconfirmed."
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The family court held a return hearing on mother's
petition, in which both parties, their counsel, and the DHS
worker were present. At the hearing, father did not agree to
mother's request for a six-year protective order, and the family
court set the matter for trial. Father orally moved for
mother's petition to be dismissed, and for mother to be taken
into custody for violation of a prior family court order in the
related paternity case. The family court denied father's
motions. Mother orally moved the family court to conduct a
Hawaii Rules of Evidence (HRE) Rule 104 hearing,2 and requested
that the family court permit the children to testify at trial.
The family court denied mother's requests.
Trial commenced in January 2022. At trial, the family
court heard testimony from the DHS worker, mother, mother's
boyfriend, father, and father's girlfriend. The family court
found the DHS worker, father, and father's girlfriend to be
credible witnesses; the family court also found the DHS Report
to be credible. The family court found mother and mother's
boyfriend not to be credible witnesses.
2 HRE Rule 104(a) provides, in relevant part, that "[p]reliminary
questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a witness, the
existence of a privilege, or the admissibility of evidence shall be
determined by the court, subject to the provisions of subsection (b)." HRE
Rule 104(b) states that, "[w]hen the relevancy of evidence depends upon the
fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject
to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the
fulfillment of the condition."
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Following the trial, the family court issued the
Order, which dissolved and vacated with prejudice mother's TRO,
based on insufficient evidence. The family court made the
following unchallenged findings of fact (FOF),
100. The court finds that [mother] has not proven
the material allegations of the Petition by a preponderance
of the evidence.
101. The court finds that [father] has shown cause
why a protective order is not necessary.
102. The court finds that a protective order is not
necessary to prevent domestic abuse or the recurrence of
abuse.
103. Therefore, the court finds that the TRO should
be dissolved and dismissed with prejudice for insufficient
evidence.
The family court also made the following conclusions
of law (COL),
46. [Mother] failed to meet her burden to establish
that [father] committed domestic abuse against her or the
parties' two minor children.
47. [Mother] failed to meet her burden to establish
that either of her children were subjected to imminent
physical harm.
48. [Mother] failed to meet her burden to establish
that [father] committed extreme psychological abuse against
her or the parties' two minor children.
49. [Mother] did not establish that [father]
committed coercive control against her or the parties' two
minor children.
50. "It is well-established that imposing discipline
is part and parcel of caring for children, since a parent
may not be able to care properly for, or exercise control
over, an unruly child without the ability to impose
discipline." Hamilton v. Lethem, 126 Haw. 294, 302,270 P.3d 1024, 1032
(2012).
51. Although [father] did not raise the parental
discipline defense, to the extent that this Court has found
that none of his interactions with his children rise to the
level of domestic abuse but to the extent that those
actions, statements, and interactions may be construed as
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parental discipline, his ability to discipline his children
in such manner is constitutionally protected. Id.
52. The Family Court does not err in determining
that a protective order is not necessary to prevent the
recurrence of abuse where "[t]here is no evidence in the
record, and no reasonable inferences could be drawn from
the evidence, to support a conclusion that the incident was
anything other than an isolated event." Schack v.
Kassebeer, NO. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 142 Haw. 359, at *2,418 P.3d 1215
(App. May 31, 2018).
53. [Mother] failed to meet her burden to establish
that a protective order was necessary to prevent domestic
abuse or the recurrence of abuse.
54. [Mother] failed to prove the material
allegations of the Petition by a preponderance of the
credible evidence.
55. Therefore, the TRO, filed December 29, 2021, is
dissolved and vacated with prejudice for insufficient
evidence.
Mother raises five points of error on appeal. We
consider these points in turn.
II. Discussion
A. The Children's Testimony
Mother first contends that "the family court erred in
its[] [oral] ruling prohibiting the minor children from being
allowed to testify without first holding a hearing under [Hawaiʻi
Family Court Rule (HFCR)] Rule 45.1." Mother contends that this
ruling was clearly erroneous, constituted an abuse of the family
court's discretion, and violated her right to substantive and
procedural due process of law. Mother asserts a
constitutionally protected interest in presenting her case on
the merits, and in the presentation of "key eye witnesses[']"
testimony at trial.
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We review the family court's rulings under the abuse
of discretion standard. "Generally, the family court possesses
wide discretion in making its decisions and those decisions will
not be set aside unless there is a manifest abuse of
discretion." In re Doe, 95 Hawaiʻi 183, 189, 20 P.3d 616, 622(2001) (cleaned up). "[W]e will not disturb the family court's decisions on appeal unless the family court disregarded rules or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant and its decision clearly exceeded the bounds of reason."Id.
(cleaned up).
HFCR Rule 45.1 requires family court approval before a
child is summoned to appear as a witness. HFCR Rule 45.1
("Prior approval must be obtained from the court before any
child is summoned to appear as a witness so that the court may
determine whether to allow the testimony of the child and the
form and manner in which the child's testimony will be
permitted."). "In determining whether limitations on a child
testifying violates a parent's due process rights, the[] Family
Court must balance competing interests, including the interest
of the parent at stake, the parent's need for the child's
testimony, and the best interests of the child." In re K
Children, No. CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, 2013 WL 6244722, at *3 (Haw. App.
Dec. 16, 2013) (SDO) (citing In re Doe Children, 85 Hawaiʻi 119,
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123, 938 P.2d 178, 182 (App. 1997); HRS § 587A-21(d) (Supp.
2012)).
The record reflects that the family court denied
mother's request that the children be permitted to testify. The
family court stated that it was denying mother's request because
it had admitted the children's statements into evidence via the
DHS Report, but it did not provide any further explanation as to
whether it had balanced the competing interests, i.e., mother's
interests, mother's need for the children's testimony, and the
best interest of the children. In the absence of such
explanation, we cannot conclude that the family court properly
exercised its discretion to deny mother's request.
The DHS Report provided son's account of the alleged
abuse, as narrated by the DHS worker, including son's
representation that he did not want to return to father's care,
[Son] spoke to this DHS worker privately but was brief and
did not have much eye contact with the worker; and [DHS
worker] noticed he was shaking his head throughout the
interview when [DHS worker] inquired about his
father/mother. [Son] began by saying he did not want to go
back to his Father. He continued to say, ["]No", and shook
his head when asked further.
. . . .
When asked about an alleged incident ([father] threatened
to strangle [daughter]) with [daughter], [son] claims they
went out to dine with his Father, family friend, friend's
adult daughter, and [daughter]. They were walking back to
their car when his Father saw the window car down
([daughter] had forgotten to close the car window), and he
attested his Father said he was going to "strangle"
[daughter]. When asked further, [son] shook his head again
and did not answer.
[Son] did not disclose any physical abuse by his Father and
asked again if he was fearful of his Father, shaking his
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head, saying that he refused to go back to his Father. It
appeared he was in a rush to end the conversation, barely
having any eye contact with this DHS worker.
(Emphasis added.)
The DHS Report also provided daughter's account of the
alleged abuse, as narrated by the DHS worker, including
daughter's representation that father told her he would
"strangle" her, and that she did not want to return to father's
care,
When asked about the specific allegations on 08/06/21,
[daughter] said she approached her mother one day when
there were people in the home. She told her mother that
her Father told her she [sic] would "strangle" her. She
relates that the family went out for dinner that included
[son], a family friend, and her 20-year-old daughter, and
when they got into the car, [her] Father yelled at her and
told her that if she ever left the window down again, he
would "strangle." She later corrected herself and said,
"choke." Worker asked if [sic] what had happened next, and
[daughter] said nothing happened after the incident.
[Daughter] reports she is not fearful of her Father;
however, she does not want to return to him.
. . . .
At the end of the conversation, [daughter] disclosed she
did not want to return to her Father's house; she sounded
conflicted, and later said she wanted a visit with her
father "only one hour." When asked if there was anything
else, she wanted to express to this worker, [daughter]
repeated that she wanted to see her Father for "only for
one hour."
(Emphasis added.)
The record contains no explanation by the family court
as to why it would be in the children's best interest to rely
solely on the DHS worker's account of their representations.3
3 We further note that the children's statements in the DHS Report
were challenged below. Mother's boyfriend testified that both children wrote
statements rebutting the DHS Report; the family court did not admit these
(continued . . .)
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There is no explanation in the record as to why the children,
who were 14 and 12 years old at the time, would be harmed by
testifying. Nor is there any explanation that reflects
consideration of whether permitting the children to testify
might have, conversely, furthered their best interests in the
context of this HRS chapter 586 protective order case. We
observe that the DHS Report, while it found the "threat of abuse
and threatened neglect" to be unconfirmed, did not directly
address the definition of "domestic abuse" in HRS § 586-1 (Supp.
2020) which includes, among other things, "extreme psychological
abuse."4 Although it may consider the DHS Report, the family
court must nevertheless balance competing interests when
deciding whether children may testify. Here, there is no
explanation as to why, on balance, the children's testimony
should not have been admitted to address whether "a protective
order [was] necessary to prevent domestic abuse or a recurrence
of abuse[.]" HRS § 586-5.5(a) (2018).
3(. . .continued)
statements into evidence. Further, as discussed infra, the family court
issued a ruling that only permitted witnesses to testify if they had direct
knowledge of the allegations in the petition, and also precluded admission of
a video exhibit purportedly made by son on hearsay grounds; yet the court did
not allow the children (who were present for some allegations in mother's
petition) to testify. On remand, the family court should consider these
circumstances as part of assessing the need for the children's testimony.
4 HRS § 586-1 (Supp. 2020) defines "domestic abuse" to include
"[p]hysical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the threat of imminent physical
harm, bodily injury, or assault, extreme psychological abuse, coercive
control, or malicious property damage between family or household members[.]"
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We conclude, on this record, that the family court
abused its discretion by summarily denying mother's request for
children to testify without balancing the competing interests of
mother and the children.
B. The DHS Worker's Testimony and Report
Mother contends that "the family court erred by
admitting into evidence the testimony of the DHS worker and her
report" because the DHS worker was not qualified in court as an
expert in domestic violence, the DHS worker's testimony was
irrelevant, and the DHS Report contained hearsay and was not a
final disposition. Mother specifically challenges the following
conclusions of law,
11. According to Chapter 586: "Reports by the
department of human services; court responsibilities. In
cases where there are allegations of domestic abuse
involving a family or household member who is a minor or an
incapacitated person as defined in section 560:5-102, the
employee or appropriate nonjudicial agency designated by
the family court to assist the petitioner shall report the
matter to the department of human services, as required
under chapters 350 and 587, and shall further notify the
department of the granting of the temporary restraining
order and of the hearing date. The department of human
services shall provide the family court with a written
report on the disposition of the referral. The court shall
file the report and mail it to the petitioner and
respondent at least two working days before the hearing
date, if possible. If circumstances prevent the mailing of
the report as required in this section, the court shall
provide copies of the report to the petitioner and
respondent at the hearing. The report shall be noted in
the order dismissing the petition or granting the
restraining order." HRS § 586-10.5.
. . . .
13. Pursuant to Section 586-10.5, which requires
this Court to "note[] [the DHS written report] in the order
dismissing the petition or granting the restraining order,"
this court did not err or otherwise abuse its discretion in
considering the DHS Social Worker's Report, filed on
January 10, 2022.
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14. Because this Court was statutorily required to
consider the DHS Social Worker's Report, this Court did not
err or otherwise abuse its discretion in having the Social
Worker testify at trial.
15. Because this Court was statutorily required to
consider the DHS Social Worker's Report, it did not err or
otherwise abuse its discretion in entering the Report as
the Court's Exhibit "1" at trial.
16. The Social Worker's Report, filed on January 10,
2022, was not inadmissible based upon hearsay.
17. The Social Worker's Report was not inadmissible
under HRS 587A.
. . . .
19. The court did not err or otherwise abuse its
discretion in allowing the Social Worker to testify as to
the Report, filed January 10, 2022, the contents of the
Report or the Social Worker's investigation, or any
information contained in the Report.
20. Nothing in the Report filed January 10, 2022, or
the Social Worker's testimony was otherwise impermissibly
confidential such that it should not have been allowed at
trial or considered by this Court. To the contrary, this
Court is statutory [sic] required in domestic abuse cases
when there are allegations of domestic abuse or the threat
of domestic abuse against a child or children to refer the
matter to the DHS for investigation, this Court is
statutorily mandated to require the DHS to submit a written
report to the court regarding the disposition of the
referral, this Court is statutorily required to file the
report in the case, and it is required to consider the
report in making its decision to granting or dismissing the
petition. See HRS § 586-10.5.
21. [Mother] did not make any legally viable
objections that prevented this Court from considering the
Social Worker's Report or testimony, or in admitting the
Social Worker's Report into evidence.
We conclude that the above conclusions of law are not
wrong. Fisher v. Fisher, 111 Hawaiʻi 41, 46, 137 P.3d 355, 360
(2006) ("the family court's COLs are reviewed on appeal de novo,
under the right/wrong standard"). The family court did not err
in admitting the DHS Report. The DHS Report is a "final
disposition." HRS § 586-10.5 (2018) requires that the
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"department of human services shall provide the family court
with a written report on the disposition of the referral" and
further provides that "[t]he report shall be noted in the order
dismissing the petition or granting the restraining order."
The family court verified at trial, on January 12 and 19, 2022,
that the DHS Report was the DHS worker's final disposition in
compliance with HRS § 586-10.5. The DHS Report found the threat
of abuse and threatened neglect to the children to be
"unconfirmed."5
The TRO directed that the "Dept. of Human Services is
ordered to investigate this matter, submit a written report to
the Court, and the investigating social worker shall appear to
testify at the hearing." The DHS Report, which contains third-
party statements, falls within the public record hearsay
exception. HRE Rule 803(b)(8)(C) (permitting "in civil
proceedings" the admission of public records and reports
containing "factual findings resulting from an investigation
made pursuant to authority granted by law"); State v. Abrigo,
144 Hawaiʻi 491, 493, 445 P.3d 72, 74 (2019) ("An exception to
the evidentiary rule against hearsay typically allows public
records to be admitted into evidence to prove the truth of their
5 The DHS worker testified that "unconfirmed" means "that there is
no risk of abuse to the kids or neglect."
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contents, as such documents are generally presumed to be
accurate and reliable.").
The family court did not err, moreover, in admitting
the DHS worker's testimony at trial. "Whether expert testimony
should be admitted at trial rests within the sound discretion of
the trial court and will not be overturned unless there is a
clear abuse of discretion." State v. Fukagawa, 100 Hawaiʻi 498,
503, 60 P.3d 899, 904 (2002) (citations omitted). The DHS
worker testified as to her experience in handling investigations
and TRO cases as an "investigator assessment worker for 20
years" and as a DHS social worker since 2012. HRS § 587A-19
(2018) provides that "[a] person employed by the department as a
social worker in the area of child protective services or child
welfare services shall be presumed to be qualified to testify as
an expert on child protective or child welfare services."
Admission of the DHS worker's testimony, on this record, did not
constitute abuse of discretion.
C. Rulings Regarding Legal Memoranda and Witness Testimony
Mother contends that "the family court erred in its[]
rulings that counsel could not file memoranda and that only
witnesses who were present at the allegations in the petition
could testify during the hearing[.]" The family court informed
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counsel below that no legal memoranda would be admitted6 in the
specific context of denying mother's request for the setting of
an HRE Rule 104 hearing.7 We conclude, on this record, that the
family court did not abuse its discretion by informing counsel
6 The family court ruled as follows,
MS. KAWAUCHI [Mother's counsel]: My motion is
to request that this -- this case be set also for a
104 hearing so that offers of proof can be made for
the witnesses to testify and for evidence to be
presented.
And the reason why I ask for that, Your Honor,
is because of the number of witnesses I'm asking for,
and I want the Court to have ample time to consider
my offers of proof before I call them on Wednesday
and have, you know, the Court's calendar there taken
with so many of them.
But I'd like to set it for a 104 prior to the
start of the trial so that we can clear up any --
clear up any memorandum or -- that you might want to
consider. I am -- I can file memos --
THE COURT: There will --
MS. KAWAUCHI: -- by Friday --
THE COURT: -- be no memos in this case. This
is a DA [domestic abuse] case. No memos will be
permitted.
MS. KAWAUCHI: Okay. All right. So offers of
proof, then, you would like to be made orally at the
time --
THE COURT: I'll explain --
MS. KAWAUCHI: -- (indiscernible)?
THE COURT: -- when I will have those made.
MS. KAWAUCHI: Okay.
THE COURT: I'm not going to set it for a 104
hearing.
7 Mother does not appeal from the family court's decision to deny
the HRE Rule 104 hearing.
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that legal memoranda would not be permitted on a matter that the
family court had already resolved when it denied the request for
an HRE Rule 104 hearing.
We further conclude that the family court did not err
in not permitting witnesses to testify "[i]f they were not
present for and thus do not have direct knowledge of the
allegations in the petition[.]" HRE Rule 602, which is
instructive here,
provides that "[a] witness may not testify to a matter
unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a
finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the
matter." The Commentary to HRE Rule 602 explains that,
"'Personal knowledge,' for purposes of this rule, means
that the witness perceived the event about which he
testifies." In other words, witnesses may not testify
based on "guesswork" or "speculation," such as when the
witness concludes that a fact "must have" been true. See
Addison M. Bowman, Hawaiʻi Rules of Evidence Manual § 602-
1[5] (2012).
State v. Apollonio, 130 Hawaiʻi 353, 361, 311 P.3d 676, 684
(2013) (cleaned up); see also HRE Rule 602 cmt. ("Evidence of
personal knowledge is a general foundation requirement for
admissibility of all evidence[.]"). The family court did not
abuse its discretion in requiring, consistent with HRE Rule 602,
that testifying witnesses must have direct, firsthand knowledge
of the events that they were testifying to.
D. Video Evidence
Mother contends that "the family court erred in
refusing to admit into evidence videos made by minor child on
the ground that the videos were made in contemplation of
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litigation where the record shows that the court failed to
review the entire exhibit before making its ruling[.]"8 Mother
8 Mother contends that the family court abused its discretion in
making this ruling, and challenges FOF 49, 50, 51, 53, and 57, and COL 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, and 38. These FOF and COL state,
[FOF] 49. Over objection by [father], the court initially
received into evidence the videos proffered by [mother]
during [mother's boyfriend's] testimony.
[FOF] 50. However, upon commencement of the first such
video, the parties' son stated that he was speaking for
himself and his sister because his sister is nervous about
the court thing.
[FOF] 51. The court immediately ordered the video to cease
being played, and reversed its prior to decision to receive
the videos into evidence.
. . . .
[FOF] 53. The court further finds the statement made by the
son at the onset of the first such video made it clear that
the proffered videos were in fact made in contemplation of
pending or anticipated litigation, were made at the
instigation of [mother], and therefore also not made in
good faith.
. . . .
[FOF] 57. Rather, the court finds that the videos were not
made until well after the alleged events, and clearly in
contemplation of pending or anticipated litigation.
. . . .
[COL] 30. HRE Rule 804 governs exceptions to the hearsay
rule where the declarant is unavailable.
[COL] 31. Under HRE Rule 804(a), in part, the
unavailability of a witness "includes situations in which
the declarant: (1) Is exempted by ruling of the court on
the ground of privilege from testifying concerning the
subject matter of the declarant's statement; (2) Persists
in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of the
declarant's statement despite an order of the court to do
so; (3) Testifies to a lack of memory of the subject matter
of the declarant's statement; (4) Is unable to be present
or to testify at the hearing because of death or then
existing physical or mental illness or infirmity; or (5) Is
absent from the hearing and the proponent of the
declarant's statement has been unable to procure the
(continued . . .)
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8(. . .continued)
declarant's attendance by process or other reasonable
means." (Format modified).
[COL] 32. HRE Rule 804(b)(5) provides for an exception to
the hearsay rule "if the declarant is unavailable as a
witness" and the proffered statement by the declarant is
one of recent perception, defined as "[a] statement, not in
response to the instigation of a person engaged in
investigating, litigating, or settling a claim, which
narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition
recently perceived by the declarant, made in good faith,
not in contemplation of pending or anticipated litigation
in which the declarant was interested, and while the
declarant's recollection was clear[.]"
[COL] 33. The videos proffered by [mother] of statements by
her son constitute inadmissible hearsay and are not
otherwise excepted from the hearsay rule under HRE Rule
804(b)(5).
[COL] 34. HRE Rule 803 governs exceptions to the hearsay
rule where the availability of the declarant is immaterial.
[COL] 35. Under HRE Rule 803(b)(1), the present sense
impression of a declarant is an exception to the hearsay
rule. Present sense impression is "[a] statement
describing or explaining an event or condition made while
the declarant was perceiving the event or condition or
immediately thereafter."
[COL] 36. The videos were not admissible as an exception to
the hearsay rule under HRE Rule 803(b)(1).
[COL] 37. Under HRE Rule 803(b)(24), provides other
instances in which statements by a declarant are excepted
from the hearsay rule under certain circumstances: "A
statement not specifically covered by any of the exceptions
in this paragraph (b) but having equivalent circumstantial
guarantees of trustworthiness, if the court determines that
(A) the statement is more probative on the point for which
it is offered than any other evidence which the proponent
can procure through reasonable efforts, and (B) the general
purposes of these rules and the interests of justice will
best be served by admission of the statement into evidence.
However, a statement may not be admitted under this
exception unless the proponent of it makes known to the
adverse party sufficiently in advance of the trial or
hearing to provide the adverse party with a fair
opportunity to prepare to meet it, the proponent's
intention to offer the statement and the particulars of it,
including the name and address of the declarant.
[COL] 38. The videos were not admissible as an exception to
the hearsay rule under HRE Rule 803(b)(24).
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requested to introduce three video recordings, collectively as
Exhibit 1, as follows,
THE COURT: Okay. We're back on record. . . .
We are going to play Exhibit 1. Is it broken up into three
different videos?
MS. KAWAUCHI [Mother's Counsel]: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay. So this is Exhibit 1 . . . 1A?
. . .
(The following video was played:)
[Son]: Hello my name is [son]. (Inaudible.) I'm
gonna speak on behalf of [daughter] as well 'cause kinda --
she's kinda in a bad mood and she's very nervous about this
court thing. I am too making this video, but I'm trying my
best to.
Main thing is I guess --
THE COURT: Okay. Pause it.
[Son]: -- I love being with --
THE COURT: Okay. So his very first portion of his
testimony, Ms. Kawauchi, indicates that he's going to be
speaking on behalf of sister also because in part she's
nervous about this court thing. What's he talking about
when he says "court thing," Ms. Kawauchi?
MS. KAWAUCHI: That I don't know, Judge.
THE COURT: Okay. [Mother's boyfriend]?
THE WITNESS: My best guess from what I have seen,
Your Honor, is that there was -- I believe there was
something on the 30th. There was a hearing to some extent
on the 30th –-
THE COURT: Okay.
THE WITNESS: -- that was taking place.
THE COURT: Ms. McGivern, do you know –-
MS. MCGIVERN [Father's Counsel]: Well, there –-
THE COURT: -- what happened on the 30 --
MS. MCGIVERN: -- there was an ongoing criminal case
of Ms. Kawauchi, but I'm concerned --
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THE COURT: No, but what hearing was on the 30th? Was
there a paternity case hearing, a TRO case hearing, or a
criminal case hearing to your knowledge on the 30th?
MS. MCGIVERN: I -- I don't believe so.
THE COURT: Okay. Well, he is referring to a court
thing. Based on that statement, the Court is going to
retract its earlier ruling on the admissibility of 1A. And
1A it appears has been made in contemplation of some type
of litigation, even if we don't know what kind of
litigation.
Let's move on to 1B, which is the second recording.
MS. KAWAUCHI: Objection, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Was it made on the same day?
MS. MCGIVERN: Yes.
THE WITNESS: Same time.
THE COURT: Oh, they were consecutive?
THE WITNESS: They're one –-
MS. MCGIVERN: They're –-
THE COURT: -- one right after another.
. . . .
THE COURT: . . . So was it in multiple -- to your
knowledge, [mother's boyfriend], was it multiple recordings
because he just did it in snippets?
THE WITNESS: As far as I know, it was -- the level --
the length of time that the video --
THE COURT: Would record?
THE WITNESS: -- would record.
THE COURT: Okay. All right. Then the Court is going
to reverse its earlier ruling. Exhibit 1 will not be
permitted into evidence and will not be played.
MS. KAWAUCHI: Okay. All right.
We conclude that the family court did not abuse its
discretion by denying mother's request to introduce the
Exhibit 1 video into evidence. See State v. Ortiz, 91 Hawai‘i
181, 189, 981 P.2d 1127, 1135 (1999) ("Evidentiary rulings are
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reviewed for abuse of discretion, unless application of the rule
admits of only one correct result, in which case review is under
the right/wrong standard.") (citation omitted). In reviewing
the first video, Exhibit 1A, the family court determined that
the video was made in contemplation of a separate litigation,
and that Exhibit 1A was the first part of what was meant to be a
single recording together with the other Exhibit 1 videos. As
such, the family court was not wrong in concluding that
Exhibit 1 constituted impermissible hearsay that did not fall
within an exception contemplated by HRE Rules 803 or 804. On
this record, the family court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the admission of Exhibit 1.
E. Witness Credibility
Mother contends that "the family court erred by
finding the testimony of [mother] and [mother's] witness
[mother's boyfriend] not credible, as such, the ruling
constitutes an abuse of discretion[.]"9 The family court, as the
9 Mother's points of error contend that the following FOF of the
family court are clearly erroneous: 46, 48, 58, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 89, and 90. These FOF state,
46. The court did not find [mother]'s testimony
credible.
. . . .
48. The court did not find [mother's boyfriend]'s
testimony credible.
. . . .
58. The court also finds that [mother] failed to
establish, through [mother's boyfriend's] testimony which
(continued . . .)
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9(. . .continued)
the court did not find credible, that there were any
circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness.
. . . .
69. [Mother] and [mother's boyfriend] were not
credible witnesses.
70. As part of her closing argument, [mother]
asserted that [father]'s emotional abuse is a form of
Munchhausen syndrome by proxy. This is not persuasive as
there is absolutely no evidence, medical or otherwise, to
support this claim.
71. At trial, [mother] did not ask this Court to take
judicial notice of any definition – denotative,
connotative, or otherwise from popular culture or based on
the news – as to the meaning of "strangle" or
"strangulation."
72. At trial, [mother] also did not provide any
evidence that either of the parties' minor children were
aware any popular culture or news references to
"strangulation," or that the children's reactions to the
event alleged in the Petition was in any way impacted or
exacerbated by any such awareness of popular culture or
news references to "strangulation."
73. The court does not find credible the allegations
that [father] told son that "[h]is life would be a living
hell if he came back to his mom and that he'd be a failure
in life," as alleged in paragraph 5B. There is no credible
evidence to support this allegation. The court finds
credible [father]'s testimony that this never occurred.
74. The court does not find credible the allegation
that any actions or statements by [father] caused either of
the children to have suicidal tendencies.
75. The court does not find credible the allegation
that [father] otherwise caused son to "slic[e] his skin on
his wrist because of continuous psychological abuse" or
"verbal threats" as alleged in paragraph 5C.
76. The court does not find credible the allegation
that the parties' daughter "was self-harming" as a result
of "the stress created by [father]'s constant verbal
harassment of" her.
77. Rather, the court finds credible that any
suicidal acts, thoughts, or tendencies by one or both of
the children occurred while they were in [mother]'s care.
(continued . . .)
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9(. . .continued)
78. The court does not find credible [mother]'s
allegations that [father] made financial threats against
her via third persons and/or that any such messages
received by [mother] from third persons not named as
respondents in her Petition against [father] in any way
originated by or through [father].
79. The court does not find credible [mother]'s
allegations that [father] sought to obtain money to have
his debts paid through third persons.
. . . .
81. The court does not find credible that third
persons expected [mother] to pay in the millions.
82. Additionally, with regard to allegations 5A and
5E, there is absolutely no credible testimony or evidence
to support these two allegations in their entirety.
83. The court does not find credible [mother]'s
testimony that the incident alleged in paragraph 5A rises
to the level of extreme psychological abuse or coercive
control.
. . . .
87. Neither the allegation in paragraph 5A nor
[mother]'s related testimony and evidence establishes a
"course of conduct" that "seriously alarm[ed] or
disturb[ed] consistently or continually bother[ed]"
[mother].
88. Neither the allegation in paragraph 5A nor
[mother]'s related testimony and evidence establishes that
the alleged conduct "would cause a reasonable person to
suffer extreme emotional distress."
89. Neither the allegation in paragraph 5A nor
[mother]'s related testimony and evidence establishes "a
pattern of threatening, humiliating, or intimidating
actions," nor any pattern of behavior that constitutes
coercive control, as that term is defined under Hawaiʻi law.
90. In addition, with respect to allegation 5E,
there is no credible evidence that [father] directed anyone
to contact the [mother] in order to collect his debts.
The Court finds the [father]'s testimony credible that he
did not do so.
(Footnote omitted.)
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fact finder, determines witness credibility. This court will
not disturb the family court's determination of credibility on
appeal. In re Doe, 95 Hawaiʻi 183, 190, 20 P.3d 616, 623 (2001)
("It is well-settled that an appellate court will not pass upon
issues dependent upon the credibility of witnesses and the
weight of the evidence; this is the province of the trier of
fact.") (citations omitted). We conclude that the family court
did not err in finding that mother and mother's boyfriend were
not credible witnesses.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons explained in section IIA, the family
court's February 15, 2022 Order Dissolving Temporary Restraining
Order, and June 1, 2022 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law,
are vacated. We remand with instructions to the family court to
make a determination, based on a proper balancing of mother's
interests and the best interest of the children, as to whether
the family court should have granted mother's request for the
children to testify at trial. The family court is further
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instructed to take appropriate actions consistent with that
determination and this memorandum opinion.
DATED: Honolulu, Hawai‘i, December 20, 2023.
On the brief:
/s/ Lisa M. Ginoza
Jamae K.K. Kawauchi, Chief Judge
for Petitioner-Appellant.
/s/ Sonja M.P. McCullen
Associate Judge
/s/ Kimberly T. Guidry
Associate Judge
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