First Christ Holiness Church, Inc. v. Owens Temple First Christ Holiness Church, Inc.

This appeal involves a dispute over the ownership of church property in Chatham County. Plaintiffs filed suit in their own names and in the name of First Christ Holiness Church, Inc. (“First Christ”) against Owens Temple First Christ Holiness Church, Inc. (“Owens Temple”) to quiet title to the property and for an accounting. First Christ alleged that both it and Owens Temple had been in possession of the property for decades and that the faction of the congregation that had aligned itself with First Christ was the rightful owner. In its answer, Owens Temple claimed First Christ lacked the authority to file the complaint because it did not have the approval of a majority of the congregation. Owens Temple also counterclaimed to quiet title in its own name.

Owens Temple filed a motion to dismiss the complaint or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. In support, Owens Temple submitted an affidavit by the secretary of the congregation. She explained that First Christ was an umbrella organization composed of the members of Owens Temple and the members of several small affiliated churches; that she maintained the business and membership records for both the umbrella organization and Owens Temple; and that the members of Owens Temple constituted a majority of the members of First Christ. Owens Temple also filed an affidavit from one of the pastors stating that none of the congregation’s members were aware of any meeting by the umbrella organization to decide corporate issues such as whether to authorize the filing of the complaint by plaintiffs.

The plaintiffs failed to respond to Owens Temple’s motion, and the trial court granted it. The trial court recited the following holding from this Court’s decision in Gervin v. Reddick:

It is well-settled that a court of equity will take jurisdiction over disputes involving churches when property rights are involved and when suit is brought on behalf of a majority of the congregation.1

*884The trial court then noted the evidence submitted by Owens Temple showing that the plaintiffs did not constitute a majority of the umbrella organization and did not have authorization from the majority to file the complaint. The trial court also pointed out the absence of any evidence from the plaintiffs contradicting the affidavits and other evidence filed by Owens Temple. The trial court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claims because the plaintiffs lacked the capacity or authority to file the complaint. Accordingly, the trial court granted Owens Temple’s motion, dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims, and ordered that Owens Temple’s counterclaim would remain pending. The plaintiffs appealed.

This Court has a solemn duty to inquire into its jurisdiction to entertain an appeal whenever there may be any doubt as to its existence.2 Our jurisdiction to consider the merits of an appeal depends on whether the appeal has been taken in substantial compliance with the rules governing the conditions under which an order or judgment is appealable.3 Ordinarily, a party has no right to directly appeal anything other than the final judgment or ruling of the trial court.4 Because Owens Temple’s counterclaim is still pending before the trial court, the order dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint does not qualify as a final judgment.5 Moreover, the plaintiffs did not seek a certificate of immediate review under OCGA § 5-6-34 (b). Thus, unless the trial court’s order falls under some other exception to the final judgment rule, this appeal must be dismissed.6

The most likely exception would be the exception to the final judgment rule for orders granting summary judgment “on any issue or as to any party.”7 The trial court titled its order an “Order on Motion for Summary Judgment,” recited the standards for reviewing a motion for summary judgment, and stated in the judgment line that “Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is hereby GRANTED.” *885However, the appealability of an order is determined, not by its form or the name given to it by the trial court, but rather by its substance and effect.8

The trial court purported to grant partial summary judgment in Owens Temple’s favor based on its lack of subject matter jurisdiction over the claims contained in the plaintiffs’ complaint. However, a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is not a summary judgment, regardless of how it is styled. A summary judgment is a judgment on the merits of the underlying claims or defenses.9 But if the trial court truly lacks subject matter jurisdiction to decide a question, it has no power to enter a judgment on the merits.10 Thus, an order granting summary judgment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is a contradiction in terms.11

The trial court’s order is best viewed as an order dismissing the plaintiffs’ complaint for failure to comply with the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-17. This section of the Civil Practice Act provides that “[e]very action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest,” and that “[t]he capacity of an individual, including one acting in a representative capacity, to bring or defend an action shall be determined by the law of this state.”12 The purpose of this section is to protect parties against subsequent actions by the individuals or entities that are actually entitled to recover and to ensure that *886judgments are given their proper res judicata effect.13 Dismissal for failure to comply with the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-17 is a matter in abatement that does not go to the merits of the underlying case.14 As we have previously held, “[i]t follows that summary judgment cannot properly be granted to a defendant on the basis of a real-party-in-interest objection.”15

There appears to be little disagreement between our view and that articulated by the dissenting opinion. The dissenting opinion recognizes that in deciding what a trial court’s order actually is, substance rather than form controls, and that the trial court erred in describing its order as one granting summary judgment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The dissenting opinion also appears to accept our determination that the trial court’s order is best viewed as one dismissing the complaint for failure to comply with the requirements of OCGA § 9-11-17 and even acknowledges that a real party in interest objection generally does not go to the merits of an action, but instead is a “matter in abatement” for which summary judgment is inappropriate.

The dissenting opinion nevertheless concludes that the trial court’s order was a judgment on the merits and therefore properly treated as a grant of partial summary judgment because it conclusively determined that “there does not exist any real party in interest who could be substituted as plaintiff’ to challenge Owens Temple’s claim of title to the property. This statement reads too much into the trial court’s order. The trial court found, not that Owens Temple was the only real party in interest who could possibly raise the claims asserted in the complaint, but rather that these particular plaintiffs failed to meet their burden to show that they could do so. Others may yet emerge who claim authority to speak on behalf of First Christ who have better evidence to support their claim than these plaintiffs were able to muster. After all, one of the primary functions of OCGA § 9-11-17 is “to protect the defendant... against a subsequent action *887by the party actually entitled to recover.”16 To the extent that the Court of Appeals’ decision in Walden v. John D. Archbold Mem. Hosp., Inc.17 could be construed as requiring a contrary result, it is hereby expressly disapproved.

Accordingly, the trial court’s order is not subject to the exception to the final judgment rule for grants of partial summary judgment, and the plaintiffs failed to follow the procedures for obtaining a certificate of immediate review. This appeal must be, and hereby is, dismissed.

Appeal dismissed.