Heritage Foundation v. U.S. Department of Justice

                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 HERITAGE FOUNDATION, et al.,

                Plaintiffs,

        v.                                                         No. 23-cv-1854 (DLF)

 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

                 Defendant.


                               MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

       Plaintiffs the Heritage Foundation and one of its officers Mike Howell brought this action

against the U.S. Department of Justice seeking documents related to the investigation of Robert

Hunter Biden, the son of the President of the United States Joseph R. Biden. The plaintiffs moved

for a preliminary injunction “enjoining Defendant the U.S. Department of Justice . . . from

unlawfully impeding Plaintiffs’ expedited access to records under the Freedom of Information

Act.” Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 1, Dkt. 6. On July 19, 2023, the Court denied this motion. Dkt. 18.

The plaintiffs then moved for an injunction pending appeal, and on July 20, 2023, the Court denied

this motion. Dkt. 21. The plaintiffs appealed both denials, but on September 1, 2023, they moved

before the D.C. Circuit to dismiss their consolidated appeals as moot and to vacate this Court’s

July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 orders. The D.C. Circuit dismissed the appeals as moot but

“remanded to the district court with instructions to consider whether vacatur of the district court’s

orders . . . is warranted.” Order at 1, Heritage Found. v. DOJ, No. 23-5171 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 16,

2023). For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that vacatur is not warranted.
I.     Background

       On March 10, 2023, the plaintiffs filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request with

the DOJ, seeking (1) “[a]ll documents and communications sent or received by . . . any employee

of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Delaware referring or relating to Special Counsel

status for the investigation concerning Hunter Biden” and (2) “[a]ll documents and

communications between or among employees of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of

Delaware and employees of any other U.S. Attorney’s Office with venue to bring charges against

Hunter Biden or his associates in that jurisdiction.” FOIA Request at 1 (March 10, 2023), Pls.’

Ex. 1, Dkt. 1-5. The plaintiffs also requested expedited processing, id., and the Department of

Justice granted this request on March 27, 2023, Pls.’ Ex. 10, Dkt. 1-14.

       Three months after the plaintiffs filed their FOIA request, Hunter Biden was charged by

information in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware with one count of knowingly

possessing a firearm while an unlawful user of and addicted to a controlled substance, see 

(g)(3), 924(a)(2), and two counts of willfully failing to pay income tax, see 

; Information, United States v. Biden, No. 23-cr-61 (D. Del. June 20, 2023), Dkt. 2;

Information, United States v. Biden, No. 23-mj-274 (D. Del June 20, 2023), Dkt. 2. The district

court scheduled Hunter Biden’s initial appearance for July 26, 2023. Order, Biden, No. 23-cr-61

(June 21, 2023), Dkt. 3.

       The plaintiffs filed this suit on June 26, 2023, alleging that based on the statements of two

“IRS whistleblower[s],” the “U.S. Attorney [for the District of Delaware David] Weiss sought to

charge Hunter Biden with felony tax charges” in “the District of Columbia and the Northern

District of California,” but “the local U.S. Attorney[s]—both appointed by President Biden—

blocked him from doing so.” Compl. ¶¶ 4, 47–51, Dkt. 1. The complaint also alleges that Weiss’s



                                                 2
request for Special Counsel authority was denied. 

. On June 29, 2023, the plaintiffs moved

for a preliminary injunction, seeking to compel the DOJ “to process and produce a subset of

records,” including (1) “[a]ll non-exempt records sent or received by David Weiss or any employee

of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Delaware referring or relating to Special Counsel

status for the investigation concerning Hunter Biden,” and (2) “[a]ll non-exempt documents and

communications between or among employees of the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of

Delaware and employees of any other U.S. Attorney’s Office with venue to bring charges against

Hunter Biden or his associates . . . for which . . . David C. Weiss is custodian.” Mot. for Prelim.

Inj. at 1, Dkt. 6 (cleaned up). The plaintiffs underscored two exigencies—“matter[s] of immense

public importance that w[ould] lose value if not timely made public”—driving their motion: (1) the

“on-going House investigations and raging political controversy” and (2) “whether the District

Court in Delaware should reject Hunter Biden’s plea on July 26, 2023.” Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s

Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 32, Dkt. 6-1.

       On July 19, 2023, the Court denied the motion for a preliminary injunction, holding that

the plaintiffs had not shown that they faced irreparable harm, that they were likely to succeed on

the merits, or that the balance of the equities or public interest weighed in their favor. Order of

July 19, 2023 at 4, Dkt. 18. The plaintiffs appealed the Court’s denial. See Notice of Interlocutory

Appeal, Dkt. 19. They also moved for an injunction pending appeal, directing the DOJ to produce

“any non-exempt records . . . that reflect, memorialize, or explain any decision on a request for

regulatory or statutory Special Counsel Status by . . . Weiss.” Mot. for Inj. Pending Appeal at 1,

Dkt. 21. In a July 20, 2023 minute order, the Court denied the motion because the plaintiffs

effectively sought a new injunction—something “that is not properly presented in a motion for




                                                 3
injunction pending appeal.” Minute Order of July 20, 2023. The plaintiffs appealed this order as

well. See Notice of Interlocutory Appeal, Dkt. 22.

       Before the D.C. Circuit, on July 21, 2023, the plaintiffs filed an emergency motion for an

injunction pending appeal.     See Pls.-Appellants’ Emergency Mot. for Inj. Pending Appeal,

Heritage Found. v. DOJ, No. 23-5168 (D.C. Cir. filed July 21, 2023). On July 24, 2023, the D.C.

Circuit denied the plaintiffs’ motion, affirming this Court’s denial on the ground that “[a]ppellants

have not satisfied the stringent requirements for an injunction pending appeal.” Order at 1,

Heritage Found., No. 23-5168 (D.C. Cir. July 24, 2023). The plaintiffs did not seek review from

the en banc court or the Supreme Court. On July 26, 2023, Hunter Biden’s scheduled change-of-

plea hearing occurred in the District of Delaware. See Minute Entry, Biden, No. 23-cr-61 (D. Del.

July 26, 2023).

       The following day, the DOJ answered the plaintiffs’ complaint, see Answer, Dkt. 25, and

the Court required the parties to meet and confer and “propos[e] a schedule for further

proceedings,” Minute Order of July 28, 2023. In a joint status report, the parties disputed the

appropriate rate at which the DOJ should produce records responsive to the plaintiffs’ FOIA

request. See Joint Status Report at 3–4, 6, Dkt. 26. The Court held an August 11, 2023 status

conference and subsequently ordered the parties “to meet and confer in an effort to agree on a

production schedule.” Minute Order of Aug. 11, 2023. On August 21, 2023, the parties filed

another joint status report, in which the DOJ proposed a production rate of 600 pages per month

and the plaintiffs proposed a production rate of 1,343 pages per month. See Joint Status Report at

3, 17, Dkt. 27. The DOJ also represented that “all 537 potentially responsive pages initially

collected from custodians Weiss and [Lesley] Wolf” would be processed by “August 25, 2023.”

. In an August 22, 2023 minute order, the Court ordered the DOJ (1) on or before August



                                                 4
25, 2023 to “produce all responsive records from the 537 pages of potentially responsive records

collected from custodians Weiss and Wolf”; and (2) on or before October 31, 2023 to “produce all

responsive records from the remaining 2,148 pages of potentially responsive records” at an

approximate “rate of less than 1,000 pages per month.” Minute Order of Aug. 22, 2023.

       A little over a week later, on September 1, 2023, the plaintiffs moved in the D.C. Circuit

to dismiss their appeals as moot and to vacate this Court’s July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 denials

under United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 

 (1950). The plaintiffs argued that the

appeal was moot because (1) “Hunter Biden’s scheduled change of plea hearing on July 26 . . . the

driver of the exigency in that particular instance—has come and gone” and (2) this Court’s “August

22 Minute Order has decided the issue of timing of production.” Pls.-Appellants’ Mot. for

Voluntary Dismissal & Vacatur at 3, Heritage Found., No. 23-5168 (D.C. Cir. filed Sept. 1, 2023).

The plaintiffs further contended that vacatur is appropriate because “the pending appeals are moot

through no fault of the parties, and . . . the now-moot preliminary injunction interpreting FOIA

law would have important legal consequences in the future . . . if the decision is allowed to remain

in place.” 

 at 6–7 (cleaned up). The D.C. Circuit granted the plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss as

moot but “on the court’s own motion . . . remanded to the district court with instructions to




                                                 5
consider whether vacatur of the district court’s orders filed July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 is

warranted.” Order at 1, Heritage Found., No. 23-5168 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 16, 2023).

       On remand, the Court ordered briefing on vacatur from the parties and heard argument at

an October 30, 2023 hearing. See Minute Order of Oct. 16, 2023. Both before the D.C. Circuit

and this Court, the DOJ has not taken a position on whether vacatur is warranted.

II.    Legal Standard

       When “a civil case from a court in the federal system . . . has become moot while on its

way [to an appellate court] or pending [the appellate court’s] decision on the merits,” the

“established practice” is “to reverse or vacate the judgment below and remand with a direction to

dismiss.” 1 Munsingwear, Inc., 

. But the decision to vacate an order under

Munsingwear “is an equitable one” that must be “consonant to justice in view of the nature and

character of the conditions which have caused the case to become moot.” U.S. Bancorp Mortg.

Co. v. Bonner Mall P’ship, 

 (1994) (cleaned up).




1
 The Court assumes that Munsingwear principles apply to a district court’s determination
whether to vacate an order when the appeal of that order has been rendered moot. In Bancorp,
the Supreme Court observed that “a court of appeals presented with a request for vacatur of a
district-court judgment may remand the case with instructions that the district court consider the
request, which it may do pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b).” U.S. Bancorp
Mortg. Co., 

. But neither the Supreme Court nor “the D.C. Circuit
ha[ve] . . . addressed whether the ruling in Bancorp [and Munsingwear principles generally]
should apply to a request that a district court vacate its own order under Rule 60(b).” Comm. on
Oversight & Gov’t Reform v. Sessions, 

 (D.D.C. 2018). That said, other
judges in this district have “looked to Bancorp for guidance” when vacating under Rule 60(b).

 (citing 3M Co. v. Boulter, 

 (D.D.C. 2013); St. Lawrence Seaway Pilots’ Ass’n
v. Collins, No. 03-cv-1204 (RBW), 

, at *2 (D.D.C. May 13, 2005); Fund for
Animals v. Mainella, 

, 25–26 (D.D.C. 2004)). Further, and in any event, the
D.C. Circuit’s remand order explicitly directed the Court to Bancorp and Mahoney, which relied
on Munsingwear principles. See D.C. Cir. Remand Order at 1. As such, the Court will apply
Munsingwear principles here.


                                                6
       In balancing the equities, courts consider various factors. For example, vacatur “must be

decreed” when review of a decision “is . . . ‘prevented through happenstance’—that is to say,

where a controversy presented for review has become moot due to circumstances unattributable to

any of the parties.” 

 at 23 (quoting Karcher v. May, 

 (1987)). When

“mootness results from the unilateral action of the party who prevailed in the lower court,”

however, the equities weigh against vacatur. 

 So too when the party seeking vacatur of an

adverse decision earlier “slept on its rights,” Munsingwear Inc., 

, entered a

settlement, U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co., 

, or sought “to have the[] [decision] wiped

from the books by merely filing an appeal, then complying with the order or judgment below and

petitioning for a vacatur of the adverse trial court decision,” United States v. Garde, 

 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (cleaned up). Courts also balance the “public interest” in establishing

judicial precedents, which “are presumptively correct and valuable to the legal community as a

whole,” U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co., 

 (cleaned up), and the “prejudice to the parties”

from the “preclusive effect” of an unvacated decision, Mahoney v. Babbitt, 

(D.C. Cir. 1997) (cleaned up).

       “[V]acatur is an ‘equitable’ and an ‘extraordinary’ remedy,” so “the party seeking that

remedy bears the burden of demonstrating that the relief is justified.” Jewish War Veterans of the

U.S. of Am., Inc. v. Mattis, 

 (D.D.C. 2017).

III.   Analysis

       Applying the Munsingwear framework, the Court concludes that numerous factors weigh

against vacatur of the Court’s July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 orders.




                                                  7
       A.      Happenstance

       The plaintiffs have failed to persuade the Court that appellate review of this Court’s

previous denials was “prevented through happenstance.” U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Corp., 

 (cleaned up). Mootness by way of happenstance occurs when “a controversy presented for

review has ‘become moot due to circumstances unattributable to any of the parties.’” 

 (quoting

Karcher, 

). “The distinction between litigants who are and are not responsible for

the circumstances that render the case moot is important.” Garde, 

. “[T]he

primary objective behind vacating a lower court opinion would be distorted if a party were allowed

to render deliberately a judgment unreviewable by its own action.” 

 at 1311 n.8.

       The plaintiffs’ appeals were not rendered moot by mere happenstance for two reasons.

First, mootness arose, in part, because the plaintiffs abandoned one of their bases for seeking an

injunction, a deliberate choice that was not the product of happenstance. Under well-established

D.C. Circuit precedent, vacatur should be denied “where mootness result[s] from ‘the deliberate

action of the losing party before the district court.’” Nat’l Black Police Ass’n v. District of

Columbia, 

 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (quoting Garde, 

). Before this

Court, the plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction based on two exigencies: (1) Hunter Biden’s

July 26, 2023 change-of-plea hearing and (2) the “on-going Congressional oversight and possible

impeachment proceedings” of President Biden. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 2. The plaintiffs reiterated

these two bases for relief in their emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal before the

D.C. Circuit. See Pls.-Appellants’ Emergency Mot. for Inj. Pending Appeal at 17, 21 (arguing

irreparable harm would arise (1) “if they are unable to make use of the requested records to inform

the public and Congress in advance of Hunter Bien’s July 26, 2023 hearing” and (2) “if they cannot

use the records sought to petition Congress and inform the public about the ongoing Congressional



                                                8
proceedings now rather than later after the fast-moving investigative events have come and gone”).

On July 26, 2023, Hunter Biden’s change-of-plea hearing occurred, thereby mooting one, but not

both, bases of the plaintiffs’ motions. But in their motion to dismiss—filed over a month after the

change-of-plea hearing—the plaintiffs argued their appeals were moot because (1) “Robert Hunter

Biden’s scheduled change of plea hearing”—“the driver of exigency in that particular instance—

has come and gone” and (2) “the underlying issue of the timing and the production in this FOIA

case has been litigated on the merits and adjudicated” by virtue of the Court’s August 22, 2023

minute order. Pls.-Appellants’ Mot. for Voluntary Dismissal & Vacatur at 3 (emphasis added).

The plaintiffs treated the change-of-plea hearing as the sole exigency driving their initial motions.

       Left unmentioned, however, was the other alleged “driver of exigency”: namely, “fast-

moving congressional investigations.” Pls.-Appellants’ Emergency Mot. for Inj. Pending Appeal

at 21. This second “driver of exigency” has not, in the Court’s view, dissipated. Indeed, in a

recent filing, the plaintiffs noted their intention to introduce “materials released or created as part

of the on-going investigation into the Executive Branch’s conduct of its investigation

in[to] . . . Hunter Biden, by the House Committees on the Judiciary, Oversight and Accountability,

and Ways & Means.” Letter of Nov. 9, 2023 at 1, Dkt. 32 (emphasis added). Based on the

omission of this exigency in their motion to dismiss their appeals, the Court infers that the

mootness of the plaintiffs’ appeals did not arise solely from the “happenstance” of the July 26,

2023 change-of-plea hearing coming and going. Rather, mootness arose, at least in part, from the

plaintiffs’ evolving explanation of the exigencies driving their requested relief. Such “deliberate

action of the losing party before the district court” weighs against Munsingwear vacatur. Nat’l

Black Police Ass’n, 

 (quoting Garde, 

).




                                                  9
       Second, mootness arose in part based on the plaintiffs’ acquiescence to this Court’s orders.

The D.C. Circuit has cautioned against “encourag[ing] litigants who are dissatisfied with the

decision of [a] trial court to have [it] wiped from the books by merely filing an appeal, then

complying with the order or judgment below and petitioning for a vacatur of the adverse trial

decision.” Garde, 

 (cleaned up). In Garde, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission

(NRC) petitioned to enforce a subpoena to obtain information about safety problems at the South

Texas Nuclear Plant, including the identities of whistleblowers. 

. The district court

denied the petition, and the NRC appealed. 

 at 1308–09. While the appeal was pending, the

NRC “agreed to establish a technical team to review the safety problem allegations” without

knowledge of the whistleblowers’ identities and “also agreed to maintain the confidentiality of the

identities of the whistleblowers if it obtained that information.” 

. The NRC was thus

able to “secure[] the information it sought to obtain by way of the subpoena, except the identities

of the whistleblowers,” mooting its appeal. 

. The D.C. Circuit agreed that the NRC’s

appeal was moot because the NRC obtained “allegations of nuclear safety problems,” but it

declined to vacate the district court’s denial because the NRC “complied with the district court

judgment and as a result, rendered the appeal moot.” 

, 1310 n.7. The court reasoned

that “the trial court’s determinations ought to have the same conclusive effects that they would

have if the appellant had not appealed at all.” 

 at 1310 n.7 (quoting 1B Moore’s Federal Practice

¶ 0.416(6), at 543–44 (2d ed. 1984)).

       So too here. Notwithstanding the Court’s denials, the plaintiffs received the requested

documents and used that fact to moot their pending appeals. In both of their motions, the plaintiffs

sought records and communications related to the Hunter Biden investigation on or before July 21

or July 24, 2023. See Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 1; Mot. for an Inj. Pending Appeal at 1–2. The Court



                                                10
denied both motions, and like the NRC, the plaintiffs appealed. Also, like the NRC, the plaintiffs

accepted they would not receive the information in the exact format requested, but in response to

this Court’s orders, they nevertheless advanced arguments to obtain the information. Through

those efforts, the plaintiffs “secured” the records they “sought to obtain” from the DOJ, albeit later

than initially requested. Garde, 

. The plaintiffs then cited the Court’s August 22,

2023 order, which ordered disclosure of the requested records, as a basis to moot their then-

pending appeals. See Pls.-Appellants’ Mot. for Voluntary Dismissal & Vacatur at 3–4. As such,

mootness did not arise “because of intervening circumstances over which” the plaintiffs “had no

control”; rather, the plaintiffs, like the NRC, mooted their own appeals after the district court

ordered the production of the requested information. Garde, 

 (quoting Cover v.

Schwartz, 

 (2d Cir. 1942)).

       At the October 30, 2023 hearing, the plaintiffs advanced several arguments to distinguish

Garde. First, the plaintiffs contended that unlike the NRC, who forfeited the right to vacatur by

voluntary compliance with the district court’s denial, they moved expeditiously to seek review of

this Court’s denials. Second, Garde concerned whether the whistleblowers’ identities had to be

revealed at all, but here, the relevant dispute on appeal was not whether the DOJ must turn over

certain records but by what date the DOJ must turn over those records. Even though the plaintiffs

received the requested documents by October 31, 2023, unlike Garde, they did not receive the

relief requested in their initial motion—i.e., the documents before the change-of-plea hearing.

Finally, the plaintiffs argue that their compliance with the Court’s production orders was in no way

incompatible with their appeals from this Court’s denials of injunctive relief.

       The plaintiffs’ arguments are unavailing. To start, the NRC in Garde, like the plaintiffs

here, filed a timely appeal from the district court’s adverse decision. 

. Further,



                                                 11
contrary to the plaintiffs’ characterization, Garde and this case present the same basic issue: a

party appealed a district court’s order preventing the party from receiving information in the exact

format requested. The NRC sought information about nuclear-safety risks without confidentiality

restrictions, while the plaintiffs here sought information about the DOJ’s Hunter Biden

investigation by a certain date. Although neither party received the information in the exact format

requested, both received the underlying information through compliance with the district court’s

orders while their appeals were pending. To be sure, there are differences between the two cases,

such as the information in Garde was restricted substantively, while the information here was

restricted temporally. But the plaintiffs have failed to persuade the Court that any such distinction

meaningfully undermines Garde’s admonition that when a party “by its own action . . . foreclosed

the opportunity for review of the adverse decision” it is “in no position to complain that [its] right

of review of an adverse decision has been lost.” 

 at 1311 n.9 (cleaned up). Given the strong

similarities between the two cases, the Court reaches the same conclusion as the D.C. Circuit in

Garde: the plaintiffs’ appeals were not rendered moot by mere happenstance, weighing against

vacatur.

       B.      Forfeiture of Further Review

       Another factor weighing against vacatur is that the plaintiffs “slept on [their] rights” by not

seeking en banc or Supreme Court review. Munsingwear Inc., 

. A controversy may

become moot “when the losing party . . . decline[s] to pursue its appeal.” Karcher, 

.

When a “losing part[y] . . . elect[s] not to seek further relief upon the entry of [the court of

appeals’s] order,” they are “squarely within the reasoning of U.S. Bancorp governing forfeiture of

the right to vacatur.” Mahoney, 

. In Mahoney, for example, the D.C. Circuit

granted the plaintiffs emergency injunctive relief, but the government did not seek “a stay, either



                                                 12
from” the en banc court “or from the Circuit Justice or any other Justice of the Supreme Court.”

. When the appeal later became moot, the D.C. Circuit held that vacatur of the injunction

order was inappropriate because the government, as the “losing part[y],” “elected not to seek

further relief upon the entry of our order” even though it had 24 hours to do so. 

 at 221–22.

The government had thus “accepted the effects of [the] emergency order,” so “the Munsingwear

procedure [was] inapplicable.” 

 (quoting Karcher, 

).

       In a similar fashion, the plaintiffs here did not seek “review of the D.C. Circuit’s [July 24,

2023] denial of emergency relief from the en banc D.C. Circuit or ma[k]e an application to the

Chief Justice” before Hunter Biden’s July 26, 2023 change-of-plea hearing. Pls.’ Resp. at 3, Dkt.

29. According to the plaintiffs, such review of the D.C. Circuit’s adverse decision was “simply

impracticable” within 40 hours. Id. at 4. But in Mahoney, the government’s failure to seek further

review—there, within 24 hours—weighed against Munsingwear vacatur. See Mahoney, 113 F.3d

at 221–22. Although the plaintiffs, like the government in Mahoney, had only a “short” “time” to

seek further review, they could have done so by requesting review from the en banc court or Circuit

Justice. Id. at 221. Under Mahoney, the plaintiffs’ failure to seek review weighs against vacatur.

       C.      Preclusion

       The Court’s previous denials carry minimal, if any, preclusive effect, and this too weighs

against vacatur. “A decision’s preclusive effect (whether claim preclusion or issue preclusion)

bars future litigation of that same cause of action or of the same issue of law or fact litigated

between the parties,” and “the preclusive effect of a judgment on later litigation in the same case

can be a proper reason for a court to grant the equitable remedy of vacatur.” Jewish War Veterans

of the U.S. of Am., Inc., 

. “Preclusion is normally based on a decision as to




                                                13
the controversy between the litigating parties,” and as such, will turn on “the fact-specific elements

of” a decision the appeal of which has become moot. Mahoney, 

.

       The parties dispute whether the Court’s July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 orders carry

preclusive effect and would thus prejudice the plaintiffs absent vacatur. On one hand, the plaintiffs

argue they “‘may encounter some lingering though remote possibility of residual collateral harm’

stemming ‘from the unreviewed Order’ and therefore ‘[r]ecourse to the equitable tradition of

vacatur may be warranted, then, partly because it eliminates that possibility altogether.’” Pls.’

Resp. at 5 (quoting Am. Fam. Life Assur. Co. of Columbus v. FCC, 

 (D.C. Cir.

1997)). Given that “[p]roduction is on-going[,] the parties may not resolve all extant disputes

related to production without judicial intervention; and thus, further questions regarding expedition

of production may yet arise.” 

 On the other hand, the government argues that “[t]he denial of

a preliminary injunction has no res judicata effect; it would not bind anyone in any future case.”

Gov’t Resp. at 2, Dkt. 30. Although the D.C. Circuit has vacated the denial of a preliminary

injunction in past cases, the government argues that “none of those [decisions] acknowledged that

the denial of a preliminary injunction has no lasting effect and nonetheless that it should be

vacated.” Id. at 4.

       Neither party’s arguments persuade the Court.           First, the Court does not share the

government’s confidence that the denial of a preliminary injunction carries no preclusive effect.

In Mahoney, the D.C. Circuit considered the “risk of prejudice” arising from “the preclusive effect”

of a preliminary injunction. 

. “[T]he fact-specific elements of our opinion” are

“essential to preclusive effect,” and “[i]n the unlikely event that these same parties again face each

other in litigation involving a claim of issue preclusion based on this litigation, then that

preliminary stage of this litigation would be a factor for the future court to weigh in evaluating that



                                                  14
argument.” 

 The Mahoney Court went on to cite with approval the Seventh Circuit’s decision

in CFTC v. Board of Trade for the proposition that “findings in support of a preliminary injunction

are tentative and that they therefore are generally unlikely to have preclusive effect, but . . . in [a]

particular case they might.” 

 (quoting 

, 657–58 (7th Cir. 1983)). Other judges in

this district have echoed Mahoney’s reasoning that a preliminary-injunction order may, in some

cases, carry preclusive effect. See, e.g., Bridgeforth v. Bronson, 

 (D.D.C.

2008) (“A court’s granting of a preliminary injunction does not generally form a basis for collateral

estoppel” because it “does not amount to an adjudication of the ultimate rights in controversy.

[But] [i]n limited circumstances, collateral estoppel may apply where the proceedings made the

findings sufficiently firm to remove any compelling reason to permit the issues to be relitigated.”

(cleaned up)); Sadat I. v. Nielsen, No. 17-cv-1976, 

, at *4 (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2019)

(holding that a preliminary injunction lacked preclusive effect because the court’s previous order

“merely held that Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the merits of some of their claims” and “despite

Plaintiffs’ limited success at the preliminary injunction stage, they must still prove their claims on

the merits”). The government directs the Court to numerous out-of-Circuit precedents in support

of its position, but the Court is bound to follow Mahoney, which suggests that the preclusive effect

of a preliminary-injunction order—whether a grant or a denial—will depend on the particular facts

of a case. See Gov’t Resp. at 3–4 (citing cases).

       Second, with respect to the particular facts of this case, the Court’s prior decisions carry

minimal, if any, preclusive effect. To determine whether a prior decision adjudicating a motion

for a preliminary injunction carries preclusive effect, courts consider various factors, including

whether the “prior judgment resolved [any] disputed issues of fact,” Mahoney, 

,

“amount[ed] to an adjudication of the ultimate rights in controversy,” Bridgeforth, 

2d at 116, or made findings “‘sufficiently firm’ to remove any compelling reason to permit the

issues to be relitigated,” 

 (quoting Hawksbill Sea Turtle v. FEMA, 

, 474 n.11 (3d

Cir. 1997)). There are no such indicia of preclusion here. Neither the July 19, 2023 nor the July

20, 2023 orders “resolved [any] disputed issues of fact” between the parties. Mahoney, 

. The Court also did not adjudicate the “ultimate rights in controversy.” Bridgeforth, 

. Although the Court concluded that DOJ “raised serious doubts about the

plaintiffs’ likelihood of success” on the issue of “whether DOJ is actually processing the request

as soon as practicable,” the Court was clear about the tentative nature of its decision. Order of

July 19, 2023 at 8 (cleaned up). For example, the Court acknowledged that the plaintiffs “have

raised many arguments, legal and factual, that DOJ will be required to address over the course of

this litigation,” and the Court’s denial means only that “[t]he plaintiffs have not shown . . . at least

at this juncture, that they are entitled to the extraordinary preliminary injunctive relief they seek.”

Id. at 10 (emphasis added). The Court’s caveats are emblematic of the “hasty and abbreviated”

nature of emergency motions practice, which “allow[s] no time for discovery, nor for adequate

review of documents or preparation and presentation of witnesses.” Sole v. Wyner, 

 (2007). Under these circumstances, the Court concludes that its previous orders did not make

findings that were “sufficiently firm to remove any compelling reason to permit the issues to be

relitigated.” Bridgeforth, 

.

       Further, the Court is skeptical that the merits issue at the preliminary-injunction stage—

i.e., “whether DOJ is actually processing the request as soon as practicable”—is likely to arise in

the later stages of this litigation or beyond. Order of July 19, 2023 at 8 (cleaned up). As of October

31, 2023, the DOJ processed the plaintiffs’ FOIA request and produced the requested documents.

See Minute Order of Aug. 22, 2023. The parties continue to dispute the good faith of the record



                                                  16
custodians and search terms, but in the Court’s view, these are distinct issues that are unrelated to

the rate of production. Moreover, the July 19, 2023 and July 20, 2023 orders were driven, in large

part, by the specific (and now moot) exigency of Hunter Biden’s July 26, 2023 change-of-plea

hearing. See Order of July 19, 2023 at 6–7. As such, if the plaintiffs were to file a new motion

for a preliminary injunction or file another suit against the government, the factual circumstances

and equities would be unlikely to repeat in identical form. Because the Court’s July 19, 2023 and

July 20, 2023 orders carry minimal, if any, preclusive effect, Munsingwear vacatur is not

warranted on this basis.

       D.      Precedential Effect

       A final factor weighing against vacatur is the precedential value of the Court’s orders. In

Bancorp, the Supreme Court observed that the decision whether to vacate “must also take account

of the public interest” in judicial precedents.       

.     “Judicial precedents are

presumptively correct and valuable to the legal community as a whole. They are not merely the

property of private litigants,” 

 and “the precedential power of an opinion is a reason arguing

against vacatur,” Mahoney, 113 F.3d at 222–23. In Mahoney, the D.C. Circuit also emphasized

that the precedential weight of a decision depends, in part, on the “nature of th[e] controversy.”

Id. at 223. Mahoney, for example, concerned a “prior restraint First Amendment” challenge—an

issue on which “the judicial system [can] seldom establish precedent.” Id.

       Although the Court’s previous orders are unlikely to carry preclusive effect in future

litigation, they still carry precedential value. The plaintiffs argue that the Court’s orders carry

limited precedential value because the “nature of the controversy” here is a question “of expedited

processing,” which is “routinely addressed” in this Circuit and not “the sort [of issue] that almost

always elude[s] Court of Appeals review.” Pls.’ Resp. at 4. True, FOIA processing cases do not



                                                 17
evade judicial review like prior-restraint cases nor do they “normally arise in the context of

preliminary injunctions and appeals from their denial or grant.” Mahoney, 

. But

Mahoney does not limit a decision’s precedential value to the substantive “nature of th[e]

controversy.” 

 Rather, Mahoney considered both “the reasons set forth . . . on the authority of

U.S. Bancorp” about the general “precedential power of an opinion” and the specific “nature of

this controversy.” 

 at 222–23. Here, the Court’s previous decisions carry general precedential

value. Even assuming the subject matter is ordinary, 2 “all parties involved” appear to “agree” that

the plaintiffs seek documents “carr[ying] exceptional importance” to the nation. Order of July 19,

2023 at 10. The Court’s decisions concerning such important matters should “not[] be cavalierly

discarded” because they reflect an “accurate historical record” of “a dispute and [that] someone

was declared the winner.” I.A. v. Garland, No. 20-5271, 

, at *2 (D.C. Cir. Feb.

24, 2022) (Jackson, J., concurring). In short, the plaintiffs are correct that the precedential value

of the Court’s orders does not “alone render[] vacatur inappropriate,” but this is but one of several

factors weighing against vacatur. Am. Fam. Life Assur. Co. of Columbus, 

.

                                             *   *    *

       For the above stated reasons, the Court concludes that vacatur of its July 19, 2023 and July

20, 2023 orders is not warranted.


       SO ORDERED.
                                                                     ________________________
                                                                     DABNEY L. FRIEDRICH
                                                                     United States District Judge

       December 22, 2023


2
 To support the proposition that “questions of expedited processing are routinely addressed,” the
plaintiffs cite one D.C. Circuit case from over two decades ago. Pls.’ Resp. at 4–5 (citing Al-
Fayed v. CIA, 

 (D.C. Cir. 2001)).
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