Cablemaster LLC v. Magnuson Group Corp.

                             SUPERIOR COURT
                                 OF THE
                           STATE OF DELAWARE
PAUL R. WALLACE                                           LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
     JUDGE                                                    500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 10400
                                                               WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801
                                                                      (302) 255-0660




                         Submitted: October 12, 2023
                         Decided: December 5, 2023
                         Issued: December 15, 2023*

Samuel T. Hirzel, II, Esquire            Daniel J. Brown, Esquire
Gillian L. Andrews, Esquire              Hayley J. Reese, Esquire
HEYMAN ENERIO GATTUSO & HIRZEL           MCCARTER & ENGLISH
300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 200           405 North King Street, 8th Floor
Wilmington, Delaware 19801               Wilmington, Delaware 19801

Jeremy G. Suiter, Esquire                Thomas M. Burnett, Esquire
Ahmad S. Takouche, Esquire               REINHART BOERNER VAN DEUREN
STRADLING YOCCA CARLSON & RAUTH          1000 North Water Street, Suite 1700
660 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1600     Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
Newport Beach, California 92660

RE: Cablemaster LLC v. Magnuson Group Corp., f/k/a Cablemaster Corp., and
    Amanda Ahimsa as Personal Representative of the Estate of Bruce J.
    Magnuson and as Trustee of the Bruce J. Magnuson Revocable Trust
    C.A. No. N23C-05-185 PRW CCLD
    Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

Dear Counsel:

      Before the Court is the Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants

Magnuson Group Corp. and Amanda Ahimsa, as Personal Representative of the

Estate of Bruce J. Magnuson and as Trustee of the Bruce J. Magnuson Revocable
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Trust. For the reasons explained below, that motion is DENIED.1

                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

     A. THE ENTRY OF THE ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT

         Magnuson Group Corp. f/k/a Cablemaster Corp. (“Seller” and together with

Amanda Ahimsa, as representative for Bruce Magnuson’s trust and estate,

“Defendants”) was a supplier of “cord sets, cable assemblies, wire harnesses, and

bulk wire and cable manufactured to customers’ exact specifications.”3 Non-party



* This decision is issued after consideration of the Plaintiff’s requests for redaction of what it
posited was confidential information and with the Court’s own necessary corrections and
clarifications. The Court’s redactions are far fewer than Plaintiff proposed; the APA’s
confidentiality provision is not nearly as broad as suggested. See Compl., Ex. A (“Agreement”)
§ 4(b) (requiring, at most, that the parties “keep confidential and not use or disclose any and all
confidential and proprietary information concerning the terms of this Agreement”).
Just as with our Delaware siblings, open litigation in the Superior Court is the default and
confidentiality the exception—not the rule. GKC Strategic Value Master Fund, LP v. Baker
Hughes Inc., 

, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 5, 2019). Thus, whenever called upon to
make a good cause determination for continued sealing or confidential treatment, the Court should
lean toward disclosure. In re Lordstown Motors Corp. S’holders Litig., 

, at *1
(Del. Ch. Feb. 28, 2022) (noting that when continued confidential treatment is challenged, “the
court balances the public and private interests, ‘with a tie going to disclosure’”) (quoting GKC
Strategic, 

, at *2)). With this backdrop, the Court has found no good cause here
to conceal certain player identification or operative APA language—the latter of which is mostly
just run-of-the-mill contract wording. Doing so would render the Court’s disposition needlessly
opaque.
1
  The Court issues this Letter Opinion in lieu of a more formal writing mindful that the parties
have a fuller understanding of and familiarity with the factual background and operative agreement
than is recounted herein.
2
  The following facts are derived from the allegations in the Complaint and the exhibits attached
thereto. They are presumed to be true solely for purposes of this Motion.
3
    Compl. ¶¶ 14-15, 17 (D.I. 1).
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Tide Rock Yieldco, LLC was a strategic holding company.4 Tide Rock was

presented with an opportunity to acquire Seller but initially declined because Seller

was “not the type of company that Tide Rock typically acquires” and Seller’s

“accounts receivable, revenue growth, and margins were all too low for Tide Rock’s

regular business model.”5

           After the initial refusal, Seller sought Tide Rock’s reconsideration and

highlighted a new strategy for its wire harness product line.6 Seller pointed to its

successful relationship with       [XCo]    and “described its wire harness business

as the crown jewel of the Acquisition.”7 Persuaded, Tide Rock formed Cablemaster,

LLC (“Buyer”) and proceeded with the transaction.8

           On December 13, 2021, Buyer entered an asset purchase agreement (the

“Agreement”) with Seller and Seller’s principal, Bruce Magnuson.9 The Agreement

provided that Buyer would acquire Seller’s assets for $           , subject to several

adjustments.10


4
     Id. ¶ 16.
5
     Id. ¶¶ 17-18.
6
     Id. ¶ 19.
7
     Id.
8
     Id. ¶ 20.
9
     Id. ¶ 21.
10
     Id.
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     B. SELLER’S REPRESENTATIONS

         In the Agreement, Seller provided representations and warranties. Five are

disputed in this litigation: the “Accounts Receivable,” “Inventory,” “Acquired

Contracts,” “Material Adverse Effect,” and “Top Customer” representations.11

         Section 3(a)(i)(B)’s Accounts Receivable representation states:

                 Accounts Receivable. The Accounts Receivable have arisen in
                 bona fide arm’s-length transactions in the Ordinary Course, and,
                 subject to the allowance for doubtful accounts set forth in the
                 Financial Statements, all such receivables are valid and binding
                 obligations of the account debtors without any counterclaims,
                 setoffs or other defenses thereto and are collectible in the
                 Ordinary Course. All such reserves, allowances and discounts
                 were and are adequate and consistent in extent with the reserves,
                 allowances and discounts previously maintained by Seller in the
                 Ordinary Course and determined in accordance with GAAP.12

Section 3(a)(i)(D)’s Inventory representation states:

                 Inventory. Except as set forth in the Inventory Schedule, all
                 Inventory, whether or not reflected in the Financial Statements,
                 has been maintained in the Ordinary Course and consists of at
                 least a quality and quantity usable and saleable in the Ordinary
                 Course, except for an immaterial quantity of obsolete, damaged,
                 defective or slow-moving items. Except as set forth in the
                 Inventory Schedule, all Inventory is owned by the Seller free and
                 clear of all Liens, and no Inventory is held on a consignment
                 basis. The Inventory is sufficient to continue to operate the



11
     Id. ¶ 23.
12
     Agreement § 3(a)(i)(B) (underlining in original).
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             Business in the Ordinary Course immediately following the
             Closing.13

Section 3(a)(i)(E)’s Acquired Contract representation states:

             Acquired Contracts. The Seller has made available to Buyer an
             accurate and complete copy of each Acquired Contract,
             including all substantive amendments, modifications and
             waivers thereto (in each case, whether written, oral, or pursuant
             to a course of conduct). Except as set forth on the Acquired
             Contracts Schedule, (i) Seller is not, and, to Seller’s Knowledge,
             no other party is in material default under, or in material breach
             or violation of, any Acquired Contract; (ii) Seller has not
             received written notice alleging a material default or material
             breach under any such Acquired Contract (other than letters of
             default or breach that have been rescinded) or written notice of
             cancellation or termination of such Acquired Contract; and (iii)
             to Seller’s Knowledge, no event has occurred that (with or
             without due notice, lapse of time or both) would constitute a
             material default by Seller under any Acquired Contract. Each of
             the Acquired Contracts is valid, binding, and in full force and
             effect, and is an enforceable obligation of the Seller in
             accordance with its terms and, to the Seller’s Knowledge, of the
             other parties thereto.14

Section 3(a)(vi)’s Material Adverse Effect (“MAE”) representation states in

pertinent part:

             Events Subsequent to Reference Date. Since the Reference Date
             [July 31, 2021], Seller and its Representatives have conducted
             the Business in the Ordinary Course, which includes using
             commercially reasonable efforts to preserve customer and other
             business relationships. Without limiting the generality of the

13
     Id. § 3(a)(i)(D) (underlining in original).
14
     Id. § 3(a)(i)(E) (underlining in original).
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              foregoing, since the Reference Date, except as set forth on the
              Events Subsequent to Reference Date Schedule, neither Seller
              nor any of its Representatives has . . . (vi) become aware of any
              event, occurrence or development that has had a material adverse
              effect on the Business and, to Seller’s Knowledge, there has not
              been any event, occurrence or development that would
              reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect to the
              Business.15

Section 3(a)(vii)’s Top Customer representation states:

              Customers and Suppliers; Vendor Partners. The Top Customer
              and Top Supplier Schedule sets forth a correct and complete list
              of the fifteen largest customers, clients, or payors for products or
              services of the Seller (measured by aggregate revenue) (the “Top
              Customers”) for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the
              fifteen largest suppliers or vendors of the Seller (measured by
              aggregate payments) (the “Top Suppliers”) for the year ended
              December 31, 2020. Since the Reference Date, no Top Customer
              or Top Supplier has provided written (or, to Seller’s Knowledge,
              oral) notice that it intends to cease doing business with or
              materially decrease the amount of business done with the Seller
              or materially and adversely alter the terms upon which it is
              willing to do business with the Seller and, to the Seller’s
              Knowledge, no such material adverse decrease or material
              adverse alternation is expected to occur. No Top Customer or
              Top Supplier has delivered any written complaint to the Seller
              during the prior twenty-four (24) month period in connection
              with its relationship with the Seller.16

Seller promised to indemnify Buyer from any losses “resulting from, arising out of

or relating to . . . the breach of any representation or warranty of Seller contained in


15
     Id. § 3(a)(vi) (underlining in original).
16
     Id. § 3(a)(vii) (styling in original).
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Section 3(a).”17 Mr. Magnuson “guarantee[d] 100% of the obligations of the Seller

pursuant to the preceding provisions of this Section 5.”18

     C. THE ALLEGED BREACHES OF REPRESENTATIONS

          Upon taking over Seller’s business, Buyer discovered what it argues are

breaches of those five representations.19 In essence, each purported breach stems

from Seller’s alleged failure to maintain sufficient production capacity and quality

to meet its customers’ needs.20 As portrayed by Buyer, Seller handed over a

company beset by delayed, defective shipments and correspondingly displeased

customers.21

          First, Buyer accuses Seller of “failing to maintain adequate reserves and

measures of allowance for the accounts receivable of its wire harness business.”22

This accusation tracks the language of the Accounts Receivable representation.23

          As for the Inventory representation, Buyer alleges “Seller’s wire harnesses

were not in good condition or usable or saleable; Seller’s harnesses were deficient


17
     Id. § 5(a).
18
     Id. § 5(h) (underlining in original).
19
     Compl. ¶ 27.
20
     See id. ¶¶ 28-32.
21
     See id.
22
     Id. ¶ 28.
23
     See Agreement § 3(a)(i)(B).
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with bad connectors and misrouted wires.”24 In support, Buyer adduces several

email chains discussing Seller’s defective wire harnesses.25 It also claims, “Seller

received written and oral notification from Top Customer            [YCo]     that Seller’s

wire harnesses were unsatisfactory.”26

           Turning to the Acquired Contracts representation, Buyer claims Seller was

aware of both extant and pending material breaches of relevant contracts. 27 Buyer

alleges, “at least one Top Customer notified Seller that Seller had failed to perform,

and Seller’s failure to adequately supply its wire harnesses required that Top

Customer to find a different supplier.”28 Buyer’s claim that the Top Customer

representation violated is rooted in the same facts.29 The Complaint also references

pre-closing communications by Seller’s employees that discuss proposals “to try and

save $5m of business with              [XCo]   ,”30 along with similar internal discussions

of Seller’s purported troubles.31


24
     Compl. ¶ 29.
25
     See, e.g., Compl., Exs. C, F, J, K.
26
     Compl. ¶ 53.
27
     Id. ¶ 30.
28
     Id.
29
     Id. ¶ 32.
30
     Id. ¶ 40.
31
     See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 37, 39-46.
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         Last, Buyer says the MAE representation was breached “because Seller’s wire

harness business was understaffed by more than 149% and thus could not meet its

production demands or produce goods of sufficient quality within industry

standards.”32 That number is derived from a presentation regarding a price increase

Seller gave to           [XCo]   shortly before the Agreement’s closing date.33 In the

presentation and affixed agenda, Seller explained it “simply and badly

underestimated” its labor costs and could only continue supplying         [XCo]     if

the per-harness price increased from $84.95 to $135.10.34

     D. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         After discovering these alleged breaches, Buyer sent a demand letter in April

2023 seeking indemnification from Seller.35 Seller rejected the demand.36 Two

months later, Buyer filed its Complaint asserting breach of contract against

Defendants and fraudulent inducement against Seller.37 Defendants responded with




32
     Id. ¶ 31.
33
     Compl., Ex. L.
34
     Id. (emphasis omitted).
35
     Compl. ¶ 58.
36
     Id. ¶ 59.
37
     See id. ¶¶ 60-72.
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this motion to dismiss,38 which Buyers have opposed in writing,39 and on which the

Court has heard argument.

                                      II. LEGAL STANDARD

         “Under Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(6), ‘[t]he legal issue to be decided is,

whether a plaintiff may recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances susceptible of proof under the complaint.’”40 Under Rule 12(b)(6),

the Court will:

             (1) accept all well pleaded factual allegations as true, (2) accept
             even vague allegations as “well pleaded” if they give the
             opposing party notice of the claim, (3) draw all reasonable
             inferences in favor of the non-moving party, and (4) [not dismiss
             the claims] unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover
             under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.41

But “[t]he Court need not ‘accept conclusory allegations unsupported by specific

facts or . . . draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.’”42 Still,


38
     See Defs.’ Open. Br. (D.I. 12); Defs.’ Repl. Br. (D.I. 19).
39
     See Pl.’s Ans. Br. (D.I. 18).
40
   Vinton v. Grayson, 

 (Del. Super Ct. 2018) (alteration in original) (quoting
L&L Broad. LLC v. Triad Broad. Co., LLC, 

, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 8,
2014)).
41
  

 (alteration in original) (quoting Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Cap. Hldgs.
LLC, 

 (Del. 2011)).
42
   Tilton v. Stila Styles, LLC, 

, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Sept. 19, 2023) (omission
in original) (quoting Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 

 (Del. 2011),
overruled on other grounds by Ramsey v. Ga. S. Univ. Advanced Dev. Ctr., 

(Del. 2018)).
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“Delaware’s pleading standard is ‘minimal.’”43 And “[d]ismissal is inappropriate

unless ‘under no reasonable interpretation of the facts alleged could the complaint

state a claim for which relief might be granted.’”44

                                       III. DISCUSSION

     A. At Least Some of Buyer’s Breach-of-Contract Allegations are
        Sufficiently Pled to Withstand Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.

         Several of Buyer’s allegations regarding Seller’s breached representations

could conceivably entitle Buyer to relief. That’s all that’s needed for now. Because

Buyer brought a single count of breach of contract—encompassing all the allegedly

breached representations and the ensuing failure to indemnify—any one conceivable

allegation of breach is enough to defeat Defendant’s dismissal motion aimed at that

single count. So, Count I is not dismissed.

         1. For Instance, Buyer’s Acquired Contracts Argument
            is Sufficiently Pled.

         To demonstrate a breach of the Acquired Contracts representation, Buyer

must show, in essence, Seller was in material breach of an acquired contract or that


43
     

 (quoting Cent. Mortg., 

).
44
    

 (quoting Unbound Partners Ltd. P’ship v. Invoy Hldgs. Inc., 

, 1023 (Del.
Super. Ct. 2021)); see also Diamond State Telephone Co. v. University of Delaware, 

 (Del. 1970) (“[I]t is the law that a complaint attacked by a motion to dismiss for failure to state
a claim will not be dismissed unless it is clearly without merit, which may be either a matter of
law or of fact.”).
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an event occurred that would give rise to a material breach.45 Though Buyer is yet

to conclusively make such a showing, it is conceivable Buyer could do so.

         The specter of a material breach looms over the               [XCo]   dealings. Mere

days before Seller closed the Agreement with Buyer, it had given                  [XCo]     an

ultimatum: accept a significant price increase or lose your wire harness supply.46

Though the           [XCo]         contract is not incorporated into the Complaint, such a

significant alteration of terms—seemingly bereft of corresponding benefit to

     [XCo]       —could conceivably constitute a material breach thereof.                 That

     [XCo]         accepted, apparently due to operational constraints, does not

necessarily mean all was well between the two. Moreover, that sudden price hike

was on top of repetitive problems with wire harness quality and timely shipments

discussed in emails both between Seller and                    [XCo]     and between Seller’s

employees.47 As a whole, the facts alleged by Buyer suggest serious problems with

Seller’s performance under the              [XCo]         contract. Potentially, those problems

wrought a breach.

         The concerns raised by           [YCo]       similarly raise a reasonable inference of



45
     See Agreement § 3(a)(i)(E).
46
     See Compl., Ex. L.
47
     See, e.g., Compl., Exs. C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, M.
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material breach. Emails between Seller’s employees indicate that            [YCo]

complained that Seller “continued to miss dates” and told Seller it would “consider

other sources of supply.”48         In that email chain, one of Seller’s employees

acknowledged Seller’s “repeated inability to meet dates.”49 Again, while the details

of the       [YCo]       contract and performance thereunder remain unproven, it is

reasonable to infer that Seller’s recurrently tardy deliveries may have materially

breached that contract.

           Defendants’ first counterargument—that these complaints do not prove a

material breach—misses the mark. Buyer is not required to definitively prove a

material breach at this stage. Instead, it must raise a reasonable inference of such a

breach. That, Buyer has done. Defendants’ next contention—that these failures by

Seller were disclosed—is not much more persuasive.

           The “Acquired Contracts Schedule” attached to the Agreement discloses,

“Seller has experienced supply chain disruptions that have delayed order fulfillment

for certain customers, including . . .      [XCo]   [and]    [YCo]     [.]”50 But this

disclosure is not as candid as Defendants portray. In the throes of the COVID-19



48
     Compl., Ex. B.
49
     Id.
50
     Agreement § Acquired Contracts Schedule.
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pandemic, delayed deliveries of parts and materials throttled many production lines.

Those external disruptions are notably different from Seller’s alleged failures to

produce functional goods, maintain adequate production facilities, and accurately

estimate its labor costs. The Court is therefore unconvinced that Seller’s internal

deficits were properly disclosed.

           Defendants’ reply-brief argument that this at-best partial disclosure made it

incumbent on Buyer to seek further information is likewise unavailing. Defendants

cite Pilot Air Freight, LLC v. Manna Freight Systems, Inc.51 and Homan v. Turoczy52

in support of this position.53 Neither case is compelling here. In Pilot Air, the Court

of Chancery rejected a claim of deceptive negotiation due to the plaintiff-buyer’s

inexhaustive pursuit of relevant disclosures.54 There, the seller had declined to make

a requested disclosure and the plaintiff nevertheless went forward with the

purchase.55 Because the plaintiff accepted the seller’s limited representations, the

Vice Chancellor rejected the plaintiff’s attempt to circumvent the contract’s anti-




51
     

 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2020).
52
     

 (Del. Ch. Aug. 12, 2005).
53
     Defs.’ Repl. Br. at 11.
54
     

, at *23.
55
     

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reliance clause and base an argument on the unrepresented information.56 Here, in

stark contrast, Buyer grounds its claim in a representation Seller did provide—not

one Seller refused to make.

           Homan, too, is unconvincing. In that case, after a trial, the Court of Chancery

rejected a claim of fraudulently concealed financial records when the records were,

in fact, available to the plaintiffs but the plaintiffs chose not to review them.57

Indeed, the plaintiffs had been specifically advised to review those records before

proceeding, yet they never made a request to do so.58 That sort of willful blindness

has not been demonstrated in this nascent case.

           Finally, to the extent Buyer’s allegations pertain to   [YCo]    , Defendants

contend the Acquired Contract representation is unavailable because it is not the

“most specific representation.”59 They base this argument on Section 14 of the

Agreement, which states in relevant part, “[i]n the event a subject matter is addressed

in more than one representation and warranty, Buyer will be entitled to rely only on

the most specific representation and warranty addressing such matter.”60 This


56
     

57
     Homan, 

, at *15.
58
     

59
     Defs.’ Open. Br. at 22.
60
     Agreement § 14.
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argument is of little help to Defendants at this stage. First, it requires them to take

the position that the              [YCo]   issues are “addressed in” the Top Customer

representation—a position they later abandon.61 More importantly, Buyer need not

prove Seller materially breached multiple contracts.           The concerns related to

     [XCo]       are sufficient to carry this claim through the pleading stage.

         2. Moreover, Buyer’s Inventory Argument is Sufficiently Pled.

         Relief on Buyer’s claim as to the Inventory representation is also reasonably

conceivable. All Buyer must show here is that more than “an immaterial quantity”

of Seller’s inventory was not of “a quality and quantity usable and saleable in the

Ordinary Course.”62 As mentioned, attachments to the Complaint show several

examples of Seller’s employees discussing defective products. The defects were

common enough that a third-party inspection team had to be hired to assist in finding

flawed harnesses.63          According to production status emails attached to the

Complaint, almost every inspected shipment contained multiple defective wire

harnesses.64



61
     See Defs.’ Open. Br. at 22.
62
     See Agreement § 3(a)(i)(D).
63
     Compl., Ex. F.
64
     Compl., Ex. K.
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         Defendants point to a disclosure in the Agreement’s “Inventory Schedule” as

their lone response to this allegation.65 That disclosure states, “[c]ertain items of

Seller’s Inventory may be obsolete, damaged, defective or slow-moving as set forth

in the Financial Statements.”66 Perhaps, when revealed in discovery, the referenced

Financial Statements will show the extent of the problems with production quality

was adequately disclosed. Until then, a reasonable inference is that Buyer was

uninformed as to the substantial number of the harnesses being returned following

each shipment.          That is particularly true in connection with the Inventory

representation’s limited caveat of “an immaterial quantity of obsolete, damaged,

defective or slow-moving items.”67 In sum, Buyer has pled defective inventory well

enough to survive Defendants’ Motion.

         3. Again, Buyer’s Top Customer Argument is Sufficiently Pled.

         The analysis under the Top Customer representation is similar to that for

Acquired Contracts. The key difference is that it relates only to    [YCo]     because

     [XCo]       was not a Top Customer. As was true under the Acquired Contracts

representation, Buyer is yet to prove this allegation; but it has at this pleading stage



65
     See Defs.’ Open. Br. at 28.
66
     Agreement § Inventory Schedule.
67
     Id. § 3(a)(i)(D) (emphasis added).
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put forth a conceivable claim for relief. In short, Buyer has three options for proving

a breach of this representation: (i) written or oral notice of a Top Customer’s intent

to materially and adversely alter its relationship with Seller after the Reference Date

of July 21, 2021; (ii) Seller’s expectation of such a material, adverse alteration after

the Reference Date; or (iii) a written complaint sent by a Top Customer at any point

in the two years preceding the Agreement’s closing date.68

          As discussed,      [YCo]     raised concerns with Seller’s performance and

suggested it might have to find a new supplier.69 Defendants stress that those

grievances were not expressed in writing and came prior to the Reference Date.

Where Defendants’ argument falters, though, is it discounts what may be uncovered

in discovery.

          Notably, a post-Reference Date email, which discusses solutions to the

     [XCo]         problems, suggested “focusing on   [YCo]    ’s harnesses instead.”70

That implies Seller’s performance as to           [YCo]     may not have been fully

redressed prior to the Reference Date.          Plus, diverting attention away from




68
     Id. § 3(a)(vii).
69
     Compl., Ex. B.
70
     Compl., Ex. E.
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     [YCo]       to try to “save” other business71 may have increased tension with

     [YCo]      . Other emails also suggest the issues related to                      [YCo]        were

longstanding.72 It is possible that, at some point in the two years preceding the sale,

     [YCo]      put a complaint in writing. That alone could constitute a breach of the

Top Customer representation. Accordingly, Buyer has a reasonably conceivable

path to recovery under this theory.

         4. The Court Need Examine the Breach-of-Contract Count
            No Further Under Rule 12(b)(6).

         The existence of those viable allegations, or even just one of them, is enough

for Count I to overcome this Rule 12(b)(6) challenge. The question right now is

whether the overall count, not each compositional theory, is adequately pled.73 Once

the Court determines the claim as a whole is sound, testing the strength of every

individual girder is inessential.

         Count I broadly alleges that Defendants “breached their obligations to Buyer



71
     See id.
72
     See Compl., Ex. B.
73
   inVentiv Health Clinical, LLC v. Odonate Therapuetics, Inc., 

, at *4 (Del.
Super. Ct. Jan. 26, 2021) (“[A]t the pleading stage of a case, a trial judge is not a robed gardener
employing Rule 12(b)(6) as a judicial shear to prune individual theories from an otherwise
healthily pled claim or counterclaim.”); see also Envolve Pharmacy Sols., Inc. v. Rite Aid Hdqtrs.
Corp., 

, at *4 n.45 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 8, 2021) (“[I]t is not generally the Court’s
duty to dissect a single claim for either dismissal or rescues of its constituent theories of liability.”).
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under Section 3(a) of the Purchase Agreement, as alleged herein.” 74 Any breach of

a Section 3(a) representation could therefore support this contention. The Court is

satisfied Buyer might be able to prove one. That suffices.

     B. Buyer’s Fraudulent Inducement Claim is Sufficiently Pled.

         Assuming that representations in the Agreement were false when made, which

is presently appropriate for the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ arguments

against Buyer’s fraudulent inducement claim lack force.

         Defendants first raise the “bootstrap” rule;75 but they acknowledge, “Delaware

courts routinely recognize an exception to this ‘bootstrap’ rule where a plaintiff

pleads ‘that the Seller knew that the Company’s contractual representations and

warranties were false’ when made.”76 Defendants thus revert to insisting there were

no misrepresentations in the Agreement.77 That argument fares no better on its

second pass.

         The suggestion that Buyer’s claims are precluded by the Agreement’s anti-


74
     Compl. ¶ 63.
75
   Parties may not “bootstrap a breach of contract claim into a fraud claim merely by adding the
words fraudulently induced or alleging that the contracting parties never intended to perform.”
Stein v. Wind Energy Hldgs., 

, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 13, 2022) (quoting
Swipe Acquisition Corp. v. Krauss, 

, at *11 (Del. Ch. Aug. 25, 2020)).
76
   Defs.’ Open. Br. at 30 (quoting Anschutz Corp. v. Brown Robin Cap., LLC, 

,
at *15 (Del. Ch. June 11, 2020)).
77
     Id. at 31-33.
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reliance clause78 is similarly misplaced.            The Complaint does refer to extra-

contractual statements; but it does so only to furnish the dispute’s factual context.

Buyer’s actual claims are based on what it was permitted to rely on: express

contractual representations.79 It follows that the anti-reliance clause is no bar here.

         Last, Defendants say Buyer’s fraud claim lacks the requisite particularity. Not

so. “To satisfy Rule 9(b), a complaint must allege: (1) the time, place, and contents

of the false representation; (2) the identity of the person making the representation;

and (3) what the person intended to gain by making the representation.”80 But, for

reasons that will soon be apparent, “it is relatively easy to plead a particularized

claim of fraud” when “a party sues based on a written representation in a contract.”81

         Buyer’s burden here is easily carried because the obligatory details all go back

to the Agreement itself. The Agreement’s representations comprise the allegedly

false representations and were made at the time and place of the closing. Seller made



78
    Agreement § 4(g) (providing in part, “Buyer has relied solely on the results of its own
independent investigation and on the representations and warranties expressly and specifically set
forth in Section 3(a) and Section 3(b)”).
79
     Compl. ¶¶ 67-68.
80
  ABRY Partners V, L.P. v. F & W Acquisition LLC, 

 (Del. Ch. 2006) (citing
H-M Wexford LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 

 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
81
   River Valley Ingredients, LLC v. Am. Proteins, Inc., 

, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
Feb. 4, 2021) (quoting Prairie Cap. III, L.P. v. Double E Hldg. Corp., 

 (Del. Ch.
2015)).
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the allegedly false representations. And Seller allegedly sought to induce Buyer to

enter the Agreement on unduly favorable terms. No greater particularity is needed.

Count II thus withstands Defendants’ Motion.

                                    V. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is DENIED.82

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                               _______________________
                                                               Paul R. Wallace, Judge

cc: All Counsel via File and Serve




82
   Buyer requested leave to amend its Complaint in the event either of its counts were dismissed.
Pl.’s Ans. Br. at 28. That request is now moot.