Full Opinion (html_with_citations)

                                COURT OF CHANCERY
                                      OF THE
                                STATE OF DELAWARE
MORGAN T. ZURN                                                LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
VICE CHANCELLOR                                                   500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 11400
                                                                 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801-3734


                                     December 29, 2023

Jody C. Barillare, Esquire                       Kelly E. Farnan, Esquire
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP                      Richards, Layton & Finger, P.A.
1201 N. Market Street, Suite 2201                920 North King Street
Wilmington, DE 19801                             Wilmington, DE 19801

         RE: In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
             Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ

Dear Mr. Barillare and Ms. Farnan:

     As you are aware, I have appointed a receiver over Reinz Wisconsin Gasket,
LLC (“RWG”)

         for the limited purpose of investigating whether RWG had assets
         when it filed its notice of dissolution and cancellation. The Receiver
         shall be empowered to investigate the existence of these assets,
         including insurance policies, litigable claims, and claims or other
         proceedings relating to any other assets. The Receiver may also
         investigate how this litigation has been funded and any claims related
         to the same.1
In conducting its investigation, the receiver moved to compel “documents and
cooperation” (the “Motion”) from DCo LLC, RWG’s sole member.2 DCo paid for
a defense purportedly mounted by RWG in this litigation and elected to dissolve
RWG.3 DCo has opposed the Motion, asserting that (i) this Court lacks
jurisdiction over it, (ii) the receiver has not asked for documents in a manner that
compels a response, and (iii) DCo can withhold documents from RWG’s receiver

1
    Docket Item (“D.I.”) 105 ¶ 1.
2
    D.I. 117 (hereinafter “Mot.”).
3
  Readers unfamiliar with why I would use the adjective “purportedly” are referred to my
previous opinion in this matter at
2023 WL 3300042
 (Del. Ch. May 8, 2023). I write for
those familiar with the twists and turns of this case.
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 2 of 8


on the basis of its own privilege.4 I held oral argument on December 1, 2023, and
the parties followed up with supplemental letters. For the reasons that follow, the
Motion is denied.

          I.         Personal Jurisdiction
      I begin with personal jurisdiction. DCo is a Virginia entity with its principal
place of business in Tennessee.5 The receiver has not served DCo with a subpoena
in Virginia or Tennessee, and DCo’s counsel has refused to accept service of a
Delaware subpoena.6

       The receiver has attempted to establish this Court’s personal jurisdiction
over DCo according to a well-worn path for defendants: a statutory means of
service and a due process analysis.7 If the receiver and DCo were situated as the
plaintiff and defendant in a civil action, the Court would consider whether the
receiver had made a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction.8

      But DCo is not a defendant: the receiver is seeking what might be formally
described as third-party discovery. Federal circuit and district courts have held a
court may compel action by a nonresident nonparty so long as minimum contacts
and due process are satisfied, if the minimum contacts would support the exercise
of specific jurisdiction.9 In the context of a request to compel a nonresident

4
    DCo’s counsel has entered a limited appearance solely to oppose the Motion.
5
    Mot. Ex. G at 1.
6
    D.I. 141.
7
    E.g., Altabef v. Neugarten,
2021 WL 5919459
, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 15, 2021).
8
    See, e.g.,
id.
9
  Gucci Am., Inc. v. Weixing Li,
768 F.3d 122
, 134–37 (2d Cir. 2014) (considering a
party’s request for an order compelling performance by a nonparty, and noting the United
States Supreme Court has not addressed specific jurisdiction over nonparties, and that
lower federal courts have adapted the test for civil defendants, “first assess[ing] the
connection between the nonparty’s contacts with the forum and the order at issue, and
then decid[ing] whether exercising jurisdiction for the purposes of the order would
comport with fair play and substantial justice”);
id.
 at 141–42 (noting “specific personal
jurisdiction may permit the district court to order the [foreign nonparty] to comply with
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 3 of 8


nonparty to respond to a subpoena, the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York has found the traditional three requirements must
be satisfied: “(1) the entity must have been properly served, (2) the court must
have a statutory basis for exercising personal jurisdiction, and (3) the exercise of
personal jurisdiction must comport with constitutional due process.”10 “At least
one circuit has translated this test to nonparty discovery requests by focusing on
the connection between the nonparty’s contacts with the forum and the discovery
order at issue.”11 It is “enough for purposes of due process in these circumstances
that the nonparty’s contacts with the forum go to the actual discovery sought rather
than the underlying cause of action.”12 District courts have concluded that in the
context of a motion to compel a nonparty’s performance, “it is consistent with the
standard for determining whether personal jurisdiction exists over a civil defendant
for the Court to place the initial burden of proving personal jurisdiction over a
foreign nonparty in a discovery dispute on the movant.”13



particular discovery demands” (citing Application to Enforce Admin. Subpoenas Duces
Tecum of the SEC v. Knowles,
87 F.3d 413, 418
 (10th Cir. 1996), as finding specific
jurisdiction where the “subpoena enforcement action” at issue “ar[ose] out of [the
nonparty’s] contacts” with the forum)); In re 3M Combat Arms Earplug Prods. Liability
Litig.,
2020 WL 5578428
, at *6–7 (N.D. Fla. Feb. 18, 2020) (citing Gucci Am., 768 F.3d
at 141–42). I could find no Delaware authority on this issue, but one District Court’s
relatively recent observation made me less worried that I missed something: “[t]here
appears to be widespread disagreement, and scant authoritative guidance, as to how
courts should analyze whether they have personal jurisdiction over nonparty witnesses.”
Bartlette v. S.C. Dept. of Corr.,
2019 WL 13198874
, at *1 (D.S.C. 2019) (citing
CresCom Bank v. Terry,
269 F. Supp. 3d 708
, 712 n.3 (D.S.C. 2017) and Ryan W. Scott,
Note, Minimum Contacts, No Dog: Evaluating Personal Jurisdiction for Nonparty
Discovery,
88 Minn. L. Rev. 968
, 981 (2004)).
10
  Gucci Am., Inc. v. Weixing Li,
135 F.Supp.3d 87, 93
 (S.D.N.Y. 2015); accord NIKE,
Inc. v. Wu,
349 F.Supp.3d 346, 354
 (S.D.N.Y. 2018).
11
     Gucci Am.,
768 F.3d at 141
.
12
     In re del Valle Ruiz,
939 F.3d 520
, 530 (2d Cir. 2019).
13
  In re 3M Combat Arms Earplug Prods. Liability Litig.,
2020 WL 5578428
 at *7 n.5;
accord Concepts NREC, LLC v. Qiu,
2021 WL 6750964
, at *4 (D. Vt. Sept. 20, 2021).
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 4 of 8


       DCo has not objected to the use of this framework, but rather has asserted
only that the framework is not satisfied. I will consider whether the receiver has
established a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction under the test for
nonresident defendants, with a focus on DCo’s connection to Delaware and what
the receiver seeks to compel DCo to do.

       The receiver points to two grounds for statutory jurisdiction. The first is 6
Del. C. § 18-109, on the theory that DCo, RWG’s sole member, was a de facto
manager.14 “Under Section 109(a)(ii), a defendant who participated materially in
the management of the limited liability company can be served as an acting
manager. . . . The plain language of Section 18-109(a)(ii) . . . confers the status of
an acting manager on an individual who has a significant role in managing an LLC
or who plays a significant part in an activity or event that constitutes part of the
management of the LLC.”15

      The receiver points out that RWG’s operating agreement gave DCo the
power to dissolve and cancel the Company. In August 2022, DCo did just that.16
But this power, and the use of it, does not make DCo a de facto manager: the plain
language of the operating agreement gave that power to DCo in its capacity as a
member.17



14
   DCo could not be a formal manager under Section 18-109(a) because RWG was a
manager-managed LLC: its operating agreement vested “sole responsibility for
managing the business and affairs of the Company in the ordinary course of business,
except as otherwise provided herein or in the Act” in RWG’s manager, initially an
individual identified in the agreement. JX 46 § 3(A). It also stated that “any Member
who is not a Manager shall have no right to participate in the management of the conduct
of the Company’s business and affairs nor any power or authority to act for or on behalf
of the Company in any respect whatsoever.” Id. § 3(C).
15
     In re P3 Health Group Holdings, LLC,
285 A.3d 143
, 152–53 (Del. Ch. 2022).
16
   In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
2023 WL 2568326
, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 20, 2023)
(finding, post-trial, that DCo called a special meeting for the purpose of discussing
RWG’s dissolution, presented a windup plan, and voted to dissolve RWG).
17
   The Delaware Limited Liability Company Act grants standing to apply for dissolution
to “a member or manager.” 6 Del. C. § 18-802; In re Carlisle Etcetera LLC, 2015 WL
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 5 of 8


       The receiver also asserts DCo materially participated in RWG’s
management because DCo officers were also RWG officers and directors, and the
two retained the same counsel. But the only act the receiver identifies those
persons taking is RWG’s dissolution.18 As explained, DCo’s role in RWG’s
dissolution was explicitly in its capacity as RWG’s member. It might be that DCo
materially participated in RWG’s management, but the present record does not
establish that.

      Separately, the receiver contends DCo is subject to statutory jurisdiction
under Delaware’s long-arm statute, 10 Del. C. § 3104, because DCo voted to
dissolve RWG and filed the certificate of cancellation. “Filing a certificate of
cancellation is the transaction of business in Delaware within the meaning of
§ 3104(c)(1).”19

       RWG’s certificate of cancellation states it was “filed by the undersigned, as
an authorized person of [RWG],” and was signed by “Sara Kirkpatrick, Authorized
Person.”20 DCo argues Kirkpatrick filed the certificate as authorized by RWG, so
RWG was the principal who directed her to file the certificate. The receiver argues
Kirkpatrick was DCo’s Secretary, and that she had no role at Reinz, so
Kirkpatrick’s principal must have been DCo; the receiver submitted documents
making a prima facie showing Kirkpatrick worked on RWG’s dissolution at the
direction of DCo’s president.21 Because RWG’s operating agreement authorized
DCo to dissolve it, Kirkpatrick as directed by DCo would be an authorized person
under RWG’s operating agreement.
      DCo argues it would violate due process to force DCo to participate in this
action when its motion to intervene was denied. But as I explained at the hearing
on the Motion, DCo’s motion to intervene was denied based on prejudice and


1947027, at *4 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2015). One can be a member and seek dissolution; one
need not be a manager.
18
     D.I. 131 ¶ 12.
19
     Matthew v. Fläkt Woods Grp. SA,
56 A.3d 1023
, 1027–28 (Del. 2012).
20
     JX 156.
21
     D.I. 131, Transmittal Affidavit of Brian Loughnane, Esq., Exs. J, K, L, M, O.
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 6 of 8


delay.22 It would not violate due process to exercise jurisdiction over DCo for
purposes of discovery into its cancellation of RWG when that is the very act that
satisfied long-arm specific jurisdiction. There is a sufficient nexus between the
jurisdictional act and the receiver’s request from DCo.
      Having gotten this far, I go back to the beginning. The first requirement to
exercise jurisdiction to compel a nonresident nonparty to respond in discovery is
proper service.23 DCo has not been served with a subpoena; the receiver has made
no attempt to serve DCo other than to ask counsel to accept service.24 I cannot
exercise jurisdiction over DCo until it has been served.
         II.     The Need For A Formal Request
      The receiver anticipates this outcome by arguing that it need not serve any
formal requests on DCo because DCo, as RWG’s member, has an independent
obligation to cooperate. The receiver cites orders directing managers, officers,
employees, and agents of going concerns to cooperate.25 The order appointing the
receiver over RWG had no such provision.26 But assuming for the sake of
argument that those provisions make explicit a necessary power that otherwise
would be implied, DCo is not a manager, officer, employee, or agent. DCo is only
a member.



22
     In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
2023 WL 4986411
 (Del. Ch. Aug. 3, 2023).
23
     NIKE,
349 F.Supp.3d at 354
.
24
  The receiver served a Delaware entity called “DCO, LLC.” The parties do not dispute
that was the wrong DCo.
25
   Mot. ¶ 28 (citing Jagodzinski v. Silicon Valley Innovation Co.,
2012 WL 593605
, at *2
(Del. Ch. Feb. 14, 2012) (appointing a receiver for the production of documents and
ordering the company, including its members and employees, to cooperate); Bruckel v.
TAUC Hldgs, LLC,
2023 WL 4583575
, at *8 (Del. Ch. July 17, 2023) (same); Deutsch v.
ZST Digital Networks, Inc.,
2018 WL 3005822
, at *5 (Del. Ch. June 14, 2018) (same);
GMF ELCM Fund LP v. ELCM HCRE GP LLC,
2019 WL 1501553
, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr.
4, 2019) (noting a manager was ordered to cooperate with a receiver pendente lite).
26
     D.I. 105.
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 7 of 8


      The receiver offers no other basis to compel DCo to give the receiver its
documents in the absence of any subpoena or other formal request. The receiver
has been appointed to investigate the assets of a dissolved entity. He has access to
the materials within RWG’s custody or control. Hornbook law explains:
          As a general rule, the receiver takes all the property of the [company]
         which constitutes the subject of the suit and is within the jurisdiction
         of the court; he or she does not take property not involved in the suit
         or not included in an order designating the particular property of
         which the receiver is to have charge.
          . . . [T]he receiver stands in the shoes of the entity in receivership,
         and has no greater right to property than the entity has whose property
         the receiver was appointed to marshal . . . .

          Property not involved in the suit or action or not mentioned in the
         petition for his or her appointment is not properly in the hands of a
         receiver.27

      Were RWG still a living jural entity, DCo would not be obligated to share its
documents with RWG under some duty to cooperate. Nothing in RWG’s operating
agreement commands that,28 and an equity investor typically does not owe
obligations to an entity. It follows that DCo is under no obligation to “cooperate”
with RWG’s receiver. DCo and its documents are no differently situated from
RWG than the other nonparties RWG has already subpoenaed.



27
   75 C.J.S. Receivers § 92 (citing Eberhard v. Marcu,
530 F.3d 122, 132
 (2d Cir. 2008)
(“Fundamentally, the authority of a receiver is defined by the entity or entities in the
receivership. The plaintiff in his capacity of receiver has no greater rights or powers than
the corporation itself would have.” (cleaned up))); accord,
id.
 § 94 (“A receiver generally
has no right to property which does not belong to the individual or corporation over
whose estate the receiver was appointed, at the time of the appointment; a receiver stands
in the shoes of the debtor or insolvent.”) (citing New York Stock Exchange v. Pickard &
Co.,
274 A.2d 148
 (Del. Ch. 1971)).
28
     JX 46.
In re Reinz Wisconsin Gasket, LLC,
Civil Action No. 2022-0859-MTZ
December 29, 2023
Page 8 of 8


      III.   Privilege

       The Motion primarily challenged DCo’s withholding of documents as
privileged. I am not yet satisfied that Court has personal jurisdiction over DCo, so
I do not yet reach this issue.
      IV.    Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, the Motion is DENIED.

                                                    Sincerely,

                                                    /s/ Morgan T. Zurn

                                                    Vice Chancellor



MTZ/ms

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